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1
Association Djoliba homme et développement. and Centre Djoliba (Bamako Mali), eds. Les relations micro-macro: Décentralisation, organisations locales et ONG au Mali : mémoire du séminaire de Bamako 29-31 mars 1993. Paris: Fondation pour le progrès de l'homme, 1993.
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2
Luboya, Shikayi. Initiatives de développement local et pouvoir paysan: Étude d'une dynamique locale de développement : le rôle des associations villageoises, des organisations non-gouvernementales des micro-projets dans la vallée de la Ruzizi (1978-1989), Sud-Kivu, Zaïre. Louvain-la-Neuve: CIACO, 1994.
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3
Kang, Wugang. Song dai di fang shi li yu ji ceng she hui zhi xu yan jiu: Songdai difang shili yu jiceng shehui zhixu yanjiu. Hefei Shi: Hefei gong ye da xue chu ban she, 2015.
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4
Duan, Jianhong. Ming Qing Jin dong nan ji ceng she hui zu zhi yu she hui kong zhi. Beijing: Zhongguo she hui ke xue chu ban she, 2016.
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5
Smith, Michael L. Rural development in the crossfire: The role of grassroots support organizations in situations of political violence in Peru. Ottawa, Ont: IDRC, 1991.
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6
Smith, Michael L. Entre dos fuegos: ONG, desarrollo rural y violencia política. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos, 1992.
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7
Peterlini, Hans Karl, and Jasmin Donlic, eds. Jahrbuch Migration und Gesellschaft / Yearbook Migration and Society 2020/2021. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839455913.
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Migration is not a state of emergency, but a basic existential experience of humanity. It shapes contemporary societies by challenging established orders, creating transnational spaces beyond national hegemonies, creating new economies, influencing urban and communal ways of life, making inequality and precariousness visible locally and globally. Migration research as a social science does not narrow the focus to 'the migrants', but investigates the conditions for living together and shaping life between ethnicization and pluralization, discrimination and empowerment, division and participation. The Yearbook Migration and Society repeatedly turns the prism of narrative anew. The 2020/2021 edition focuses on the topic "Beyond Borders".
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Busacca, Maurizio, and Roberto Paladini. Collaboration Age. Venice: Fondazione Università Ca’ Foscari, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30687/978-88-6969-424-0.
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Recently, public policies of urban regeneration have intensified and multiplied. They are being promoted with the aim to start social and economic dynamics within the local context which is subject to intervention. From the empirical analysis, we realise that such activities are mainly implemented by three subjects or by mixed coalitions (public institutions, actors of the third sector and companies). Within them, each player is moved by a multiplicity of interests and goals that go beyond their own nature – public interest, market and mutualism – and tend to redefine themselves, thus becoming hybrid forms of production of value (social, economic, cultural). By studying a number Italian and Catalan cases, this essay deals with the theory that, under specific conditions and configurations, a collaborative direction – of organization, production and design – would give life to successful procedures, even without the identification of a one-best-way. The collaboration is not simply a choice of operation, but a real production method which mobilises social resources to create hybrid solutions – between state, market and society – to complex issues that could not be faced solely with the use of the rationale of action of one among the three actors. In this framework, the systems of relations and interactions between players and shared capital become an essential condition for the success of every initiative of urban redevelopment, or failure thereof. Such initiatives are brought to life by the strategic role of individuals who foster connections as well as the dissemination of non-redundant information between social networks, and collective and individual actors which would otherwise be separated and barely able to communicate and collaborate with each other. In addition to the functions carried out by knowledge brokers, that have been extensively described in organisational studies and economic sociology, the aforementioned figures act as real social enzymes, that is to say, they handle the available information and function as catalysts of social processes of production of knowledge. Moreover, they increase the reaction speed, working on mechanisms which control the spontaneity.
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Borzyh, Stanislav. Universality of uniqueness. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1840173.
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The monograph is devoted to the uniqueness and universality of our being, earthly life, complexity, primarily multicellular organisms, intelligence and civilization. Despite the fact that all these phenomena are presented to us and in our person in the singular, their very existence indicates that, on the one hand, they obey the logic that runs through them all, and on the other hand, they observe certain universal rules for the implementation of something like this. That is, they are unique in their local representation, but they are constructed according to a template that applies to all such cases. The monograph consistently examines the multiplicity of hypostases of these realities and formulates the conclusion that, no matter how many of them there are, they must all fit into the mainstream of two principles — the embodied and the functional. Local conditions determine their final appearance, but the imperatives are the same for them all, and therefore these epithets do not contradict each other, but, on the contrary, are mutually complementary.
