Journal articles: 'Conducting polymer antennas'

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Kaufmann, Thomas, Akhilesh Verma, Van-Tan Truong, Bo Weng, Roderick Shepherd, and Christophe Fumeaux. "Efficiency of a Compact Elliptical Planar Ultra-Wideband Antenna Based on Conductive Polymers." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/972696.

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A planar antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications covering the 3.1–10.6 GHz range has been designed as a test bed for efficiency measurements of antennas manufactured using polymer conductors. Two types of conductive polymers, PEDOT and PPy (polypyrrole), with very different thicknesses and conductivities have been selected as conductors for the radiating elements. A comparison between measured radiation patterns of the conductive polymers and a copper reference antenna allows to estimate the conductor losses of the two types of conductive polymers. For a 158 μm thick PPy polymer, an efficiency of almost 80% can be observed over the whole UWB spectrum. For a 7 μm thick PEDOT layer, an average efficiency of 26.6% demonstrates, considering the room for improvement, the potential of this type of versatile materials as flexible printable alternative to conductive metallic paints. The paper demonstrates that, even though the PEDOT conductivity is an order of magnitude larger than that of PPy, the thicker PPy layer leads to much higher efficiency over the whole UWB frequency range. This result highlights that high efficiency can be achieved not only through high conductivity, but also through a sufficiently thick layer of conductive polymers.

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Cersoli, Trenton, Muneer Barnawi, Kerry Johnson, Edward Burden, Frank Li, Eric MacDonald, and Pedro Cortes. "4D Printed Shape Memory Polymers: Morphology and Fabrication of a Functional Antenna." Recent Progress in Materials 4, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2202009.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can respond to certain thermal, chemical or electrical stimuli by inducing a structural conformation change into a temporary shape. In this work, a 3D printing process based on a Vat Photo-polymerization of a shape memory polymer (SMP) was investigated to produce customized smart and complex morphable antennas. The mechanical and material properties were examined through a tensile, flexural and rheological testing for different polymer mixture ratios. It was observed that the combination of 20% of an elastomeric resin in a thermoset UV system yields the highest shape recovery performance. The fabrication process of the antenna was based on the incorporation of a conductive material. The approach involved the inclusion of a thin copper electroplating technique. The radiofrequency performance of the fabricated antenna was examined by a vector network analyzer (VNA) and it was observed that a thermal stimulus was capable of inducing a conformal shape on the antenna, resulting in a multi-radio frequency morphing system. The antenna performance was simulated in Ansys HFSS.

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Janeczek, Kamil, Aneta Arazna, Bartłomiej Salski, Krzysztof Lipiec, and Małgorzata Jakubowska. "Printed HF antennas for RFID on-metal transponders." Circuit World 42, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-10-2015-0046.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate screen-printed high-frequency (HF) antennas for radio frequency identification (RFID) on-metal transponders in which a magnetic sheet was used as a substrate material. Design/methodology/approach – A transponder antenna was designed in the form of square coil using a high-frequency electromagnetic software. Then, the antenna was fabricated with screen printing technique on two different magnetic sheets (RFN4 and RFN7) and on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) foil for comparison. Its printing was carried out with polymer pastes based on silver flakes (PM-406 and SF). Thickness, track width and spacing were examined for the antennas using digital microscope and contact profilometer. Resistance and inductance were also measured, and resonant frequency, quality factor and target values of capacitance to achieve resonant frequency of the tested antenna at 13.56 MHz were calculated. Finally, RFID chips were mounted to the prepared antennas using an isotropic conductive adhesive, and a maximum read distance was measured with a reader installed in a smartphone. Findings – It was found that an antenna thickness on the magnetic sheets used was higher than on PEN foil. At the same time, surface roughness of the fabricated antennas on these sheets was revealed to be higher as well. Inductance of the measured antennas exhibited good conformity with the antenna design, but higher divergence was noticed in the measured resistance. Its lowest value was achieved when the antenna was printed with the paste PM-406 on PEN foil and the highest one when it was fabricated with the paste SF on the same substrate. This suggests that high attention needs to be paid to a polymer paste selected for antenna printing. The performed tests showed that the magnetic sheet RFN4 seems to be better substrate for on-metal transponders compared to RFN7 due to lower resistance and higher quality factor of the prepared antennas. Research limitations/implications – Further investigations are required to examine mechanical and thermal durability of the HF antennas printed on the magnetic sheets. Practical implications – The investigated HF antennas fabricated on magnetic sheets can find application in near field communication (NFC) transponders designed to be placed on metallic surfaces, e.g. on frames of advertising screens. Originality/value – Influence of used magnetic sheets and polymer pastes on geometry and electrical properties of HF antennas for RFID on-metal transponders was investigated. The presented investigations can be interesting for NFC/RFID designers who are involved in designing systems suitable for metallic surfaces.

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Olejník, Robert, Stanislav Goňa, Petr Slobodian, Jiří Matyáš, Robert Moučka, and Romana Daňová. "Polyurethane-Carbon Nanotubes Composite Dual Band Antenna for Wearable Applications." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112759.

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The design of a unipole and a dual band F-shaped antenna was conducted to find the best parameters of prepared antenna. Antenna radiator part is fully made of polymer and nonmetal base composite. Thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) was chosen as a matrix and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as an electrical conductive filler, which creates conductive network. The use of the composite for the antenna has the advantage in simple preparation through dip coating technique. Minor disadvantage is the usage of solvent for composite preparation. Composite structure was used for radiator part of antenna. The antenna operates in 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands. DC conductivity of our PU/MWCNT composite is about 160 S/m. With this material, a unipole and a dual band F antenna were realized on 2 mm thick polypropylene substrate. Both antenna designs were also simulated using finite integration technique in the frequency domain (FI-FD). Measurements and full wave simulations of S11 of the antenna showed good agreement between measurements and simulations. Except for S11, the gain and radiation pattern of the antennas were measured and simulated. Maximum gain of the designed unipole antenna is around −10.0 and −5.5 dBi for 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands, respectively. The manufactured antennas are intended for application in wearable electronics, which can be used to monitor various activities such as walking, sleeping, heart rate or food consumption.

