Relevant bibliographies by topics / Conducting polymer antennas

Academic literature on the topic 'Conducting polymer antennas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Conducting polymer antennas"

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Kaufmann, Thomas, Akhilesh Verma, Van-Tan Truong, Bo Weng, Roderick Shepherd, and Christophe Fumeaux. "Efficiency of a Compact Elliptical Planar Ultra-Wideband Antenna Based on Conductive Polymers." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/972696.

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A planar antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications covering the 3.1–10.6 GHz range has been designed as a test bed for efficiency measurements of antennas manufactured using polymer conductors. Two types of conductive polymers, PEDOT and PPy (polypyrrole), with very different thicknesses and conductivities have been selected as conductors for the radiating elements. A comparison between measured radiation patterns of the conductive polymers and a copper reference antenna allows to estimate the conductor losses of the two types of conductive polymers. For a 158 μm thick PPy polymer, an efficiency of almost 80% can be observed over the whole UWB spectrum. For a 7 μm thick PEDOT layer, an average efficiency of 26.6% demonstrates, considering the room for improvement, the potential of this type of versatile materials as flexible printable alternative to conductive metallic paints. The paper demonstrates that, even though the PEDOT conductivity is an order of magnitude larger than that of PPy, the thicker PPy layer leads to much higher efficiency over the whole UWB frequency range. This result highlights that high efficiency can be achieved not only through high conductivity, but also through a sufficiently thick layer of conductive polymers.
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Cersoli, Trenton, Muneer Barnawi, Kerry Johnson, Edward Burden, Frank Li, Eric MacDonald, and Pedro Cortes. "4D Printed Shape Memory Polymers: Morphology and Fabrication of a Functional Antenna." Recent Progress in Materials 4, no. 2 (February 17, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/rpm.2202009.

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Shape memory polymers (SMPs) are smart materials that can respond to certain thermal, chemical or electrical stimuli by inducing a structural conformation change into a temporary shape. In this work, a 3D printing process based on a Vat Photo-polymerization of a shape memory polymer (SMP) was investigated to produce customized smart and complex morphable antennas. The mechanical and material properties were examined through a tensile, flexural and rheological testing for different polymer mixture ratios. It was observed that the combination of 20% of an elastomeric resin in a thermoset UV system yields the highest shape recovery performance. The fabrication process of the antenna was based on the incorporation of a conductive material. The approach involved the inclusion of a thin copper electroplating technique. The radiofrequency performance of the fabricated antenna was examined by a vector network analyzer (VNA) and it was observed that a thermal stimulus was capable of inducing a conformal shape on the antenna, resulting in a multi-radio frequency morphing system. The antenna performance was simulated in Ansys HFSS.
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Janeczek, Kamil, Aneta Arazna, Bartłomiej Salski, Krzysztof Lipiec, and Małgorzata Jakubowska. "Printed HF antennas for RFID on-metal transponders." Circuit World 42, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 2–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/cw-10-2015-0046.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate screen-printed high-frequency (HF) antennas for radio frequency identification (RFID) on-metal transponders in which a magnetic sheet was used as a substrate material. Design/methodology/approach – A transponder antenna was designed in the form of square coil using a high-frequency electromagnetic software. Then, the antenna was fabricated with screen printing technique on two different magnetic sheets (RFN4 and RFN7) and on polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) foil for comparison. Its printing was carried out with polymer pastes based on silver flakes (PM-406 and SF). Thickness, track width and spacing were examined for the antennas using digital microscope and contact profilometer. Resistance and inductance were also measured, and resonant frequency, quality factor and target values of capacitance to achieve resonant frequency of the tested antenna at 13.56 MHz were calculated. Finally, RFID chips were mounted to the prepared antennas using an isotropic conductive adhesive, and a maximum read distance was measured with a reader installed in a smartphone. Findings – It was found that an antenna thickness on the magnetic sheets used was higher than on PEN foil. At the same time, surface roughness of the fabricated antennas on these sheets was revealed to be higher as well. Inductance of the measured antennas exhibited good conformity with the antenna design, but higher divergence was noticed in the measured resistance. Its lowest value was achieved when the antenna was printed with the paste PM-406 on PEN foil and the highest one when it was fabricated with the paste SF on the same substrate. This suggests that high attention needs to be paid to a polymer paste selected for antenna printing. The performed tests showed that the magnetic sheet RFN4 seems to be better substrate for on-metal transponders compared to RFN7 due to lower resistance and higher quality factor of the prepared antennas. Research limitations/implications – Further investigations are required to examine mechanical and thermal durability of the HF antennas printed on the magnetic sheets. Practical implications – The investigated HF antennas fabricated on magnetic sheets can find application in near field communication (NFC) transponders designed to be placed on metallic surfaces, e.g. on frames of advertising screens. Originality/value – Influence of used magnetic sheets and polymer pastes on geometry and electrical properties of HF antennas for RFID on-metal transponders was investigated. The presented investigations can be interesting for NFC/RFID designers who are involved in designing systems suitable for metallic surfaces.
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Olejník, Robert, Stanislav Goňa, Petr Slobodian, Jiří Matyáš, Robert Moučka, and Romana Daňová. "Polyurethane-Carbon Nanotubes Composite Dual Band Antenna for Wearable Applications." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 23, 2020): 2759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112759.

