Books on the topic 'Conditional risk measure'
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1
Centre for the Study of Adolescence (Nairobi, Kenya) and Population Action International, eds. A measure of commitment: Women's sexual and reproductive risk index for sub Saharan Africa. Nairobi, Kenya: Centre for the Study of Adolescence, 2009.
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2
Fuqiang, Nie, ed. Zhongguo guo jia jing ji an quan yu jing xi tong yan jiu. Beijing Shi: Zhongguo tong ji chu ban she, 2005.
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3
Manning, Roberta Thompson. The rise and fall of "the extraordinary measures," January-June, 1928: Toward a reexamination of the onset of the Stalin Revolution. Pittsburgh, PA: Center for Russian & East European Studies. University Center for International Studies, University of Pittsburgh, 2001.
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4
United States. General Accounting Office, ed. Blood plasma safety: Plasma product risks are low if good manufacturing practices are followed : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Human Resources, Committee on Government Reform and Oversight, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1998.
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5
Daojiong, Zha, ed. Zhongguo xue zhe kan shi jie.: World politics, views from China. Beijing: Xin shi jie chu ban she, 2007.
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6
Galinovskaya, Elena, Elena Boltanova, Gennadiy Volkov, Galina Vyphanova, I. Ignat'eva, N. Kichigin, E. Kovaleva, et al. Zones with special conditions of use of territories (problems of the establishment and implementation of the legal regime). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1080400.
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The peculiarities of the modern spatial development necessitated the development of organizational, managerial and legal measures to reduce the risks of neighbourhood objects that have a negative impact on humans and the environment, as well as to strengthen the protection of especially dangerous or sensitive objects.
Introduction to the Land code of the Russian Federation the concept of "zones with special conditions of use of territories" is one of the promising solutions to the above tasks and is aimed at ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population, industrial safety, safety in operating all types of transport, defence and state security, environmental protection etc.
The Handbook describes the concept and the legal nature of the zones with special conditions of use of territories as a new category, which should become a full part of fur-
the mechanism of the land law regulation. Describes the evolution of national legislation on conservation and protection zones, the analysis of the regulation of similar zones in foreign legislation. Special attention is paid to General issues of the legal regime of these zones, the specifics of their establishment and accounting.
Researched legal requirements for the adherence of all types of zones with special conditions of use.
For practitioners and specialists in the field of state and municipal administration, scientific workers and lecturers of higher and secondary professional educational institutions, students, graduates, and also for a wide range of readers.
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Lobanov, Aleksey. Biomedical foundations of security. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1007643.
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The textbook discusses the threats and risks to life and health of people in post-industrial society. The role and place of medical and biological technologies in the system of ensuring the safety of the population of the Russian Federation are shown from the standpoint of an interdisciplinary approach.
Briefly, but quite informative, the structure of the human body and the principles of its functioning are described. The specificity and mechanism of toxic effects on humans of harmful substances, energy effects and combined action of the main damaging factors of sources of emergency situations of peace and war are shown.
The medical and biological aspects of ensuring the safety of human life in adverse environmental conditions, including in regions with hot and cold climates (Arctic) are considered. Means and methods of first aid to victims are shown. The questions of organization and carrying out of measures of medical support of the population in zones of emergency situations and the centers of defeat are covered.
Designed for students, students and cadets of educational institutions of higher education, studying under the bachelor's program. It can also be useful for teachers, researchers and a wide range of professionals engaged in practical work on the planning and organization of biomedical protection of the population.
8
The Measure Of America 20102011 Mapping Risks And Resilience. New York University Press, 2010.
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9
Burd-Sharps, Sarah, Kristen Lewis, and Jeffrey Sachs. Measure of America, 2010-2011: Mapping Risks and Resilience. New York University Press, 2010.
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10
Cardarelli, John. Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0015.
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This chapter describes ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation, ways to measure it in the environment, describes the potential health effects from chronic and acute exposures as well as a discussion addressing pregnancy concerns. Background radiation from both sources are described in relation to occupational or public exposure limits and how these limits were derived. Among the subjects described are acute radiation syndrome, exposure assessment, radon, and assessment of radiation risk. Radiation protection and control measures are described and how their applications may change based on routine vs. emergency response conditions and the scale of the incident.
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The Measure of America, 2010-2011: Mapping Risks and Resilience (Social Science Research Council). NYU Press, 2010.