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Sayem, Abu Sadat Md, Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir, Karu P. Esselle, Ali Lalbakhsh, Dinesh R. Gawade, Brendan O’Flynn, and John L. Buckley. "Flexible and Transparent Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for Reliable Unobtrusive Wearable Wireless Communications." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031276.

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This paper presents a circularly polarized flexible and transparent circular patch antenna suitable for body-worn wireless-communications. Circular polarization is highly beneficial in wearable wireless communications, where antennas, as a key component of the RF front-end, operate in dynamic environments, such as the human body. The demonstrated antenna is realized with highly flexible, robust and transparent conductive-fabric-polymer composite. The performance of the explored flexible-transparent antenna is also compared with its non-transparent counterpart manufactured with non-transparent conductive fabric. This comparison further demonstrates the suitability of the proposed materials for the target unobtrusive wearable applications. Detailed numerical and experimental investigations are explored in this paper to verify the proposed design. Moreover, the compatibility of the antenna in wearable applications is evaluated by testing the performance on a forearm phantom and calculating the specific absorption rate (SAR).

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Avşar Aydın, Emine. "3D-Printed Graphene-Based Bow-Tie Microstrip Antenna Design and Analysis for Ultra-Wideband Applications." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 3724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213724.

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In this study, the effects of graphene and design differences on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement were investigated both with simulation and experiments. In addition, the conductivity of graphene can be dynamically tuned by changing its chemical potential. The numerical calculations of the proposed antennas at 2–10 GHz were carried out using the finite integration technique in the CST Microwave Studio program. Thus, three bow-tie microstrip antennas with different antenna parameters were designed. Unlike traditional production techniques, due to its cost-effectiveness and easy production, antennas were produced using 3D printing, and then measurements were conducted. A very good match was observed between the simulation and the measurement results. The performance of each antenna was analyzed, and then, the effects of antenna sizes and different chemical potentials on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The results show that the bow-tie antenna with a slot, which is one of the new advantages of this study, provides a good match and that it has an ultra-bandwidth of 18 GHz in the frequency range of 2 to 20 GHz for ultra-wideband applications. The obtained return loss of −10 dB throughout the applied frequency shows that the designed antennas are useful. In addition, the proposed antennas have an average gain of 9 dBi. This study will be a guide for microstrip antennas based on the desired applications by changing the size of the slots and chemical potential in the conductive parts in the design.

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Sarycheva, Asia, Alessia Polemi, Yuqiao Liu, Kapil Dandekar, Babak Anasori, and Yury Gogotsi. "2D titanium carbide (MXene) for wireless communication." Science Advances 4, no. 9 (September 2018): eaau0920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0920.

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With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for thin and wearable electronic devices is growing quickly. The essential part of the IoT is communication between devices, which requires radio-frequency (RF) antennas. Metals are widely used for antennas; however, their bulkiness limits the fabrication of thin, lightweight, and flexible antennas. Recently, nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and conductive polymers came into play. However, poor conductivity limits their use. We show RF devices for wireless communication based on metallic two-dimensional (2D) titanium carbide (MXene) prepared by a single-step spray coating. We fabricated a ~100-nm-thick translucent MXene antenna with a reflection coefficient of less than −10 dB. By increasing the antenna thickness to 8 μm, we achieved a reflection coefficient of −65 dB. We also fabricated a 1-μm-thick MXene RF identification device tag reaching a reading distance of 8 m at 860 MHz. Our finding shows that 2D titanium carbide MXene operates below the skin depth of copper or other metals as well as offers an opportunity to produce transparent antennas. Being the most conductive, as well as water-dispersible, among solution-processed 2D materials, MXenes open new avenues for manufacturing various classes of RF and other portable, flexible, and wearable electronic devices.

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Tseghai, Granch Berhe, Desalegn Alemu Mengistie, Benny Malengier, Kinde Anlay Fante, and Lieva Van Langenhove. "PEDOT:PSS-Based Conductive Textiles and Their Applications." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 28, 2020): 1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071881.

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The conductive polymer complex poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is the most explored conductive polymer for conductive textiles applications. Since PEDOT:PSS is readily available in water dispersion form, it is convenient for roll-to-roll processing which is compatible with the current textile processing applications. In this work, we have made a comprehensive review on the PEDOT:PSS-based conductive textiles, methods of application onto textiles and their applications. The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude using processing agents. However, neat PEDOT:PSS lacks flexibility and strechability for wearable electronics applications. One way to improve the mechanical flexibility of conductive polymers is making a composite with commodity polymers such as polyurethane which have high flexibility and stretchability. The conductive polymer composites also increase attachment of the conductive polymer to the textile, thereby increasing durability to washing and mechanical actions. Pure PEDOT:PSS conductive fibers have been produced by solution spinning or electrospinning methods. Application of PEDOT:PSS can be carried out by polymerization of the monomer on the fabric, coating/dyeing and printing methods. PEDOT:PSS-based conductive textiles have been used for the development of sensors, actuators, antenna, interconnections, energy harvesting, and storage devices. In this review, the application methods of PEDOT:SS-based conductive polymers in/on to a textile substrate structure and their application thereof are discussed.

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Bornemann, Sarah, Jan Niklas Haus, Michael Sinapius, Björn Lüssem, Andreas Dietzel, and Walter Lang. "Stainless-Steel Antenna on Conductive Substrate for an SHM Sensor System with High Power Demand." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 7841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237841.

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This paper presents the novel concept of structuring a planar coil antenna structured into the outermost stainless-steel layer of a fiber metal laminate (FML) and investigating its performance. Furthermore, the antenna is modified to sufficiently work on inhomogeneous conductive substrates such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) independent from their application-dependent layer configuration, since the influence on antenna performance was expected to be configuration-dependent. The effects of different stack-ups on antenna characteristics and strategies to cope with these influences are investigated. The purpose was to create a wireless self-sustained sensor node for an embedded structural health monitoring (SHM) system inside the monitored material itself. The requirements of such a system are investigated, and measurements on the amount of wireless power that can be harvested are conducted. Mechanical investigations are performed to identify the antenna shape that produces the least wound to the material, and electrical investigations are executed to prove the on-conductor optimization concept. Furthermore, a suitable process to fabricate such antennas is introduced. First measurements fulfilled the expectations: the measured antenna structure prototype could provide up to 11 mW to a sensor node inside the FML component.

