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1
Kao, Wiyao. "Le contrat portant sur une chose future : essai d’une théorie générale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Poitiers, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020POIT3015.
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L'expression « contrat portant sur une chose future » signifie que les contractants peuvent valablement stipuler que la chose due sera future ; ils peuvent ainsi contracter sur une chose corporelle ou incorporelle qui n'existe pas encore, du moins dans son entièreté. Depuis la vente romaine de chose future, les contrats portant sur une chose future se sont diversifiés. La pratique de ces contrats est devenue courante en raison de leur importance économique. Prenant la mesure de cette diversité et de cette richesse, la réflexion sur le contrat portant sur une chose future a été envisagée sous le propos de théorie générale.Les contrats portant sur une chose future sont des figures familières sans que l'on les remarque forcément. Il convenait de les identifier dans un premier temps. Ce qui les caractérise et que l'on voit rapidement est que, chacun de ces contrats suppose une chose future qui en constitue l'objet ; la présente étude en propose une définition claire et distincte. Ce que l'on perçoit peut-être moins à l'analyse de ces contrats et qui, pourtant, leur est caractéristique, est qu'ils sont toujours des contrats commutatifs et non des contrats aléatoires. Ce trait montre que la théorie romaine de la vente de chose future, telle qu'elle a été toujours présentée, doit être utilisée aujourd'hui avec beaucoup de précautions pour expliquer tout le mécanisme du contrat portant sur une chose future.L'identification du contrat portant sur une chose future s'est poursuivie avec une référence à l'anticipation. Celle-ci est une explication doctrinale de l'article 1130 ancien, alinéa 1er, du Code civil qui disposait : « L'obligation peut avoir pour objet une chose future. » Elle explique aujourd'hui encore, après la réforme du droit des contrats, le nouvel article 1163, alinéa 1er. Ces trois références ou critères (la chose future, l'absence d'aléa et l'anticipation) ont permis d'identifier, d'un côté, les contrats spéciaux portant sur une chose future et, de l'autre côté, les sûretés conventionnelles portant sur une chose future.Après identification des divers contrats portant sur une chose future, il importait d'étudier leur régime juridique dans un second temps. Le contrat portant sur une chose future se distingue par deux règles communes et spécifiques : d'abord la naissance à la charge du débiteur d'une obligation préalable de faire consistant à faire advenir la chose promise en participant à sa création ou en exécutant un autre contrat ; et ensuite, la naissance au profit du créancier d'un droit éventuel, qui est le droit pur et simple en germe. En outre, la plupart des développements sur la validité et sur l'inexécution du contrat portant sur une chose future relèvent du droit commun du contrat. Les problématiques abordées n’ont pas permis de relever des spécificités tenant à l'aspect chose future, objet de la prestation.Sur le plan de la notion et du régime, il y a au total cinq critères et règles communs sur lesquels on peut s'appuyer pour parler de théorie générale du contrat portant sur une chose futureThe expression "contract relating to a future thing" means that the contracting parties may validly stipulate that the thing due will be future; they may thus contract on a tangible or intangible thing that does not yet exist, at least in its entirety. Since the Roman sale of a future thing, contracts relating to a future thing have diversified. The practice of these contracts has become commonplace because of their economic importance. Taking the measure of this diversity and richness, reflection on the contract for a future thing has been considered under the heading of general theory. Contracts relating to a future thing are familiar figures without necessarily being noticed. It was necessary to identify them first of all. What characterizes them, and what is quickly apparent, is that each of these contracts presupposes a future thing which constitutes their object; this study proposes a clear and distinct definition of them. What is perhaps less obvious from an analysis of these contracts, and yet characteristic of them, is that they are always commutative contracts and not random contracts. This feature shows that the Roman theory of the sale of a future thing, as it has always been presented, must be used today with great care to explain the whole mechanism of the contract for a future thing. The identification of the contract relating to a future thing continued with a reference to anticipation. This is a doctrinal explanation of former article 1130, paragraph 1, of the Civil Code, which provided: "The subject-matter of an obligation may be a future thing". It explains even today, after the reform of the law of contract, the new article 1163, paragraph 1. These three references or criteria (the future thing, the absence of contingency and anticipation) have made it possible to identify, on the one hand, special contracts relating to a future thing and, on the other hand, contractual securities relating to a future thing. Once the various contracts relating to a future thing had been identified, it was important to study their legal regime in a second stage. A contract relating to a future thing is distinguished by two common and specific rules: first, the debtor is under a prior obligation to do something which consists in making the promised thing happen by participating in its creation or by executing another contract; and second, the creditor has a possible right, which is the pure and simple right in germ, in favour of the creditor. Moreover, most of the developments on the validity and non-performance of a contract relating to a future thing fall under the general law of contract. The problems discussed did not make it possible to identify any specific features relating to the aspect of the future thing, the object of the service.In terms of the concept and the regime, there are a total of five common criteria and rules on which to base a general theory of the contract relating to a thing in the future
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Toyama, Miyagusuku Jorge Luis. "Validity and efficacy of the labor contract." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116240.
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The validity and efficacy of the labor contract as well as cases of nullity and defeasibility import an analysis of scopes of the supplementary application of Civil Code taking into account the peculiarities of Labor Law. Labor contract, while legal business has as regulatory framework to the regulations of Civil Code but it is necessary to determine, in each case, whether to apply fully this normative body, or modulate its supplemental application, or simply conclude that it doesn’t result compatible its regulation due to the special nature of labor relations. Specifically, this issue will be analyzed from cases of nullity and defeasibility of the labor contract.La validez y eficacia del contrato de trabajo así como los supuestos de nulidad y anulabilidad importan un análisis de los alcances de la aplicación supletoria del Código Civil teniendo en cuenta las peculiaridades del Derecho del Trabajo. El contrato de trabajo, en tanto negocio jurídico, tiene como marco de regulación a las disposiciones del Código Civil pero es necesario apreciar, en cada caso, si corresponde aplicar plenamente este cuerpo normativo, o modular su aplicación supletoria, o simplemente concluir que no resulta compatible su regulación por la naturaleza especial de las relaciones laborales. Especialmente, este tema será analizado a partir de los supuestos de nulidad y anulabilidad del contrato de trabajo
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Nguyen, Quan Hoang Computer Science & Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Validity contracts for software transactions." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Computer Science & Engineering, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44533.
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Software Transactional Memory is a promising approach to concurrent program- ming, freeing programmers from error-prone concurrency control decisions that are complicated and not composable. But few such systems address consistencies of transactional objects. In this thesis, I propose a contract-based transactional programming model toward more secure transactional sofwares. In this general model, a validity contract spec- ifies both requirements and effects for transactions. Validity contracts bring nu- merous benefits including reasoning about and verifying transactional programs, detecting and resolving transactional conflicts, automating object revalidation and easing program debugging. I introduce an ownership-based framework, namely AVID, derived from the gen- eral model, using object ownership as a mechanism for specifying and reasoning validity contracts. I have specified a formal type system and implemented a pro- totype type checker to support static checking. I also have built a transactional library framework AVID, based on existing Java DSTM2 framework, for express- ing transactions and validity contracts. Experimental results on a multi-core system show that contracts add little over- heads to the original STM. I find that contract-aware contention management yields significant speedups in some cases. The results have suggested compiler- directed optimisation for tunning contract-based transactional programs. My further work will investigate the applications of transaction contracts on various aspects of TM research such as hardware support and open-nesting.
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Arditi, Rocha Luis M. "Intelligent retrieval system for conditions of contract documents in construction." FIU Digital Commons, 1992. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1304.
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The outcome of this research is an Intelligent Retrieval System for Conditions of Contract Documents. The objective of the research is to improve the method of retrieving data from a computer version of a construction Conditions of Contract document. SmartDoc, a prototype computer system has been developed for this purpose. The system provides recommendations to aid the user in the process of retrieving clauses from the construction Conditions of Contract document. The prototype system integrates two computer technologies: hypermedia and expert systems. Hypermedia is utilized to provide a dynamic way for retrieving data from the document. Expert systems technology is utilized to build a set of rules that activate the recommendations to aid the user during the process of retrieval of clauses. The rules are based on experts knowledge. The prototype system helps the user retrieve related clauses that are not explicitly cross-referenced but, according to expert experience, are relevant to the topic that the user is interested in.
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Ryan, Julian. "Show Me the Money: Examining the Validity of the Contract Year Phenomenon in the NBA." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:14398539.
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The media narrative of the ‘contract year effect’ is espoused across all major professional American sports leagues, particularly the MLB and NBA. In line with basic incentive theory, this hypothesis has been shown to be true in baseball, but the analysis in basketball to this point has been flawed. In estimating the contract year effect in the NBA, this paper is the first to define rigorously the various states of contract incentives, the ignorance of which has been a source of bias in the literature thus far. It further expands on previous analyses by measuring individual performance more broadly across a range of advanced metrics. Lastly, it attempts to account for the intrinsic endogeneity of playing in a contract year, as better players get longer contracts and are thus less likely to be in a contract year, by using exogenous variations in the NBA’s contract structure to form an instrument, and by comparing performance to a priori expectations. In this manner, this paper produces the first rigorous finding of a positive contract year phenomenon. The estimated effect is about half that found in baseball, equivalent to a 3-5 percentile boost in performance for the median player in the NBA.
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Howell, David Evan. "Aspects of general conditions of contract which give rise to dispute." Thesis, Cape Technikon, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1026.
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Thesis ( Masters Diploma(Civil Engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1991The incidence of disputes has long frustrated effective management and completion of Construction Contracts. Very little material is available on the causes of disputes and how the respective General Conditions of Contract used in this country handle circumstances relating to these areas of dispute. Causes of dispute can be divided into two categories, namely Primary Causes and Secondary Causes. The Primary Causes are Time, Cost and Quality and the Secondary Causes are Risk. Variations and Alterations, Delays, Claims, Adverse Physical Conditions, Extensions of Time and Payment. All the secondary causes of dispute are risk related and a consideration of risk is therefore of utmost importance with regard to avoidance of disputes. To avoid disputes. risk has to be fairly allocated amongst the parties involved in the Contract. Before this can be done, however, risk first has to be identified and an attempt has to be made to reduce it. For a long time General Conditions of Contract have been used in this country which have been closely allied to British General Conditions. The General Conditions of Contract (1982) (Blue Book) is very closely allied to the I.CR General Conditions of Contract (4th edition). The latter contract was revised in 1979 and was generally considered to be more favourable toward the Contractor. It has become known as the LCE. General COnditions of Contract (5th edition). Both the General Conditions of Contract (1982) and the ESKOM General Conditions of Contract have recently been reVised, and on comparison of the clauses relating specifically to the major causes of disputes mentioned preViously, were found to be more biased in favour of the Employer and more closely allied to the C.S.R.A. General Conditions of Contract 1986, also widely used in South Africa The major reason for having drawn this conclusion is that in the case of GC C '90 and ESKOM '90, all claims have to be made in accordance with a general claims clause which involves a procedure which subjects the Contractor to unfair requirements and allocates risk unfairly on him. The General Conditions of Contract 1990 do, however, represent improvements in certain respects, namely with respect to clauses relating to Care of Works, Excepted Risks, Valuation of Variations, Monthly Payments, Time of Payments and Correction or Withholding of Certificates. No set of General Conditions can provide a completely equitable situation and each has its pros and cons. This thesis should provide an easy reference as to which are the major causes of disputes and as to how the respective General Conditions of Contract in this country handle the circumstances relating to these areas of dispute. It will also put forward recommendations on how disputes can be avoided and how certain clauses of the relevant documents can be improved.
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Kircher, Andrew J. "Estimation of the Squared Population Cross-Validity Under Conditions of Predictor Selection." TopSCHOLAR®, 2015. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1472.
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The current study employed a Monte Carlo design to examine whether samplebased and formula-based estimates of cross-validated R2 differ in accuracy when predictor selection is and is not performed. Analyses were conducted on three datasets with 5, 10, or 15 predictors and different predictor-criterion relationships. Results demonstrated that, in most cases, a formula-based estimate of the cross-validated R2 was as accurate as a sample-based estimate. The one exception was the five predictor case wherein the formula-based estimate exhibited substantially greater bias than the estimate from a sample-based cross validation study. Thus, formula-based estimates, which have an enormous practical advantage over a two sample cross validation study, can be used in most cases without fear of greater error.
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De, Oliveira Michélle Branco. "Dispute resolution under the general conditions of contract 2010 / Michélle Branco de Oliveira." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8671.
