Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Conditions sociales – Guinée'

Le Fouta-djalon, moyenne montagne de l'Afrique de l'ouest, est un important foyer démographique avec ses fortes densités rurales. Celles-ci sont directement héritées de l'empire théocratique du Fuuta-Jaloo (18e-19e s. ) qui a pu concentrer des hommes grâce à des "techniques d'encadrement" efficaces. Aujourd'hui, de nombreux traits de l'organisation précoloniale sont toujours en place dans les rapports sociaux et les systèmes agropastoraux, bien que trois régimes aux doctrines trés contrastées se soient succédés de 1958 à nos jours. Une approche systémique montre que sous une apparence de blocage (pression démographique, dégradation de l'environnement, rigidité de la stratification sociale, inégalité foncière. . . ), les contradictions propres aux systèmes ruraux se révèlent davantage comme les facteurs d'une recomposition permanente qui permet de repousser les crises les plus graves
The Fouta-Djalon mountain of West Africa, constitue an important demographic ridge with heavy rural densities. The later are directly inherited from the theocratic empire of the Fuuta-Jaloo (18th-19th centuries) which was able to physically concentrate people with efficient policies. Today many aspects of the precolonial organization remain alive in the social interaction and agropastoral systems, although tree political regimes, have been in place from 1958 till today. A systematic approach shows that under an appearence of a blocked situation (demographic pressure, enviromental degradation, rigidity of social stratification, land tenure inequalities) the contradictions of the rural systems act more as factors contributing to permanent recomposition, which allows the system to by pass severe crises

La présente recherche porte sur l’analyse de la fabrique de la ville par ses habitants à Conakry, en Guinée. Longtemps étudiée à partir des acteurs institutionnels et de leurs projets d’aménagement, la fabrique n’envisagea l’habitant que comme un simple bénéficiaire de planifications expertes. Des premières alternatives à la participation en urbanisme, les savoirs citoyens semblent aujourd’hui plébisciter dans les pays du Nord. Tandis qu’au Sud, les citadins ordinaires déploient de multiples usages et pratiques pour fabriquer l’espace : “leurs espaces”. Par leurs initiatives et appropriations au quotidien, les habitants façonnent les espaces urbains en dehors des projets d’aménagement. L’analyse des expériences habitantes à Conakry permet de remettre en cause une lecture binaire (formel/informel) des espaces vers l’étude des acquis d’une urbanisation rapide de la ville en Afrique de l’Ouest.Ce travail rend compte de la production par les “citoyens-citadins-habitants” de l’espace à Conakry décryptant les formes, matérialités et récits de la vie quotidienne dans les quartiers populaires d’Hafia. Mis en commun, les espaces fédèrent les microsociétés locales et constituent le nœud à travers lequel se négocie et se façonne de fait « un droit à la vie urbaine » (Lefebvre, 1968). Face à l’accroissement des tensions (démographiques, environnementales, socio-économiques, foncières) qui tendraient à fragmenter chaque jour un peu plus la ville ouest-africaine, ces fabriques ordinaires de la ville semblent permettre, elles, de réduire les formes d’inégalités et de fragmentations en ville : c’est la posture défendue ici. Au moment où la participation des habitants à la co-construction des espaces est recherchée au Nord comme au Sud, cette vue depuis l’habitant dans une ville du Sud peut nous enseigner sur les modes et les formes d’habiter l’ordinaire ; sur les moyens de s’approprier et de partager collectivement la fabrique de la ville
The present research focuses on the urban fabric by its inhabitants in Conakry, Guinea. Long studied by various institutions and their development projects, the urban fabric only considers the inhabitant as a beneficiary of expert planning. From their participation in urban planning, citizen knowledge seems now well known in Northern countries. While in the South, ordinary city dwellers display a range of ways to create space: "their spaces". Through their initiatives and appropriations, inhabitants invent urban spaces outside of the planning projects. The analysis of the daily experiences in Conakry allows us to reconsider a binary interpretation (formal / informal) of the urban fabric in West Africa.This work focuses on the production of space in Conakry by of "citizens-city-dwellers", describing the forms and relation of daily life in the popular neighborhoods of Hafia. The inhabitants create their new appropriations of space to claim the “right to urban life”(Lefebvre, 1968). Faced with increasing tensions (demographic, environmental, socio-economic, land ) that tend to fragment the West African city a little more each day, from this research project, it appears that the ordinary fabric of the city seems to reduce these forms of inequalities and fragmentations. When the participation of the inhabitants in the co-construction of spaces is researched in the North and in the South, the perspective of the inhabitants of a city in the South can teach us about the ways and forms of inhabiting the ordinary; about the process to appropriate and share collectively the fabric of the city

Chez les Oksapmin, une société d'agriculteurs et de chasseurs qui habitent les forêts de montagne de l'intérieur de la Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée, trois principaux agents externes ont affecté, pendant les dernières décennies, l'usage de la nature et le rapport au développement. Ces agents ont été : le processus d'évangélisation et de conversion religieuse; la présence de l'administration gouvernementale australienne; la présence des compagnies minières étrangères. De surcroît, ce travail porte sur l'analyse d'un rituel majeur dans la formation de l'identité culturelle Oksapmin, le Yuan täl, la cérémonie de Yuan, qui comprenait un sacrifice humain en l'honneur de Yuan le nom oksapmin de l'une des plus importantes figures mythiques des cosmologies Min, connue dans la littérature ethnologique sous le nom telefol de Afek. Cette thèse tente d'expliquer comment des changements socio-économiques et écologiques ont profondément influencé les représentations de l'environnement et les pratiques religieuses