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Kuang, Ye, Lan Yao, He Luan, Shenghai Yu, Ruiyun Zhang, and Yiping Qiu. "Effects of weaving structures and parameters on the radiation properties of three-dimensional fabric integrated microstrip antennas." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 19 (July 6, 2017): 2182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517716908.

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In smart textile systems, the wireless communication between the wearer and the wider environment plays an important role, especially in medical applications. This can be achieved by integrating an antenna in textile materials. The low-profile microstrip antenna is a desirable choice for textile antennas and integrating this type of antenna into the three-dimensional woven fabric achieves the most integrated textile antenna structure up to now. Different from traditional antenna structures, the three-dimensional woven fabric integrated microstrip antenna has the radiation patch and ground plane totally woven with the yarns, where the radiation properties would strongly depend on the weaving structures and parameters. In this paper, a 1.9 GHz single patch microstrip antenna was designed and six types of antennas with different combinations of woven patches and ground planes were compared. The measured results showed that the three-dimensional woven antenna had adequate performance. In addition, the three-dimensional woven antenna with warp yarns parallel to the feeding direction exhibited a better return loss and radiation pattern than the antenna with weft yarn parallel to the feeding direction, due to the longer current path for the latter antenna based on simulated current distribution analysis. Furthermore, the effects of conductive yarn parameters on the antenna properties were discussed and yarn structures were suggested to obtain relatively ideal antenna performances.

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Ashley, Steven. "Electric Plastics." Mechanical Engineering 120, no. 04 (April 1, 1998): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-apr-3.

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This article reviews the importance of conductive polymer. The big chemical company is marketing the polythiophene under the trade name Baytron. The material could also be used to make plastics paintable by adding the conductive agent first, or in the electrodes of small, high-performance tantalum capacitors found in telecommunications, computer, and automotive products. Probably the most significant commercialization of conductive polymers was for flexible, long-lived batteries that were produced in quantity by Bridgestone Corp. and Seiko Co. in Japan and by BASF/Varta in Germany. Conductive polymers are long, carbon-based chains composed of simple repeating units called monomers. The list of potential applications for conductive polymers remains a long one, and includes antiradiation coatings, batteries, catalysts, deicer panels, electrochromic windows, electromechanical actuators, embedded-array antennas, fuel cells, lithographic resists, nonlinear optics, radar dishes, and wave guides. However, how big an impact the materials will make in these markets remains unclear.

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He, Han, Xiaochen Chen, Leena Ukkonen, and Johanna Virkki. "Textile-integrated three-dimensional printed and embroidered structures for wearable wireless platforms." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): 541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517750649.

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In this paper, we present fabrication and performance evaluation of three-dimensional (3D) printed and embroidered textile-integrated passive ultra high frequency radio frequency identification (RFID) platforms. The antennas were manufactured by 3D printing a stretchable silver conductor directly on an elastic band. The electric and mechanical joint between the 3D printed antennas and microchips was formed by gluing with conductive epoxy glue, by printing the antenna directly on top of the microchip structure, and by embroidering with conductive yarn. Initially, all types of fabricated RFID tags achieved read ranges of 8–9 meters. Next, the components were tested for wetting as well as for harsh cyclic strain and bending. The immersing and cyclic bending slightly affected the performance of the tags. However, they did not stop the tags from working in an acceptable way, nor did they have any permanent effect. The epoxy-glued or 3D printed antenna–microchip interconnections were not able to endure harsh stretching. On the other hand, the tags with the embroidered antenna–microchip interconnections showed excellent wireless performance, both during and after a 100 strong stretching cycles. Thus, the novel approach of combining 3D printing and embroidery seems to be a promising way to fabricate textile-integrated wireless platforms.

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Janeczek, Kamil, Małgorzata Jakubowska, Grażyna Kozioł, Anna Młożniak, and Janusz Sitek. "Screen printed RFID antennas on low cost flexible substrates." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2011, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 000161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2011-ta5-paper3.

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Recently, more and more studies are carried out in the field of printed RFID tags. It is connected with rapid development of new electronic technology, i.e. printed electronics which utilizes printing techniques, like screen printing, inkjet, flexography or gravure, for production of electronic components. This method is on one hand environmentally friendly because it allows eliminating wastes emerging during etching process used commonly in electronics. On the other hand, components can be printed on low cost flexible substrates, like foil or paper. These two factors cause that such products are cheap and can be competitive with their equivalents used currently. In this study, investigations of RFID tag antennas working in UHF frequency range made with screen printing technique are described. Conductive polymer pastes containing silver nanopowder, silver flakes or carbon nanotubes were used for antenna fabrication. Each of them was deposited on foil and paper. Properties of printed antennas were investigated by return loss measurements performed in the frequency range 0.5 ÷ 1.5 GHz. Achieved results were compared with simulation carried out in CST Microwave Studio. Antenna surface profile was checked using optical profilometer or metallographic microscope. Its mechanical tests were also conducted. The obtained results showed that the best candidate for antenna printing on flexible substrate was the paste with silver nanopowder because it combined high conductivity and high mechanical durability.

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Yurduseven, Okan, Shengrong Ye, Thomas Fromenteze, Benjamin J. Wiley, and David R. Smith. "3D Conductive Polymer Printed Metasurface Antenna for Fresnel Focusing." Designs 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/designs3030046.

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We demonstrate a 3D printed holographic metasurface antenna for beam-focusing applications at 10 GHz within the X-band frequency regime. The metasurface antenna is printed using a dual-material 3D printer leveraging a biodegradable conductive polymer material (Electrifi) to print the conductive parts and polylactic acid (PLA) to print the dielectric substrate. The entire metasurface antenna is 3D printed at once; no additional techniques, such as metal-plating and laser etching, are required. It is demonstrated that using the 3D printed conductive polymer metasurface, high-fidelity beam focusing can be achieved within the Fresnel region of the antenna. It is also shown that the material conductivity for 3D printing has a substantial effect on the radiation characteristics of the metasurface antenna.