It is intended both for specialists in the field of epistemology, ontology and philosophy of life, and for the general public interested in real issues.
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Sotamaa, Olli, and Jan Svelch, eds. Game Production Studies. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463725439.
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Video games have entered the cultural mainstream and now rival established forms of entertainment such as film or television in terms of economic profits. As careers in video game development become more common, so do the stories about precarious working conditions and structural inequalities within the industry. In Game Production Studies, an international group of researchers takes a closer look at the everyday realities of video game production, ranging from commercial studios to independent creators. Across sixteen chapters, the authors deal with issues related to labour, production routines, or monetization, as well as local specificities. As the first edited collection dedicated solely to video game production, this volume provides a timely resource for anyone interested in how games are made and at what cost.
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Osavelyuk, Aleksey, Elena Zabelina, Valeriy Nevinskiy, and Valentina Komarova. Differentiation of subjects of competence and powers in the system of public power. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1303022.
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The book, based on a large amount of factual and legislative material, analysis of decisions of domestic judicial bodies and the ECHR, shows the powers and functions of state and local self-government bodies in the conditions of differentiation of subjects of competence and powers to ensure the most effective solution of tasks in the interests of the population. The paper examines foreign experience and the regulation of these issues by international law.
The textbook is prepared taking into account the Law of the Russian Federation on the Amendment to the Constitution of the Russian Federation of March 14, 2020 No. 1-FKZ On Improving the regulation of certain issues of the organization and functioning of public Power".
12
Lindsay, Paterson, ed. New Scotland, new politics? Edinburgh: Polygon at Edinburgh, 2001.
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13
Foundations of Complex Analysis in Non Locally Convex Spaces - Function Theory Without Convexity Condition. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-0208(03)x8017-2.
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Bayoumi, A. Foundations of Complex Analysis in Non Locally Convex Spaces: Function Theory Without Convexity Condition. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2003.
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15
Foundations of complex analysis in non locally convex spaces: Function theory without convexity condition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003.
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16
Harrison, John Henry, and Magdalena Anitescu. Neuraxial Anesthesia in Coexisting Neurologic Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190271787.003.0041.
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Some patients who need surgery may have coexisting neurologic disorders like multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, peripheral neuropathies (e.g., Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease or Guillain-Barré syndrome), or muscular dystrophies (e.g., Duchenne’s or myotonic dystrophy). When neuraxial analgesia and anesthesia are indicated, the anesthesiologist should be aware of the risks and benefits of the technique. Neuraxial anesthesia is not absolutely contraindicated in nervous system diseases and there are undeniable benefits to ruling out general anesthesia. In patients with coexisting neurologic disorders, prolonged sensory and motor block can be confused with epidural hematoma and abscess when present. Minor nerve injury from local anesthetic cytotoxicity or ischemia and mechanical trauma may cause permanent nerve injury through the double crush phenomenon. Lower concentrations of local anesthetics are generally recommended.
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Aktywność społeczności wiejskich: Lokalne inicjatywy organizacji pozarządowych. Warszawa: Instytut Rozwoju Wsi i Rolnictwa PAN, 2008.
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18
Egner, Björn, Hubert Heinelt, and Nikolaos-Komnenos Hlepas, eds. Bedingungen lokaler Innovationen. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748926405.
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Some cities manage to mobilise innovation potential and respond to challenges such as demographic change, immigration or economic restructuring, while others do not. This book addresses the question: What are the conditions for the development of local innovation? Rather than primarily searching for the conditions under which local innovation can develop among economic, social or institutional circumstances, it focuses on the communicative interactions through which actors develop a locally embedded understanding or knowledge of these conditions and the constraints and opportunities they present. With contributions by Max A. Kayser, Panos Koliastasis, Melina Lehning, Georgios Terizakis and Alexia Timotheou.
