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Academic literature on the topic 'Conditions hors équilibre'
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Journal articles on the topic "Conditions hors équilibre"
M’Sadak, Youssef, and Abir Ben M’Barek. "Caractérisation qualitative du digestat solide de la bio méthanisation industrielle des fientes avicoles et alternative de son exploitation agronomique hors sol." Journal of Renewable Energies 16, no. 1 (October 22, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v16i1.361.
Full textTarrius, Alain. "Birth of a Nomadic European People, History and Actuality of the Transmigrant Territories of Globalisation from Below in Southern Europe." Sociétés plurielles Exaptriate, Articles (August 31, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.46298/societes-plurielles.2021.8407.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Conditions hors équilibre"
Jourdain, Noémie. "Etude des propriétés du cuivre sous conditions extrêmes et hors de l'équilibre thermique." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0175/document.
Full textUltrashort laser sources development enables nowadays the possibility for matter to reachboth extreme pressure and temperature (~10 000 K) conditions, or what we call "WarmDense Matter ". Working with femtosecond lasers leads to out-of-equilibrium phenomenaduring which a large amount of energy is deposited in the electrons while the lattice remainscold. We used XANES spectroscopy to follow both the ultrafast evolution of the electronicstructure and the local atomic order after the irradiation of such a laser. Moreover,we can nowadays employ Quantum Molecular Dynamics to simulate Warm Dense Matter.We computed XANES spectra for thermal out-of-equilibrium situations and inthermodynamic configurations similar to the experimental ones. The confrontation of experimental data and these calculations brings a deep understanding of the phenomena involvedand their evolutions. The present study deals with the X-ray absorption near copper L3 andL2 edges (respectively 932 and 952 eV). Calculations show a pre-edge structure in the spectra,the evolution of which gives the electronic temperature dynamics. These simulationsalso suggest that the loss of the crystalline order should give rise to the disappearance ofthe post-edge structures. Several experiments have been realized using Eclipse laser and atable-top station dedicated to time-resolved XANES measurements at CELIA laboratory.At frst, some XANES spectra have been acquired using an X-ray source produced by theirradiation of a CsI solid target. This source duration of ~2 10 ps rms { approximately thethermal equilibration timescale for copper { restrained our temporal resolution. We thenused a xenon clusters gas jet to produce an X-ray source of comparable emissivity but asignificantly shorter duration. Numerous out-of-equilibrium XANES spectrahave been acquired and for diferent excitation degrees. The excellent signal-to-noiseratio allows us to follow the evolution of the post-edge structure and deduce the associateddynamics of the loss of crystalline structure. Finally, we performed the same experimentwith an X-ray source coming from the betatron radiation at LOA laboratory. With thissource, a temporal resolution of ~ 100 fs was achieved and allows us to fully characterizethe instantaneous heating of the electrons by the laser and far-from-equilibrium states
Abdedou, Nazim. "Non-equilibrium conditions at solid/liquid interfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LORR0346.
Full textOur work focuses on solutal melting, which occurs when two metals are brought into contact at a temperature between their respective melting temperatures. The solid/liquid interface is initially far from equilibrium, and the kinetics governing its return to equilibrium appear to challenge the models commonly used to describe solidification and melting. To advance our understanding of the process, we approached the problem from three complementary angles. First, we conducted in-situ experiments on the solutal melting of the Au-Ag system using X-ray tomography. Critical analysis of the results appears to indicate that the solid-liquid interface remains out of equilibrium during solutal melting, with the unexpected persistence of concentration gradients at the end of the experiments. Second, in an effort to better understand the experiments, we developed a model based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes applied to the exchange of chemical species across a sharp solid/liquid interface. Parametrization of interfacial transfer coefficients enables the model to qualitatively reproduce the behaviors observed in the experiments. Finally, we sought to justify the kinetic parameters of the thermodynamic model using molecular dynamics (MD) in the Cu-Ni system. We thus demonstrated that the interfacial coefficients depend on the concentrations at the interface, consistent with the parametrization of the thermodynamic model
Lemal, Adrien. "Prediction of air nonequilibrium radiation with a collisional-radiative model : Application to shock-tube conditions relevant to Earth reentry." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECAP0044/document.