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In the light of the nature of the construction industry and the fact that it is often burdened with disputes arising from the contract, appropriate and unique alternative dispute resolution procedures are indispensable for disputes to be resolved quickly, efficiently and effectively. Section 34 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 provides for the right to have disputes resolved by means of a public hearing before a court, alternatively, where appropriate, by means of an independent, impartial forum. Arbitration, mediation, conciliation and adjudication, to name but a few, are alternative methods used in resolving South African construction disputes. Some of these alternative dispute resolution (ADR) methods are provided for in the Construction Industry Development Board recommended standard contracts. This study entails an analysis of the ADR methods in construction agreements with specific reference to the General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works 2010 (GCC 2010) and a comparison thereof with the English position. The application of the recommended ADR methods in the South African construction industry, especially adjudication, faces many challenges. There is no certainty as to the definition nor the procedure to be followed in the use thereof. The study concluded that there is a definite need for the contract to be reviewed, in particular the dispute resolution clause. The introduction of on- line dispute resolution was also recommended. This will contribute towards efficient, effective and expedient dispute resolution that is required due to the nature and role of the construction industry in a country‟s economy. There is also a definite need for legislation to be implemented which will assist in clarifying as well as regulating the adjudication procedure as used in the South African construction industry.Thesis (LLM)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013
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Tykha, A. P. "Legal Regulation of Amendment of Labour Contract. –." Thesis, Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, 2017. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/7670.
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The thesis enabled the resolving of the scientific problem regarding the necessity of the existing theoretical doctrine on the labour contract alterations deepen and adjustment according to the modern needs in consideration of latest changes in the economic and social life of the Ukrainian state. The specifics of labour contract alteration legal regulation under the current and draft labour laws of Ukraine are disclosed. The whole set of problems of labour contract alterations legal regulation is singled out and a number of actual proposals concerning sophistication of the current labour legislation in the appropriate part are formulated. The thesis consists of introduction, 3 sections, divided on 9 sub-sections, conclusions and references. Дисертаційне дослідження дало змогу вирішити наукову проблему, яка полягала у необхідності поглиблення та уточнення існуючого теоретичного вчення про зміни трудового договору відповідно до сучасних потреб з урахуванням останніх змін в економічному та суспільному житті української держави. Розкрито специфіку правового регулювання змін трудового договору за діючим та проектним законодавством України про працю. Виокремлено сукупність проблем правового регулювання змін трудового договору та сформульовано низку актуальних пропозицій щодо вдосконалення чинного законодавства про працю у відповідній частині. Дисертація складається із вступу, трьох розділів, які включають дев’ять підрозділів, висновків, списку використаних джерел.
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Kliemann, Ana Carolina. "Erro invalidante da dogmática do negócio jurídico." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/7686.
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A regulamentação das hipóteses de erro no Direito Obrigacional foi objeto de profunda alteração em razão da nova redação atribuída à matéria pelo novo Código Civil e em razão do novo cenário desenhado pelo princípio da manutenção do contrato. A presente dissertação trata das diferenças entre a regulamentação do erro em face do Código anterior (1916 – “CC/16”, artigos 86 a 113) e do novo Código (2002 – “CC/02”, artigos 138 a 166). Além disso, a dissertação trata sobre as conseqüências advindas do desfazimento do negócio jurídico por erro, inclusive sobre eventual indenização. As questões propostas e que subjazem esta dissertação são: em quais situações a parte pode requerer o desfazimento por erro? A existência de erro, somente, é suficiente para que se declare inválido o contrato? E quais são as conseqüências da invalidação do negócio jurídico? Há algum dever indenizatório? As respostas a essas questões serão umas, se analisadas a partir das regras do Código Civil de 1916, e outras, se respondidas com base nas regras do Código Civil de 2002. A dissertação analisa o fato de, em regra, a doutrina apontar como modificação do novo Código Civil a introdução do princípio da proteção da confiança daquele que não agiu em erro. Na verdade, no entanto, essa proteção já era implementada na vigência do Código Civil anterior (CC/16), por meio do dever de indenizar. Portanto, a proteção da outra parte não é novidade introduzida pelo novo Código Civil (CC/02). A tese exposta nesta dissertação aponta para o fato de que, além da proteção da outra parte, a lei protege o contrato em si, como uma forma de proteger o comércio, ou seja, todos os demais contratos que dependem dele, direta ou indiretamente. E essa proteção é colocada em prática ao se dificultar o desfazimento do negócio jurídico por erro. Nesse sentido, o novo Código Civil inovou ao acrescentar um outro requisito para o desfazimento do negócio por erro: a sua recognoscibilidade.The regulation of the hypotheses of mistake in Contract Law has suffered deep modifications due to the new wording of the new Civil Code and the new scenario drafted by the principle of maintenance of the contract. The presented thesis covers the differences between the old regulation supported by the old Civil Code (1916 – “CC/16”, articles 86 to 113) and the new one (2002 – “CC/02”, articles 138 to 166). Besides that, it deals with the consequences of the extinguishment of the contract due to mistake, including the possibility of indemnification of the other party. The questions posed, which are beneath this thesis, are: in which situations a party may avoid a contract for mistake? The existence of the mistake, solely, is enough to make the contract unenforceable? And what are the consequences? Is there any duty of indemnification? The answers will be different according to the rules of the Civil Code of 1916 and the 2002 one. In general, writers have pointed out as the modification introduced by the new Civil Code the protection of the other party that has not acted in mistake. Actually, this protection has been in evidence since the old Civil Code (CC/16), what was put into practice throughout the duty of indemnification. Thus, the protection of the other party is not the change introduced by the new Civil Code (CC/02). The point is that the new law, besides protecting the other party, protects also the contract itself, as a means of protection of the market, or, in other words, all other contractual relations that depend on it, direct or indirectly. And this protection is put into practice by making more difficult to terminate the contract for mistake. In this sense, the new Civil Code added one more requisite: the recognosibility of the mistake.
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Mpati, Lungisa. "Termination of employment contract by operation of law in the education sector: the constitutionality and validity of the deeming provisions." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1600.
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Fundamental to any contract of employment is the obligation that rests on an employee not to be absent from work without justification. Under the common law, if an employee did that, the employer would be entitled to dismiss him or her on notice. The International Labour Organization Convention (ILO) 158 of 1982 provides that the employer must have a reason for a dismissal and sets out broad categories or reasons for dismissals . Section 23 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996(Act 108 of 1998) provides that “Everyone has the right to fair labour practices”. Section 33 of the Constitution provides that “Everyone has the right to administrative action that is lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair. The Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 of 2000 (PAJA) is designed to give effect to just administrative action. Section 1 and 3 of the Labour Relations Act,1995(Act 66 of 1995)(LRA) require compliance with Article 7 and 8 of the ILO Convention 158 of 1982, when the employment of a worker has been terminated by his or her employer. The LRA protects employees against unfair dismissal. In the Department of Education, Section 14(1)(a) of the Employment of Educators Act, 1998 provides for the discharge of an educator in the event that he or she absents himself or herself from work for a period exceeding 14 consecutive days without the permission of the employer. A similar provision, Section 17(5)(a)(i) of the Public Service Act, 1994 provides for the discharge of an officer other than an educator who absents himself or herself from his or her official duties without the permission of the Head of Department for a period exceeding one calendar month. Section 14(2) of the Employment of Educators Act, 1998 and 17(5)(b) of the Public Service Act,1994 afford an employee who has been deemed discharged to show good cause why he or she should be reinstated. Against this background, the critical legal question is the constitutionality of the deeming provisions. The study will examine the validity of these provisions in relation to the ILO Conventions, Constitution, LRA and PAJA.
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Aktug, Fatma Pelin. "Comparison Of Fidic Conditions Of Contract (1999) And Uncitral Legal Guide From Prospective Disputes And Claims Perspective." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614297/index.pdf.
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Loring, Jane A. "Changing employment contracts, changing psychological contracts and the effects on organisational commitment." Thesis, Curtin University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/414.
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Changing workplace conditions have resulted in psychological contracts becoming more transactionally oriented. The current study addresses the question of how the `new' psychological contract affects organisational commitment. In particular, it seeks to analyse the relationship between the form of the psychological contract (relational/transactional) and type of organisational commitment (affective, continuance, normative).Data were collected from 210 randomly selected participants using the Psychological Contract Scale (PCS), and the Measure of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment Scale (MACNCS). The Career Commitment Scale (CCS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were administered and information gathered regarding overall job satisfaction, age, gender, contract type, position held, industry sector and length of employment.The major findings from this study is that there are positive relationships between relational psychological contracts and affective commitment (â = .653, p < .05), continuance commitment (â = .222, p < .05) and normative commitment (â = .476, p <.001), and a negative relationship between transactional psychological contracts and affective commitment (â =148, p < .05), after controlling for various background and employment characteristics. This research increases the understanding of how employees commit to an organisation during times of unstable and changing employment conditions.
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Rahman, Noorashikin Abdul. "Negotiating power: a case study of Indonesian foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in Singapore." Thesis, Curtin University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/692.
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This thesis examines the complex power structures that underscore the migration and employment of Indonesian women as foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in Singapore. The main objective is to highlight the power of individual Indonesian FDWs and the collective power of these women in negotiating these structures of power in the context of a migration study as well as a `resistance' study. I argue that Indonesian FDWs are active agents who exercise individual agency and collective `resistance' in the migration system. As labour migrants they exert power in shaping the nature of the migrant institution. One of the means in which they do so is by perpetuating the informal networks of migration. Individual Indonesian FDWs are also capable of exerting power in circumventing elements of exploitation and domination they encounter during their migration process and employment in Singapore. Crucial to this capability is the ability to have access to a network of agents within the migrant institution. Some Indonesian FDWs are also active in exerting power as a group to present a collective resistance against negative stereotyping of their identities as the immigrant other in Singapore. They do so via a formal religious based social group. This group encourages other Indonesian FDWs to portray the image of the disciplined worker couched within the moralising discourse of Islam by participating in productive activities on rest days. The aim of this is so that Indonesian FDWs can be treated with respect and dignity in Singapore. In general, my data show that Indonesian FDWs as active agents of the migration system do not attempt to challenge the overall structures that underscore their subordination and domination as overseas contract workers (OCWs) in Singapore.The power exerted by individual Indonesian FDWs is focused at ensuring their continued employment as FDWs under more desirable employment conditions. Their individual agency aimed at improving their work conditions is at a personal level and is based on personal goals that are thus too fragmented to challenge the institutionalised structures of employment. Moreover, my case studies reveal that some Indonesian FDWs endure more restrictive work conditions in order to achieve desirable aspects of working in Singapore. Their collective `resistance' against condescending treatment by the host society project an image of the disciplined FDWs desired by employers, maid agents and Singaporeans. Their subjective ambivalence and the ambivalence in their individual and collective acts of `resistance' in challenging aspects of subordination and domination show the complexity of the power relationships in which they are caught. I draw upon two bodies of theory to provide a framework for my analysis and argument. First, I draw upon the `migrant institution' framework espoused by Goss and Lindquist (1995) that is based on Giddens' structuration theory to illustrate the power exerted by individual Indonesian FDWs within the field of migration studies. I also draw upon Foucault's notion of power as a framework to examine collective ,resistance' displayed by Indonesian FDWs in Singapore. The data presented in the thesis are drawn from two sources, ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Singapore as well as relevant newspaper and other media accounts.
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Hannah, Iain. "Improving the validity of shod human footstrike modelling with dynamic loading conditions determined from biomechanical motion capture trials." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14904.
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This thesis presents and evaluates a number of finite element footstrike models developed to allow the performance of prospective athletic footwear designs to be evaluated in a virtual environment. Successful implementation of such models would reduce the industry's traditional reliance on physical prototyping and therefore reduce the time and associated costs required to develop a product. All boundary conditions defined in each of the footstrike models reported were directly determined from biomechanical motion capture trials to ensure that the loading applied was representative of shod human running. Similarly, the results obtained with each model were compared to digitised high speed video footage of experimental trials and validated against biomechanical measures such as foot segment kinematics, ground reaction force and centre of pressure location. A simple model loaded with triaxial force profiles determined from the analysis of plantar pressure data was found to be capable of applying highly representative load magnitudes but the distribution of applied loading was found to be less accurate. Greater success at emulating the deformation that occurs in the footwear during an entire running footstrike was achieved with models employing kinematic foot segment boundary conditions although this approach was found to be highly sensitive to the initial orientation of the foot and footwear components, thus limiting the predictive capacity of such a methodology. A subsequent model was therefore developed to utilise exclusively kinetic load conditions determined from an inverse dynamic analysis of an experimental trial and demonstrated the greatest predictive capacity of all reported models. This was because the kinematics of the foot were allowed to adapt to the footwear conditions defined in the analysis with this approach. Finally, the reported finite element footstrike models were integrated with automated product optimisation techniques. A topology optimisation approach was first utilised to generate lightweight midsole components optimised for subject-specific loading conditions whilst a similar shape optimisation methodology was subsequently used to refine the geometry of a novel footwear design in order to minimise the peak material strains predicted.