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Relationship between non-governmental organizations and local authorities: Project Non-governmental Organizations Activities for Transparency of Local Authorities = Vzaimodeĭstvie mezhdu nepravitelstvenite organizat︠s︡ii i mestnata administrat︠s︡ii︠a︡ : Proekt Dei︣nostta na nepravitelstvenite organizat︠s︡ii za osiguri︠a︡vane prozrachnost na obshitinskata administrat︠s︡ii︠a︡. Sofia: Heron Press, 1996.
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20
Akurugoda, Indi Ruwangi. NGO Politics in Sri Lanka: Local Government and Development. Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
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21
Akurugoda, Indi Ruwangi. NGO Politics in Sri Lanka: Local Government and Development. Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
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22
Ulturgasheva, Olga, and Barbara Bodenhorn, eds. Risky Futures: Climate, Geopolitics and Local Realities in the Uncertain Circumpolar North. Berghahn Books, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/9781800735934.
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The volume examines complex intersections of environmental conditions, geopolitical tensions and local innovative reactions characterising ‘the Arctic’ in the early twenty-first century. What happens in the region (such as permafrost thaw or methane release) not only sweeps rapidly through local ecosystems but also has profound global implications. Bringing together a unique combination of authors who are local practitioners, indigenous scholars and international researchers, the book provides nuanced views of the social consequences of climate change and environmental risks across human and non-human realms.
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Chorev, Nitsan. Give and Take. Princeton University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691197845.001.0001.
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This book looks at local drug manufacturing in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, from the early 1980s to the present, to understand the impact of foreign aid on industrial development. While foreign aid has been attacked by critics as wasteful, counterproductive, or exploitative, this book makes a clear case for the effectiveness of what it terms “developmental foreign aid.” Against the backdrop of Africa’s pursuit of economic self-sufficiency, the battle against AIDS and malaria, and bitter negotiations over affordable drugs, the book offers an important corrective to popular views on foreign aid and development. It shows that when foreign aid has provided markets, monitoring, and mentoring, it has supported the emergence and upgrading of local production. In instances where donors were willing to procure local drugs, they created new markets that gave local entrepreneurs an incentive to produce new types of drugs. In turn, when donors enforced exacting standards as a condition to access those markets, they gave these producers an incentive to improve quality standards. And where technical know-how was not readily available and donors provided mentoring, local producers received the guidance necessary for improving production processes. Without losing sight of domestic political-economic conditions, historical legacies, and foreign aid’s own internal contradictions, the book presents new insights into the conditions under which foreign aid can be effective.
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Perry, Mike, ed. Head, Neck and Dental Emergencies. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198779094.001.0001.
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This book is for the non-specialist who may see problems in the head and neck. The aim is to help the reader develop a targeted approach in assessment and management. Such patients may be seen in the emergency department, in general practice, or on the ward. Because true ‘emergencies’ in the head and neck (i.e. a life- or sight-threatening condition) are few in number, a more broadly defined remit has been used, to cover urgent and potentially worrying problems which may present acutely. Generally speaking, patients do not present with a ready-made diagnosis, but rather with either a symptom located to an anatomical region (e.g. toothache, lump, or headache), or an obvious problem (e.g. nose bleed or injury). This is the starting point in each of the anatomically based chapters (‘Common presentations’ and ‘Common problems and their causes’). For each symptom there are a number of possible causes and these are listed. The next section in each chapter (‘Useful questions and what to look for’) lists the important diagnostic elements in relation to each symptom. The aim is to equip the reader with the necessary knowledge to enable them to quickly and accurately triage and diagnose a symptom or clinical problem. The remainder of each chapter details how to examine each site, useful investigations, and some notes on the conditions. Management and referral is also covered. This book is particularly helpful for those unfamiliar with ‘acute conditions’ of the head and neck and for those preparing for clinical examinations.
25
Neon metropolis: How Las Vegas started the twenty-first century. New York: Routledge, 2002.
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Neon Metropolis: How Las Vegas Started the Twenty-First Century. Routledge, 2003.
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27
Zhongguo--Dong meng he zuo bei jing xia de xi nan min zu zi zhi di fang jing ji fa zhan zi zhu quan yan jiu. Beijing Shi: Jing ji guan li chu ban she, 2012.
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28
Jones, Peter, and Steven King, eds. Navigating the Old English Poor Law. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266816.001.0001.