Cette thèse examine la problématique de la maternité précoce en Guinée sur la période 1999-2018, à partir des données des Enquêtes Démographiques et de Santé (EDS). La maternité précoce, définie comme la grossesse et l’accouchement chez les adolescentes, représente un défi majeur pour la santé publique et le développement social, affectant à la fois les jeunes filles, leurs familles et la société guinéenne dans son ensemble. L’objectif central de cette recherche est d’analyser les niveaux et les tendances de ce phénomène, d’en identifier les déterminants sous-jacents et d’évaluer les répercussions à long terme sur les parcours de vie des mères adolescentes.Les résultats indiquent une diminution modérée de la fécondité précoce au cours des deux dernières décennies. Cependant, ce phénomène reste particulièrement répandu chez les adolescentes peu instruites, vivant en milieu rural et travaillant dans le secteur agricole, souvent issues de ménages défavorisés. Les principaux facteurs qui perpétuent la maternité précoce sont le mariage et la sexualité précoces, ainsi que le faible recours à la contraception moderne. D’autres variables, telles que l’ethnie, le niveau d’éducation, l’activité professionnelle, l’exposition aux médias, ainsi que la composition et la structure du ménage, influencent également ce phénomène. Les adolescentes Soussous et Malinkés, notamment celles victimes de mariages précoces, apparaissent comme les plus vulnérables. Contrairement aux perceptions courantes, la maternité précoce n’entrave pas systématiquement les perspectives matrimoniales à long terme. En effet, sauf en 2012, où le risque de monoparentalité a été plus élevé, les mères adolescentes se marient généralement sans difficultés particulières. Toutefois, la maternité précoce exerce une influence significative sur la fécondité, augmentant le nombre d’enfants chez les mères adolescentes. En ce qui concerne l’éducation et l’accès au marché du travail, les résultats montrent que la maternité précoce n’a pas d’impact majeur. Ces trajectoires sont plutôt déterminées par les normes culturelles, l’environnement social, et le niveau d’instruction des femmes. De plus, la maternité précoce ne mène pas nécessairement à la pauvreté, celle-ci étant davantage liée à d’autres facteurs socio-économiques et contextuels.Face à ces constats, plusieurs recommandations s’imposent pour limiter les conséquences négatives de la maternité précoce. Il est crucial de renforcer l’accès à l’éducation pour les filles, en particulier dans les zones rurales, de promouvoir activement l’utilisation de la contraception moderne, et de lutter contre les mariages précoces par des lois rigoureuses et des campagnes de sensibilisation auprès des communautés. L’autonomisation économique des adolescentes, ainsi que l’amélioration des infrastructures de santé, sont également essentielles pour réduire la prévalence de la maternité précoce et ses effets sur la fécondité, contribuant ainsi à un avenir plus équitable et prospère pour les jeunes filles guinéennes
This thesis examines the issue of early motherhood in Guinea from 1999 to 2018, based on data from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS). Early motherhood, defined as pregnancy and childbirth among adolescents, presents a major challenge to public health and social development, affecting not only young girls but also their families and Guinean society as a whole. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the levels and trends of this phenomenon, identify its underlying determinants, and assess the long-term impacts on the life trajectories of adolescent mothers.The findings reveal a moderate decline in early fertility over the past two decades. However, the phenomenon remains particularly prevalent among poorly educated adolescents living in rural areas and working in agriculture, often from disadvantaged households. Key factors perpetuating early motherhood include early marriage and sexual activity, as well as limited use of modern contraception. Other variables, such as ethnicity, educational attainment, professional activity, media exposure, and household structure, also play significant roles. Adolescent girls from the Soussou and Malinké ethnic groups, particularly those subjected to early marriage, are among the most vulnerable. Contrary to common perceptions, early motherhood does not systematically hinder long-term marriage prospects. Except for the year 2012, when the risk of single motherhood was higher, adolescent mothers generally do not face significant barriers to marriage. However, early motherhood has a considerable impact on fertility, increasing the number of children born to adolescent mothers. In terms of education and access to the labor market, the results indicate that early motherhood does not have a major impact. Instead, life trajectories are shaped by cultural norms, social environments, and women’s educational levels. Additionally, early motherhood does not necessarily lead to poverty, which is more closely linked to other socio-economic and contextual factors.Given these findings, several recommendations are necessary to mitigate the negative effects of early motherhood. Strengthening girls’ access to education, particularly in rural areas, actively promoting the use of modern contraception, and combating early marriages through strict laws and community awareness campaigns are essential. Economic empowerment for adolescent girls, along with improved healthcare infrastructure, are also crucial to reducing the prevalence of early motherhood and its impact on fertility, thus contributing to a more equitable and prosperous future for young Guinean girls

Le Fouta Djallon, moyenne montagne de l'Afrique Occidentale est une région de fortes densités de populations héritées du Fouta théocratique (XVIIe-XIXe s. ) qui a organisé le territoire et a créé les misiidè", centres religieux de concentration des pouvoirs autour desquels se sont formées les fortes densités, atouts importants pour le développement urbain. Dix villes petites et moyennes, créées pour des raisons politiques et administratives, se partagent l'espace régional. Mais contrairement à la plupart des villes d'aFrique au Sud du Sahara, elles ont amorcé leur décollage démographique au cours des années 1980, les migrants de la région se dirigeant plutôt à l'extérieur. A partir de 1984, la libéralisation des activités favorise le retour des migrants et l'éclosion d'une classe commerçante dont les principaux acteurs résident en ville. Ces commerçants investissent dans les transports, encouragent les producteurs (développement de l'agriculture péri-urbaine) et renouent les échanges avec les marchés. Ceci se solde par une croissance récente de certaines villes. Deux niveaux de structuration de l'espace se dégagent de l'espace par l'ensemble des activités régionales. Si quinze à trente kilomètres des centres secondaires importants (petites villes et sous-préfectures de grande activité) structurent et polarisent l'espace, au-delà, l'espace foutanien est un grand vide en matière de polarisation. L'analyse systémique montre que le capital humain du Fouta Djallon peut devenir, plutôt qu'une entrave (villes-relais, campagne bloquées, pression démographique, faiblesse des ressources, émigrations. . . ), mais bien plus un véritable atout du développement.