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The design of a unipole and a dual band F-shaped antenna was conducted to find the best parameters of prepared antenna. Antenna radiator part is fully made of polymer and nonmetal base composite. Thermoplastic polyurethane (PU) was chosen as a matrix and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as an electrical conductive filler, which creates conductive network. The use of the composite for the antenna has the advantage in simple preparation through dip coating technique. Minor disadvantage is the usage of solvent for composite preparation. Composite structure was used for radiator part of antenna. The antenna operates in 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands. DC conductivity of our PU/MWCNT composite is about 160 S/m. With this material, a unipole and a dual band F antenna were realized on 2 mm thick polypropylene substrate. Both antenna designs were also simulated using finite integration technique in the frequency domain (FI-FD). Measurements and full wave simulations of S11 of the antenna showed good agreement between measurements and simulations. Except for S11, the gain and radiation pattern of the antennas were measured and simulated. Maximum gain of the designed unipole antenna is around −10.0 and −5.5 dBi for 2.45 and 5.18 GHz frequency bands, respectively. The manufactured antennas are intended for application in wearable electronics, which can be used to monitor various activities such as walking, sleeping, heart rate or food consumption.
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Sayem, Abu Sadat Md, Roy B. V. B. Simorangkir, Karu P. Esselle, Ali Lalbakhsh, Dinesh R. Gawade, Brendan O’Flynn, and John L. Buckley. "Flexible and Transparent Circularly Polarized Patch Antenna for Reliable Unobtrusive Wearable Wireless Communications." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 8, 2022): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031276.

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This paper presents a circularly polarized flexible and transparent circular patch antenna suitable for body-worn wireless-communications. Circular polarization is highly beneficial in wearable wireless communications, where antennas, as a key component of the RF front-end, operate in dynamic environments, such as the human body. The demonstrated antenna is realized with highly flexible, robust and transparent conductive-fabric-polymer composite. The performance of the explored flexible-transparent antenna is also compared with its non-transparent counterpart manufactured with non-transparent conductive fabric. This comparison further demonstrates the suitability of the proposed materials for the target unobtrusive wearable applications. Detailed numerical and experimental investigations are explored in this paper to verify the proposed design. Moreover, the compatibility of the antenna in wearable applications is evaluated by testing the performance on a forearm phantom and calculating the specific absorption rate (SAR).
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Avşar Aydın, Emine. "3D-Printed Graphene-Based Bow-Tie Microstrip Antenna Design and Analysis for Ultra-Wideband Applications." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 3724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213724.

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In this study, the effects of graphene and design differences on bow-tie microstrip antenna performance and bandwidth improvement were investigated both with simulation and experiments. In addition, the conductivity of graphene can be dynamically tuned by changing its chemical potential. The numerical calculations of the proposed antennas at 2–10 GHz were carried out using the finite integration technique in the CST Microwave Studio program. Thus, three bow-tie microstrip antennas with different antenna parameters were designed. Unlike traditional production techniques, due to its cost-effectiveness and easy production, antennas were produced using 3D printing, and then measurements were conducted. A very good match was observed between the simulation and the measurement results. The performance of each antenna was analyzed, and then, the effects of antenna sizes and different chemical potentials on antenna performance were investigated and discussed. The results show that the bow-tie antenna with a slot, which is one of the new advantages of this study, provides a good match and that it has an ultra-bandwidth of 18 GHz in the frequency range of 2 to 20 GHz for ultra-wideband applications. The obtained return loss of −10 dB throughout the applied frequency shows that the designed antennas are useful. In addition, the proposed antennas have an average gain of 9 dBi. This study will be a guide for microstrip antennas based on the desired applications by changing the size of the slots and chemical potential in the conductive parts in the design.
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Sarycheva, Asia, Alessia Polemi, Yuqiao Liu, Kapil Dandekar, Babak Anasori, and Yury Gogotsi. "2D titanium carbide (MXene) for wireless communication." Science Advances 4, no. 9 (September 2018): eaau0920. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau0920.