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This edition of 599 letters written by, for or about the poor to the early nineteenth century Cumbrian town of Kirkby Lonsdale provides a unique window onto the experiences, views and conditions of a much neglected group in English social history. The letters provide a sense of the emotional landscape of people who have so far largely escaped our attention, telling the intensely human stories of their hardships and the efforts they made to survive, often against considerable odds. However, they also give a real sense of the agency of the poor and their advocates, demonstrating time and again that they were willing and able – indeed, that they saw it as their right – to challenge those who administered welfare locally in an attempt to shape a system which (notionally, at least) afforded them no power at all. The letters are framed by a scholarly introduction which explains the structural conditions under which they were produced and gives essential local and national context for readers wishing to understand them better. The volume as a whole will be of interest to students and scholars of the Old Poor Law and the history of welfare. It will equally appeal to the general reader with an interest in local and national social history, covering at is does everything from the history of literacy or clothing through to histories of health, disability and the postal service.
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Orentlicher, Diane. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190882273.003.0001.
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This chapter previews the book’s recurring themes, highlighting the dynamic nature of an international court’s impact in countries directly affected by its work. The ICTY’s local impact has been a function not only of its own performance, but also of evolving social and political conditions in Bosnia and Serbia. Those conditions have, in turn, have been influenced by the policies of external actors, including the European Union and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The introduction also highlights the book’s contributions to two related questions: (1) What goals should be ascribed to international criminal courts?; and (2) Under what conditions, and to what extent, can international justice advance aims widely associated with home-grown measures of transitional justice?
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Ballvé, Teo. The Frontier Effect. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501747533.001.0001.
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This book challenges the notion that in Urabá, Colombia, the cause of the region's violent history and unruly contemporary condition is the absence of the state. Although the book takes this locally oft-repeated claim seriously, it demonstrates that Urabá is more than a case of Hobbesian political disorder. Through this exploration of war, paramilitary organizations, grassroots support and resistance, and drug-related violence, the book argues that Urabá, rather than existing in statelessness, has actually been an intense and persistent site of state-building projects. Indeed, these projects have thrust together an unlikely gathering of guerilla groups, drug-trafficking paramilitaries, military strategists, technocratic planners, local politicians, and development experts each seeking to give concrete coherence to the inherently unwieldy abstraction of “the state” in a space in which it supposedly does not exist. By untangling this odd mix, the book reveals how Colombia's violent conflicts have produced surprisingly coherent and resilient, if not at all benevolent, regimes of rule.
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Martin, Lou. Prosperous, Independent Rural-Industrial Workers. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039454.003.0005.
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This chapter explores the variety of methods used by semiskilled operatives and unskilled laborers to improve their working conditions and to extract better wages and benefits from their employers during the 1940s and 1950s. Unlike millions of urban-industrial workers, they did not join truly national labor organizations and participate in national strikes. Instead, they relied on a system of local negotiations, often informal, occasionally invoking state and federal agencies to influence the outcome. Because this system delivered many of the same material benefits that American Federation of Labor (AFL) and Congress of Industrial Organization (CIO) unionists won in these decades, local steel and pottery workers saw no need to make fundamental changes to their systems of collective bargaining, and they come to value the local nature of labor relations.
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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. Paradise Lost? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0013.
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Whether there has been a transition to something new in what it is possible to think remains to be seen. In the absence of such a transition, we are unlikely to see significant changes in the conditions of rule. If indeed capitalism is a spent force, then economic decline will accelerate and material inequality will increase. Short of a complete collapse, established conditions of rule will be reinforced—the mighty frame ever mightier, the international society of modern state-nations shows no signs of fading away. As migration dilutes blood ties and multiplies languages in daily use, nations depend all the more on territory for their social coherence and emotional appeal. That sovereignty is more difficult to locate spatially only illustrates the effects of modernist functional differentiation, which does not displace space or overlay it so much as penetrate the immediacy of place, every place, stealthily, by making itself indispensable.
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Taylor, Andrew J. Elephant's Edge. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400644672.