L'histoire de l'île d'Annobón et de sa population est très originale. Déserte à sa découverte, à la fin du XVe siècle, elle est ensuite peuplée d'individus d'origines variées, quelques Portugais, mais surtout des Luso-Africains et Africains libres, affranchis ou esclaves. Si cette situation et ces mélanges se retrouvent dans différentes îles africaines de l'Atlantique, la proportion des Africains est ici plus importante qu'ailleurs. En conséquence, les habitants parviennent à s'affranchir du joug portugais et de l'esclavage beaucoup plus rapidement que les autres territoires de l'empire lusitanien. Malgré cela, elle est l'objet de convoitise de plusieurs pays occidentaux. Finalement, l'île et ses habitants sont officiellement cédés à l'Espagne contre des territoires américains à la fin du XVIIIe siècle. Les Espagnols découvriront un peu tard, face au refus des insulaires d'accepter cette nouvelle dépendance, qu'ils ont été dupés. Cette résistance, doublée du manque de moyens dont dispose l'Espagne pour mettre en valeur ses territoires d'Afrique centrale, rend impossible la colonisation de cette terre jusqu'à la fin du XIXe siècle. L'attachement connu des Annobonais à la religion catholique permettra aux Espagnols de s'imposer, mais seulement après l'installation d'une mission permanente dans l'île. Les missionnaires découvrent alors une société qui, du fait de son isolement, a connu un développement spécifique dans ses croyances, ses cultes, mais aussi dans sa structure, ses règles et son fonctionnement
The history of Annobon Island and its population is one of a kind. Discovered at the end of the 15th century, the island was uninhabited. The people sent to Annobon in order to settle there were a few Portuguese and mainly Luso-Africans or Africans who were free, emancipated or enslaved. Other African islands in the Atlantic Ocean with mixed populations have known a similar situation but Annobon Island is the place where Africans were more numerous than anywhere else. Thanks to that distinctive feature, the Annobonese succeedeed to free themselves from the Portuguese authority and from slavery long before the other territories of the Lusitanian Empire. The island was coveted by several Western countries despite the well¬known spirit of rebellion of the Annobonese. At the end of the 18th century, it was officially ceded to Spain in return for American territories. Spaniards discovered a bit late that they had been fooled : indeed, they failed to take possession of the island because its population rejected this new dependence. Until the end of the 19th century, the resistance of the Annobonese population as well as the lack of resources of Spain prevented the Spaniards from organizing the settlement of a religious mission in Annobon. The attachment of the Annobonese to Catholicism allowed Spaniards to start colonizing the population but only after a permanent mission settled in the island. Then, the missionaries discovered an original society with its own religious beliefs, worships, power structures and rules

Le « pouvoir » des femmes (Étude du monde féminin Bassari à Ethiolo). Sous une apparence simple et réservée, le monde féminin bassari dissimule une grande complexité caractérisé par une façon d'être des femmes, tout à la fois mystérieuse et déterminée. Cette façon d'être constitue le pouvoir des femmes d'Ethiolo. Ce travail se propose d'étudier le monde féminin bassari à Ethiolo (un village situé à l'extrémité du Sénégal oriental à la frontière avec la Guinée Conakry). Un monde qui ne peut être compris si l'on n'observe pas conjointement le monde masculin bassari et l'imbrication entre ces deux univers. L'analyse du système d'âge, qui est à la base de l'organisation sociale de cette population, l'analyse de l'administration du pouvoir, qui se base sur la détention des secrets des masques (pour les hommes) et sur l'affinité particulière avec le monde des esprits (pour les femmes), l'analyse du rôle des femmes pendant l'initiation masculine sont les arguments principaux traités dans cette thèse. Les femmes bassari avec leur attachement aux traditions, leur conscience de la valeur de leur culture et, néanmoins leur capacité d'adaptation aux bouleversements inévitables du monde moderne contribuent à la préservation de l'avenir des Bassari
The « power » of women (A study of the feminine world of the Bassari in Ethiolo). Behind an apparently simple and « shy » demeanor, the Bassari feminine world conceals great complexity, characterized by women being mysterious and decisive at the same time. Such behavior is the power of the women of Ethiolo. The purpose of the project is to study the Bassari feminine world in Ethiolo (a village located in Eastern Senegal on the border with Guinea-Conakry). Such world cannot be understood without simultaneously observing the masculine world of the Bassari and the interaction of between the two. The main subjects of the following paper are: the analysis of the age system, which lays at the basis of the social organization of the Bassari population, the analysis of the administration of power, based on the control of the secrets of masks (for men) and the peculiar affinity with the world of spirits (for women), and lastly the role of women during male initiation. Bassari women, with their attachment to traditions, their awareness of the value of their culture and nonetheless their ability to adapt to the inevitable changes of the modern world, contribute to the preservation of the future of the Bassari

L'objectif de ce travail est de chercher à comprendre et à expliquer les mécanismes locaux de participation communautaire au développement en République de Guinée. Pour cerner cette problématique, nous nous sommes posés la question suivante : Comment devient-on acteur et bénéficiaire de développement ? Le Fouta-Djallon (nord de la Guinée) nous a servi de cadre d'application pour cette étude. La monographie de la participation effectuée dans cette région, à travers une recherche empirique (entretiens semi-dirigés, récits de vie et observation), a permis d'identifier deux types d'acteurs de développement local : ceux qui participent à la gestion politique locale et ceux qui participent à la production économique locale. Organisés en associations (associations des jeunes, des femmes, des ressortissants, etc. ) ou en groupements et/ou coopératives ou encore en fédération des paysans, les populations s'impliquent activement dans la promotion et l'accompagnement des programmes locaux de développement. Nous avons constaté ce dynamisme notamment chez les émigrés (hommes et femmes) de retour dans leurs villages d'origine. Ces derniers, ayant acquis une expérience au cours de leur séjour à l'extérieur, sont animés d'un esprit d'ouverture et de progrès. On les appelle ainsi les "leaders" paysans. Ils sont les "pionniers" des innovations et du changement dans leurs localités. Nous avons constaté par ailleurs une réelle évolution des processus participatifs chez les sédentaires jeunes et femmes. Cependant, si les anciens émigrés et les sédentaires jeunes et femmes sont fortement investis dans la production et les échanges économiques, ils sont particulièrement exclus de la gestion politique. En effet, il ressort de notre étude que la gestion du pouvoir politique local en Guinée obéit au principe de la "gérontocratie" (le pouvoir des anciens ou des sages). Cette gestion politique repose également sur une reproduction familiale : les responsables locaux, souvent désignés par les représentants des organisations coutumières, sont dans la plupart des cas issus des anciennes familles dirigeantes de l'époque pré et post coloniale. La tradition aidant, les populations obéissent alors à l’ordre social établi
The objective of this work is to seek to understand and explain the mechanisms of local participation in development in the Republic of Guinea. To understand this issue, we posed the following question : How does one become a participant and beneficiary of development? Fouta-Djallon (northern Guinea) has provided a framework for implementing this study. The monograph participation conducted in this area through empirical research (semistructured interviews, life stories and observation) has identified two types of local development actors : those involved in local politics and management those involved in local economic output. Organized into associations (associations of youth, women, nationals, etc) Or in groups and / or cooperative or a federation of farmers, people are actively involved in the promotion and support of local development programs. We found this particularly strong among immigrants (men and women) back to their villages of origin. The latter, having gained experience during their stay abroad, are animated by a spirit of openness and progress. They are so called "leaders" peasants. They are the "pioneers" of innovation and change in their localities. We found also a real evolution of participatory processes in sedentary young women. However, if the former emigrants and sedentary young women are heavily invested in the production and economic exchange, they are specifically excluded from the political management. Indeed, it appears from our study that the management of local political power in Guinea obeys the principle of "gerontocracy" (the authority of elders or sages). This management policy is also based on an oral tradition : the local, often designated by the representatives of customary, are in most cases from the former ruling families of the pre and post colonial. The helping tradition, when people obey the established social order