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With the development of the Internet of Things (IoT), the demand for thin and wearable electronic devices is growing quickly. The essential part of the IoT is communication between devices, which requires radio-frequency (RF) antennas. Metals are widely used for antennas; however, their bulkiness limits the fabrication of thin, lightweight, and flexible antennas. Recently, nanomaterials such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and conductive polymers came into play. However, poor conductivity limits their use. We show RF devices for wireless communication based on metallic two-dimensional (2D) titanium carbide (MXene) prepared by a single-step spray coating. We fabricated a ~100-nm-thick translucent MXene antenna with a reflection coefficient of less than −10 dB. By increasing the antenna thickness to 8 μm, we achieved a reflection coefficient of −65 dB. We also fabricated a 1-μm-thick MXene RF identification device tag reaching a reading distance of 8 m at 860 MHz. Our finding shows that 2D titanium carbide MXene operates below the skin depth of copper or other metals as well as offers an opportunity to produce transparent antennas. Being the most conductive, as well as water-dispersible, among solution-processed 2D materials, MXenes open new avenues for manufacturing various classes of RF and other portable, flexible, and wearable electronic devices.
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Tseghai, Granch Berhe, Desalegn Alemu Mengistie, Benny Malengier, Kinde Anlay Fante, and Lieva Van Langenhove. "PEDOT:PSS-Based Conductive Textiles and Their Applications." Sensors 20, no. 7 (March 28, 2020): 1881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20071881.

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The conductive polymer complex poly (3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) is the most explored conductive polymer for conductive textiles applications. Since PEDOT:PSS is readily available in water dispersion form, it is convenient for roll-to-roll processing which is compatible with the current textile processing applications. In this work, we have made a comprehensive review on the PEDOT:PSS-based conductive textiles, methods of application onto textiles and their applications. The conductivity of PEDOT:PSS can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude using processing agents. However, neat PEDOT:PSS lacks flexibility and strechability for wearable electronics applications. One way to improve the mechanical flexibility of conductive polymers is making a composite with commodity polymers such as polyurethane which have high flexibility and stretchability. The conductive polymer composites also increase attachment of the conductive polymer to the textile, thereby increasing durability to washing and mechanical actions. Pure PEDOT:PSS conductive fibers have been produced by solution spinning or electrospinning methods. Application of PEDOT:PSS can be carried out by polymerization of the monomer on the fabric, coating/dyeing and printing methods. PEDOT:PSS-based conductive textiles have been used for the development of sensors, actuators, antenna, interconnections, energy harvesting, and storage devices. In this review, the application methods of PEDOT:SS-based conductive polymers in/on to a textile substrate structure and their application thereof are discussed.
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Bornemann, Sarah, Jan Niklas Haus, Michael Sinapius, Björn Lüssem, Andreas Dietzel, and Walter Lang. "Stainless-Steel Antenna on Conductive Substrate for an SHM Sensor System with High Power Demand." Sensors 21, no. 23 (November 25, 2021): 7841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21237841.

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This paper presents the novel concept of structuring a planar coil antenna structured into the outermost stainless-steel layer of a fiber metal laminate (FML) and investigating its performance. Furthermore, the antenna is modified to sufficiently work on inhomogeneous conductive substrates such as carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP) independent from their application-dependent layer configuration, since the influence on antenna performance was expected to be configuration-dependent. The effects of different stack-ups on antenna characteristics and strategies to cope with these influences are investigated. The purpose was to create a wireless self-sustained sensor node for an embedded structural health monitoring (SHM) system inside the monitored material itself. The requirements of such a system are investigated, and measurements on the amount of wireless power that can be harvested are conducted. Mechanical investigations are performed to identify the antenna shape that produces the least wound to the material, and electrical investigations are executed to prove the on-conductor optimization concept. Furthermore, a suitable process to fabricate such antennas is introduced. First measurements fulfilled the expectations: the measured antenna structure prototype could provide up to 11 mW to a sensor node inside the FML component.
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Kuang, Ye, Lan Yao, He Luan, Shenghai Yu, Ruiyun Zhang, and Yiping Qiu. "Effects of weaving structures and parameters on the radiation properties of three-dimensional fabric integrated microstrip antennas." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 19 (July 6, 2017): 2182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517716908.