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Blessley, Misty Palmer. "SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT: DISCOVERIES ON HOW MANAGERS MANAGE AND THE CONDITIONS TO COLLABORATION." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/256155.
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Business Administration/MarketingPh.D.
This paper studies managerial behavior in inter-firm supply chain relationships. I first answer two questions: When a firm outsources to a 3PL, a firm that provide multiple logistics services for use by customers, what is the impact on the managerial functions that the outsourcing firm carries out on an ongoing basis? How do the managerial functions impact the relationship of managerial competence on supply chain performance? These questions are answered via the examination of a sample of companies operating in the US and international markets who purchase services from 3PL providers. I find that the ongoing management of outsourcing partially mediates the relationship of managerial competence on supply chain performance. The higher the managerial competence, the less time spent managing established outsourcing relationships. This negative association holds, whether the firm does or does not employ the services of a 4PL, a firm that organizes 3rd party logistics providers. This study also finds that of the managerial functions of planning, coordinating, leading, educating, and monitoring, that only monitoring is significant with respect to managerial competence levels. Managerial units with moderate or high competence levels are about two times as likely to monitor their relationships with their 3PL providers, as managerial units with lower competence levels. Supply chain managers concentrate their monitoring efforts on client/provider relationships, based upon their view of these relationships. The managerial units with moderate or high competence levels are two times as likely to monitor when they have a least favorable view, as opposed to when they have a moderate or more favorable view. The supply chain managers who measure lower in competence make no such adjustment in time spent monitoring their client's performance, regardless of their view of the client/provider relationships. The findings just discussed spurred two additional studies in which I explore and test the importance of trust in collaborative supply chain relationships (CSCRs). The first is done via 19 semi-structured interviews with supply chain managers, while the second utilizes 50 surveys. Particular attention was paid to assessing only those managers in collaborative, as opposed to arms-length relationships. From the results of the interviews I provide a taxonomy for understanding trust signals in new CSCRs. I also obtain a number of thick descriptions for understanding what constitutes psychological contract breach (PCB), the operational and relational expectations of the customer in the collaboration, and a contemporary view of the goals of supply chain collaboration. These results were incorporated into the scales utilized in the survey research and have been validated. In each of the two studies, I carry out hypothesis testing, which reveals that initial trust is important to decrease feelings of psychological contract breach, whether the respondent is the customer or the supplier to the relationship. However, in one case PCB is felt more strongly when the respondent speaks of his collaborative supplier for all levels of initial trust. In the other, it is felt more strongly in reference to the customer, given higher levels of initial trust. Once PCB has occurred, meeting operational expectations alone is not sufficient to instill feelings of goal achievement; meeting relational expectations is also required. Continuing on with PCB, I find that its magnitude and established trust are important factors in the extension of continued trust and future collaborative intentions. For all magnitudes of PCB, the higher the established trust, the higher the subsequent trust up to a tipping point, at which point trust diminishes. Intentions to remain in the collaborative relationship, additionally, are subject to a tipping point. Last but not least, I establish an association between the importance of trust and the just distribution of rewards. By examining the payoff structures of actual supply chain collaborations, however, I find that rewards are not always shared equally. My research makes a unique internally-focused contribution to the literature. It looks at a firm's supply chain managerial unit as a driver of firm performance in outsourcing relationships. Additionally, it looks at the process the managerial units goes through in extending initial trust to a collaborative partner, how it moves beyond any psychological contract breaches that might occur, and the rewards the collaborative partner receives as an outcome of the collaborative effort.
Temple University--Theses
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Danquah, Lisa Odoso. "Measuring hand washing behaviour in low income settings : methodological and validity issues." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2010. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/166585/.
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Significant global health attention and promotion has been focused on hand washing with soap due to the clear benefits observed in promoting and ensuring child health. However, the measurement and evaluation of hand washing behaviours remains complex. The Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply in Bangladesh Programme (SHEWA-B) is a large project being implemented by the Government of Bangladesh and UNICEF. This research assessed methodological issues of measuring hand washing behaviours through comparison of structured observation and responses to cross-sectional survey measures (spot-check observation, selfreported hand washing and a hand washing demonstration) and discusses the suitability of indicators. Focus group discussions with fieldworkers were also conducted. The results of this study indicate that hand washing behaviours were over-reported compared with structured observation findings. This implies that current estimates of hand washing from large scale surveys, for example, Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) are also likely to be overestimates. In about 1000 households, approximately 1% or less of female caregivers were observed to wash their hands with soap or ash before preparing food, before eating, and 3% before feeding a child. Hand washing with soap was higher for defecation related events with approximately 29% of female caregivers using soap two thirds or more of the time after cleaning a child’s anus/disposing of a child’s stools and 38% used soap two-thirds or more of the time after defecation. Soap was observed at the hand washing location in about 50% of the households but actual practice was much lower. Reported knowledge was high; approximately 90% identified the important times for hand washing as being before eating and after defecation and approximately 50% identified before preparing food and after cleaning/changing a baby. The measurement of hand washing is complex and there has been limited research into the validity of different measurement methods. This research used an epidemiological style approach using the concepts of screening/diagnostic testing and calculation of kappa statistics to assess validity. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that self report hand washing measures are subject to over reporting. Structured observation provides useful information on directly observed hand washing behaviours and the frequency of behaviours. Spot check methods of soap and hand washing locations also provide more optimistic data than observations and can be used as an alternative to structured observation. In addition, the use of questions on the 24 hour recall of soap and other self report questions on knowledge and the availability of spare soap demonstrate potential for use as potential indicators as an alternative to structured observation. Further validation of measurement methods is required in different country settings.
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Root, David S. "The influence of professional and occupational cultures on project relationships mediated through standard forms and conditions of contract." Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340977.
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Pang, Oi Ling Irene. "Dispute resolution for construction contracts adopting the 1999 general conditions of contract of the HKSAR deficiencies in the GCC /." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2006. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b21847691a.pdf.
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Finuf, Kayla D. "Do Psychological Contract Perceptions Mediate the Relationship between Procedural Fairness and Prosocial Behavioral Intentions under Conditions of Uncertainty Threat?" TopSCHOLAR®, 2016. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1587.
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Organizational justice and citizenship behaviors are important components that contribute to an organization’s overall effectiveness. Additionally, when an employee enters into a new organization, they form psychological contracts with their employer that consists of elements such as fairness and consultation. This study aimed to integrate the literature on organizational justice, psychological contract, and organizational citizenship behaviors, as well as look at the possible effects uncertainty may play. Specifically, it was proposed that psychological contract would mediate the moderating effects of uncertainty and justice in predicting prosocial behavioral intentions. Results did not support the hypothesis. Interestingly, however, identification with the university seemed to play a role in the uncertainty by fairness interaction in predicting perceived contract fulfillment.
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Mahmor, Shafaai Musa. "The conditions of the countervalues of the contract of sale under Islamic law with occasional comparison with English law." Thesis, Glasgow Caledonian University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325999.
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Cambric, Mercedes N. "Validating the Construct of Resiliency in the Health Literacy and Resiliency Scale (HLRS-Y) with the Child and Youth Resiliency Measure (CYRM-28)." Scholar Commons, 2019. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7757.
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Chronic health conditions in youth have increased over the last several decades. It is estimated that within the United States there are between 15% to 18% of youth who are living with a chronic health condition (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2010). The CDC defines a chronic health condition as an illness that lasts for three months or longer that can be managed, but not cured (CDC, 2010). Although there is some research on youth living with chronic illnesses, there are minimal studies that assess the constructs of health literacy, resiliency, and support/advocacy within this population. The current investigation was a validity study of the Health Literacy and Resiliency Scale (HLRS). This is a newly developed 37-item measure that assesses the level of health literacy, resiliency, and support/self-advocacy among chronically ill youth (Bradley-Klug, Shaffer-Hudkins, Lynn, DeLoatche, & Montgomery, 2017). Specifically, the study correlated the construct of resiliency in the HLRS with the resiliency construct from the Child Youth and Resiliency Measure (CYRM; Ungar & Liebenberg, 2011). This measure is a 28-item measure that assesses levels of resiliency among youth and young adults. The goals for this study included: 1) determining the extent to which the results of the factor analysis from the current study are consistent with the three-factor model from the original study, 2) assessing the relationship between the HLRS and the CYRM, and 3) determining the reliability (internal consistency) of the scores of the HLRS. More importantly, since there have only been preliminary analyses conducted on the psychometric properties for the HLRS, this study was the first step towards providing validation for this measure. Participants were recruited through several methods including community-based organizations and online outlets. There were a total of 226 participants, with 54% identifying as White, 31% African American, and the remaining identifying as other. Sixty-one percent were female. The participants were English-speaking with a diagnosis of a chronic health condition given at least six months prior. Some of the conditions that were frequently identified among the sample included: diabetes, HIV, lupus, cystic fibrosis, ADHD, and asthma. Individuals were asked to complete the HLRS, CYRM, and a demographic survey online. The results indicated that the reliability of the values of the three factors in the HLRS ranged from acceptable to excellent. The results also included a correlation between the scores from the HLRS and CYRM. For the HLRS there were strong correlations between the resiliency and support/self-advocacy factors and health literacy and support/self-advocacy factors. For the CYRM, there was a strong correlation (r =.954) with the resiliency factor indicating that the resiliency factor within the HLRS aligns with the resiliency construct that is measured in the CYRM. Some items on the HLRS loaded on more than one factor indicating the need for further consideration of particular items on that scale. Overall, these data provide additional support for the HLRS scale and suggest that the scale may be a step closer to being utilized in applied settings.
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Loring, Jane A. "Changing employment contracts, changing psychological contracts and the effects on organisational commitment." Curtin University of Technology, School of Psychology, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14208.
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Changing workplace conditions have resulted in psychological contracts becoming more transactionally oriented. The current study addresses the question of how the `new' psychological contract affects organisational commitment. In particular, it seeks to analyse the relationship between the form of the psychological contract (relational/transactional) and type of organisational commitment (affective, continuance, normative).Data were collected from 210 randomly selected participants using the Psychological Contract Scale (PCS), and the Measure of Affective, Continuance and Normative Commitment Scale (MACNCS). The Career Commitment Scale (CCS) and the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) were administered and information gathered regarding overall job satisfaction, age, gender, contract type, position held, industry sector and length of employment.The major findings from this study is that there are positive relationships between relational psychological contracts and affective commitment (â = .653, p < .05), continuance commitment (â = .222, p < .05) and normative commitment (â = .476, p <.001), and a negative relationship between transactional psychological contracts and affective commitment (â =148, p < .05), after controlling for various background and employment characteristics. This research increases the understanding of how employees commit to an organisation during times of unstable and changing employment conditions.
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Rahman, Noorashikin Abdul. "Negotiating power: a case study of Indonesian foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in Singapore." Curtin University of Technology, Department of Social Sciences, 2003. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=14135.
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This thesis examines the complex power structures that underscore the migration and employment of Indonesian women as foreign domestic workers (FDWs) in Singapore. The main objective is to highlight the power of individual Indonesian FDWs and the collective power of these women in negotiating these structures of power in the context of a migration study as well as a `resistance' study. I argue that Indonesian FDWs are active agents who exercise individual agency and collective `resistance' in the migration system. As labour migrants they exert power in shaping the nature of the migrant institution. One of the means in which they do so is by perpetuating the informal networks of migration. Individual Indonesian FDWs are also capable of exerting power in circumventing elements of exploitation and domination they encounter during their migration process and employment in Singapore. Crucial to this capability is the ability to have access to a network of agents within the migrant institution. Some Indonesian FDWs are also active in exerting power as a group to present a collective resistance against negative stereotyping of their identities as the immigrant other in Singapore. They do so via a formal religious based social group. This group encourages other Indonesian FDWs to portray the image of the disciplined worker couched within the moralising discourse of Islam by participating in productive activities on rest days. The aim of this is so that Indonesian FDWs can be treated with respect and dignity in Singapore. In general, my data show that Indonesian FDWs as active agents of the migration system do not attempt to challenge the overall structures that underscore their subordination and domination as overseas contract workers (OCWs) in Singapore.The power exerted by individual Indonesian FDWs is focused at ensuring their continued employment as FDWs under more desirable employment conditions. Their individual agency aimed at improving their work conditions is at a personal level and is based on personal goals that are thus too fragmented to challenge the institutionalised structures of employment. Moreover, my case studies reveal that some Indonesian FDWs endure more restrictive work conditions in order to achieve desirable aspects of working in Singapore. Their collective `resistance' against condescending treatment by the host society project an image of the disciplined FDWs desired by employers, maid agents and Singaporeans. Their subjective ambivalence and the ambivalence in their individual and collective acts of `resistance' in challenging aspects of subordination and domination show the complexity of the power relationships in which they are caught. I draw upon two bodies of theory to provide a framework for my analysis and argument. First, I draw upon the `migrant institution' framework espoused by Goss and Lindquist (1995) that is based on Giddens' structuration theory to illustrate the power exerted by individual Indonesian FDWs within the field of migration studies. I also draw upon Foucault's notion of power as a framework to examine collective ,resistance' displayed by Indonesian FDWs in Singapore. The data presented in the thesis are drawn from two sources, ethnographic fieldwork conducted in Singapore as well as relevant newspaper and other media accounts.