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Kilian, Andreas, Michael Fuchs, and Lorenz-Peter Schmidt. "Design considerations for the hot embossing of microstrip antennas on plastic foils." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 1, no. 4 (June 19, 2009): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078709990213.

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In this contribution, fundamental design considerations for a novel metallization technique to realize millimeter-wave microstrip structures are presented. This hot embossing technology is a fast and economic process originating from the production of three-dimensional molded interconnect devices. Conductive structures are coated onto plastic parts or plastic foils using a heated stamp. This approach shows high potential and therefore will be investigated for the fabrication of low-cost printed antennas at millimeter-wave frequencies. The focus of this contribution is on design guidelines considering process parameters and interactions with substrate and copper foil characteristics derived from the fabrication and measurement of single microstrip patch antenna prototypes for radar applications in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band at 24 GHz. Far-reaching potential lies in the utilization of the three-dimensional manufacturing technology for the construction of conformal integrated antenna systems based on the thermoforming capabilities of polymer substrates.

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Arun, N., and K. S. Narayan. "Conducting Polymers as Antennas for Probing Biophysical Activities." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112, no. 5 (February 2008): 1564–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp077084j.

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Kraus, Tobias. "Electronic Multiscale Hybrid Materials: Sinter-Free Inks, Printed Transparent Grids, and Soft Devices." Proceedings 56, no. 1 (December 18, 2020): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020056024.

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Hybrid electronic materials combine the excellent electronic properties of metals and semiconductors with the mechanical flexibility, ease of processing, and optical transparency of polymers. This talk will discuss hybrids that combine organic and inorganic components at different scales. Metallic and semiconductor nanoparticle cores are coated with conductive polymer shells to create “hybrid inks” that can be inkjet-printed and form conductive leads without any sintering step. Transparent electrodes are printed using ultrathin metal nanowires with core diameters below 2 nm. The chemically synthesized wires spontaneously form percolating structures when patterned with a soft stamp; this rapidly yields optically transparent grid electrodes, even on demanding soft substrates. These new hybrid electronic materials enable the fabrication of soft electronics, including flexible sensors on polymer foils, radio-frequency identification (RFID) antennae on cardboard, and soft human–machine interfaces. Selected devices will be covered at the end of the talk.

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Ahadi, Mehran, Mourad Roudjane, Marc-André Dugas, Amine Miled, and Younès Messaddeq. "Wearable Sensor Based on Flexible Sinusoidal Antenna for Strain Sensing Applications." Sensors 22, no. 11 (May 27, 2022): 4069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22114069.

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A flexible sinusoidal-shaped antenna sensor is introduced in this work, which is a modified half-wave dipole that can be used for strain sensing applications. The presented antenna is an improved extension of the previously introduced antenna sensor for respiration monitoring. The electrical and radiative characteristics of the sinusoidal antenna and the effects of the geometrical factors are studied. An approach is provided for designing the antenna, and equations are introduced to estimate the geometrical parameters based on desired electrical specifications. It is shown that the antenna sensor can be designed to have up to 5.5 times more sensitivity compared to the last generation of the antenna sensor previously introduced for respiration monitoring. The conductive polymer material used to fabricate the new antenna makes it more flexible and durable compared to the previous generation of antenna sensors made of glass-based material. Finally, a reference antenna made of copper and an antenna sensor made of the conductive polymer are fabricated, and their electrical characteristics are analyzed in free space and over the body.

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Karimi, Rezvan, Fatemeh Mohtaram, Vahid Mottaghitalab, and Mohammad Khajeh Mehrizi. "Development of wearable rectangular textile antenna and investigation of its performance under bent condition at different angles." Journal of Industrial Textiles 47, no. 5 (October 3, 2016): 765–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716670313.

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In recent years, a growing interest in flexible electronic devices has been the origin of the formation of extensive research in providing the best method for the production of these tools. In this context, manufacturing of flexible textile antennas due to opportunities to integrate unique technical attributes with their applications is highly regarded by researchers. Therefore, in this paper, using inkjet printing technology with textiles and subsequently reducing it by metal nanoparticles with various deposition techniques to develop micro-layers of fabric has been suggested. It is anticipated that this method can produce electrically conductive textiles with flexibility and signal transmission in different wavelengths. According to the method in this article, after primary preparation of polyester fabric, it will print active materials with different designs at suitable operating conditions and then it will enter into the nickel electroless bath. The antenna having a conductive nickel fabric as ground plane was tested at different angles than receivers. That indicating zero degree angle relative to a line perpendicular to the surface of the antenna has the gain equal to −5.34 dB, because most of the antenna radiation field is perpendicular to the surface of the antenna. The most unsuitable degree is 90° angle, which is equal to −14.59 dB and shows that radiation from the sides of the antenna does not occur.

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Abdelrahman, Ameen, Fouad Erchiqui, and Nedil Mourad. "Enhancement the conductivity and flexibility of fabricated chip comprise from nano graphene metals assembled on polymeric PEI- PDMS matrix." Engineering Solid Mechanics 10, no. 3 (2022): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2022.4.005.

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This work aims to make a unique polymer to be used as a conductive and flexible chip antenna. Its properties are robustness, rigidity, stretchability, and good conduction. The fabricated composite is composed of two copolymers, Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Polyethylenimine (PEI), assembled with nano metals (Copper, Silver), and graphene nanoparticles as a matrix. Nano metals fill out the inter-layer space, and polymer voids reinforce the cross linker. Graphene/metal nanoparticles help make chelating complexes using metallic bonds, enhancing the polymer’s conductivity from 1.87 × 10-4 to 5.64 ×10-6 σ Scm-1. The conductivity, self-healing, and surface morphology of fabricated composite are analyzed using different spectroscopic techniques, such as electrochemical impedance (EIS), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), Transition Electronic Microscopy (TEM), Infrared spectroscopy (IR), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV), and a particle size analyzer.