Dans un petit village de Guinée Maritime, des autochtones Baga Sitem cohabitent avec leurs étrangers Susu depuis plus d’un siècle. Les deux vivent au sein d’un milieu de mangrove transformé au fil des siècles et des défrichements successifs en une vaste plaine où se pratiquait la riziculture irriguée. Au courant du siècle passé, un bouleversement écologique majeur a abouti à un changement radical du régime des eaux, avec pour conséquence la « mise en panne » de la production rizicole. Les Susu ont rapidement développé des techniques de pêche adaptées au nouvel environnement, un marais d’eau douce, alors que les Baga ont tenté de sauver la production du riz, en vain. Pour enrayer le cycle des disettes annuelles, ils se sont finalement tournés récemment vers la ressource halieutique et une technique précise : la pêche au filet droit. Alors que les Sitem rêvent de « réussite », l’appropriation de la pêche n’est pas totale : des verrous à l’innovation l’entravent. Afin de saisir les blocages et de les ancrer dans une analyse comparative, nous mobilisons l’histoire sociale des deux sociétés : face aux violences séculaires de la sous-région, l’histoire sitem est marquée par le choix du refuge dans la mangrove, à la limite du marronnage, pendant que l’ethnie susu émerge sur un territoire carrefour d’où elle conquiert la côte au fil du temps. L’agencement au contexte des violences historiques recèle conjointement un ordre social interne, et les deux sociétés, entre dynamiques du refuge et de la conquête s’opposent de ce point de vue. On recourt aux notions locales de badenya et fadenya afin de synthétiser une série de traits sociaux distinctifs qui sanctionnent un rapport à l’initiative individuelle très nuancé entre Baga et Susu. Alors que les deux sociétés s’approprient de nouvelles options de production, les acteurs se confrontent à leur histoire, à leurs structures territoriales, politiques et religieuses respectives, ainsi qu’à leurs techniques d’administration de la violence et du secret. Dans cette étude, l’analyse des verrous est ancrée dans la technologie culturelle classique et s’accompagne d’une approche pragmatique. La recherche interroge finalement la relation entre innovations techniques et changements sociaux, ainsi que la figure de l’innovateur au sein de sociétés non soumises à une idéologie moderne valorisant la nouveauté. On observe qu’au-delà des blocages, l’innovateur baga agit « recroquevillé » et en régime d’incertitude face à ses « parents » sitem, quand l’innovateur susu est « chanté » par sa société. On conclura que l’engagement d’acteurs dans l’innovation est déterminé par les dynamiques sociales, entre renfermement, crise, expansion, impliquant des formats institutionnels autant que des relations de sentiments, et par l’histoire des groupes sociaux. Attachées au terrain, des questions plus guinéennes sont débattues au fil du texte, alors que les Baga Sitem vivent des mutations profondes prenant la forme d’une « susuisation » de la région de la Basse Côte
In a small village in Maritime Guinea, Baga Sitem indigenous people have been living with their Susu foreigners for more than a century. Both live in a mangrove environment transformed over the centuries and successive clearings into a vast plain where irrigated rice cultivation was practiced. Over the past century, a major ecological upheaval has led to a radical change in the water regime, resulting in the "breakdown" of rice production. The Susu quickly developed fishing techniques adapted to the new environment, a freshwater marsh, while the Baga tried to save rice production. To stop the cycle of annual food shortages, they have finally turned recently to the fishery resource and to a specific technique: straight-net fishing. While Sitem dream of "success", the appropriation of fishing is far from being total yet: « locks » to innovation hinder it. In order to grasp the blockages and anchor them in a comparative analysis, I mobilize the social history of the two societies: in the sub-region's secular violence, the sitem history is marked by the choice of refuge in the mangrove swamp, on the edge of the marronnage, while the Susu ethnic group emerges on a crossroads territory from where conquering the coast over time. The combination with the context of historical violence conceals an internal social order, and the two societies, between the refuge and conquest’s dynamics, are in opposition from this point of view. Local notions of badenya and fadenya are then used to synthesize a series of distinctive social traits that involve a very nuanced relationship of individual initiative between Baga and Susu. As the two societies take on new production options, the actors carrying them confront their respective histories, territorial, political and religious structures, as well as their techniques for administering violence and secrecy. The analysis of locks is both classic and renewed, opening up to a pragmatic approach to innovation. Finally, the research work the relationship between technological innovations and social changes, as well as the the innovator in societies which are not subject to a modern ideology that valuing novelty. I observe that beyond the blockages, the innovator baga acts "curled up" when the innovator is "sung" by his society. It appears that the commitment of innovators is determined by social dynamics, between withdrawal, crisis and expansion, involving institutional formats as well as emotional relationships. More Guinean issues are discussed throughout the text, while the Baga Sitem are undergoing profound changes in the form of a susuisation of the Lower Coast region of Guinea

Cette thèse de géographie s'est intéressée à la situation en 2008-2009 des réfugiés libériens dans deux capitales d'Afrique de l'Ouest, Conakry en Guinée et Accra au Ghana. À l'issue du conflit au Libéria, elle pose la question de l'avenir de ces réfugiés urbains dans ces deux pays proches du Libéria où ils avaient trouvé refuge entre 1990 et 2003. Inscrite dans le champ des Forced Migration Studies, elle interroge leurs conditions de vie et leurs projets migratoires : comptaient-ils rentrer au Libéria, rester dans ces pays d'asile ou bien partir pour d'autres destinations ? Leurs expériences de migration forcée sont replacées dans les contextes du conflit libérien et de l'accueil dans ces deux pays, puis présentées par la restitution de leurs parcours d'exil dans les pays de la Mano River. À travers la répartition géographique de ces réfugiés libériens, marquée par l'absence de camp à Conakry et la présence de celui de Buduburam en périphérie d'Accra, et à travers leurs modes de subsistance pour survivre et s'organiser dans chaque capitale, les processus de reterritorialisation sont interrogés. Enfin, la trilogie des " solutions durables " proposée par le HCR - rapatriement volontaire, intégration locale, réinstallation - est revisitée au prisme des tactiques migratoires post-conflit de ces réfugiés.