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The Republican Party currently enjoys an edge. The advantage can be seen in Congress, state politics, judicial rulings, foreign and domestic policy, party finances, the media, public attitudes, and economic and demographic developments. Yet the Republicans do not seem capable of translating this into a durable electoral majority. Conditions now exist within American politics that will facilitate the establishment of Republican rule. Many of these conditions have ripened during the past decade. They include rules governing elections and campaign finance, shifts in core political values among the public that are consistent with Republican philosophy, and fundamental social and economic changes in American society that are likely to increase the ranks of Republican voters. The author explains in lucid, engaging terms how Republicans have taken control of both houses of Congress and experienced a remarkable resurgence at the state level. He explores how conservatives are utilizing the courts to simultaneously move policy rightward and mobilize sympathetic parts of the electorate. He also examines social and economic changes to show how racial politics, religiosity, and the nature of work and wealth benefit today's Republican Party. Republican rule should not be confused with Republican realignment. These conditions will advantage Republicans in future elections and bring about consistent Republican control of government at all levels—federal, state, and local, executive, legislative, and judicial. However, current conditions do not guarantee the kind of enduring Republican majority many journalists and strategists have predicted. Taylor explains the factors that will prohibit the Republicans from fully exploiting their advantages and dominating American politics the way the Democrats did in the 30 years following the New Deal. These factors include internal and intractable tensions within the Republican Party, the parties' sophisticated political information gathering strategies, and the innate risk aversion of the campaign industry.
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Groh, Tyrone L. Proxy War. Stanford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503608184.001.0001.
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This book provides a more comprehensive, definitive, and rigorous treatment of proxy war. This book argues that proxy war can and should remain a useful and effective tool of foreign policy, but that such an endeavor demands better understanding and deliberation. Proxy war serves as a means of indirect intervention when conditions eclipse policies using direct or non-intervention. Indirect intervention, however, is not synonymous with proxy war. Rather, proxy war falls on the spectrum of indirect intervention and includes other options such as simply donating assistance to politically-motivated, local fighters or offering support to mercenary forces from outside the country. Building on this knowledge, policy makers and strategists can better judge how fixed and unchangeable conditions such as the presence of interstate competition, domestic politics, geography, and the characteristics of the international system influence proxy war. More importantly, this book explains the role of conditions that a state can alter or change to improve the utility and efficacy of proxy war—more or less, it provides a “how to” manual for conducting proxy war, should the policy be chosen. The ability to maintain a coherent policy (both internally and externally) and cultivate/maintain control over a proxy’s activities increase the chances that a proxy war policy contributes to the pursuit and attainment of national interests. The book provides a new look at proxy war using uncommon and unused cases to test the concepts presented.
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Cheng, Christine. Theoretical Framework. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199673346.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 provides an in-depth treatment of the extralegal groups framework. It sets out the post-conflict conditions in which the framework will be applied, and discusses the three stages of emergence, development, and entrenchment, and how a group transitions between them. The framework lays out a causal logic for how ex-combatants seeking employment can transform in response to local opportunity structures. It shows how and why these groups become enmeshed in webs of local corruption over time and argues that the key factor that determines whether an extralegal group engages in statebuilding depends on how far into the future the group believes it can control its enclave. Statebuilding need not be state-led and weak states in particular, are not always in the strongest position to build robust local institutions or to provide local public goods. Instead, extralegal groups may be better positioned to provide basic governance functions.
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McCrie, Niven, and Richard Noske. Birds of the Darwin Region. CSIRO Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486300358.
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Birds of the Darwin Region is the first comprehensive treatment of the avifauna of Darwin, a city located in Australia's monsoon tropics, where seasons are defined by rainfall rather than by temperature. With its mangrove-lined bays and creeks, tidal mudflats, monsoon rainforests, savanna woodlands and freshwater lagoons, Darwin has retained all of its original habitats in near-pristine condition, and is home or host to 323 bird species. Unlike other Australian cities, it has no established exotic bird species.
Following an introduction to the history of ornithology in the region and a detailed appraisal of its avifauna, species accounts describe the habitats, relative abundance, behaviour, ecology and breeding season of 258 regularly occurring species, based on over 500 fully referenced sources, and original observations by the authors. Distribution maps and charts of the seasonality of each species are presented, based on a dataset comprising almost 120,000 records, one-third of which were contributed by the authors. Stunning colour photographs adorn the accounts of most species, including some of the 65 species considered as vagrants to the region.