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12
Blumberg, Emily A. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199938568.003.0400.
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This chapter discusses the infections in patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. Immunosuppressive medications are a mainstay of treatment for diverse immunologically mediated conditions. The impact of these medications on the risk for infection is variable and sometimes difficult to determine. Immunosuppressive agents can be divided into a heterogeneous set of classes with unique effects on the immune system; the risks for infections reflect the specific immunological perturbation associated with the medication. Currently, guidelines have been published recommending specific preventive measures to limit the likelihood that these immunosuppressive agents will be associated with infection. The chapter concludes that future study will be important to develop algorithms to define risk and specify appropriate preventive interventions.
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Radiation and environmental safety in North-West Russia: Use of impact assessments and risk estimation. Netherlands: Springer Vlg, 2006.
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(Editor), Per Strand, Malgorzata K. Sneve (Editor), and Andrey V. Pechkurov (Editor), eds. Radiation and Environmental Safety in North-West Russia: Use of Impact Assessments and Risk Estimation (NATO Science for Peace and Security Series / NATO ... Security Series C: Environmental Security). Springer, 2006.
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15
Sneve, Malgorzata K., Andrey V. Pechkurov, and Per Strand. Radiation and Environmental Safety in North-West Russia: Use of Impact Assessments and Risk Estimation. Springer, 2006.
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16
(Editor), Per Strand, Malgorzata K. Sneve (Editor), and Andrey V. Pechkurov (Editor), eds. Radiation and Environmental Safety in North-West Russia: Use of Impact Assessments and Risk Estimation (NATO Security through Science Series / NATO Security ... Science Series C: Environmental Security). Springer, 2006.
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17
Andreasen, Robin, and Heather Doty. Measuring Inequality. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190467715.003.0007.
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The focus of this chapter is on the argument from inductive risk in the context of social science research on disparate impact in employment outcomes. It identifies three types of situations in the testing of scientific theories, not sufficiently emphasized in the inductive risk literature, that raise considerations of inductive risk: choice of significance test, choice of how to measure disparate impact, and the operationalization of scientific variables. It argues that non-epistemic values have a legitimate role in two of these situations but not in the third. It uses this observation to build on the discussion of when and under what conditions considerations of inductive risk help to justify a role for non-epistemic values in science.
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Porter, Patrick. Breaking States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807964.003.0003.
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This chapter forms the core of the argument, tracing the ideological roots of ‘regime change’, identified as an underlying form of security-seeking. Though it took the structural fact of American power and the contingent event of the 9/11 terrorist attacks to make the assault on Saddam possible, it was also conditioned by the rise in the previous decade of a set of ideas about liberalism and security. Those ideas bred a ‘common sense’ that presented disputable ideas as obvious: that 9/11 was a harbinger, not an aberration, warranting high-risk and radical measures; that designated ‘rogue’ actors are undeterrable aggressors who we cannot live with; and that given the obvious ‘arc’ of history towards democracy and capitalism, Western power can be applied to transform whole regions if only Westerners have the will.
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Lessons Learned from the Fukushima Nuclear Accident for Improving Safety of U. S. Nuclear Plants. National Academies Press, 2014.
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20
Ziegler, Andreas R., and David Sifonios. The Assessment of Environmental Risks and the Regulation of Process and Production Methods (PPMs) in International Trade Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795896.003.0012.
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The WTO case law has considered that measures relating to the processes and production methods (PPMs) of imported products by the importing country are not GATT-incompatible per se but the precise conditions applicable to such measures remain unsettled. This debate on the justifiability of trade restrictive measures by the importing country may be analysed in the light of competing visions of the future. While in the free traders’ imagination the free trade increases states’ wealth and thus enables them to address environmental problems, environmentalists seek to prevent catastrophic futures, which could occur through certain production practices. A form of ideal future might also be discovered in the acknowledgment of sustaintable development as one of the objectives of the world trading system. These different and partly competing visions of the future may be a way to explain the intensity of the PPM debate and the evolution and fluctuation of the case law in this field.
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Children In The Online World Risk Regulation And Rights. Ashgate Publishing Group, 2013.
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22
de Geus, Eco, Rene van Lien, Melanie Neijts, and Gonneke Willemsen. Genetics of Autonomic Nervous System Activity. Edited by Turhan Canli. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199753888.013.010.