This study describes the resource management practices of a rural community located in Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea. Lababia, a community of 500 people, is located in a coastal rainforest environment and is dependant for its livelihood on swidden agriculture and fishing. Lababia is also the site of an integrated conservation and development project facilitated by a non-governmental organisation based in a nearby urban centre.
The key resources on which Lababia depends are managed as the common property of either the village-as-a-whole or the various kin groups resident in the village, and for that reason common property theory has been used to inform the design of the research project and the analysis and interpretation of research results. However, the social foundations of resource management systems and the influence of external factors, commodity markets in particular, are not adequately represented in some of the more widely used analytical frameworks developed by common property theorists. These factors are of fundamental importance to the Lababia commons because of the many social, political and economic changes that have occurred there over the last century. For that reason the Lababia commons is referred to as a commons-in-transition .
Ethnographic and historical analysis, informed by common property theory, is used to develop a description of the property rights system existing at Lababia and resource management practices in the key sectors of fishing and agriculture. The management of forest resources is described on the basis of a comparison with Kui, a nearby village that, unlike Lababia, has allowed industrial logging activities on their lands. The impact of the conservation and development project on village life is also assessed and the study concludes by developing an analytical framework suitable to the Lababia commons and one that facilitates the development of policy appropriate to the planning of sustainable development projects generally and conservation and development projects in particular.

La thèse a pour but de documenter les répercussions de l'utilisation du chien-guide pour les personnes fonctionnellement non-voyantes (PFNV) dans les 3 sphères du modèle conceptuel de processus de production du handicap (CQCIDIH, 1995), à savoir les facteurs personnels, facteurs environnementaux et habitudes de vie . Comparés aux utilisateurs de canne blanche, les utilisateurs de chiens-guides reçoivent significativement plus d'approches aimables de la part d'étrangers, ce qui suggère un apport positif sur les facteurs environnementaux. Au cours de l'année qui suit l'obtention d'un premier chien-guide, les PFNV voient leur participation sociale augmentée de façon significative et leur niveau de bien-être psychologique amélioré de façon non significative, suggérant ainsi une contribution positive du chien-guide au plan des habitudes de vie, mais pas au niveau des facteurs personnels. Ces résultats sont discutés en lien avec la documentation relative aux bénéfices pouvant être tirés des relations avec les animaux, ainsi qu'à la question du bien-être et de l'intégration sociale des PFNV.

Table of Contents: Frontmatter / Chapter One: Latino Politics: Both a Growing and Evolving Political Community / Chapter Two: Methodology and User Guide / Chapter Three: History, Demographics and Mass Media / Chapter Four: Latino Identity / Chapter Five: Books Focused on Ethnic Studies / Chapter Six: Political Attitudes and Political Behavior / Chapter Seven: Latino Elites, Representation, and Institutions / Chapter Eight: Inter-group Relations / Chapter Nine: Public Policy Issues / Chapter Ten: Methodology and Measurement Issues / Chapter Eleven: Reference Sources / Appendixes

Raoul, comte d'Eu, issu de la famille champenoise des Brienne, devint connétable de France après la mort de son prédécesseur, Gaucher de Châtillon, en 1329. L'ensemble très riche de sources documentaires a permis de diriger les recherches dans trois domaines principaux : tout d'abord sa vie, son action en tant que connétable au cours des premières années de la guerre de Cent Ans y compris les droits, prérogatives et attributions de son office (institutionnels, politiques, diplomatiques ou militaires). Dans un second temps, le réseau familiers de l'hôtel et de compagnon d'armes du comte d'Eu a été mis en lumière et analysé afin de voir dans quelles conditions il s'est formé et a fonctionné, mais également quelle fut la carrière de ses membres après la mort du connétable en 1345. Enfin, le second tome est consacré à l'édition du registre de comptes du connétable, qui a permis d'étudier le cas particulier du train de vie de ce grand seigneur : son hôtel (organisation, fonctionnement, approvisionnement), sa famille et son entourage, les modalités de la vie lors des campagnes militaires et enfin les marchands parisiens auprès desquels il se fournissait. Ainsi, ce travail s'entend comme une contribution à l'histoire militaire, nobiliaire et politique tout autant qu'économique et sociale
Ralph, count of Eu, became constable of France in 1329 at the death of Gaucher de Châtillon, his predecessor. The sources have made possible to study three aspects of this man : in a first time, his life and action as constable of France at the beginning of the Hundred Years War, including a chapter on the office of constable. Secondly, his circle of knights and men-at-arms who served him in his house or his company at war. Then the second volume contains the complete edition of his register of accounts and some other sources (his bataille for 1340). This document is useful for the historians to understand a lifestyle of a great lord in the beginning of the XIVth century : his house, his family circle, his life during the military campaigns and the merchants who made possible such a lifestyle. This is a contribution to military, nobility and political history as well as one to economic and social history

This thesis presents the findings of research into industrial and employment relations in the PNG mining industry, with particular reference to the Porgera gold mine. The thesis examines the challenges multinational mining companies go through in the formation and control of the workforces in PNG mines. Recruitment, training, localisation and industrial relations issues are discussed in relation to several mines, including Porgera. The discussion analyses two crucial concepts, 'pluralism' and 'exceptionalism' to draw attention to the fact that PNG's industrial relations system is 'pluralistic' in nature and approach; and therefore, 'exceptional' when compared to similar developing countries. Further, the thesis also analyses two theoretical models: general mode of industrialisation and state model. It assesses their applicability and relevance to PNG's human resource development and industrial relations system, particularly in the mining industry. The research draws on data gathered through long periods of fieldwork and observation of indigenous workers in PNG mines. It discusses entry to and adaptation to industrial work by Papua New Guinea tribes people. Particularly, the emergence of an industrial workforce at Porgera mine and its human resource implications are explored and discussed. One theme is the role of recruitment and training on 'greenfield' sites in the remote locations where the mines are situated. This includes the issues, concerns and dilemmas which multinational mining companies face in trying to balance the employment expectations and training requirements of both local inhabitants and the PNG government. Attention is paid to explaining how multinational mining companies have overcome such pressures by introducing ethnic affirmative action policies which favours the employment of local inhabitants. The roles of the PNG government, mining companies, trade unions and community groups are highlighted in the operation of industrial employment relations in the mines. The general aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the emergence and interplay of pluralistic institutions and the formation of an industrial workforce as a result of the mining company.