Full textUnder nonequilibrium, the populations of the electronic states that strongly radiate in the VUV and IR are no longer governed by a Boltzmann distribution but rather by collisional and radiative processes. A new collisional-radiative (CR) model was developed including the key processes chief among them electron-impact excitation and ionization, heavy-particle impact excitation and bound-bound transitions. A comprehensive review of the available experimental and theoretical reaction rates governing these processes was undertaken to produce a reliable set of rates. The bound-bound radiative mechanisms were treated using the escape factor concept, set to zero for VUV lines and set to one for infrared lines, in accordance with literature results. The CR model was interfaced with the a flowfield solver and with a radiation code to predict the nonequilibrium VUV and IR radiation spectra very recently measured in the EAST facility at NASA Ames Research Center. Two shock-tube conditions representative of a Lunar return reentry trajectory were selected: V∞=10.6 and 11.12 km/s, both at p∞=13.3 Pa. The electron number density profiles inferred from experiments were compared with the prediction of the flowfield model, showing excellent agreement in trend and absolute magnitude for both freestream conditions, and thus validating the ionization model and providing a way to accurately locate the shock front in the CCD images. Then, the experimental intensity profiles were compared with the prediction of the CR model. Excellent agreement between predicted and measured intensity profiles was obtained for both freestream conditions, when adjusting the heavy-particle impact excitation rate constants of Park (1985), suggesting that the nonequilibrium peak intensities observed in the VUV and IR spectral ranges are controled by heavy-particle impact processes
Gracio, Bilro Castela Maria Luis. "Direct Numerical Simulations of plasma-assisted ignition in quiescent and turbulent flow conditions." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC042/document.
Full textPlasma-assisted combustion has received increasing attention in both plasma and combustion communities. Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed (NRP) discharges are a promising and efficient technique to initiate and control combustion processes particularly when conventional ignition systems are rather ineffective or too energy costly. Even though a promising technique, the phenomena occurring in NRP discharges-assisted combustion are still poorly understood. The numerical studies presented in the literature are limited to 1-D and 2-D simulations in quiescent conditions. The problem complexity increases in practical configurations as ignition phenomena are also controlled by the flow and mixing field characteristics in and around the discharge channel. Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) is a powerful research tool to understand these plasma/combustion/flow interactions. However, the computational cost of fully coupled detailed non-equilibrium plasma and combustion chemistry, and high Reynolds number simulations is prohibitive. This thesis presents a model to describe the effects of non-equilibrium plasma discharges in the set of equations governing the combustion phenomena. Based on the results reported in the literature, the model is constructed by analyzing the channels through which the electric energy is deposited. The two main channels by which the electrons produced during the discharge impact the reactive mixture are considered: 1) the excitation and the subsequent relaxation of the electronic states of nitrogen molecules, which leads to an ultrafast increase of the gas temperature and dissociation of species; and 2) the excitation and relaxation of vibrational states of nitrogen molecules which causes a much slower gas heating. This high level model of NRP discharges allows DNS studies of plasma-assisted combustion / ignition in high turbulent Reynolds number. The complex physics underlying plasma-assisted ignition by multiple discharges in both quiescent and turbulent flow conditions are discussed in the present thesis
Pinètre, Clément. "Achieving Enantiοpurity Τhrοugh Directed Evοlutiοn and Crystallizatiοn under Νοn-Equilibrium Cοnditiοns." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR076.