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Large individual differences in the activity of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) play a key role in risk for cardiovascular disease. This chapter presents an overview of the measurement strategies that can be used to study ANS activity in samples that are sufficiently large to allow genetic analyses. Heart rate variability, in particular, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is identified as the measure of choice to index parasympathetic activity, whereas preejection period (PEP) is the measure of choice to index sympathetic activity. Twin studies have demonstrated significant genetic contributions to resting levels of both RSA (heritability estimates range from 25 to 71 percent) and PEP (heritability estimates range from 48 to 74 percent) and the genetic variance in these traits seems to further increase under conditions of psychological stress. Identifying the genetic variants that influence parasympathetic and sympathetic activity may increase our understanding of the role of the ANS in cardiovascular disease.
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Pineles, Suzanne L., and Scott P. Orr. The Psychophysiology of PTSD. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0022.
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This chapter provides an overview of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)-related psychophysiological research. Specific foci include psychophysiological reactivity to trauma-related stimuli and loud tones, conditioned fear acquisition and extinction, fear memory reconsolidation blockade, and the potential usefulness of psychophysiological measures in predicting PTSD development, maintenance, and treatment efficacy. A detailed discussion is provided on the contribution of reduced parasympathetic tone and increased sympathetic activity to the heightened psychophysiological reactivity associated with PTSD. Reduced parasympathetic tone may increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. Recent technological advances in physiological recording are also described.
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Kada, Ryōhei. Managing environmental risks to food and health security in Southeast Asian watersheds =: Tōnan Ajia ni okeru jizoku kanō na shokuryō kyōkyū to kenkō risuku kanri no ryūiki sekkei. 2011.
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25
Grisoli, Dominique, and Didier Raoult. Prevention and treatment of endocarditis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0161.
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Initially always lethal, the prognosis of infective endocarditis (IE) has been revolutionized by antibacterial therapy and valve surgery. Nevertheless, it remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases, with ≥30% of patients dying within a year of diagnosis. Its incidence has also remained stable at 25–50 cases per million per year, and results predominantly from a combination of bacteraemia and a predisposing cardiac condition, including endocardial lesions and/or intracardiac foreign material. While antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended by various learned societies to cover healthcare procedures with the potential of causing bacteraemia in at-risk patients, there is no evidence to support this strategy. Even though the benefits are hypothetical, national guidelines should still be followed to avoid medico-legal issues. General preventive measures, such as education of clinicians and at-risk patients appear to be more crucial. Invasive procedures, especially intravenous catheterization, should be kept to the minimum possible. The severity of IE mandates a multidisciplinary and standardized approach to treatment, with involvement of dedicated surgeons within specialist centres. Standardized antibiotic protocols have produced dramatic reductions in hospital and 1-year mortality in reference centres. Most deaths now result from complications that constitute definite surgical indications, so optimization of surgical management and avoidance of delay will clearly improve prognosis. This disease has now entered an ‘early surgery’ era, with a more aggressive surgical approach showing promising results. Conditions such as septic shock, sudden death, and vancomycin-resistant staphylococcal endocarditis still constitute therapeutic and research challenges, and justify an important role for specialist centres.
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Chandrakantan, Arvind, and Mehernoor Watcha. Emergence Delirium. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0065.
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Emergence agitation/emergence delirium is a self-limited, postanesthesia complication occurring in anywhere between 10% and 80% of children. It is important to recognize that emergence agitation/emergence delirium represents a continuum of increasing severity. While there are no long-term sequelae as a result of emergence delirium, the short-term consequences can be trying for parents and caregivers alike. While no uniform “treatment” exists for emergence delirium, there are various approaches in treating and preventing the condition. This chapter defines the features of emergence delirium and the associated risk factors; describes the different rating scales for measuring emergence delirium and the differences between them, and lastly discusses the measures for the prevention and treatment of pediatric emergence delirium.
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Harvey, Philip D., and Felicia Gould. Cognitive Functioning and Disability in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0016.