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Wang, Zheyu, Lanlin Zhang, Yakup Bayram, and John L. Volakis. "Embroidered Conductive Fibers on Polymer Composite for Conformal Antennas." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 60, no. 9 (September 2012): 4141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2012.2207055.

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Deepak, A., P. Muthu Kannan, and P. Shankar. "Design and Fabrication of Graphene Reinforced Polymer Conductive Patch-Based Inset Fed Microstrip Antenna." International Journal of Nanoscience 17, no. 01n02 (October 12, 2017): 1760019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x17600195.

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This work explores the design and fabrication of graphene reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) patch-based microstrip antenna. Primarily, antenna was designed at 6[Formula: see text]GHz frequency and simulation results were obtained using Ansoft HFSS tool. Later fabrication of antenna was carried out with graphene–PVDF films as conducting patch deposited on bakelite substrate and copper as ground plane. Graphene–PVDF films were prepared using solvent casting process. The radiation efficiency of fabricated microstrip patch antenna was 48% entailing it to be adapted as a practically functional antenna. Both simulated and the practical results were compared and analyzed.

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Rmili, Hatem, Jean-Louis Miane, Habib Zangar, and Thomas Olinga. "Design of microstrip-fed proximity-coupled conducting-polymer patch antenna." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 48, no. 4 (2006): 655–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.21435.

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Kim, InMu, Ji Hun Yuk, and Sung-Hoon Choa. "Stretchable 5 GHz Dipole Antenna Using Silver Composite Material." Science of Advanced Materials 11, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1719–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2019.3668.

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A highly stretchable small-size 5 GHz dipole antenna is presented for wearable and mobile applications. A stretchable dipole antenna was fabricated using conductive polymer composite material composed of Ag flake filler and polyester binder. The dipole antenna was printed on a stretchable polyurethane substrate using a simple and inexpensive screen-printing technique. The stretchability and durability of the dipole antenna were evaluated by the stretching and cyclic stretching tests. The stretchable dipole antenna showed excellent stretchability and RF performances up to a tensile strain of 25%. The stretchable dipole antenna also exhibited outstanding mechanical durability in the 10,000-cycle cyclic stretching endurance tests.

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Guerchouche, Kamel, Etienne Herth, Laurie E. Calvet, Nathalie Roland, and Christophe Loyez. "Conductive polymer based antenna for wireless green sensors applications." Microelectronic Engineering 182 (October 2017): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mee.2017.08.007.

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Krifa, Mourad. "Electrically Conductive Textile Materials—Application in Flexible Sensors and Antennas." Textiles 1, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles1020012.

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This paper reviews some prominent applications and approaches to developing smart fabrics for wearable technology. The importance of flexible and electrically conductive textiles in the emerging body-centric sensing and wireless communication systems is highlighted. Examples of applications are discussed with a focus on a range of textile-based sensors and antennas. Developments in alternative materials and structures for producing flexible and conductive textiles are reviewed, including inherently conductive polymers, carbon-based materials, and nano-enhanced composite fibers and fibrous structures.

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Yurduseven, Okan, Patrick Flowers, Shengrong Ye, Daniel L. Marks, Jonah N. Gollub, Thomas Fromenteze, Benjamin J. Wiley, and David R. Smith. "Computational microwave imaging using 3D printed conductive polymer frequency‐diverse metasurface antennas." IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation 11, no. 14 (November 2017): 1962–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-map.2017.0104.

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Hamouda, Z., J. L. Wojkiewicz, A. A. Pud, L. Kone, B. Belaabed, S. Bergheul, and T. Lasri. "Dual-Band Elliptical Planar Conductive Polymer Antenna Printed on a Flexible Substrate." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 63, no. 12 (December 2015): 5864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2015.2479643.

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Ramli, Ridduan M., Sharul K. Abdul Rahim, Mursyidul I. Sabran, Wai Yan Yong, Lai Ly Pon, and Mohammad T. Islam. "Polymer conductive fabric grid array antenna with pliable feature for wearable application." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 61, no. 2 (December 18, 2018): 474–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.31585.

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Zainud-Deen, S. H., N. A. El-Shalaby, S. M. Gaber, and H. A. Malhat. "Circularly Polarized Transparent Microstrip Patch Reflectarray Integrated with Solar Cell for Satellite Applications." International Journal of Microwave Science and Technology 2016 (September 8, 2016): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6102530.

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Circularly polarized (CP) transparent microstrip reflectarray antenna is integrated with solar cell for small satellite applications at 10 GHz. The reflectarray unit cell consists of a perfect electric conductor (PEC) square patch printed on an optically transparent substrate with the PEC ground plane. A comparison between using transparent conducting polymers and using the PEC in unit-cell construction has been introduced. The waveguide simulator is used to calculate the required compensation phase of each unit cell in the reflectarray. The radiation characteristics of 13 × 13 CP transparent reflectarray antenna are investigated. A circularly polarized horn antenna is used to feed the reflectarray. The solar cell is incorporated with the transparent reflectarray on the same area. The solar-cell integration with the reflectarray reduces the maximum gain by about 0.5 dB due to the increase in the magnitude of the reflection coefficient. The results are calculated using the finite integral technique (FIT).

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Daniel, Justin, Spencer Nguyen, Md Atiqur Rahman Chowdhury, Shaofan Xu, and Chengying Xu. "Temperature and Pressure Wireless Ceramic Sensor (Distance = 0.5 Meter) for Extreme Environment Applications." Sensors 21, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 6648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196648.