The broad theme of this thesis is the analysis of increasing social and spatial differentiation in Papua New Guinea. More specifically, the thesis investigates how people of different regions respond to new forms of capital. and examines the importance of class and gender relations. The analysis of regional diversity considers an alternative methodology for inter- regional and intra-regional comparisons of socio-economic well-being. The analysis is conducted at two spatial scales: the inter-regional comparison of Coastal Madang. Goroka Valley and the Middle Sepik; and the intra- regional comparison of the peri-urban villages, Karkar Island and Bagabag Island within Coastal Madang. Statistical data and secondary sources are used to investigate the inter-regional dirnension whereas fieldwork informs the local level analysis . Different and complex combinations of class relations exist in the three regions. The emergence of regional class formations is determined primarily by the history of layers of capital invested in the region and the influence of the state in that process. Social relations from the pre-capitalist social formation appear to be more persistent and influential in some regions than in others. The ecological base sets the pre-conditions for but does not determine the course of socioeconomic development in each region. Although class relations are an important form of social inequality, gender inequalities are also profound. No consistent relationship was found between class and gender. In some cases gender relations actively determined the nature of emerging productive relations while in others they passively adjusted. Detailed case studies illustrate people's involvement in new forms of productive activity thereby altering the sexual division of labour. Nevertheless. patriarchy persists everywhere.

The prehistoric and historic indigenous pottery traditions of Papua New Guinea have been studied in considerable detail. From ethnographic records it is known that pottery was made in certain, mainly lowland, localities. These include many villages along the north coast from Sepik Province to Milne Bay, a few villages on the south eastern coast; many inland villages in Sepik and Madang Provinces; and a very few villages in the Eastern Highlands. In the islands pottery was made in some villages on the islands of Milne Bay Province, on Buka Island, and elsewhere in the North Solomons (May and Tuckson 1982: 12). In many of these villages pottery has now declined or even vanished since people prefer aluminium pans which are often cheaper and last longer, rather than earthenware pots (May and Tuckson, 1982).