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In many respects, PTSD is a disorder of cognition and memory in specific: individuals with the condition have trouble remembering details of the trauma when they want to and remember them in other situations where they do not want to, such as in nightmares and flashbacks. In addition, a growing literature has explored performance on other cognitive performance measures in PTSD. A new development is the study of the ability to perform critical everyday functional skills, referred to as functional capacity, which themselves are highly cognitively demanding. Our review of the literature on cognition and PTSD suggests two main conditions. There are several areas of cognitive functioning where people with PTSD perform below normative standards, on average. These domains include memory, attention, and executive functioning. However, there is also substantial evidence to suggest that impairments in cognition are present before the onset of other symptoms and may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD. A careful examination of the levels of performance of PTSD patients suggests that performance may not be worse than pre-illness functioning. Interventions aimed at cognition may still be beneficial, because a small literature consistently finds that cognitive impairments are correlated with indicators of everyday disability in people with PTSD.
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Dodds, Chris, Chandra M. Kumar, and Frédérique Servin. Urological and gynaecological surgery in the elderly. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198735571.003.0010.
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Urological and gynaecological procedures are commonly performed in the elderly. Usually, urinary tract endoscopy and surgery should only be performed if the urine is made sterile. Infection of the urinary tract is always a threat, specifically in obstructive diseases and in patients with permanent bladder catheters. Simple measures may prevent most of the transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) syndrome cases. The elderly patient taking anti-platelet or anticoagulant drugs and presented for endoscopic urological surgery are at special risk because these may lead to life-threatening haemorrhage, and stopping these drugs can lead to life-threatening cardiovascular and embolic phenomenon. For most of these procedures, the choice between general and regional (mainly spinal) anaesthesia must be influenced by the specific medical condition of the patient, his/her wishes, and the planned procedure.
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Orenbuch-Harroch, Efrat, and Charles L. Sprung. Pulmonary artery catheterization in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0133.
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Haemodynamic monitoring is a significant component in the management of critically-ill patients. Flow-directed pulmonary artery catheters (PAC) are a simple and rapid technique for measuring several continuous or intermittent circulatory variables. The PAC is helpful in diagnosis, guidance of therapy, and monitoring therapeutic interventions in various clinical conditions, including myocardial infarction and its complications, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema and severely ill patients.The catheter is inserted through a large vein. The PAC is advanced, after ballooninflation with 1.5 mL of air, through the right ventricle across the pulmonary valve and into the pulmonary artery (PA). Finally, the catheter is advanced to the ‘wedge’ position. The pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) is identified by a decrease in pressure combined with a characteristic change in the waveform. The balloon should then be deflated and the PA tracing should reappear. Direct measurements include central venous pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, and PAWP, which during diastole represents the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and reflects left ventricular preload. Cardiac output can be measured by thermodilution technique. Other haemodynamic variables can be derived from these measurements. Absolute contraindications are rare. Relative contraindications include coagulopathy and conditions that increase the risk of arrhythmias.
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Waller, James. A Troubled Sleep. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190095574.001.0001.
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A Troubled Sleep: Risk and Resilience in Contemporary Northern Ireland revisits one of the world’s most deeply divided societies more than 20 years after a peace agreement brought an end to the Troubles. The book asks if the conflict, while perhaps managed and contained, has been transformed—structurally and relationally—into a win-win situation for both sides. It addresses this question by drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, comparative research, and more than 110 hours of face-to-face interviews with politicians, activists, community workers, former political prisoners, former (and sometimes current) paramilitary members, academics, journalists, mental health practitioners, tour guides, school teachers, museum curators, students, police and military personnel, legal experts, and religious leaders across Northern Ireland. The heart of the book analyzes Northern Ireland’s current vulnerabilities and points of resilience as an allegedly “post-conflict” society. The vulnerabilities are analyzed through a model of risk assessment that examines the longer term and slower moving structures, measures, society-wide conditions, and processes that leave societies vulnerable to violent conflict. Such risk factors include the interpretation of conflict history, how authority in a country is exercised, and the susceptibility to social disharmony, isolation, and fragmentation. Resilience is examined from a survey of the countering influences, both within and outside Northern Ireland, that are working diligently to confirm humanity by reducing or reversing these vulnerabilities. The book concludes by examining the accelerating factors in contemporary Northern Ireland that may lead to an escalation of crisis as well as the triggering factors that could spark the onset of violent conflict itself.