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Jindrová, Radka. "Platební a dodací podmínka v mezinárodní kupní smlouvě." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-73968.
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The first chapter of the thesis generally deals with international sales contract (legal regulations, concluding contracts, substantial and unsubstantial terms, execution of contract). The second chapter defines the main payment conditions and two types of risk (credit risk and exchange rate risk). The third chapter focuses on delivery conditions, especially on brand new edition of ICC trade terms INCOTERMS. This chapter mentions also questions of insurance. The final chapter analyses three international sales contracts and their terms. The analysis focuses on payment and delivery conditions, the two important terms with impact on price and the whole transaction.
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Thompson, Roxene Marie. "An Investigation of Change to Key Provisions in the AIA A201 and its Impact on Perceptions of the Value-added Benefit of the Design Professional during Construction." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26148.
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The general conditions of contract play a very important role in the dynamics of the construction phase. The general conditions of contract outline the roles, rights, and obligations of the contracting parties during the construction phase of a project. The American Institute of Architects General Conditions of Contract for Construction (AIA A201) is considered the most widely used standard form of contracts in the U.S. construction industry. Standard contracts, like AIA A201, are being periodically revised and are becoming more cumbersome over time. The purpose and expectations of the revisions of the contract are not always clearly defined in literature or in practice. Changes to the general conditions have been made, which do not advance the performance goals for a successful project, but rather react to negative experiences. Oftentimes, there are conflicts between the partiesâ interpretation of the general conditions and between the required administrative practices obligatory by the general conditions during the construction phase, thus impacting the contractual relationships between owners, architect/design professionals, and general contractors. The increasing complexity and size of projects, the multiple-contract interfaces, and the changing times have transformed construction practices and contractual relationships. No longer simply following the lead of the AIA, owners seem to be questioning the value of the design professional, and the tone and path of the AIA A201. The three-phase methodology of this dissertation research set out to advance the understanding of change in the AIA A201 and the impact change has had on the value-added benefit of the design professional during the construction phase and contract administration on a project. The results of this research revealed the following primary conclusions: changes to various provisions pertaining to the key provisions have resulted in the Architect assuming less responsibility during the construction phase of a project; changes to the AIA A201 provision concerning the key provisions have not increased the value of the Architectâ s performance of contract administration services during the construction phase of a project; with regard to the key provisions, Owners or Ownersâ representatives perceive the value of the Architectâ s contract administration services during construction have decreased in recent years. In Phase I, this research identified the key contract provisions, which influence the function of the design professional performed in contract administration during construction. This investigation identified that change exists in key provisions over time and that change may have an influence on the function performed by the design professional during construction and contract administration. Subsequently, in Phase II, this research investigated the effect that change has had on the function performed by the design professional. The respective substantive changes to each provision that may have had a material effect on the function of the design professional were identified and these key provisions were thus studied further. Then, whether or not changes made to key provisions of AIA A201 have had a material effect on the function performed by the architect/design professional during the construction phase and contract administration was examined in Phase III. Ultimately, the research led to an enhanced knowledge of the owner-perceived value-added benefit by the design professional during the construction phase of a project. The practical use of the AIA A201 and its future editions has an influence on improved performance and better working relationships, which ultimately leads to improved constructed projects. The conclusions to this research study have demonstrated that changes made to key provisions of AIA A201 from 1951 to 1997 have diminished the role of the architect. Changes to key provisions have had a material effect on the construction phase, contract administration, and the function performed by the architect/design professional during the construction phase of a project. Before one can make effective changes to improve contractual and working relationships, the change must be identified for the purpose of supporting the industryâ s efforts to reduce adversarial relations, balance risk, and control schedule and cost, impact the contractual relationships and the value-added benefit of the contractual parties. This dissertation research successfully provided an understanding of the process used and the impact of change in the general conditions of contracts. As such, the knowledge gained from this research illuminated the necessary considerations of change and its impacts on the future development of contracts and their revisions in efforts to create better documents, not to just create bigger documents.Ph. D.
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Medina, Nathalie. "Arbetsmotivation trots osäkra arbetsvillkor? : En kvalitativ studie om arbetsmotivation hos anställda med osäkra arbetsvillkor." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik, didaktik och utbildningsstudier, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-254368.
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Studiens syfte är att undersöka arbetsmotivation och motivationsfaktorer hos anställda med korttidskontrakt på ett företag som arbetar med sådana praktiker. De formulerade frågeställningarna är: Hur anser anställda med korttidskontrakt att deras arbetsmotivation påverkas av de osäkra arbetsförhållandena? Vilka motivationsfaktorer är viktiga för dem? Vilka strategier har de för att motivera sig? Empirin bygger på intervjuer genomförda med 6 respondenter på ett företag som utgör typfallet för studien. Den teoretiska referensramen består av Deci och Ryans definition av inre och yttre motivation och Herzbergs tvåfaktorsteori. Tidigare framforskade resultat med koppling till nämnda teorier har legat till grund för databearbetningen. Ur resultatet kan utläsas att anställda med osäkra arbetsvillkor motiveras av givande arbetsuppgifter, att genom sitt jobb ha möjlighet att hjälpa andra människor. Känslan av social meningsfullhet är vidare en central motivationsfaktor, och där spelar även relationer till kollegor en viktig roll. Ytterligare är känslan av kompetens för utförda handlingar samt tillgången till feedback i sitt arbete viktiga för arbetsmotivationen. Den osäkra arbetssituationen har försämrat viktiga motivationsfaktorer på arbetsplatsen och otryggheten har hämnat de anställdas motivation att prestera.The aim of this study is to investigate workmotivation and motivation factors of employees with short-term contracts at a company working with those practices. The question formulations are: How do employees with short-term contracts consider that they are affected by the insecure employment? Which motivation factors are important for them? What strategies do they have to motivate themselves? The empirics are based on interviews performed with 6 respondents at a company that is the typical case for the study. The theoretical framework consists of Deci and Ryan’s definition of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Earlier recognized results connected to those theories have been the basis in interaction with the data. The result shows that employees with insecure employments are motivated by rewarding job assignments, to have the possibility of helping other people through their profession. The feeling of social meaningfulness is furthermore a central motivation factor, where the relations to colleagues play an important role. Further, the feeling of competence for done activities and the access to feedback in their work is important for the workmotivation. The insecure work situation has impaired essential motivation factors on the job and the insecurity has reduced the employee’s motivation to perform.
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Thompson, Roxene Marie II. "Efforts to Manage Disputes in the Construction Industry: A Comparison of the New Engineering Contract and the Dispute Review Board." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36625.
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The construction industry has been plagued with an increasing number of claims and high litigation costs. How do we reduce conflict and litigation in the construction process? On one hand, leaders of the construction industry in the United States (US) focused their efforts on improving alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. For instance, the American Society of Civil Engineers has introduced the Dispute Review Board (DRB) as a complementary provision to standard US construction practices. The establishment of the DRB to solve construction disputes on the job, avoid claims, and reduce project costs has proven considerable success. On the other hand, construction industry leaders in the United Kingdom (UK) have focused some of their efforts on improving general contract conditions. The Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers of the UK has introduced the New Engineering Contract (NEC) to the construction industry as an alternative to presently used contracts. The NEC proposes to be an innovative, non-adversarial mechanism to resolve disputes on the job, avoid and reduce claims, and to assuage rising litigation costs in the construction industry. It too has proven considerable success in its efforts. This research concentrates on the DRB and the NEC as attempts by construction leaders to modernize and improve construction practices. In summary, the research compares the success stories of the DRB and the NEC as approaches to combating the adversarial nature, increasing number of disputes and rising litigation costs in the construction industry. The main conclusions ascertained in this research are as follows. Despite coming from similar business environments, construction industry leaders in the US and the UK embarked on different methods to address the issues plaguing the industry and to improve construction practices. Both in the US and the UK, construction leaders were mostly influenced to proactively seek and implement change in construction practices by experts from within the engineering and construction industry vanguard. The undertaking of these changes have shown similar success stories and the results have produced substantial impacts on the construction process. In conclusion, the efforts of construction leaders to implement the DRB and the NEC have provided effective mechanisms in improving communication and relations, and managing disputes in a timely fashion at the job site level.Master of Science
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Forder, Julien. "The organisation of social care in England : markets, hierarchies and contract choices in residential care for older people." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/136/.
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This thesis is concerned with strategic (economic) organisation, as applied to the long-term care system in England. This work adopts a transaction cost perspective. The main hypotheses are: first, that the transaction costs generated by (public sector) hierarchies in social care are lower than those generated in quasi-markets. Second, that production costs in hierarchies are greater than in markets. Third, that contingent contract use is associated with comparatively higher prices and mark-up rates, and greater net transaction costs. The motivation for this work is first to address perceived limitations of the theory in a comparative public sector application. Second, to inform the empirical and policy debate on social care reform. Following an account of the historical policy and institutional context, a multi-period, comparative theoretical model was developed, building on the contract theory literature. It underpins a systematic empirical analysis of care home services - at local authority and care home level - for older people in 1998 and 1999. Various estimation techniques addressed the skewed nature of the data and the panel design. The estimation results supported the theoretical hypotheses. Point estimates of marginal and average transaction costs were £6 and £21 per place per week respectively for hierarchies and £41 and £56 for placements under the market governance archetype, statistically significant differences. For production costs, a significant difference was found in the other direction: £89 for hierarchy and £55 for markets at the margin. Overall, the total (production + transaction) costs were not significantly different. Contingent contract use was associated with higher prices relative to average variable costs of 8% of average price compared with non-contingent contracts. The analysis pointed to low profitability rates and that providers are not solely motivated by profit (only taking 55% of potential profit). Policy implications were explored for both the markets-hierarchies and contracts analyses.
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Sabalytė, Agnė. "Testamento galiojimo sąlygos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20140625_210243-95789.
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Testamentas – tai tam tikros nustatytos formos asmeninio pobūdžio vienašalis sandoris, kuriame išreikšta testatoriaus valia dėl jo turto ar turto dalies paveldėjimo jo mirties atveju, ir kurio teisiniai padariniai atsiranda testatoriui mirus. Tam, kad testamentas galiotų, jis turi atitikti Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame kodekse įtvirtintus reikalavimus – testamento galiojimo sąlygas: (1) testamentas turi būti sudarytas paties testatoriaus, kuris yra veiksnus ir testamento sudarymo metu suvokia savo veiksmų reikšmę, (2) testamente turi būti išreikšta tikroji testatoriaus valia, nesant jo suklydimo bei kitų neteisėtų aplinkybių, galėjusių daryti įtaką jo sprendimų priėmimui, (3) testamento turinys privalo būti teisėtas ir aiškus, (4) testamentas turi atitikti jo formai įstatyme keliamus reikalavimus. Svarbu pabrėžti, kad testatorius privalo atsižvelgti į visus Lietuvos Respublikos civiliniame kodekse įtvirtintus testamento galiojimui keliamus reikalavimus, priešingu atveju testamentas negalios ir testatoriaus turtas bus padalintas pagal įstatyme numatytą tvarką, neatsižvelgiant į jo valią. Taigi testamento galiojimo sąlygų analizė aktuali ne tik notarams, kurie su šios srities reglamentavimu susiduria savo kasdieniame darbe, bet ir kitiems asmenims, kurie susiduria su paveldėjimo pagal testamentą teisiniais santykiais sudarydami testamentą arba paveldėję turtą šiuo pagrindu.Testament is an unilateral deal of the personal nature which requires a specific form, expresses the will of the testator for his assets to be inherited after his death and which legal consequences arise after the death of the testator. In order for the testament to be valid, it shall satisfy the requirements established by the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania – the conditions of validity of the testament: (1) the testament shall be concluded by the testator who has his full capacity and full awareness of the meaning and consequences of his actions; (2) the testament shall express the true will of the testator without him being mistaken and without other unlawful factors that could influence his decisions; (3) the content of the testament shall be lawful and clear; (4) the testament shall meet all the requirements established by the law for its form. It is important to emphasize that testator must take into consideration all the requirements for the validity of the testament established by the Civil Code of the Republic of Lithuania, otherwise his testament will not be valid and the assets of the testator will be split according to the rules established by the law without regard to the testators will. Therefore, the analysis of the conditions of validity of the testament is not only relevant to the notaries who face the regulation of this field in their day-to-day work, but also to other people who face the regulation of the testamentary succession once they decide to... [to full text]
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Mfune, Elizabeth. "Effects of an agribusiness collapse on contract growers and their communities : a case study of Makeni Cooperative Society, Lusaka, Zambia." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007627.