It has been assumed in this thesis that there are gaps in the various spaces of meaning, understanding, treatment and theorisation of internal migration in Papua New Guinea, at different scales, to have resulted in the contestation of its nature, experience, outcomes and explanations in Papua New Guinea. Internal migration is the most contested aspect of the process of development change and progress in the country because while migration follows the rural-urban path according to conventional expectations, the bulk of experiences and outcomes are of poverty and issues. Yet its relevance and pivotal role in the development process renders it an important issue that requires proper understanding and explanation. This research proposes to fill the spatial knowledge gaps about internal migration at both the micro-level of individuals and households and the macro-level of the economy and society, and at the methodological and theoretical levels. These gaps are rooted in the absence of a holistic explanation of internal migration that properly answers simultaneously the questions of 'what is migration?' and 'who is the migrant?' Thus, it is important that the role and response of both migrants and migration to changes, including social and economic progress, are incorporated in that integrated and holistic explanation. The lack of clarification of the meaning of internal migration has arisen mainly from the ambiguity in the nature of treatment, understanding, and explanation of migration at the societal, methodological and disciplinary levels. At the practical level, migrants are stigmatised as criminals and are considered as not belonging in their places of residence, where they have moved and settled. The unfavourable public view on migrants and migration have influenced State and Provincial Government reactions and planning against migrants and migration. Media reports that blame criminal activities on migrants have contributed to an escalation ofboth emotional and physical reactions against them. However, the National Constitution stipulates that all citizens can move anywhere in the country for the purpose of participating in economic activities, so that internal migration is acceptable and legalised in that sense. The reaction of the society to migration reflects a literary divergence and a philosophical chasm that is rooted in disciplinary traditions of the social sciences. Disciplinary traditions have differentiated between the micro-level study of migrants and macro-level study of migration as mutually exclusive. The freedom of movement guaranteed in the National Constitution reflected the contemporary thinking of the time when the Constitution was written, that migration was necessary for distributing labour to places of industry, employment and high wages. This is the opposite of migration that arises from the conditions found in less economically developed places, and of migrants as poor, unemployed, uneducated and a problem for development and progress. Such explanations highlight the need for an integrated perspective that informs, improves understanding and explains internal migration and that which fill in the knowledge gaps already identified. In turn, this holistic understanding and explanation requires a proper contextualisation of the benefits and costs of migration to society. This thesis argues that the proper context for researching, understanding and explaining internal migration is Papua New Guinea's hybrid socio-economy (Curry 2003), in which there are no clear boundaries between socio-cultural and economic processes of meaning, valuing, experience and practice. It further argues that the integrated methodology is a mixed methods approach that can guide the formulation and implementation of the research design, methodology and research outcome. The ambiguities referred to above imply the need to provide operational definitions of internal migration, migration, and migrant. 'Internal migration' refers to voluntary or involuntary (see 6.4.1) movements of people between different places within the country leading to semi-permanent or permanent residence. This term will be used interchangeably with 'migration'. The term 'migrant' refers to individuals or groups of people who, for a variety of reasons, including economic and social, undertake voluntary and or, involuntary movements between places, leading to semi-permanent or permanent residence. The central focus of this thesis is on 'in-migrants', which may refer to voluntary or involuntary migrants (see Chapter 6), who for a variety of reasons, move into places including rural, urban and peri-urban locations. The economy will be discussed in terms of the national, provincial, district, LLG, village, household and individual levels. 'National' refers to the country as a whole. Province, district, LLG and village refer to the administrative units of governance from largest to the smallest. Household refers to a core nuclear family but may include relatives and non-relatives living with them. The operational definitions provided of internal migration, migration and migrant expose the partiality of exclusive explanations and treatment of internal migration within macro or quantitative and micro or qualitative approaches. At the same time, realisation is made of the need to combine the approaches in terms of a mixed methods research so as to order to capture the effects of the dual economy, which comprises a large subsistence, dominated by social institutions, and a small cash economy. A mixed methods approach, which included both quantitative and qualitative data, was employed in this research (see Chapters 3 and 4) in order to reflect the hybrid socio-economic context in which migration occurs and is experienced. Quantitative methods of data collection used were the 2000 National Census and field surveys of migrant families. A country-wide picture of migration was obtained from an analysis of the National Population Census of 2000, of 5,190,786 individual cases (the total population). These data were transformed into SPSS tables for analyses. Independent variables of age and sex were cross-tabulated against dependent variables of relation to household, highest level of education completed, duration in years of residence, and occupation to determine the relationship between migrant characteristics and economic outcomes for migrants from their migration. In Chapter 3, cross-tabulations are performed of migration data at the level of the province for the whole country. Chapter 4 reports on migration data of the same variables in two case study provinces of Morobe and the Eastern Highlands, down to the level of District, in each province. Survey questionnaires administered during the field work to collect household data on migration and socio-economic variables in the provinces of Morobe and the Eastern Highlands were aimed at clarifying the patterns of the role of families in migration and livelihood outcomes arising from migration. A migrant survey questionnaire (Appendix 1.4.1) was conducted on 50 migrant households with 25 questionnaires in each province, and 50 non-migrant households also with 25 in each province. Migrant households were sampled according to province of origin, age ofhead ofhousehold, occupation and marital status. Only five households composed of either migrant and or non-migrant households were selected in five peri-urban and ten rural villages. These data were analysed in Excel. The results are reported in Chapters 5 and 6. Qualitative methods used to capture the patterns of migrant experiences and livelihood outcomes from migration were observation and participant observation, a travel diary, field notes and in-depth life migration history interviews with individual migrants selected from each of the surveyed households. Observations were conducted at the same time as the administration of the survey questionnaires and in-depth life migration history interviews. A travel diary was kept daily. Field notes also were kept of interesting or unusual anecdotal evidence and experiences of migrants and their livelihood outcomes. Traditional expectations that migration IS the key to accessing social services and economic opportunities are implicated from the study of quantitative data but qualitative data reveal that these expected outcomes from migration are the ideal but the general outcome from migration for the majority of migrants is poverty which includes access and affordability issues (see Chapter 1). Yet, migrants are making intentional decisions and as active participants and agents of change they are the beneficiaries of the social and economic outcomes that result from migration. 'Migration' between locations that results in semi-permanent or permanent change of residence continues to occur and is here to stay. 'Migrants,' who are individuals or groups, including the household, participate both as actors and agents of that change in the process ofmigration to places perceived to offer better economic opportunities and social services. Specific analysis of the quantitative data from the 2000 Census shows that the impact of the economy on migration to rural and peri-urban places is unequal. These sectors of the hybrid or dual economy are dominated by the social institutions which outweigh the impact of the small cash economy. At the urban, peri-urban and roadside places to which migrants move, and which they perceive as offering high levels of employment opportunities, they do not realise the expected social and economic outcomes that might have motivated them to move there. At the macro-level of the national or provincial economies therefore, the majority of migrants tend to have rural social and economic characteristics including no education, a subsistence occupation, a short-term duration of residence, and extended family households. These characteristics are those of poverty (see Chapter 1). Qualitative data collected during fieldwork acquired experiential and livelihood data of migrants arising from the migration experience that have assisted to explain in the Chapters 5 and 6 the causes, effects, outcomes, and behaviour, and the multiple Iuoves of migrants that are an integral aspect of the internal migration experience in PNG. Life histories, household surveys, field notes and observations conducted on rural and peri-urban migrants yielded data that support the important role and relevance of internal migration as a cause and an effect of development change and migrants as active agents of that process and as livelihood participants and beneficiaries in the outcomes. The experience patterns of individual and migrant household provided complementary insights about the relationship between internal, migration and the development process in the country. As a development process, migrants move to access services, sources of cash incoine such as markets, employment in urban and peri-urban locations because these are not generally to be found in their poor rural places of origin. The motivations or causes for the majority of movements are social, representing sponsorship of migration for poor rural migrants as opposed to perceptions that all movements are voluntary. Contrary to conventional perspectives, internal migration follows a step-wise direction to destination hence it occurs in a process where a variety of social and economic negotiations continue to be made between migrant and sponsors or carers, between places to ascertain the next move and a destination. The evidence that a migration is completed are migrant owns a house, garden and a regular source of cash income generation activities. Migrants can continue to participate in travels referred to as hevi for participation in life cycle events including births, deaths, initiations, marriages and events of family and friends and events requiring heavy financial engagements including compensations, house constructions, and school fees, because migrants attempt to rescue their rural households from these burdens. A finding also was that remittances are used for hevi-related travels (see Chapters 5 and 6) and not necessarily on improving the livelihood platform of rural origin households. Outcomes of their fulfilment of socio-cultural obligations and relationships are more important outcomes for migrants than economic investments of cash generated at destination. These research insights have also demonstrated the usefulness of the mixed methods research approach to yield information on internal migration that have clarified the differences and interrelations sought between quantitative or macro-and qualitative or micro-level approaches. The research has also demonstrated that both quantitative methods which provide data on migration patterns and migrant characteristics and qualitative methods which provide data on the socio-cultural meanings, understandings and outcomes of migration and migrant experiences, have an important complementary role and relevance for migration research. The research has also highlighted that these clarifications can correct misunderstandings and explanations of internal migration at the practical, societal, methodological and theoretical levels. The research has also demonstrated that half a century of attempts to bridge the gap between macro-explanations of migration and micro-explanations of migrants is enabled through the combined application of both quantitative and qualitative methods, techniques of data analyses and data. Quantitative data identifies the patterns of influence of the cash economy on migration and its impact on migrants in terms of the characteristics of those who move. Qualitative data provides insights into the migrant experience and information on these patterns and their influences. This exercise has been informed by considerations of migration from the various disciplines of the social sciences including economics, sociology, anthropology and geography. As a geographical research, it has rightly evoked the traditional claims about the synthesising nature of geography in terms that its essence of spatial linkages bridges both the quantitative or macro-and qualitative or micro-level explanations about internal migration in Papua New Guinea. There is promise and urgent need for developing a mixed methods explanation of internal migration in the context of the widespread poverty outcomes from migration, instead of economic prosperity that was envisaged in the National Constitution in 1975. In terms of its practical relevance to PNG, although this research did not focus on Port Moresby which is the capital city and largest recipient of peri-urban in-migrants, it studied focuses on two urbanising provinces of Morobe and the Eastern Highlands and not on the largest urban centre of the national capital. Morobe is also the largest province in the country. Finally, in the hybrid and dual economy, the rural poor utilise migration as their strategy for accessing, benefiting and transferring the benefits and wealth of progress to those poorer than themselves, who remain at their rural origins. The crime-related allegations about internal migration suggest that just like any other development program, internal migration requires a wise management plan and a greater focus on integrated rural development as part of the development plan.