This book is a must-read for professional ornithologists and amateur birders, and an indispensable reference for local biologists, teachers and students, and government and non-government environmental agencies, as well as other people who just like to watch birds.
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Global Academy for Paediatric Surgery: Appendicitis & Appendectomy. UCT Libraries, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/0-7992-2556-3.
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Division of Paediatric Surgery, at the University of Cape Town and Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital has been in the forefront of modern surgical training by introduction of online training and surgical skills training. The dramatised teaching on surgical conditions is a novel way of teaching rich surgical knowledge through the journey of a patient with a surgical condition from admission to discharge. This will be beneficial to both undergraduate and postgraduate students and will allow them to experience real life like interactions between patients and trainees as well as trainees and teachers. The filming of the video took place at the surgical skills training centre located at the Institute of Child Health building, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital. This medical video uses, in the main, actors and medically trained personnel. There are no violations with regard to ethics and such was cleared before and post the recording of the film. The Division would like to acknowledge the Foxwood TV, its producers, directors, and filming crew for their highly professional approach filming a medical training video. We would like to thank all the Divisional staff for their contributions to the preparation of manuscript, and performance in the video. We also would like to thank Karl Storz Endoscopy for their sponsorship of the episode.
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Brown, Kate Pride. A Tale of Two Lakes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190660949.003.0004.
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Villagers around Lake Baikal are known for their doubt, suspicion, apathy, and resistance to change. When activists from Baikal Environmental Wave seek to engage them, they put on a display of disinterest and non-involvement. But when the same organization conducts a series of webinars between these villagers and activists at Lake Tahoe in California, the people become increasingly enthusiastic and involved. This suggests that transnational activism can help break down mental barriers that come from domestic conditions that inspire fatalism. “Defamiliarization” helps locals see their own circumstances in a new light. However, expectations can dampen the experience of defamiliarization, and insincerity in collaboration can result in disappointment and disillusionment. Nevertheless, through defamiliarization, globalization can help augment civil society’s power, which is directly drawn from voluntary public engagement.
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Ando, Clifford. Legal Pluralism in Practice. Edited by Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando, and Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.22.
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The Roman Empire systematically recognised alien polities in provincial landscapes and allowed them local powers of jurisdiction and legislation. It also created conditions of heightened human mobility and regularly endowed aliens with Roman citizenship. This chapter explores the procedural and theoretical resources developed by Roman authorities to deal with the conflicts of law that resulted from these processes. It explores principles governing choice of law, to wit, those of personality and territoriality. It also investigates procedural mechanisms that temporarily bracketed distinctions that rendered actions non-justiciable, for example, the legal fiction that assimilated aliens to citizens for the purposes of dispute resolution.
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Danae, Azaria. 8 Countermeasures as Circumstances Precluding Wrongfulness of Transit Interruptions. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198717423.003.0008.
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This chapter examines countermeasures as circumstances precluding wrongfulness in the form of interrupting established transit flows of energy. It shows that although the GATT and the ECT do not exclude such countermeasures, some bespoke pipeline treaties may be interpreted in this manner. The chapter then analyses the conditions of lawfulness of countermeasures in the form of interrupting established energy flows focusing on three conditions of particular importance in the context of transit of energy. First, it examines the impact on third treaty parties (or third states). Second, it analyses proportionality. Third, it discusses the impact of interruption of transit of energy on human rights of individuals located in the states of origin (exporters) and of destination (importers). It argues that despite the limitations on extraterritorial application of human rights in this scenario, countermeasures taken in the form of suspending compliance with obligations concerning energy transit (or exports) may be disproportionate.
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Dobson, Andrew. 4. Local and global, North and South. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199665570.003.0005.
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Environmental problems have an international—even a global—character. Environmental politics is therefore, at least in part, an international politics. ‘Local and global, North and South’ considers how the national and international dimensions work—or not—together highlighting an apparently insurmountable faultline between the global North and the global South. Despite numerous obstacles, multilateral environmental agreements are possible. By comparing and contrasting two cases—the ozone layer and climate change—the factors and conditions that make for successful agreements are analysed. The local level, which is also crucial to environmental politics, is then considered because this is where environmental implications are felt most viscerally and its battles are fought most keenly.
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Cheng, Christine. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199673346.003.0009.