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This study assesses the effects of an agribusiness collapse, on the contracted growers and their surrounding communities in Lusaka Province, Zambia. In 2004, Agriflora Limited, a Trans-Zambezi Industries Limited (TZI) agribusiness in Lusaka Zambia was sold off. Agriflora Limited was one ofthe largest fresh vegetable exporters in Africa. It had contracted almost 500 small-scale farmers with 1-4 hectares of land within 50 km radius of Lusaka to grow vegetables for export. Makeni Cooperative Society was one of the targeted groups of growers. It grew baby corn, mangetout peas, and sugar snap and fine beans for export. The case study relied on both primary and secondary data. I undertook two months of ethnographic fieldwork utilising observations, in-depth interviews and informal discussions with some community members in Makeni. I also reviewed the literature on contract farming schemes (documenting both the negative and positive effects for growers) in developing countries. The case study showed that the impact of the collapse of Agriflora on the growers has been severe indeed; there has been a significant reduction in production with only a few farmers producing for export. Those that are producing are limited to one crop, baby corn. The effect on the local labour market (farm workers) has been quite drastic with a drop in employment. A new agribusiness company, York Farm, was sourced by the government for the contract growers of Makeni. York Farm has signed a procurement contract under which only sale and purchase conditions are specified. This means that, services such as extension services are no longer provided. It was also found that despite the price for baby corn at York Farm being better than what Agriflora used to offer the farmers, farmers are not producing peas which have a higher turnover than baby corn because York farm does not buy peas from the farmers. However, the farmers are hopeful that they will soon start producing peas after they pass the Eurep gap requirements. Furthermore, the farmers are still interested in contract farming as they are convinced that it can lead to higher farm incomes. While the neoliberal critique of the pre- Structural Adjustment agricultural policies was based on the need to improve rural farming income and productivity, my study shows that the contract farmers are not the "traditional" peasant farmers but retired civil servants or former public sector employees who lost their jobs during the contraction of the sector. In conclusion, my field work revealed that the collapse of Agriflora has had negative effects on the growers of MCS in terms a significant decrease in crop production, decline in farmer income, lack of technical assistance such as extension services, transportation problems (to take produce to the new market-York Farm) and reduced contraction in employment opportunities for farm workers.
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Sunkel, Kelly Dawn. "The pactum de non cedendo :a re-evaluation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7967_1298282635.
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Since the pactum de non cedendo is prohibitory by its nature and operation, our law should have proceeded with caution when determining its effect. This, unfortunately, is not what transpired in the locus classicus decision. Nor did subsequent cases correct this fatal ratio. The distressing truth is that the old authorities, upon whom the locus classicus judgment is based, were in all probability not writing about pacta de non cedendo. Strangely enough, when this was suggested by an academic in the field, it elicited no response. The lack of response evidences a lack of interest in the topic in general, partly due to the uncertain state of affairs in which the pactum de non cedendo operates, and partly due to the courts&rsquo
unwillingness to rectify the situation. Despite the waning interest, the pactum de non cedendo is prevalent and appears in many types of contracts, most recently in the powerhouse factoring industry, and cannot simply be swept under the rug. This dissertation breathes new life into the pactum de non cedendo and discusses its validity and effect from a fresh perspective: A commercial perspective with a strong influence from American law. Hopefully this re-evaluation of the pactum de non cedendo will re-capture the attention of academics and judges alike, so that those in the position to do so, will re-consider its validity and effect.
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Small, Nicola. "Patient empowerment in long-term conditions : development and validation of a new measure." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/patient-empowerment-in-longterm-conditions-development-and-validation-of-a-new-measure(b85db41b-5898-4c51-a180-78439eb94ea7).html.
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Background: Patient empowerment is viewed as a priority by policy makers, patients and practitioners worldwide. Although there are a number of measures available, none have been developed specifically for patients in the UK with long-term conditions. It is the aim of this study to report the development and preliminary validation of an empowerment instrument for patients with long-term conditions in primary care.Methods: The study involved three methods. Firstly, a systematic review was conducted to identify existing empowerment instruments, and to describe, compare and appraise their content and quality. The results supported the need for a new instrument. Item content of existing instruments helped support development of the new instrument. Secondly, empowerment was explored in patients with long-term conditions and primary care practitioners using qualitative methods, to explore its meaning and the factors that support or hinder empowerment. This led to the development of a conceptual model to support instrument development. Thirdly, a new instrument for measuring empowerment in patients with long-term conditions in primary care was developed. A cross-sectional survey of patients was conducted to collect preliminary data on acceptability, reliability and validity, using pre-specified hypotheses based on existing theoretical and empirical work. Results: Nine instruments meeting review inclusion criteria were identified. Only one instrument was developed to measure empowerment in long-term conditions in the context of primary care, and that was judged to be insufficient in terms of content and purpose. Five dimensions (‘identity’, ‘knowledge and understanding’, ‘personal control’, personal decision-making’, and ‘enabling other patients’) of empowerment were identified through published literature and the qualitative work and incorporated into a preliminary version of the new instrument. A postal survey achieved 197 responses (response rate 33%). Almost half of the sample reported circulatory, diabetic or musculoskeletal conditions. Exploratory factor analysis suggested a three factor solution (‘identity’, ‘knowledge and understanding’ and ‘enabling’). Two dimensions of empowerment (‘identity’ and ‘enabling’) and total empowerment showed acceptable levels of internal consistency. The measure showed relationships with external measures (including quality of chronic illness care, self-efficacy and educational qualifications) that were generally supportive of its construct validity.Conclusion: Initial analyses suggest that the new measure meets basic psychometric criteria and has potential for the measurement of patient empowerment in long-term conditions in primary care. The scale may have a role in research on quality of care for long-term conditions, and could function as a patient-reported outcome measure. However, further validation is required before more extensive use of the measure.
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Cohen, Sarah E., Stephen R. Hooper, Karina Javalkar, Cara Haberman, Nicole Fenton, Hsiao Lai, John D. Mahan, et al. "Self-Management and Transition Readiness Assessment: Concurrent, Predictive and Discriminant Validation of the STARx Questionnaire." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5132.
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IntroductionThe STARx Questionnaire was designed with patient and provider input, to measure self-management and transition skills in adolescents and young adults (AYA) with chronic health conditions. With proven reliability and an empirically-based factor structure, the self-report STARx Questionnaire requires further validation to demonstrate its clinical and research utility. In this study we examine the concurrent, predictive, and discriminant validity of the STARx Questionnaire.MethodsTo examine concurrent validity, the STARx Questionnaire was compared to two other published transition readiness tools. Predictive validity was examined using linear regressions between the STARx Total Score and literacy, medication adherence, quality of life, and health services use. Discriminant validity was examined by comparing the performance of three chronic illness conditions on the STARx Total Score and associated subscales.ResultsThe STARx Questionnaire and its subscales positively correlated with the scores for both transition readiness tools reflecting strong concurrent validity. The STARx Questionnaire also correlated positively with the literacy, self-efficacy, and adherence measures indicating strong predictive validity; however, it did not correlate with either quality of life or health care utilization. The performance of AYA across three different clinical conditions was not significant, indicating the clinical utility of this HCT tool for a variety of chronic health conditions.ConclusionThe strong validity of the STARx Questionnaire, in tandem with its strong reliability, indicated adequate psychometric properties for this generic self-report measure. These strong psychometric properties should contribute to the STARx being a viable measure of health care transition for both research and clinical purposes.
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Kassoul, Hania. "L'après-contrat." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR0026.
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Après le contrat, que reste-t-il ? La réponse la plus spontanée est qu'il ne reste rien, sinon un souvenir évanescent et le retour à la liberté. Pourtant, l’étude du droit des contrats montre le contraire. L’extinction laisse subsister des intérêts économiques qui doivent être protégés. Il n’est d’ailleurs pas anodin de constater une prise de conscience des parties et des rédacteurs d’actes : un regain de prudence a commandé le développement des clauses postcontractuelles. Mais, même en l’absence de telles stipulations, une régulation existe, formant des après-contrats standardisés par le législateur, ou encadrés par le juge. Une véritable optimisation du droit de l’extinction est observable, dont le but est de maximiser les bénéfices apportés par l’exécution ou par l’effet extinctif, mais aussi de minimiser les risques succédant à l’extinction. Le contrat apparaît ainsi sous la forme d’une institution sociale devant prendre en compte le contexte dans lequel l’opération économique se développe, au service de la relation inter partes, laquelle transcende la seule durée de la convention. Soulignant la dimension relationnelle de la convention, l’après-contrat permet de remettre le contrat en perspective dans sa somme existentielle, c’est-à-dire en tant qu’expérience totalisant la période précontractuelle, l’exécution et le temps postcontractuel. Dans la compréhension de cette trilogie, le terme extinctif marque un repère qui tire son utilité d’une double nature : il clôt une durée (critère temporel) et signe un ordre de bouleversement dans le sort des obligations (critère substantiel)Does anything remain after the end of a contract? Generally, we easily believe that the relationship between economic partners and the duration of their contract stop at the same time. But this belief is built on a simplistic vision of the real economic world. When the contract duration is over, some economic interest must be preserved. That is why wise partners anticipate a follow-up to the extinguished contract, by stipulating postcontractual obligations. But, even if there is no anticipation, a regulation does exist with standard legal rules or judges’ framework. A real optimization of the contract law is expanding, to maximize the benefits arising from the contractual experience and minimize the risks led by the postcontractual freedom. That is how the Contract shows a specific aspect: it becomes a social institution which considers its economic context, serving the relational dimension of the partnership. Definitely, the relationship between the partners can last above the duration of the contractual instrument. By this way, the post-contract put into perspective the contract in an existential addition which is composed of three parts: the precontractual, the execution and the postcontractual time periods. In this configuration, the term is seen as a mark which encloses a duration (temporal criterion) and turns the contractual obligation (substantial criterion). Indeed, the post-contract nature is dual, contractual and extracontractual at the same time. That is why we will treat our subject from both and complementary criterions, saying that the post-contract is a time period out of the contract, whereas it shows concurrently the contract out of its own duration
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Arora, Mohit. "Management of complications in people with spinal cord injury." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17158.
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Pressure ulcers are a serious complication of spinal cord injury (SCI). This thesis includes four research projects namely a randomised controlled trial (RCT), a Cochrane systematic review and two psychometric studies. The first project was a prospective, multicentre, assessor blinded, parallel, RCT with a built-in economic evaluation. The trial investigated the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of telephone-based management versus standard care of pressure ulcers in people with SCI in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). People living in the community (n = 120) were randomly allocated to a control or intervention group. Participants in the intervention group received weekly advice by telephone for 12 weeks about the management of their pressure ulcers. The mean between-group difference for the area of pressure ulcer at 12 weeks was 2.3 cm2 (95% CI, -0.3 to 4.9; favouring the intervention group). Results of 8 of 13 secondary outcomes and cost-effectiveness analysis are sufficiently positive to justify a larger trial with the hope that this simple intervention may provide some relief from this insidious problem in the future. The second project systematically reviewed the evidence from RCTs investigating the effects of electrical stimulation for the treatment of pressure ulcers. This review concluded that surface electrical stimulation may have a small beneficial effect on pressure ulcers. The third and fourth project determined the psychometric properties of a telephone-based version of the SCI Secondary Conditions Scale (SCI-SCS) and measuring wound undermining in people with SCI. The intraclass correlation coefficients for telephone-based version of SCI-SCS and measuring wound undermining were excellent. The problem of pressure ulcers in LMIC is multi-faceted. The work in this thesis now needs to be further directed at prevention and treatment strategies as well as changes to healthcare systems in LMIC. This requires a big effort from national and international organisations to put pressure on policy and decision makers to tackle the challenging and important issue of pressure ulcers in people with SCI.
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Beasse, Muriel. "Conditions d'énonciations et stratégies d'écriture des narrations journalistiques du web : les renouvellements d'un contrat de véridicité." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAG025.