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David G, Mayes. 10 The Funding of Bank Resolution. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198754411.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the funding of a bank recovery or resolution under the Bank Recovery and Resolution Directive (BRRD) and the associated Single Resolution Regulation (SRR). The BRRD assures that bank problems have a minimum impact on the wider economy and on the living conditions and standards of ordinary people. Meanwhile, the SRR sets out how the BRRD is to be applied for the countries participating in the Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM). The chapter explores the problems of assessing the costs of resolving failing banks. It explains the New Zealand scheme and the authorities’ assessment of the potential impact of various resolution and recovery measures on the economy. It also discusses the ways in which the BRRD/SRR might be implemented in order to minimize the risks to society at large.
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Sullivan, Maria A. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392063.003.0012.
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Addiction in older adults very often goes unrecognized, for several reasons: social biases about the elderly, age-related metabolic changes, and the inappropriate use of prescription benzodiazepines and opioids to address untreated anxiety and mood conditions. Alcohol or substance-use disorders (SUDs) in older individuals may present in subtle and atypical ways. Strategies to overcome such difficulties include systematic screening using validated instruments, patient education regarding the impact of psychoactive substances on health, and cautious prescribing practices. Relying on standard DSM criteria may result in a failure to detect an SUD that presents with cognitive symptoms or physical injury, as well as the absence of work or social consequences. Older individuals can benefit from the application of risk-stratification measures, and they can be referred, e.g., to age-appropriate group therapy and non-confrontational individual therapy focusing on late-life issues of loss and sources of social support, as well as be offered medication management for alcohol or substance use disorder. Although research has been limited in this population, treatment outcomes have been found to be superior in older adults than younger adults.
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Schmidt-Thomé, Philipp. Climate Change Adaptation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.635.
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Climate change adaptation is the ability of a society or a natural system to adjust to the (changing) conditions that support life in a certain climate region, including weather extremes in that region. The current discussion on climate change adaptation began in the 1990s, with the publication of the Assessment Reports of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Since the beginning of the 21st century, most countries, and many regions and municipalities have started to develop and implement climate change adaptation strategies and plans. But since the implementation of adaptation measures must be planned and conducted at the local level, a major challenge is to actually implement adaptation to climate change in practice. One challenge is that scientific results are mainly published on international or national levels, and political guidelines are written at transnational (e.g., European Union), national, or regional levels—these scientific results must be downscaled, interpreted, and adapted to local municipal or community levels. Needless to say, the challenges for implementation are also rooted in a large number of uncertainties, from long time spans to matters of scale, as well as in economic, political, and social interests. From a human perspective, climate change impacts occur rather slowly, while local decision makers are engaged with daily business over much shorter time spans.Among the obstacles to implementing adaptation measures to climate change are three major groups of uncertainties: (a) the uncertainties surrounding the development of our future climate, which include the exact climate sensitivity of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, the reliability of emission scenarios and underlying storylines, and inherent uncertainties in climate models; (b) uncertainties about anthropogenically induced climate change impacts (e.g., long-term sea level changes, changing weather patterns, and extreme events); and (c) uncertainties about the future development of socioeconomic and political structures as well as legislative frameworks.Besides slow changes, such as changing sea levels and vegetation zones, extreme events (natural hazards) are a factor of major importance. Many societies and their socioeconomic systems are not properly adapted to their current climate zones (e.g., intensive agriculture in dry zones) or to extreme events (e.g., housing built in flood-prone areas). Adaptation measures can be successful only by gaining common societal agreement on their necessity and overall benefit. Ideally, climate change adaptation measures are combined with disaster risk reduction measures to enhance resilience on short, medium, and long time scales.The role of uncertainties and time horizons is addressed by developing climate change adaptation measures on community level and in close cooperation with local actors and stakeholders, focusing on strengthening resilience by addressing current and emerging vulnerability patterns. Successful adaptation measures are usually achieved by developing “no-regret” measures, in other words—measures that have at least one function of immediate social and/or economic benefit as well as long-term, future benefits. To identify socially acceptable and financially viable adaptation measures successfully, it is useful to employ participatory tools that give all involved parties and decision makers the possibility to engage in the process of identifying adaptation measures that best fit collective needs.
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Aspden, Richard, and Jenny Gregory. Morphology. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0011.