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After war, rebuilding the state’s presence—or building it up for the first time—is both a physical and social endeavor requiring new norms of compliance and cooperation. Local authority is deeply contested and the state typically has minimal presence. These conditions are akin to those described in the state of nature. To escape these conditions, Hobbes and Locke argued for the necessity of a sovereign to impose order and impartial justice to form what I call the kernel of the state. Extralegal groups orient societies in that direction by performing a set of visible and hidden functions in contemporary post-conflict environments. But they are not intentionally state-making. Rather, extralegal groups are driven by the need to create a stable trading environment and state-making is a by-product of this imperative. In the contemporary era, the motivation that drives extralegal groups to begin state-making is trade, not war.
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Mandelkern, Matthew. Bounded Meaning. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192870049.001.0001.
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Abstract ‘Bounded Meaning’ is a monograph on the dynamics of interpretation: how and why the interpretation of the building blocks of human language is sensitive, not just to the context in which the expression is used, but also to the expression’s linguistic environment---in other words, how and why interpretation depends not just on global information, but also on local information. The book motivates a range of generalizations about the dynamics of interpretation, some known and some novel, involving modals, conditionals, and anaphora. It then provides an overview of the best extant theory of those patterns, dynamic semantics. After bringing out the striking motivations and successes of that framework, the book goes on to criticize dynamic semantics, focusing on its puzzling predictions about the logic of natural language. In response to these problems, the book develops a novel framework for explaining dynamic phenomena without dynamic semantics: the bounded theory of meaning. On the bounded theory, dynamic phenomena arise from the interaction of two dimensions of meaning. One dimension is a standard truth-conditional layer, which, relative to a context of use, associates each sentence with a proposition. The second dimension, the dimension of bounds, limits the admissible interpretations of an expression, relative to the expression’s context of use and its local information. Bounds thus play an essential role in coordinating on the resolution of context-sensitive language, explaining dynamic effects in natural language while avoiding a variety of problematic predictions of dynamic semantics.
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Boyer, Frédéric, and Vincent Lebastard. Electric sensing for underwater navigation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0019.
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Underwater navigation in turbid water for exploration in catastrophic conditions or navigation in confined unstructured environments is still a challenge for robotics. In these conditions, neither vision nor sonar can be used. Pursuing a bio-inspired approach in robotics, one can seek solutions in nature to solve this difficult problem. Several hundred fish species in families Gymnotidae and Mormyridae have developed an original sense well adapted to this situation: the electric sense. Gnathonemus petersii first polarizes its body with respect to an electric organ discharge located at the base of its tail and generates a dipolar electric field in its near surroundings. Then, using many transcutaneous electro-receptors distributed along its body, the fish “measures” the distortion of the electric field and infers an image of its surroundings. Understanding and implementing this bio-inspired sense offers the opportunity to enhance the navigation abilities of our underwater robots in confined spaces bathed by turbid waters.
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Otras geografías: Experiencias de autonomías indígenas en México. Iztapalapa, México, D.F: Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, 2009.
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Phillips, Lisa. Renegade Union. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037320.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter discusses the story of a group of people who kept a controversial labor union, while going through some of the more tumultuous events of the twentieth century. From the Great Depression through World War II, the beginnings of the Cold War, the civil rights era, the Vietnam War, and into the 1990s, the men and women of Local 65 focused on improving the lives of the largely “invisible” people who worked in small warehouses and wholesale shops. Throughout the union's history, its members sustained a critique of the ways in which the American dream consistently fell short. A great deal can be learned from Local 65's history as labor unions and worker centers continue to launch campaigns for better pay and working conditions for low-wage workers, migrant farm workers, office workers, and workers in other non-factory-based settings throughout the United States.
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Platt, Philip, and Ismael Atchia. Injection therapy. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0087.