Full textCrystallization is widely used for isolating biorelevant enantiopure molecules, which requires enantiomers to self-sort into separate enantiopure crystals. Unfortunately, this behaviour is unpredictable and rare (5-10%), as both enantiomers predominantly crystallize together into racemic crystals, hindering any such chiral sorting. Recognizing that non-equilibrium conditions may overcome these unfavourable statistics, we explored the solid-state landscapes and thermodynamic properties of different series of numerous analogous molecules derived from three distinct chiral cores: Praziquantel, Proxyphylline and Paclobutrazol. Our investigations led to three key approaches for enhancing crystallization-based chiral resolution methods: (i) A directed evolution strategy based on the energy differences between racemic and enantiopure crystal phases, (ii) the identification of specific molecular features favouring the crystallization of enantiopure crystals and (iii) engineering a crystal structure with efficient chiral discrimination capabilities that relies on a host-guest association strategy. These insights relying on the study of chemically related derivatives open new, previously unconsidered possibilities for isolating pure enantiomers that are essential in our daily lives
Camanes, Alain. "Polymères Dirigés et Réseaux Conducteurs de Chaleur - Systèmes de mécanique statistique à l'équilibre et hors équilibre." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344652.
Full textLes réseaux conducteurs de chaleur sont étudiés hors équilibre. Lorsque les potentiels d'interaction sont harmoniques, nous donnons une interprétation géométrique de la condition d'existence et d'unicité de la mesure invariante via un théorème de complétude. Dans le cas où cette condition fait défaut, nous explicitons une quantité invariante par le flot hamiltonien. Nous généralisons ensuite les résultats d'unicité à des potentiels analytiques. Nous montrons que la condition de Hörmander est suffisante pour avoir l'unicité de la mesure invariante via la contrôlabilité. Le principe de Lasalle est ensuite utilisé pour montrer l'unicité sans la condition d'Hörmander. Nous évoquons également le problème de l'existence de telles mesures.
Baumann, Xavier. "Étude de la composition chimique et des propriétés thermodynamiques et radiatives d'un plasma de SF6-C2F4 en condition de déséquilibre thermique." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30032.
Full textTo transport the electrical current on large distances, we have to use high voltage to minimize the energy losses. However, if an electrical fault occurs in the distribution network, we should be able to turn off the electrical current. For this purpose, we use specific devices: the high voltage circuit breakers that should to shut off the electrical arc formed when the electrical contacts are separated. To design and to upgrade the high voltage circuit breakers, the manufacturers are increasingly using numerical modelisations that simulate the electrical arc and the plasma behaviors. Nevertheless, the physics phenomena in the plasma are complex. To describe them, a specific expertise, available in the public research laboratories, is necessary. This thesis is in a partnership between the Siemens company and the AEPPT group in LAPLACE to create a databank to study the extinction phase of electrical arc. This data bank includes thermodynamic and radiative properties of plasma. The transport coefficients have been studied in another thesis conducted in parallel by G. Vanhulle. The calculation of these properties is relatively well known if the plasma is in local thermodynamic equilibrium. But, during the extinction of arc, the free electrons and the heavy particles (molecules, atoms and ions) are not necessary in thermal equilibrium and are describe by different temperatures (the plasma is referred to as 2T plasma). The originality of this thesis is in the extension of the calculation of properties for a SF_6-C_2 F_4 plasma out of thermal equilibrium. First, we discuss the calculation of internal temperatures of heavy particles (excitation temperatures of electronic, vibrational and rotational levels). Then, we report the calculation of partition functions that are essential to get the others properties. To get the 2T chemical composition of the plasma, we developed an approach based on a set of balance equations. In this method, the physical approximations are limited but it is not adapted for the massive calculation of a databank. Therefore, we opted for a method based on two multi-temperature laws of mass action. With the chemical compositions, we calculated the thermodynamic and radiative properties. The thermodynamic properties (mass density, enthalpy and heat capacity) are described and the results are discussed. The radiative properties are complex. We describe in details the radiative processes and the broadening phenomena of atomic lines to get the emission and absorption coefficients. Finally, we discuss the transfer of radiation across the plasma. We show our results resulting of the net emission coefficient method to get the divergence of radiation flux used in magneto-hydrodynamic model