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Cette thèse s’intéresse à la compréhension des transformations contemporaines de l’écriture journalistique à l’aune de la mission de vérité traditionnellement associée à cette activité. Ce mandat social idéalisé fait partie de l’imaginaire de la profession et participe à la légitimité de la pratique journalistique. Il trouve une résonance contemporaine, dans un espace public en mutation où les entreprises médiatiques et les journalistes expérimentent de nouvelles façons d’informer. La recherche porte sur des narrations journalistiques multimédias exploitant les spécificités de l’écriture numérique. Notre hypothèse est que les renouvellements en jeu dans ces dispositifs d’information se négocient dans la dimension coopérative du web. En documentant une pratique émergente du webjournalisme, ce travail rend compte d’expériences d’écriture entre narrativité et numérique qui contribuent à une reformulation du contrat de véridicité du journalismeThis thesis focuses on seeking to understand the tension between transformations in contemporary journalistic writing and the obligation of truth traditionally associated with this activity. This idealised social mandate speaks to the appeal and to the legitimacy of journalistic practice and has a strong echo in the shifting public spaces where media companies and journalists are experimenting with new ways to inform. The research focuses on multimedia journalistic narratives exploiting the specificities of digital writing (webdocumentary, scrollytelling, long format, etc.). Our hypothesis is that the changes at play in these informative devices are negotiated in the cooperative dimension of the web. This work investigates the emergent practice of webjournalism as acts of writing in which narrative and digital modalities contribute to a reformulation of veridicity as a journalistic contract
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Klingenberg, Wolfram Georg. "An investigation of the document bias between the GCC 2004 and the GCC 2010." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86291.
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Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.Construction projects have developed over several decades through the advancement of technology, increased scarcity of resources and the ever increasing pressure of time and cost constraints. Because of new technology and modern construction methods, construction projects have become increasingly complex. These complexities inherently bring new risks that must be dealt with accordingly. A contract is the primary method through which risks are allocated between the Employer and the Contractor. The conditions allocating the risks legally bind both parties to accept responsibility of those risks, therefore it is important to understand the aspects of law that has bearing on contracts. In this thesis the scope is restricted to construction contracts. Because of the role that a contract plays, especially in the construction industry context, it is important to know the requirements of a modern contract to ensure the successful completion of projects and the continued sustainability of Employer-Contractor relationships. In South Africa, the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) is a body that monitors developments in the construction industry. The CIDB has the authority to enforce legislation to ensure that contracts conform to a standard that protects the interests of both the Employer and the Contractor. One of the procurement documents endorsed by the CIDB is the General Conditions of Contract for Construction Works published by the South African Institution of Civil Engineering (SAICE). The first edition of the GCC was published in 2004 (GCC 2004) and a revised second edition was published in 2010 (GCC 2010). In this study the GCC 2010 and the GCC 2004 are compared first through a content analysis, to establish the effect the revisions on the bias of the document (or favouring a particular party) and then by means of a survey. The objectives are: a. To test whether revisions to the GCC from the 2004 edition to the 2010 edition resulted in a change in bias (assuming it exists) and compliance with the requirements of the modern contract; b. To determine the extent and effect of alterations to standard clauses of the GCC 2010 on the way in which the contract favours a particular party; c. Providing recommendations for future revisions that would potentially improve project success, relationship building and reduce the need for significant alterations to the standard clauses. Although a construction contract is undertaken between the Employer and the Contractor, the Consultant (who is not party to the contract) commonly drafts the contract on behalf of the Employer. The findings of the study show that the revision had a significant impact on improving the clarity of the roles of the Employer and the Contractor. A marginal improvement was found in the area of payment operating mechanisms. The perceived fairness of the document neither increased nor decreased. Clauses on claims and disputes and risk and related matters were the two areas that respondents identified as having the most bias that may be detrimental to the success of a construction project. Despite survey respondents finding the GCC 2010 procurement document to be fair, clauses are still altered by Employers (probably through Consultants) resulting in a biased contract favouring the Employer. Employers and Consultants should thus be educated more on bias and fairness in contracts and on the implications of shifting more risk to Contractors by altering clauses. Ultimately, the success of any construction project is dependent on the attitudes of the participants. Even the most fair procurement document is not a substitute for a relationship built on honesty and trust.
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Martínez-Muñoz, Marisa. "Identifying individuals with advanced chronic conditions who may benefit from an early palliative care approach: Using the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO© tool: population-based prevalence, predictive validity for mortality and predictive models." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Vic - Universitat Central de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/399147.
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Als països desenvolupats, al voltant del 75% de la població morirà degut a malalties cròniques. Malgrat només un terç dels que tenen malalties cròniques i necessiten atenció pal·liativa pateix càncer, les cures pal·liatives estan dirigides principalment als pacients amb càncer terminal en pacients institucionals. No obstant això, hi ha una gran evidència de les necessitats pal·liatives no satisfetes entre les persones amb malalties amenaçants per a la vida no malignes. Les dades en pacients amb càncer avançat mostren que la provisió precoç de cures pal·liatives especialitzades milloren la qualitat de vida, disminueixen la despesa i ajuden a clarificar les preferències de tractament i els objectius d’atenció. Traslladar l’evidència disponible als sistemes de salut per a oferir atenció pal·liativa precoç a totes les persones amb condicions cròniques diferents del càncer a qualsevol dispositiu d’atenció podria millorar els resultats clínics disminuint els costos d’atenció en aquesta població. Reconèixer la 1a transició, el període referit com a final de vida, que precedeix la fase terminal, podria possibilitar la intervenció pal·liativa precoç i la planificació de decisions anticipades. Tot i així, el moment adequat per a començar l’atenció pal·liativa -per a la què la identificació precoç és un prerequisit- no ha estat definit encara. Admetent les limitacions dels índex pronòstics i models predictius disponibles, amb evidència insuficient actualment per a recomanar el seu ús generalitzat, un abordatge pragmàtic per a identificar candidats per a atenció pal·liativa defensant un abordatge centrat en la persona basat no en el diagnòstic o el pronòstic, sinó en les seves necessitats, ha estat proposat. Està basat en preguntar la pregunta sorpresa (“El sorprendria que aquest pacient morís en els propers 12 mesos?”) i la cerca d’un o més indicadors clínics que podrien suggerir que una persona podria estar en risc de deteriorament i mort i hauria de ser avaluada per a necessitats no satisfetes. Aquest abordatge pragmàtic és el fonament de la majoria dels sets d’indicadors d’identificació que han estat desenvolupats en els últims anys per a reconèixer la 1a transició i identificar individus amb probable necessitat d’atenció pal·liativa, com ara l’instrument NECPAL CCOMS-ICO©. L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi és avaluar la utilitat de l’instrument NECPAL CCOMS-ICO© per a identificar individus amb condicions cròniques avançades que es podrien beneficiar d’un abordatge pal·liatiu precoç, a través de la seva utilització per a determinar la prevalença poblacional d’aquests individus (Estudi I), avaluant la seva validesa predictiva per a mortalitat a 3, 6, 12 i 24 mesos per a informar la seva utilitat com a instrument de cribratge per a atenció pal·liativa precoç (Estudi II) i identificant indicadors associats amb mortalitat en 24 mesos per a desenvolupar un model predictiu per a la identificació d’individus en alt risc de mort (Estudi III). Conclusions L’instrument NECPAL CCOMS-ICO© pot ser considerat útil per a identificar individus amb condicions cròniques avançades que es podrien beneficiar d’un abordatge pal·liatiu precoç. Pot ser utilitzat per a avaluar les necessitats poblacionals d’atenció pal·liativa a través de la identificació prospectiva de la prevalença poblacional d’aquesta població, un abordatge innovador que, potencialment, pot ser útil per a millorar la pràctica clínica. Pot ser utilitzat, de la mateixa manera que la PS, com a instrument de cribratge per a atenció pal·liativa precoç, ja que presenta alta sensibilitat i alt VPN, tots dos valors predictius importants per a identificar a aquesta vulnerable població, freqüentment no detectada i infratractada. Pot ser utilitzat com a primera mesura per a identificar aquesta població, preferentment acompanyat d’exploracions repetides o addicionals, per tal de millorar-ne l’especificitat. Des d’una perspectiva poblacional, les trajectòries de final de vida podrien resultar ser un excel·lent marc conceptual per al desenvolupament de models predictius simples per a la identificació de persones en risc alt de mort, particularment en fragilitat avançada i malaltia d’òrgan, les condicions cròniques avançades poblacionals més prevalents, per a les què s’han desenvolupat models predictius simples i prometedors que s’haurien de validar externamentIn high income countries, around 75% of the population will die due to chronic conditions. Despite only about one third of those having chronic diseases needing palliative care suffer from cancer, palliative care is mainly aimed at patients with terminal cancer in institutional settings. Nevertheless, there is strong evidence of unmet palliative needs among people with life-threatening non-malignant disease. Data in patients with advanced cancer show that early provision of specialty palliative care improves quality of life, lowers spending, and helps clarify treatment preferences and goals of care. Translating available evidence into health systems to deliver early palliative care to all people with advanced chronic conditions different than cancer in any setting of care might improve clinical outcomes decreasing costs of care in this population. Recognising transition 1, the period referred to as end of life preceding terminal phase, may enable early palliative care intervention and anticipatory palliative care planning. Nevertheless, the right moment to start palliative care -for which early identification is a prerequisite- has not been defined yet. Acknowledging limitations of available prognostic indices and predictive models, with insufficient evidence at this time to recommend their widespread use, a pragmatic approach to identify candidates for palliative care advocating a person centred approach based not on diagnosis or prognosis, but on their needs has been proposed. It is based on asking the surprise question (“Would you be surprised if this patient were to die in the next 12 months?”) and looking for one or more clinical indicators that would suggest a person might be at risk of deteriorating and dying and should be assessed for unmet needs. This pragmatic approach is the basis of most of the set of identification indicators which have been developed in recent years to recognizing transition 1 and identifying individuals likely in need of palliative care, as the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO© tool. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the usefulness of the NECPAL CCOMS-ICO© tool in identifying individuals with advanced chronic conditions who may benefit from an early palliative care approach, through employing it as a tool to determine the population-based prevalence of these individuals (Study I), evaluating its predictive validity for mortality at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months to inform usefulness as screening tool for early palliative care (Study II) and identifying the indicators that were associated with mortality within 24 months to develop a predictive model for identifying individuals at high risk of death (Study III). Conclusions The NECPAL CCOMS-ICO© tool can be considered useful in identifying individuals with advanced chronic conditions who may benefit from an early palliative care approach. It can be employed to assess the population-based needs for palliative care through identifying prospectively the population-based prevalence of this population, an innovative approach which can be potentially useful for improving clinical practice. It can be used, as well as the SQ, as screening tools for early palliative care, as they present high sensitivity and high NPV, both important predictive values to identify such a vulnerable and often undetected and under-treated population. It can be employed as a first assessment to identify this population, preferably accompanied by repeated or additional tests, aiming to improve specificity. From a population-based perspective, end of life trajectories may turn out to be an excellent conceptual framework for the development of simple predictive models for identifying individuals at high risk of death, particularly in advanced frailty and organ failure, the most prevalent population-based advanced chronic conditions, for which simple and promising predictive models have been developed and should be externally validated.
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Erimée-Chanteur, Manuella. "L'entrée payante dans le contrat." Thesis, Antilles, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANTI0171/document.
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La présente étude se propose de théoriser la pratique de l’entrée payante dans le contrat. Elle peut être envisagée comme l’obligation monétaire préalable et déterminante imposée à l’une des parties, conditionnant la conclusion d’un contrat. La réunion sous ce seul vocable d’un certain nombre d’obligations précontractuelles permet de dégager une vision unitaire de la question, avant de s’attacher à leurs particularités. L’entrée payante connaît, de fait, diverses manifestations et ses justifications le sont tout autant. « Engagement » ou « supplément », la validité de ces obligations interroge nécessairement au regard du principe de la liberté contractuelle. Si l’on ne peut nier l’existence d’instruments juridiques susceptibles d’en assurer le contrôle, ce dernier demeure néanmoins non efficient. Dès lors, doit être sérieusement envisagée la création d’une norme générale encadrant ces pratiquesThis study intends to theorize the application of admission charge into contracts. It can be regarded as a preliminary and decisive monetary obligation imposed upon one of the parties, determining the finalization of the contract. The union of several pre-contractual duties under this sole term allows to put forward a unified vision of the question before going into particularities. De facto, admission charge is subject to various manifestations and so are its justifications. «Engagement» or «supplementary» pre-contractual monetary obligation issues continue to arise regarding the validity of these obligations in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract. While there can be no denying the existence of legal instruments likely to ensure its regulation, it remains inefficient nonetheless. Henceforth, creating a general standard to regulate such practices ought to be seriously considered
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Korecký, Ondřej. "Leasingová smlouva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72143.