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This paper presents a design for temperature and pressure wireless sensors made of polymer-derived ceramics for extreme environment applications. The wireless sensors were designed and fabricated with conductive carbon paste on an 18.24 mm diameter with 2.4 mm thickness polymer-derived ceramic silicon carbon nitride (PDC-SiCN) disk substrate for the temperature sensor and an 18 × 18 × 2.6 mm silicon carbide ceramic substrate for the pressure sensor. In the experiment, a horn antenna interrogated the patch antenna sensor on a standard muffle furnace and a Shimadzu AGS-J universal test machine (UTM) at a wireless sensing distance of 0.5 m. The monotonic relationship between the dielectric constant of the ceramic substrate and ambient temperature is the fundamental principle for wireless temperature sensing. The temperature measurement has been demonstrated from 600 °C to 900 °C. The result closely matches the thermocouple measurement with a mean absolute difference of 2.63 °C. For the pressure sensor, the patch antenna was designed to resonate at 4.7 GHz at the no-loading case. The sensing mechanism is based on the piezo-dielectric property of the silicon carbon nitride. The developed temperature/pressure sensing system provides a feasible solution for wireless measurement for extreme environment applications.

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Simorangkir, Roy B. V. B., Yang Yang, Karu P. Esselle, and Basit A. Zeb. "A Method to Realize Robust Flexible Electronically Tunable Antennas Using Polymer-Embedded Conductive Fabric." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 66, no. 1 (January 2018): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2017.2772036.

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Ramli, M. R., S. K. A. Rahim, H. A. Rahman, M. I. Sabran, and M. L. Samingan. "Flexible microstrip grid array polymer-conductive rubber antenna for 5G mobile communication applications." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 59, no. 8 (May 27, 2017): 1866–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.30645.

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Lozitskaya, A. V., and A. P. Kondratov. "Application of strain-sensitive graphite layers on fabric." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2373, no. 9 (December 1, 2022): 092002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2373/9/092002.

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Abstract The possibility of manufacturing wearable electronics elements, for example, strain gauges or antennas of RFID tags, by applying or locally applying a layer of electrically conductive graphite polymer compositions to the surface of a fabric (knitwear) using printing technologies has been studied. The pliable tape-shaped prints can be used as strain gauges to be placed on human clothing or robot arms. The tensile limits of sensors made on fibrous substrates of various structures using graphite dispersions in the form of powders and aerosols have been established. The strain sensitivity coefficients of the sensors are determined. The advantage of glueless spraying of a liquid composition of graphite in the form of an aerosol onto fibrous materials is shown.

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Fan, Shou Yuan, Jian Kui Chen, Zhou Ping Yin, and Yu Hui Wang. "Study of Voids in the Flexible RFID Tag Inlays Packaged by Anisotropic Conductive Adhesive." Advanced Materials Research 834-836 (October 2013): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.834-836.142.

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RFID is recognized one of the most potential information technologies. The RFID tag is a small tag containing an integrated circuit chip and an antenna. Voids can very often be detected in the non-metalized area of the RFID tags, they generated with unpredictable size and located randomly in the tag. The formation of the voids is the combined action of material properties and bonding parameters. In this work, the formation of the material related voids in the tags was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. All specimens showed continuous loss of mass to varying degrees during the heating process. The air and moisture entrapped in the polymer matrix in the fabrication process and the process of use are the mainly reason. The loss mass of the etched antenna substrate primarily came from the lamination adhesive has not cured completely. With the simultaneous reaction of thermal stresses and internal vapor/volatile gas pressure drives both pre-existing and newly nucleated voids to grow. In addition, the voids growth under the high temperature (85°C) and high humidity (85%RH) conditions was investigated. The characteristic size of voids increases gradually with the increasing aging time because of the combined effects of the residual stress and the different coefficients of thermal expansion and moisture expansion.

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Abd Razak, Jeefferie, Nor Aisah Khalid, Hazman Hasib, Mazlin Aida Mahamood, Mohd Muzafar Ismail, Noraiham Mohamad, Poppy Puspitasari, and Moayad Husein Flaifel. "Electrical Conductivity and Antenna Properties of Polyaniline filled GNPs Nanocomposites." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (March 5, 2021): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.4.1.1127.

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This study was conducted to investigate the potential of utilizing conductive polymer nanocomposite for flexible type antenna application. The polyaniline (PANI) filled with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) nanocomposites were synthesized by an oxidative aniline polymerization in an acidic medium. The PANI/GNPs nanocomposites were then characterized by using various spectroscopy and imaging tools. It was found that the strong interaction between PANI macromolecules and GNPs flakes is caused by the strong ?-? conjugation between them, as validated by an increase of Id/Ig ratio of PANI/GNPs nanocomposites. As a result, it established a three-fold improvement for the electrical conductivity of PANI/GNPs nanocomposites, due to the larger amount of charge carrier transport at higher GNPs nanofiller loadings (1.00 wt.%). Later, the PANI/GNPs nanocomposites powder was applied to the cotton fabric by integrating it with a rubber paint slurry. Electrical conductivity, antenna gain, return loss, and radiation pattern of the antenna were reported. It was found that PANI/GNPs flexible textile antenna possessed a constant gain of 4.1809 dB, return loss at -13.154 dB, and radiation pattern which operated at 10.36 GHz for 100% improvement of electrical conductivity, in comparison with unfilled PANI. From these findings, it can be said that the development of wearable textile antenna utilizing PANI/GNPs nanocomposites on the cotton fabric as flexible radiation patch, has great potential for wireless communication purposes.

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Rojas-Nastrucci, Eduardo A., Ramiro A. Ramirez, Sean T. Murphy, Mike Newton, and Thomas M. Weller. "A Direct Digital Manufactured RFID System Applied to Teaching Antenna Theory to Pre-College Students." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2015, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 000745–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2015-poster6.

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Applications of RFID technology are continually increasing, solving problems related with keeping track of objects and persons. For instance, nowadays the fact of knowing the precise location of a shipment is considered essential. On the other hand, antenna principles often seem complicated when they are studied the first time; but the reality is that the main concepts could be explained in a simple and practical way. Furthermore, an early contact with these concepts generates a solid understanding of the phenomena. The RFID system presented in this work is intended to be used with pre-college students, being simple enough to ensure understanding, but also showing interesting antenna designs such as the sinuous antenna. The system is easy to reproduce, using Digital Direct Manufacturing (3D printing) to build it, and convenient to teach antenna principles to students at all levels. Screen printing was the metal deposition of choice since at the high school level this process is easily implemented. Screen printing kits purchased from a craft store can be obtained for less than fifty dollars and can accommodate the antenna design “graphics”. This process can be compared to that of screen printing t-shirts replacing paint with polymer conductive ink. A sinuous antenna is used for the reader and a meandered dipole for the tag. The tag design is flexible enough to allow students to adapt it to different shapes, hence, promoting their creativity.