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In smart textile systems, the wireless communication between the wearer and the wider environment plays an important role, especially in medical applications. This can be achieved by integrating an antenna in textile materials. The low-profile microstrip antenna is a desirable choice for textile antennas and integrating this type of antenna into the three-dimensional woven fabric achieves the most integrated textile antenna structure up to now. Different from traditional antenna structures, the three-dimensional woven fabric integrated microstrip antenna has the radiation patch and ground plane totally woven with the yarns, where the radiation properties would strongly depend on the weaving structures and parameters. In this paper, a 1.9 GHz single patch microstrip antenna was designed and six types of antennas with different combinations of woven patches and ground planes were compared. The measured results showed that the three-dimensional woven antenna had adequate performance. In addition, the three-dimensional woven antenna with warp yarns parallel to the feeding direction exhibited a better return loss and radiation pattern than the antenna with weft yarn parallel to the feeding direction, due to the longer current path for the latter antenna based on simulated current distribution analysis. Furthermore, the effects of conductive yarn parameters on the antenna properties were discussed and yarn structures were suggested to obtain relatively ideal antenna performances.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Conducting polymer antennas"

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Benchirouf, Abderrahmane. "Carbonaceous Nanofillers and Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Poly(styrenesulfonate) Nanocomposites for Wireless Sensing Applications." Universitätsverlag der Technischen Universität Chemnitz, 2018. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A31903.

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The current state of wireless sensing technologies possesses a good reliability in terms of time response and sensing on movable parts or in embedded structures. Nevertheless, these tech- nologies involve energy supply such as battery and suffer from low resolution and bulky signal conditioning system for data processing. Thus, a RFID passive wireless sensor is a good candidate to overcome these issues. The feasibility of implementing microstrip patch antennas for sensing application were successfully investigated; however, low sensitivity was always a big issue to be concerned. Sensors based on nanocomposites attracted a lot of attention because of their excellent performance in term of light weight, high sensitivity, good stability and high resistance to corrosion but it lacks the capability of high conductivity, which limit their implication into RFID applications. This work introduces a novel high sensitive passive wireless strain and temperature sensors based on nanocomposites as sensing layer. To accomplish this, intrinsically conductive polymer based on carbon nanofillers nanocomposites are deeply studied and characterized. Then it’s performance is evaluated. Among them a novel tertiary nanocomposite is introduced, which opens the gate to new nanocomposite applications and thus broad- ens the application spectrum. Understanding the transport mechanism to improve the conductivity of the nanocomposite and extracting individually different models based on physical explanation of their piezoresistivity, and behavior under temperature and humidity have been developed. Afterwards, selected nanocomposites based on their high sensitivity to either strain or temperature are chosen to be used as sensing layer for patch antenna. The fabricated patch antenna has only one fundamental frequency, by determining the shift in its resonance frequency as function of the desired property to be measured; the wireless sensor characteristics are then examined. For strain sensing, the effect of strain is tested experimentally with the help of end-loaded beam measurement setup. For temperature sensing, the sensors are loaded in a controlled temperature/humid chamber and with the help of a vector network analyzer, the sensitivity of the antennas are extracted by acquiring the shift in the resonance frequency. The fabricated wireless sensors based on patch antenna are fabricated on very low lossy material to improve their gain and radiation pattern. This approach could be expanded also to include different type of substrates such as stretchable substrates i.e. elastomer polymer, very thing substrates such as Kapton, paper-based substrates or liquid crystal polymer.
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Verma, Akhilesh. "Design and development of microwave patch antennas using conductive polymers." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/95876.