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This thesis, "Lease contract", deals with the topic of leasing, especially with the legal aspects of lease transaction. In first part it describes the history of leasing, classification of lease operations according various criteria and advantages and disadvantages of leasing as a form of financing. Second part is focused on the description of Czech lease market, its development and the situation in year 2010. Third part is focused on the legal aspects of lease contract and lease transaction in Czech law and also in international law. Final part of thesis compares general terms and conditions of leasing of three selected companies on Czech market with general term which are recommended by Czech Leasing and Finance Association.
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Haye, Thomas. "Étude des conditions et des contraintes d'implémentation d'un jeu de société à l'école, comme vecteur d'apprentissages mathématiques : cas du jeu de Go au cycle 3." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS030/document.
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L’utilisation du jeu pour faire apprendre des mathématiques aux élèves s’impose de plus en plus comme une pratique pédagogique de référence au niveau de l’institution scolaire. Ce terme générique recouvre cependant des mises en œuvre très différentes n’induisant pas le même vécu pour les élèves. Notre travail a pour objectif d’explorer certaines de ces pratiques et de déterminer les conditions pour que les élèves jouent et développent des compétences mathématiques au cours d’une même séquence d’apprentissage. Nous cherchons dans un premier temps à cerner les activités qui peuvent être des jeux en classe, sachant que le contexte scolaire influe fortement, et négativement, sur la possibilité pour les élèves de vivre de réels moments de jeux. Nous proposons une caractérisation de ces activités à partir de quatre outils conceptuels, le game (la structure de jeu), le play (l’attitude de jeu), le potentiel ludique et le potentiel d’apprentissage. Nous dégageons ensuite deux modalités principales d’utilisation du jeu en classe : la ludicisation d’une situation didactique ou l’exploitation d’un jeu existant. Faisant l’hypothèse que la seconde possibilité est plus à même d’induire une attitude de jeu chez les élèves, nous concevons une séquence d’apprentissage basée du jeu de go dans une classe de cycle 3 de l’école élémentaire pour en étudier les impacts en termes d’apprentissages mathématiques. Pour ce faire, nous présentons une méthode d’analyse des jeux qui, appliquée au jeu de go, nous permet de dégager deux potentiels d’apprentissages important : l’argumentation heuristique (Duval, 1992) en résolution de problèmes et l’appréhension séquentielle des figures (Duval, 1994) en géométrie dans le cadre des contraintes actuelles de l’institution scolaire. La séquence, d’une dizaine de séances, est mise en œuvre par des enseignants expérimentateurs non spécialistes du jeu de Go. Nous analysons ensuite la séquence effective de manière à déterminer si les élèves ont vécu des moments de jeu suivant leurs propres conceptions du jeu et si des apprentissages mathématiques ont émergé. Nous nous posons enfin la question de la mobilisation de ces compétences, construites dans le cadre du jeu de go, dans d’autres domaines mathématiques. A partir de cette expérimentation nous cherchons à dégager l’ensemble des conditions et des contraintes pour l’implémentation d’un jeu de société à l’école élémentaireUsing the game to teach mathematics to pupils became increasingly an obvious standard pedagogical practice in the scholastic institution. This generic term also reflects very different implementations that do not result in the same experience according to pupils. The objective of our work is to explore some of these practices and to determine the conditions in order for the pupils to play and develop mathematical competence during the same learning sequence. In the first instance, we are trying to define the activities that can be in-class games, keeping in mind that the school environment strongly and negatively influences the ability to experience real playing periods. We suggest a characterisation of these activities from four conceptual tools: the game (the structure of the game), the play (the game attitude), the playful potential and the learning potential. Then, we will draw two main conditions of in-class use of games: the “gameifying” of a didactic situation or the exploitation of an existing game. Assuming that the second possibility is more likely to lead to a gaming attitude for pupils, we are designing a learning sequence based on the strategy board game “go” in a junior division classroom at an elementary school, in order to study mathematical learning impacts. To do so, we are introducing a method of game analysis that, applied to Go, can extract two important learning potentials: the heuristic argumentation (Duval, 1992) for problem-solving and the sequential apprehension of figures (Duval, 1994) for geometry. This analysis method is implemented as part of the current constraints of the scholastic institution. The sequence, made of ten sessions, is implemented by experimenter teachers who are not Go specialists. We will then analyse the actual sequence in order to determine if the pupils have experienced gaming periods according to their own game understanding and if mathematical learning has emerged. We ultimately ask the question: how these skills, built as part of the Go game, have been deployed in other mathematical fields? From this experimentation, we want to clear the conditions and constraints of a boarding game implementation at the elementary school
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Al, Khoury Wissam. "Des nullités en matière civile : essai de reconstitution d'une théorie en droit français et libanais en considération des perspectives européennes et internationales." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10031.
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La théorie des nullités, telle qu'exercée aujourd'hui en Droit civil, souffre d'une grave incohérence tant dans sa conceptualisation que dans son application. Il serait adéquat de parler de "cumul de théories". Car, de toutes les théories qui ont été élaborées, nulle n'a réussi à s'imposer comme seule compétente à régir toute la matière, et aucune, en revanche, n'a été définitivement éradiquée de la pratique juridique. De l'inexistence, à la rescision, aux nullités relative, absolue, virtuelle, partielle, conventionnelle, unilatérale, les modules du système d'annulation s'entassent sans qu'ils constituent un ensemble homogène susceptible de former une théorie pertinente, digne de la réputation historique et mondiale du Code civil français. Dans le mouvement d'européanisation et de mondialisation de l'activité juridique et législative, d'une part, et à l'heure où le chantier de la réforme du droit des obligations et des contrats est lancé, d'autre part, il semble que seule une théorie de nullité débarrassée de toute classification astreignante et dogmatique saurait remédier aux difficultés que soulève l'inlassable variation des circonstances. Dans cette perspective, désencombrer la nullité nous amène à dépoussiérer le noyau de la théorie et à remettre en avant le principe du but de la loi. Ceci implique aussi un élargissement de l'imperium du magistrat pour faire valoir le but de la loi, soit pour assurer la sauvegarde de l'intérêt général ou de l'ordre public, soit pour renforcer la protection du contractant faible au contratThe theory of nullities, as exercised nowadays in civil Law, suffers from a severe incoherence as much in its conceptualization as in its applicafion. It would be adequate to talk of “accumulation of theories”. Since, of all the theories that have been elaborated, none has succeeded to impose itself as the only competent to cover the entire subject, and none, on the other side, has been definitely eradicated from the juridical practice. From the inexistence, to the rescission, to the relative, absolute, virtual, partial, conventional, unilateral nullities, the modules of the system of nullification accumulate without forming a homogenous set liable of forming an apt theory worth the historical and global reputation of the French civil Code. In light of the movement of Europeanization and globalization of the juridical and legislative activity from one part, and at the time when the site of the reform of the of the law of obligations and contracts has been launched, from the other part, it seems that only a theory of nullity free of any demanding and dogmatic classification would be able to remedy the difficulties arising from the tireless variation of circumstances. In this perspective, emancipating the nullity will lead us to dust the nucleus of the theory and put on forth the principle of the goal of the law. This also implies enlarging the “imperium” of the magistrate to emphasize the goal of the law, either to ensure the protection of the general interest or public order or to reinforce the protection of the contractor weak towards the contract
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Andrlová, Barbara. "Management efektivního jištění stavebních zakázek z pohledu veřejného investora." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433609.
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The doctoral thesis deals with an analysis and comparison of the effective protective forms for construction contracts from the perspective of the investor/contracting authority in public construction work orders according to Act No. 134/2016 Coll., on Public Procurement. The theoretical part includes the risk management of construction projects with regard to the management of the business risk. The functions of protective forms within the project life cycle are described. The legal standards and regulations related to the procurement process and the contract management between the client and the main contractor are presented. International legal standards used for construction projects in the Czech Republic and abroad are mentioned. The aim of the thesis is to investigate the current situation and to create a model of management of business risk as a methodical practical approach for the public investor. Quantitative research of the protective forms in the contracts for works was conducted. The research data consisted of a database of selected public works contracts published on the public profiles of the contracting authorities during the performance phase of contracts during the years 2011–2018. Within the data analysis, a structured database of inputs and the used protective forms was created according to the documentation of the construction work orders. Furthermore, the relationship between the estimated value of the contract and the contract price was examined. Based on the data analysis and the benchmark study the model of management of business risk was created. To optimize the selection of protective instruments in works contracts, a portfolio of effective protective forms and their recommended parameters was proposed. The quantitative analysis was complemented by the questionnaire survey method and the structured interviews with the public sector representatives. The results of the research were compared with current international practice.
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Blanc, François. "Les engagements dans le droit français des concentrations." Thesis, Paris 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA020059.
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De prime abord, le droit des concentrations illustre le rôle moderne joué par l’État dans l’économie : il ne s’agit plus de construire les marchés, mais de contrôler ponctuellement un ou plusieurs opérateur(s) en particulier. L’État libéral soumet ainsi à autorisation préalable les rapprochements d’entreprises, afin de vérifier que ceux-ci ne portent pas atteinte à la concurrence. Pourtant, dans le silence de la loi, tout se passe comme si l’administration se servait de la concentration comme d’un vecteur d’une réorganisation des marchés. Le procédé est d’autant plus subtil qu’il implique étroitement les entreprises elles-mêmes : tout repose sur les « engagements » que celles-ci proposent à l’administration dans le but de prévenir les effets anticoncurrentiels de leur projet. Car ces engagements connaissent une mutation juridique décisive : une fois émis, ils deviennent une mesure de police économique, incorporée dans l’autorisation administrative. Le procédé, développé à l’époque de l’économie administrée, dénote la constance du droit français par-delà la variation des objectifs économiques. Or, ces engagements contraignent les parties à la concentration, d’une part dans leurs actes avec d’autres opérateurs sur le marché et, d’autre part, dans leurs rapports à l’administration : ils orientent l’action de la concentration vis-à-vis des tiers tout en prolongeant le contrôle administratif. Incorporant les engagements dans son acte, l’administration modifie puis surveille les relations entre les parties et les tiers à l’opération. Aussi, son intervention se déplace, ratione temporis, de la concentration en projet à la concentration réalisée, et, ratione personae, des parties à l’opération aux tiers. Elle se déplace en somme de la concentration vers le marché. S’il ne s’agit donc plus, comme par le passé, de construire directement le marché, l’administration utilise désormais à cette fin les entreprises soumises à son autorisationAt first sight, the mergers’s control illustrates the modern role played by the State in the economy: the aim is not to organize the markets anymore, but to control from time to time one or several particular operators. The liberal State submit the companies’s merging processes to prior authorization, so as to make sure they do not negatively affect the competition. Nevertheless, in the silence of the law, everything goes as if the administration was using mergers as drivers of the markets’s reorganization. This process is evenmore subtil because it implies closely the companies themselves: everything depends on the commitments the companies offer to the administration, in order to prevent the non competitive effects of their project. These commitments are indeed undergoing a major legal change: once issued, they become a measure of economic restriction, embedded in the administration’s authorization. This process, that has been developed from the time of planned economy, suggests a certain permanency of the French law, despite the economic goals’s variation. Yet, these commitments constrain the parties about to merge: on the one hand regarding their actions towards other operators on the market, and on the other hand, regarding their relation with the administration : at the same time they direct the merger according to the stakeholders, and extend the administrative control. In short, when embedding the commitments in its act, the administration first changes the relations between the parties and the stakeholders, then follows up the relations’s execution. Thus, its intervention swifts ratione temporis, -from the merger in progress to the merger achieved, ratione personae, from the parties to the stakeholders’ operations, and ratione materia, from the merger to the market. Time has gone when the administration used to build the market directly ; now it uses to this end the companies that have to require her authorization
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Carvalho, Fabio Gonzaga de. "A boa-fé como critério definidor da extensão de direitos trabalhistas aos empregados públicos não submetidos à prévia aprovação em concurso público e sua demostração em juízo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2138/tde-05022014-113521/.