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Sayem, Abu Sadat Md, Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir, Karu P. Esselle, and Raheel M. Hashmi. "Development of Robust Transparent Conformal Antennas Based on Conductive Mesh-Polymer Composite for Unobtrusive Wearable Applications." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 67, no. 12 (December 2019): 7216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2019.2930116.

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Mary Joy, Kinol A., Marshiana Devaerakkam, D. Godwin Immanuel, Krishnamoorthy Narasu Raghavan, Grace Kanmani Prince, and Kassu negash. "Design and Fabrication of Biodegradable Antenna Using Jute Material for UWB Application." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 4, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2016737.

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Ultra-Large Band (UWB) is a radio technology used for the transmission and distribution of radio energy over a wide frequency band with low power spectral density. A newer UWB Microstrip patch antenna is designed using a jute material as a substrate because of its durability and CO2 and water footprint. The ecological impact is relatively small with Cradle to Cradle, biodegradable with 100% compostable, and extremely strong. The jute substrate is reinforced to make it nonflexible and hydrophobic for further better electrical and mechanical properties, and it is treated with the conductive polymer sodium alginate; the results were compared with the raw hydrophilic jute substrate. The proposed antenna design and results were compared with the similar antenna using the FR4 substrate of a dielectric constant of 4.4 and a thickness of 1.6, and the ultra-wideband spectrum range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. It is used for both uplink and downlink transmission of local area network (LAN), wide area network (WAN), and satellite communications spectrum (SCP). The performance of this network provides a wider bandwidth transmission for the range of 1 to 14 GHz applications.

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40

Cho, Sunghun, Jun Seop Lee, and Hyeonseo Joo. "Recent Developments of the Solution-Processable and Highly Conductive Polyaniline Composites for Optical and Electrochemical Applications." Polymers 11, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 1965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11121965.

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Solution-processable conducting polymers (CPs) are an effective means for producing thin-film electrodes with tunable thickness, and excellent electrical, electrochemical, and optical properties. Especially, solution-processable polyaniline (PANI) composites have drawn a great deal of interest due to of their ease of film-forming, high conductivity up to 103 S/cm, excellent redox behaviors, processability, and scalability. In this review, basic principles, fabrication methods, and applications of solution-processable PANI composites will be discussed. In addition, recent researches on the PANI-based electrodes for solar cells (SCs), electrochromic (EC) windows, thermoelectric (TE) materials, supercapacitors, sensors, antennas, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), and anti-corrosion coatings will be discussed. The presented examples in this review will offer new insights in the design and fabrication of high-performance electrodes from the PANI composite solutions for the development of thin-film electrodes for state-of-art applications.

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41

Kowalik, T., S. Worch, A. Hartwig, and H. Joachimi. "Conductive UV Curable Adhesives for Printed RFID Antenna Structures." Macromolecular Symposia 254, no. 1 (August 2007): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200750844.

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42

Li, Bing, Dapeng Li, and Jiping Wang. "Copper deposition on textiles via an automated dispensing process for flexible microstrip antennas." Textile Research Journal 84, no. 19 (June 9, 2014): 2026–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517514534753.

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A three-axis automatic robot was coupled with a precision liquid dispenser to deposit copper on fabrics to be used as the conductive layer for assembly of textile-based flexible microstrip patch antennas. Two reactive solutions, copper sulfate and sodium borohydride, were sequentially dispensed on fabrics and a conductive copper was produced in situ and in real time, through a simple redox mechanism. Driving pressure, the number of dispensing cycles, concentration and composition (i.e. the addition of a complexing agent sodium citrate to the copper sulfate solution) of the reactive solutions were studied to optimize the dispensing process in favor of rapid copper deposition. The electrical performance of the resulting copper deposit and its adhesion to the textile substrates were characterized. A copper coating of about 0.2 ohm/□ sheet resistance could be prepared in less than 1 hour under a 45 kPa driving pressure, at a 200 mm·s−1 moving speed, and within 60 dispensing cycles.

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Sayem, Abu Sadat Md, Karu P. Esselle, Raheel M. Hashmi, and Hangrui Liu. "Experimental studies of the robustness of the conductive-mesh-polymer composite towards the development of conformal and transparent antennas." Smart Materials and Structures 29, no. 8 (July 3, 2020): 085015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ab92df.

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Karimiyan-Mohammadabadi, M., MA Dorostkar, F. Shokuohi, M. Shanbeh, and A. Torkan. "Ultra-wideband textile antenna with circular polarization for GPS applications and wireless body area networks." Journal of Industrial Textiles 46, no. 8 (February 22, 2016): 1684–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1528083716631326.

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In this paper, a novel textile antenna with a semi elliptical ground plane is designed for ultra-wideband applications. Conductive woven fabric made of stainless steel/polyester (80/20%) spun yarn with 158 Ω/m linear resistance is used to design the ground and the patch of antenna. Moreover, the warp density and weft density of woven fabric are selected in a way that it gets high value of surface conductivity. The surface conductivity of woven fabric was 0.088 Ω/sq. The proposed antenna is made of triangle patch within a transmission line and its dimensions are optimized using the genetic algorithm. Results show that the proposed antenna achieves multi impedance bandwidth ranging from 1.4 to 1.6 GHz, 1.8 to 2.4 GHz, and 3.4 to 11.6 GHz (reflection coefficient <−10 dB). The antenna in both bands from 1.4 to 1.6 GHz and 1.8 to 2.4 GHz is circularly polarized. This impedance bandwidth makes it appropriate for many wireless communication systems such as GPS, Wifi, PCS-1900, IMT-2000/UMTS, and ultra-wideband applications.

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Heo, Eunah, Keun-Yeong Choi, Jooyong Kim, Jong-Hu Park, and Hojin Lee. "A wearable textile antenna for wireless power transfer by magnetic resonance." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 8 (February 1, 2017): 913–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517690626.