Tout employeur qui fournit l'accès Internet au sein de son entreprise a intérêt à surveiller l'usage qui en est fait par ses employés, que ce soit pour maximiser les avantages ou pour réduire les risques liés à l'utilisation d'Internet au travail. Tout employeur a d'ailleurs le droit d'exercer une telle surveillance, sous réserve toutefois des droits des personnes surveillées. La mise en place d'une surveillance de l'utilisation d'Internet au travail peut porter atteinte à la vie privée des employés ou à leur droit à des conditions de travail justes et raisonnables, et peut également porter atteinte au droit à la vie privée des tiers indirectement visés par la surveillance. Dans ce contexte, afin de s'assurer que la surveillance est exercée dans les limites de ses droits, l'employeur doit franchir deux étapes de réflexion essentielles. L'employeur doit en premier lieu déterminer le niveau d'expectative raisonnable de vie privée des personnes surveillées, lequel niveau s'apprécie à la lumière d'une série de facteurs. L'employeur doit par ailleurs respecter les critères de rationalité et de proportionnalité. Ces critères requièrent notamment que l'employeur identifie les motifs sous-jacents à la surveillance ainsi que la manière dont la surveillance sera exercée. Une fois ces deux étapes franchies, l'employeur sera en mesure d'identifier les obligations auxquelles il est soumis dans le cadre de la mise en place de la surveillance.
All employers providing Internet access to their employees should implement Internet monitoring in the workplace, to increase the benefits and reduce the risks related to Internet use at work. Employers have the right to implement this kind of monitoring subject, however, to the rights of employees and third parties. The implementation of Internet monitoring within the workplace can affect employees' privacy and the right to fair and reasonable conditions of employment, as well as the rights of third parties who may be indirectly subject to monitoring. In this context, the employer should go through two steps of reasoning. The employer should first determine the level of reasonable expectation of privacy of all individuals monitored, which level is assessed in the light of numerous factors. The employer must also meet the criteria of rationality and proportionality. These criteria require that the employer identifies the reasons behind monitoring, and how monitoring will be exercised. After these two steps, the employer will be able to identify the obligations to which he is submitted through the implementation of Internet monitoring.

This thesis presents the findings of research into industrial and employment relations in the PNG mining industry, with particular reference to the Porgera gold mine. The thesis examines the challenges multinational mining companies go through in the formation and control of the workforces in PNG mines. Recruitment, training, localisation and industrial relations issues are discussed in relation to several mines, including Porgera. The discussion analyses two crucial concepts, 'pluralism' and 'exceptionalism' to draw attention to the fact that PNG's industrial relations system is 'pluralistic' in nature and approach; and therefore, 'exceptional' when compared to similar developing countries. Further, the thesis also analyses two theoretical models: general mode of industrialisation and state model. It assesses their applicability and relevance to PNG's human resource development and industrial relations system, particularly in the mining industry. The research draws on data gathered through long periods of fieldwork and observation of indigenous workers in PNG mines. It discusses entry to and adaptation to industrial work by Papua New Guinea tribes people. Particularly, the emergence of an industrial workforce at Porgera mine and its human resource implications are explored and discussed. One theme is the role of recruitment and training on 'greenfield' sites in the remote locations where the mines are situated. This includes the issues, concerns and dilemmas which multinational mining companies face in trying to balance the employment expectations and training requirements of both local inhabitants and the PNG government. Attention is paid to explaining how multinational mining companies have overcome such pressures by introducing ethnic affirmative action policies which favours the employment of local inhabitants. The roles of the PNG government, mining companies, trade unions and community groups are highlighted in the operation of industrial employment relations in the mines. The general aim of the thesis is to demonstrate the emergence and interplay of pluralistic institutions and the formation of an industrial workforce as a result of the mining company.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Unemployment among young, less-educated coloured individuals is a major problem in the community of Worcester in the Western Cape. The purpose of the research study is to gain in-depth insight into the impact of unemployment on psychological well-being among young coloured people in Worcester. The study is based on a qualitative approach by conducting semi-structured interviews with twelve unemployed, coloured persons in Worcester. The ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 30 years, with the median age of 20.33 years. Purposive sampling and snowball techniques were used to select these unemployed young persons. Two instruments, a demographic questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide, were used to gather data on the research participants. The transcribed data were analysed by means of content thematic analysis and aided by thematic network analyses. The findings of the study suggest that unemployed participants experience negative feelings daily as a result of their unemployment. Some participants blamed themselves for previous mistakes that they had made, they feel a sense of failure to provide for their children's needs as parents, they expressed feelings of guilt or shame, and compared themselves with employed peers, which is indicative of low self-esteem. Furthermore, unemployment has a financial impact on participants which includes financial dependency on others, unemployment serving as a barrier to being able to fulfil future plans and aspirations as well as unemployment having an effect on the social life of participants in that participants appear to withdraw from social interaction and isolate themselves. For some participants there was a loss of a sense of purpose experiencing difficulties in structuring their time and generally spent their time with passive and purposeless activities. Despite being unemployed, certain other participants seek a sense of purpose and try to spend their time engaging in menial tasks or social activities. Participants expressed an overall positive attitude towards employment which includes regarding work as being very important as well as remaining optimistic about their chances of finding a job. Coping with unemployment daily emerged as one of the struggles experienced by the participants in the study. The process of coping with unemployment daily includes utilising a variety of coping strategies to manage their unemployment as well as to manage negative feelings that emerge from being unemployed. The coping strategies indicated by the participants include listening to music, sleeping, reading the Bible, and talking to their friends or family members. Participants also revealed that they needed and received two types of social support from family and friends to help them cope with their unemployment predicament; including a need for emotional support and a need for instrumental support. Participants in the study experienced judgment by community and family members daily because of their unemployed status which includes stigmatising comments. These comments are internalised by participants which may exert a negative impact on their psychological well-being. Limitations of the study includes, participants could have answered the questions of the semi-structured guide in a socially desirable manner as well as the audio-recorded interviews were transcribed into Afrikaans and translated into English and as such, some of the meaning of what the participants had said could have been lost in the translation process. Recommendations for further research includes exploring whether perceived support have a greater beneficial effect on the psychological well-being of unemployed individuals than received support, as well as the role such types of support play in coping with unemployment.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)