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O presente trabalho possui preponderantemente a natureza de pesquisa teórica, sem, contudo, olvidar-se aspectos empíricos, documentais e históricos. As múltiplas naturezas decorrem da relevância dos fundamentos teóricos e do caráter imprescindível dos documentos existentes e da história por de trás das normas pertinentes. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi a busca de um critério jurídico que sirva como alternativa à solução ofertada pelo Tribunal Superior do Trabalho por meio da Súmula n.º 363 aos empregados que prestem trabalhos à Administração Pública à míngua de prévia aprovação em concurso público. Pretendeu-se demonstrar a necessidade de se diferenciar os trabalhadores que ignoram a prestação de trabalho para a Administração Pública daquelas que têm conhecimento da natureza jurídica de seu empregador em um cenário em que o concurso público é pressuposto formal sem o qual o ato jurídico que vincula os sujeitos da relação de emprego é invalido. Como referências teóricas foram utilizadas a teoria geral do Direito do Trabalho, em especial dos contratos de trabalho, a teoria geral dos atos jurídicos, nomeadamente as teorias da nulidade e da ineficácia, a ponderação de princípios, a harmonização de princípios, a boa-fé e, ainda, a teoria geral da prova em razão das repercussões processuais do estudo. Por fim, como resultado, demonstrou-se que a utilização da boa-fé como critério diferenciador da concessão de direitos aos empregados que trabalhem para a Administração Pública sem a prévia aprovação em concurso público proporciona harmonização entre o princípio do valor social do trabalho e os princípios regentes da Administração Pública.This work has mainly the nature of theoretical research, without, however, forgetting is empirical aspects, and historical documentary. The multiple natures derive the relevance of the theoretical and the essential nature of existing documents and the story behind the relevant standards. The aim of this study was to search for a legal test that serves as an alternative to the solution offered by the Superior Labor Court by Precedent n. 363 employees who provide jobs to government starved prior approval in tender. It was intended to demonstrate the need to differentiate Worker who ignore the provision of work for the Public Administration of those who have knowledge of the legal nature of their employer in a scenario in which the tender is formal assumption without which the legal act that binds the subject of the employment relationship is invalid. Theoretical references were used the general theory of labor law, especially of labor contracts, the general theory of legal acts, including the theories of invalidity and ineffectiveness, the weighting of principles, harmonization of principles, good faith and also the general theory of proof because of the procedural implications of the study. Finally, as a result, it was shown that the use of good faith as a differentiating criterion for granting rights to employees who work for the Public Administration without prior approval in tender offers harmonization between the principle of the social value of work and governing principles of public administration.
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Toma-Dăuceanu, Laura. "La résolution unilatérale." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010314.
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La problématique traitée. Cette étude est dédiée à l’institution de la résolution unilatérale, c’est-à-dire, à la situation quand le contrat est anéanti par la déclaration unilatérale du créancier émise à la suite de l’inexécution importante d’une obligation contractuelle par le débiteur. Cette étude concerne principalement la résolution unilatérale légale comme elle a été consacrée dans l’article 1552 du Code civil roumain et les particularités de la résolution unilatérale conventionnelle. La distinction entre la résolution judiciaire et la résolution unilatérale a comme fondement la manière de laquelle la résolution opère. Ainsi, tandis que la résolution judiciaire est disposée par le juge, la résolution unilatérale est déclarée par la partie en droit. En conséquence, à l’exception de la manière dont la résolution opère, la résolution judiciaire et celle unilatérale ont le même régime juridique. Pour ces raisons la recherche exhaustive de ce sujet a supposé une analyse des éléments communs de la résolution. De plus, en vue de la manière de la rédaction et de la position des articles qui la concerne, ainsi comme des avantages offerts par cette manière d’opérer, la résolution unilatérale est prévue comme le moyen général d’anéantissement du contrat pour l’inexécution des obligations. En conséquence, dans le contexte du Nouveau Code civil roumain, pour traiter le sujet de la résolution unilatérale, une analyse complète du régime juridique de la résolution s’impose. Bien qu’en apparence, les résolutions du Nouveau Code civil roumain concernant la résolution n’apportent pas de modifications en substance par rapport au régime juridique de l’ancien Code civil roumain inspirée par le Code civil français, une analyse systématique des dispositions regardant l’exécution des obligations contractuelles mènent à une autre solution. Pour ce motif, on a choisi de commencer cette étude par la présentation des considérations générales en ce qui concerne la résolution (la Ière Partie), cela ayant comme finalité l’essai d’identifier les traits caractéristiques de cette institution, sa nature juridique et son fondement. A la suite, on a opté d’examiner les conditions pour que le droit à la résolution, les particularités de la résolution et de la résiliation unilatérale conventionnelle (la IIème Partie) et les effets de la résolution et de la résiliation (la IIIe Partie) [...]The object. This study is dedicated to the unilateral termination of the contract in the situation when the contract is destroyed by the unilateral declaration issued by the creditor as a result of the significant breach of a contractual obligation by the debtor. This study mainly concerns the unilateral and legal termination of contract for breach as it was enshrined in Article 1552 of the Romanian Civil Code and also the case of the conventional unilateral resolution. The distinction between judicial termination of contract for breach and unilateral resolution of contract for breach is based on how the termination operates. Thus, while judicial termination of contract for breach is declared by the judge, the unilateral termination of contract for breach is declared by the party entitled. Excepting this distinction, the judicial termination of contract for breach and the unilateral one have the same legal regime. For these reasons this analyses focuses on the common elements of the termination of contract for breach. Furthermore, we believe that in this new legal frame the unilateral termination of contract for breach is intended as a general means of destruction of a contract for breach. This is the reason why in order to address the issue of unilateral termination of contract for breach we appreciated that a comprehensive analysis of the legal regime of the termination of contract for breach is required […]
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Tahtah, Sabahe. "Les cadres et le droit du travail." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0930/document.
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L’apparition de nouveaux emplois et de nouvelles fonctions au sein de l’entreprise, l’existence quasi exclusivede hauts niveaux de qualifications dans certains secteurs, la gestion « en réseau » dans les groupes de tailleimportante ont rendu inadaptée la notion traditionnelle de cadre, mais sans pour autant la rénover en profondeurou lui en substituer une nouvelle, mieux adaptée.En droit du travail, le législateur qui intervient pour mettre en place des dispositifs qui leur sont spécifiques,oublie l’essentiel, celui de définir de manière cohérente la catégorie des cadres, en conséquence on assisteaujourd’hui à la construction d’un édifice pour le moins instable. Ainsi, il n’existe en droit du travail aucun textepermettant de définir précisément ceux qui relèvent de la catégorie des cadres.On constate donc qu’il n’est pas aisé d’appréhender la catégorie des cadres. Un examen des textes, notammentdes textes portant sur la durée du travail permet cependant de constater une réelle bipolarité des cadres. Lescadres non-dirigeants qui, dans certaines circonstances, bénéficient du même régime que les salariés, et àl’opposé, les cadres dirigeants qui, selon les hypothèses, sont ou non traités comme des salariés.A partir de la distinction cadre-dirigeant et cadre non-dirigeant, la présente étude tend à rechercher les élémentscaractéristiques de la notion de cadre mais aussi à rechercher les éléments constitutifs du régime des cadresIssue which is to give a comprehensive definition of the “executive” category, thus today one witnesses thecreation of an unstable structure. Also, in labour law no text allows for the identification of those whospecifically fall within the category of “executives”.It appears that it is not simple to apprehend the « executives » category. A study of the legal texts, particularlythose regarding working time, shows real bipolarity within this category. Indeed, on the one hand it appears thatsome non-executives, in certain circumstances, benefit from the same legal framework as employees, and on theother hand, executives, depending on the case, are, or are not, treated like employees.The distinction between executives and non-executives having been made, it becomes the basis of the presentstudy that aims to investigate the characteristics of the notion of executive, and the components of the specificlegal framework dedicated to executives
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Mevoungou, Zambo Romy Suzanne. "Nullité et volonté individuelle." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01D010.
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Avant l’ordonnance du 10 février 2016 portant droit des contrats, la majorité des études était basée sur la nullité prononcée par le juge, tandis que l’hypothèse d’une l’annulation voulue par les parties était confinée à une place subsidiaire, sinon à une existence substantiellement discutée. La consécration législative de l’annulation voulue répond à des besoins de simplicité et de rapidité en cas de mésentente entre les parties, ainsi qu’au besoin de désengorgement des tribunaux, lorsque les contractants s’accordent pour une extinction amiable de leur contrat. Sous ces attributs non exhaustifs résident l’intérêt pratique de la consécration du mécanisme. Toutefois, cette œuvre législative pose une question fondamentale relative à l’accueil de l’annulation voulue dans l’ordonnancement juridique. Il s’agit précisément de savoir comment se réalise la conciliation entre la puissance de l’accord des volontés et le prononcé de l’annulation du contrat. L’étude portant sur le thème «nullité et volonté individuelle» est ainsi consacrée à la problématique de l’annulation du contrat par la volonté des parties à l’acte. L’étude interroge de façon générale les mécanismes et les conséquences de la nullité lorsqu’elle est prononcée par les parties au contrat. Les idées construites autour des questions ainsi posées s’articulent en deux hypothèses concernant d’une part le prononcé de l’annulation voulue et d’autre part celle de l’annulation prononcée par les parties. D’abord, le prononcé de l’annulation conduit à questionner la possibilité d’une annulation voulue et examiner ensuite les mécanismes et modalités de sa mise en œuvre. Ensuite, l’annulation prononcée par les parties appréhende ses conséquences à travers l’analyse de l’impact de l’accord de volontés sur les effets nécessaires et contingents de la nullitéBefore the ordinance of February 10, 2016 on the law of contracts, the major part of studies have largely reserved nullity for the sanction pronounced by the judge while the hypothesis of the willful annulment was confined to a subsidiary place if not to a existence substantially discussed. The legislative consecration of the willful annulment meets the need for simplicity and celerity when the parties come to misunderstand each to other, as well as the need to relief the courts’ congestion, when the contractors agree to an amicable termination of their contract. Under these non-exhaustive attributes resides the practical interest of the consecration of the mechanism. However, this legislative act addresses a fundamental concern relating to the reception of the willful annulment in legal framework. It is precisely a matter of knowing how to reconcile the power of the agreement of wills and the pronouncement of the annulment of the contract. The study on "nullity and individual will" is therefore devoted to the problematic of the cancellation of the contract by the will of the parties to the agreement. The study generally questions the mechanisms and consequences of willful annulment. The ideas built around the questions thus posed are articulated in two hypotheses concerning on the one hand the pronouncement of the willful annulment and on the other hand that of the annulment pronounced by the parties. Firstly, the pronouncement of the annulment leads to questioning the possibility of a willful annulment and then examining the mechanisms and modalities of its implementation. Secondly, the annulment pronounced by the parties exhibits the impact of the agreement of wills and produces contingent effects on the nullity
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Perrier, Jean-Baptiste. "La transaction en matière pénale." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1021.
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Contrat par lequel les parties terminent une contestation née ou préviennent une contestation à naître, la transaction présente a priori une utilité remarquable pour la matière pénale. L'identification de la logique transactionnelle suppose toutefois que de tels procédés répressifs mettent un terme définitif au litige et ce au moyen de concessions de la part de l'auteur des faits et des autorités ou administrations chargées des poursuites. Seules la transaction pénale et la composition pénale revêtent ces qualités. Une telle transposition implique que la matière en cause puisse connaître d'un règlement des suites de l'infraction déterminé par les parties, hors du juge, mais aussi d'un règlement définitif. Les caractéristiques des alternatives aux poursuites témoignent alors de la réception de la technique transactionnelle dans la matière pénale. Ce constat ne peut pour autant suffire, la transposition de la transaction suppose également l'insertion d'un contrat dans le processus répressif. La mise à l'épreuve de la transaction à la matière pénale conduit à relever certains obstacles, tenant au consentement de l'auteur des faits ou encore à l'indisponibilité de l'action publique. Cette opposition conduit à une adaptation de la transaction à la matière pénale. Les alternatives aux poursuites révèlent l'existence de mesures à caractère répressif, proposées à l'auteur des faits et acceptées par lui dans un cadre déjudiciarisé : les sanctions transactionnelles. La reconnaissance de cette catégorie spécifique de sanctions permet d'entrevoir un certain nombre d'améliorations, afin que ces sanctions transactionnelles soient le fruit d'un accord équitableContract with which parties settle or prevent a complaint, the compromise seems to be an outstanding and useful tool in criminal process. However, the identification of the settlement approach presupposes that repressive processes permit to settle the dispute definitively, with concessions from the perpetrators and the Authorities. Only two mechanisms of criminal settlement take on these qualities. Such adaptation implies that the parties could settle the consequences of an offence, without any involvement of a magistrate, but also definitively. The characteristics of the alternative prosecution measures attest the use of the settlement technique in criminal law. However, this aknowledgment is not enough since the transposition of the compromise settlement requires also to introduce a contract in the prosecution process. The comparison of the compromise contract with criminal matter reveals an opposition, some difficulties due to the consent of the perpetrators or Public prosecution. These difficulties necessary lead the settlement to be adapted to this matter. Without the contractual side, the alternative prosecution measures are considered as repressive measures, proposed to the perpetrator and accepted by him outside the formal judicial frame : settlement sanctions. Recognition of this specific sanctions category allowed improvements in order to achieve the settlement sanctions are the result of a fair agreement