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The paper presents a wearable textile antenna embroidered on a fabric for wireless power transfer systems. A planar spiral coil was generated with the conductive thread on a cotton substrate, and was connected to a rectifier circuit fabricated on flexible polyethylene terephthalate film to constitute a bendable receiver by the magnetic resonance. At a resonance frequency of 6.78 MHz, the proposed system could achieve −5.51 dB transfer efficiency and 12.75 mW power transmission at a distance of 15 cm. It was also demonstrated that the resonance frequency and transmitted power of the proposed system could be maintained as the same even when the system was bent conformingly to the surface curvature of the human body model for a bending radius up to 50 mm or larger.

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Ha, Dohyuk, Tse-Yu Lin, Byung Guk Kim, Pedro P. Irazoqui, and William J. Chappell. "Advanced 3D Packaging of Miniature Biomedical Sensors." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-wp1-paper2.

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In this paper, a novel 3D packaging technique for miniature implantable wireless biomedical sensors for intraocular pressure (IOP) sensing in mice is introduced. Due to the limited size of a mouse eye, the packaging of the sensor and control integrated circuit (IC) is very challenging. The overall size of the packaged sensor must be less than 12 mils cubed. In order to achieve the desired thickness, a magnetically aligned Z-axis anisotropic conductive adhesive (ACA) is used to create the vertical interconnects and micro-vias in the packaging material to distribute signals vertically to limit the eventual area of the device. The first step is to demonstrate the layer-to-layer interconnection between a silicon IC and a liquid crystal polymer (LCP) layer using the Z-axis ACA. The total thickness of the IC and the packaging layer is less than 6 mils. The measured resistance through vertical interconnection is 1.15 ohms on average for 3 mil × 3 mil pads. The second step is to demonstrate 3D transitions through 0.8 mil via holes in a LCP layer. A transition from an antenna layer through the LCP to a rectifier circuit on the above layer is demonstrated. RF power received by a loop antenna on the bottom LCP layer is rectified and generates 5 volts of DC voltage. This miniature 3D packaging technique enables extremely tight integration of all the sensor's components in a small form factor package, which can be implanted into mice eyes for wireless monitoring of the intraocular pressure.

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Kim, Jae Hwan, Woo Chul Jung, and Chun Suk Song. "Electro-Active Papers for Remotely-Driven Smart Actuators." Key Engineering Materials 297-300 (November 2005): 1534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.297-300.1534.

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This paper introduces the concept of remotely-driven smart actuator utilized by electro-active paper (EAPap). The feature of remotely-driven smart actuator offers unique performance and application capabilities and exploit many of these unique capabilities. Since the microwave-driven actuator does not require carry-on-battery, ultra-lightweight, and distributed micro size actuators can be made. A dipole rectifying antenna (rectenna) array receives the microwave and converts it into a DC power. Recently, cellulose based paper has been came across as an lectroactive paper (EAPap) material so as to be used as artificial muscles for biomimetic insects. Since the power requirement of EAPap is less than the safety limit of microwave power in air, the EAPap actuators can be driven by wireless microwave power. This idea is useful for specific applications that require multifunctional capabilities such as smart skin, ultra-lightweight space structures, micro robots, flapping wing for insect-like flying objects and smart wall paper as well. Current research status along with its issues is addressed including a hybrid actuator of EAPap and conducting polymers that will enhance the performance of the actuator.

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Padmanabharaju, M., B. T. P. Madhav, D. S. Phani Kishore, and P. V. Datta Prasad. "Conductive fabric material based compact novel wideband textile antenna for wireless medical applications." Materials Research Express 6, no. 8 (June 5, 2019): 086327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab09a1.

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Arapov, Kirill, Robert Abbel, Gijsbertus de With, and Heiner Friedrich. "Inkjet printing of graphene." Faraday Discuss. 173 (2014): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00067f.

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The inkjet printing of graphene is a cost-effective, and versatile deposition technique for both transparent and non-transparent conductive films. Printing graphene on paper is aimed at low-end, high-volume applications,i.e., in electromagnetic shielding, photovoltaics or,e.g., as a replacement for the metal in antennas of radio-frequency identification devices, thereby improving their recyclability and biocompatibility. Here, we present a comparison of two graphene inks, one prepared by the solubilization of expanded graphite in the presence of a surface active polymer, and the other by covalent graphene functionalization followed by redispersion in a solvent but without a surfactant. The non-oxidative functionalization of graphite in the form of a donor-type graphite intercalation compound was carried out by a Birch-type alkylation, where graphene can be viewed as a macrocarbanion. To increase the amount of functionalization we employed a graphite precursor with a high edge to bulk carbon ratio, thus, allowing us to achieve up to six weight percent of functional groups. The functionalized graphene can be readily dispersed at concentrations of up to 3 mg ml⁻¹in non-toxic organic solvents, and is colloidally stable for more than 2 months. The two inks are readily inkjet printable with good to satisfactory spreading. Analysis of the sheet resistance of the deposited films demonstrated that the inks based on expanded graphite outperform the functionalized graphene inks, possibly due to the significantly larger graphene sheet size in the former, which minimizes the number of sheet-to-sheet contacts along the conductive path. We found that the sheet resistance of printed large-area films decreased with an increase of the number of printed layers. Conductivity levels reached approximately 1–2 kΩ □⁻¹for 15 printing passes, which roughly equals a film thickness of 800 nm for expanded graphite based inks, and 2 MΩ □⁻¹for 15 printing passes of functionalized graphene, having a film thickness of 900 nm. Our results show that ink preparation and inkjet printing of graphene-based inks is simple and efficient, and therefore has a high potential to compete with other conductive ink formulations for large-area printing of conductive films.

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Mohtaram, Fatemeh, Vahid Mottaghitalab, and Gholamreza Baghersalimi. "Development and characterization of flexible antenna based on conductive metal pattern on polyester fabric." Journal of The Textile Institute 108, no. 11 (March 2, 2017): 1888–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00405000.2017.1299305.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Conducting polymer antennas'

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