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Recent advances in the electrical conductivity levels of Conducting Polymers (CP) and impressive improvements in their stability are making these materials very attractive potential alternatives to copper in planar antennas. This is particularly so in applications where light weight, inexpensive and/or wearable/conformal antennas are a consideration. There have been isolated efforts in the past towards using CP as material for antenna and transmission line design. This thesis endeavours to provide a systematic study of key factors that are important for the understanding of these materials, their design and simulation as basis material for building microwave antennas. The thesis could be considered as made up of two parts. The first part (Chapter 2 and Appendix A) presents a mathematical model of electrical conduction and permittivity in CPs as a function of dopant concentration and frequency. The electrical conduction and permittivity are very dispersive for these materials primarily due to different relaxation times exhibited by the conduction electrons. This part also develops closed-form expressions formulas for rapid estimation of the effective permittivity of microstrip lines on multi-layer substrates. A 2D finite element eigen-mode analysis leading to the effective permittivity for two and three layer microstrip line structures is used as a reference solution and successfully validates the closed-form expressions. The second part (Chapter 3 and 4) presents the design, simulation and fabrication of microwave antennas using thin CP films. Results on CP based microstrip patch antennas operating at 2 GHz, 4.5 GHz and 6 GHz are presented. This part also presents a systematic study on the impact of CP film thickness, conductivity and fabrication method on antenna performance. An indirect method for determination of the permittivity of non-standard RF substrates and detection of dispersion in the electrical conductivity of CP film has been demonstrated. This part validates the possibility of using CPs as microwave antennas and gives credence to many possibilities in the field of conformal antennas, wearable antennas, sports and medical applications. The thesis is concluded in chapter 5 by summarising the results and presenting some exciting possibilities that these exotic materials open for future applications in the field of antenna applications.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 2012
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Chen, Shengjian Jammy. "Flexible, wearable and reconfigurable antennas based on novel conductive materials: graphene, polymers and textiles." Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/112809.

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Due to high demand and ubiquity of novel wireless communication systems, numerous new technical challenges have risen in modern antenna design to satisfy emerging unconventional system requirements. Typical examples include radio frequency identification (RFID) systems and wearable electronic systems. RFID systems usually consist of a reader and a tag integrated with an antenna which is attached to the item(s) to be tracked. Therefore, for the commercial viability of the system, it is desired to have flexible, light-weight, highly integratable and low-cost antennas for the tags. These characteristics are also desired for the antennas used in wearable electronic systems, with an additional critical requirement, namely electrical and mechanical robustness to the loading effect from the human body when worn. Hence traditional metallic conductors and dielectric materials such as ceramics are usually not suitable, as these materials lack mechanical flexibility and resilience while having a high intrinsic cost. In this context, flexible, wearable and reconfigurable antennas based on novel conductive and dielectric materials are of significant interest. This is in line with the goals of this thesis which comprise four main different objectives. Firstly, the dissertation presents the development of non-metallic, highly efficient and flexible antennas based on conductive polymers and graphene thin films as conductors. Through efficiency-driven and material-oriented engineering methods, it is shown that these antennas can overcome the process-related inherent limitations of the non-metallic conductors, demonstrating the excellent potential of these novel materials. Secondly, the thesis also focuses on the investigation of appropriate shorting strategies and connection solutions for textile antennas, in terms of ease of fabrication, connection reliability and antenna efficiency. This work aims to provide reliable and efficient solutions to the critical connection requirement between flexible textile antennas and rigid electronic components. Thirdly, modular and reconfigurable wearable textile antennas which provide passive and/or active system reconfigurability are proposed, based on commercial snap-on buttons operating as shorting vias and connectors. The modular wearable antenna concept utilizes different modules which are designed to achieve specific antenna characteristics and fulfill various functionalities. The reconfigurable antenna is based on a reconfigurable module which integrates varactors and a dedicated bias circuit board inside snap-on buttons. This button module can solve the main challenge in realizing reliable connections between bias circuit, lump components and textiles, which arises because of the very different physical properties of rigid and flexible components. Fourthly, the last part of the thesis presents a compact and high efficiency series-fed microstrip patch array and a flexible dielectric resonator antenna, as examples of novel designs suitable for wearable applications. All the results and findings in this thesis illustrate that, antennas realized in novel conductive and dielectric materials including conductive polymers, graphene, conductive textiles and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), can potentially satisfy the unconventional characteristics desired for future wearable electronic systems. Furthermore, the interdisciplinary combination of antenna technology and material science paves a promising path for advanced antenna developments, towards next generations of mobile wireless communication systems.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 2017.
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Book chapters on the topic "Conducting polymer antennas"

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Varghese, Laya, and Balamati Choudhury. "Conducting Polymer-based Antennas." In Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 119–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2267-3_7.