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Joint and soft tissue injections with glucocorticoids and other agents remain a critical aspect of the management of musculoskeletal conditions. Injection therapy has previously consisted mainly of glucocorticoid and local anaesthetic, but other agents such as hyaluronic acid, radioactive agents, plasma-rich products, and biologics have also been introduced in the practice of musculoskeletal clinicians. Overall glucocorticoid injection remains the most widely performed procedure, and is an effective treatment for an inflamed joint or soft tissue. This procedure has been widely used for at least five decades. Hydrocortisone was the initial steroid used but longer-acting steroid agents are now favoured for large joints. There is evidence of efficacy not only for inflammatory arthritis conditions, but also for osteoarthritis. There are certain contraindications for injection therapy. Hyaluronic acid (viscosupplementation) injection has become part of the management of osteoarthritis. More recently other agents such as disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biologics have been injected with varying degree of success. The ability to deliver an injection accurately depends on appropriate knowledge of the anatomy and, as for any procedures, the experience and skill of the clinician. The approach to different joints and soft tissue structures is described in this chapter.
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Frankenberger, Rolf, and Elena Chernenkova, eds. Local Governance and Public Wellbeing. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748906186.
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Well-being is a core concept for measuring the satisfaction of citizens with and in their social, political and economic situations. In particular, it is local conditions that are decisive for such an evaluation—and thus also for local welfare production. In addition to municipalities as state authorities, initiatives, non-commercial organisations, associations and federations are also decisive as important welfare producers. From a comparative perspective, the contributions in this volume shed light on various aspects and dimensions of local welfare production and their effects on citizens’ satisfaction. They examine examples from Russia and Germany, in particular the two cities Petrozavodsk and Tübingen as well as the Republic of Karelia and Baden-Württemberg: the theoretical foundations and social challenges, their attitudes and populations, participatory projects and measures of welfare production. With contributions by Daniel Buhr, Elena Chernenkova, Ksenija Chumak, Elizaveta Dibtceva, Kirill Fitisov, Rolf Frankenberger, Christopher Gohl, Stewart Gold, Polina Kopteva, Alisa Kruglova, Natalja Lavrushina, Irina Miljukova, Yuliya Petrovskaya, Maria Pitukhina, Denis Sachuk, Anni Schlumberger, Martin Seeleib-Kaiser, Ekaterina Shestakova, Ekaterina Shlapeko, Anna Simakova, Isabel Sinner, Irina Stepus, Carmen Thamm, Anatoly Tsygankov
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Batsleer, Janet, and James Duggan. Young and Lonely. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447355342.001.0001.
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Young and Lonely The Social Conditions of Loneliness gathers evidence of young people’s experience of loneliness and connection from a youth co-produced research project and locates these within longstanding cultural and historical discussions of loneliness and solitude, friendship and belonging. The study explores loneliness and the experiences of connection/disconnection and inclusion/exclusion with a particular focus on the experience of loneliness in young lives and on how it is navigated when it is first encountered. It proposes that loneliness should not be considered only or even primarily as another psychological disorder or contagion, whilst recognising that severe loneliness may be an aspect of and connected to severe forms of psychological and emotional distress. The ways that young people encounter loneliness have resonance across the age spectrum and for questions of social organisation more generally. In three subsections, The social conditions of loneliness, The experience of loneliness, and Building friendship and connection, which focuses on the innovative critical and creative co-research used methods (which built on youth work practice) which enabled the conditions in which from the transient to the more enduring loneliness is experienced to be explored are explored. An accompanying attention to the range of methods of finding friendship and connection allows the complexity of young people’s experience to be foregrounded. The creative research methods used in the ‘Loneliness Connects Us’ collaborative research give a sense of some of the ways this sensitive topic might be approached and enhance understanding of friendship and solidarity.
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Healey, John H., and David McKeown. Orthopaedic surgery in the palliation of cancer. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199656097.003.0125.
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Metastatic spread of cancer to bone is frequent and causes pain, disability, and functional limitation. New understanding of the homing method of cancer cells to bone and the mechanism of cancer production of pain raise possible new treatment strategies. Non-surgical treatments such as chemotherapy and hormone therapy are effective in early disease. Bisphosphonates and inhibition of osteoprotegerin prevent progression of bone lesions and avoid pain, radiation, and surgery. Radiotherapy arrests disease and relieves pain in many cases. Surgery is needed when the bone is weak or fractured. It effectively relieves pain and preserves function. It usually requires replacing or bypassing the deficient bone with site-specific reconstructive surgery. Surgery should be selected based on projections of patient survival. New tools to make these projections have been validated and are now available. New targeted drug therapies appear to be changing metastatic bone disease into a more chronic condition. This will alter the management of local disease in many histological subtypes of metastatic cancers.