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Waldman, Laura J., Peter J. Hawrylak, and Michael W. Keller. "Electromagnetic and Mechanical Behavior of Conductive Polymer Materials for Antennas." In Mechanics of Composite and Multi-functional Materials, Volume 5, 69–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30028-9_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Conducting polymer antennas"

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Wong, T. C. P. "Microwave characterisation of smart materials based on conducting polymer composite material." In Tenth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP). IEE, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19970299.

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Wong, T. C. P. "Characterisation of conducting polymer-loaded composite materials at oblique incidence and their application in radar absorbers." In Ninth International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP). IEE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp:19950346.

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He, Yue, Shenglong Zhang, Ziqian Dong, and Fang Li. "Conductive Polymer-Based Sensor for Soil Nutrient Detection." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-24217.

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Abstract To increase the production of crops, chemical fertilizers are used in crop fields. However, underuse or overuse cannot increase crop yields but even decrease them and cause severe environmental problems. Thus, the detection and monitoring of chemical concentration are increasingly important. To build up and monitor a data-based system for a large area, such a method is costly and time-consuming. In this research, we developed a conductive polymer-based sensor to detect nitrate concentrations in soil water. Conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was used as our sensing material. To increase its conductivity, we used the vacuum phase polymerization method to achieve a high conductive and stable polymer film. The conductivity of the polymer film is 500 S/cm. Our results have demonstrated that the conductive polymer-based sensors have high sensitivity to nitrate solution. The response to 1000 ppm nitrate solution is 47.2% (Response = (Initrate - IDIwate) / IDIwater). The sensors can detect nitrate range from 1ppm to 1000 ppm. The response time is less than 1 minute. This impedance-based sensor will eventually be integrated with the surface acoustic wave sensors, combined with an antenna and a GPR unit for low maintenance, autonomous, and in-situ soil nutrient sensing.
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Kaufmann, Thomas, Roderick Shepherd, and Christophe Fumeaux. "Modeling conductive polymer antennas in the microwave region." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Wireless Information Technology and Systems (ICWITS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icwits.2012.6417742.

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Rmili, Hatem, Jean-Louis Miane, Thomas Olinga, and Habib Zangar. "Design of microstrip-fed proximity-coupled conducting-polymer patch antenna." In 11th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics [ANTEM 2005]. IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/antem.2005.7852146.

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Chen, S. J., and C. Fumeaux. "Wearable Antennas Based on Graphite Paper and Conductive Polymer." In 12th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP 2018). Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cp.2018.0844.

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Kirsch, N. J., N. A. Vacirca, E. E. Plowman, T. P. Kurzweg, A. K. Fontecchio, and K. R. Dandekar. "Optically transparent conductive polymer RFID meandering dipole antenna." In 2009 IEEE International Conference on RFID. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rfid.2009.4911205.

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Verma, Akhilesh, Bo Weng, Roderick Shepherd, Christophe Fumeaux, Van-Tan Truong, Gordon G. Wallace, and Bevan D. Bates. "6 GHz microstrip patch antennas with PEDOT and polypyrrole conducting polymers." In 2010 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa.2010.5651030.

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Jang, Hong-Kyu, Jae-Hwan Shin, and Chun-Gon Kim. "Low RCS patch array antenna with electromagnetic bandgap using a conducting polymer." In 2010 International Conference on Electromagnetics in Advanced Applications (ICEAA 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceaa.2010.5652186.

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Finnegan, Jason, Bridget Peterkin, Hee-Chan Han, Jennifer M. Yentes, Stephen I. Rennard, and Eric J. Markvicka. "Wireless, Battery Free Wearable Electronic Nose." In 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1038.

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Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are excreted through the skin or exhaled breath. They are end products of human metabolism, metabolism of gut microflora, and ingested or inhaled substances. VOCs can be noninvasively sampled and could be a useful marker for disease. However, medical diagnostics rarely considers the VOCs that are expelled from the body. Here, we introduce a miniature, low-cost, and battery-free electronic nose (e-nose) sensor for passively identifying chemical patterns that are excreted from the human skin or exhaled breath. The platform is composed of an array of conductive polymer filaments created with a two-layer system of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and four different, solution processable polymers. The “breathprint” signature–consisting of the resistance of each filament–can be read from the sensor using a near-field communication-enabled device, such as a smartphone. The e-nose sensor contains a system on a chip with near-field communication (NFC) functionality and a radio frequency antenna to harvest power. The sensor was tested against six common VOCs that are released from the human body.
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