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The study of joint morphology can help us to understand the risk factors for osteoarthritis (OA), how it progresses, and aids in developing imaging biomarkers for study of the disease. OA results in gross structural changes in affected joints. Growth of osteophytes, deformation of joint components, and loss of joint space where cartilage has broken down are all characteristics of the disorder. Certain bone shapes as well as malalignment predispose people to future OA, or may be a marker for early OA. Geometrical measures, such as the alpha angle or Wiberg’s CE angle, used to be the primary tool for investigating morphology. In recent years, however, statistical shape modelling (SSM) has become increasingly popular. SSM can be used with any imaging modality and has been successfully applied to a number of musculoskeletal conditions. It uses sets of landmark points denoting the anatomy of one or more bones to generate new variables (modes) that describe and quantify the shape variation in a set of images via principal components analysis. With the aid of automated search algorithms for point placement, the use of SSMs is expanding and provides a valuable and versatile tool for exploration of bone and joint morphometry. Whilst the majority of research has focused on hip and knee OA, this chapter provides an overview of joint morphology through the whole skeleton and how it has helped our ability to understand and quantify the risk and progression of osteoarthritis.
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Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio. Bleeding and haemostasis disorders. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0070.
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The main cause of haemostasis defects and related bleeding complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit is the use of multiple antithrombotic drugs, alone or concomitantly with invasive procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention with stent deployment and coronary artery bypass surgery. These drugs, that act upon several components of haemostasis (platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis), are associated with bleeding complications, particularly in elderly patients (more so in women than in men), those who are underweight, and those with comorbid conditions such as renal and liver insufficiency and diabetes. The identification of patients at higher risk of bleeding is the most important preventive strategy. Red cell and platelet transfusions, which may become necessary in patients with severe bleeding, should be used with caution, because transfused patients with acute coronary syndrome have a high rate of adverse outcomes (death, myocardial infarction, and stroke). To reduce the need of transfusion, haemostatic agents that decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements (antifibrinolytic amino acids, plasmatic prothrombin complex concentrates, recombinant factor VIIa) may be considered. However, the efficacy of these agents in the control of bleeding complications in acute coronary syndrome is not unequivocally established, and there is concern for an increased risk of re-thrombosis. A low platelet count is another cause of bleeding in the intensive cardiac care unit. The main aetiologies are drugs (unfractionated heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors), thrombotic microangiopathies, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, that are often paradoxically associated with thrombotic manifestations. In conclusion, evidence-based recommendations for the management of bleeding in patients admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit are lacking. Accurate assessments of the risk of bleeding in the individual and prevention measures are the most valid strategies.
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Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio. Bleeding and haemostasis disorders. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0070_update_001.
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The main cause of haemostasis defects and related bleeding complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit is the use of multiple antithrombotic drugs, alone or concomitantly with invasive procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention with stent deployment and coronary artery bypass surgery. These drugs, that act upon several components of haemostasis (platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis), are associated with bleeding complications, particularly in elderly patients (more so in women than in men), those who are underweight, and those with comorbid conditions such as renal and liver insufficiency and diabetes. The identification of patients at higher risk of bleeding is the most important preventive strategy. Red cell and platelet transfusions, which may become necessary in patients with severe bleeding, should be used with caution, because transfused patients with acute coronary syndrome have a high rate of adverse outcomes (death, myocardial infarction, and stroke). To reduce the need of transfusion, haemostatic agents that decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements (antifibrinolytic amino acids, plasmatic prothrombin complex concentrates, recombinant factor VIIa) may be considered. However, the efficacy of these agents in the control of bleeding complications in acute coronary syndrome is not unequivocally established, and there is concern for an increased risk of re-thrombosis. A low platelet count is another cause of bleeding in the intensive cardiac care unit. The main aetiologies are drugs (unfractionated heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors), thrombotic microangiopathies, such as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and disseminated intravascular coagulation, that are often paradoxically associated with thrombotic manifestations. In conclusion, evidence-based recommendations for the management of bleeding in patients admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit are lacking. Accurate assessments of the risk of bleeding in the individual and prevention measures are the most valid strategies.
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Mannucci, Pier Mannuccio. Bleeding and haemostasis disorders. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0070_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
The main cause of haemostasis defects and related bleeding complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit is the use of multiple antithrombotic drugs, alone or concomitantly with invasive procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention with stent deployment and coronary artery bypass surgery. These drugs, that act upon several components of haemostasis (platelet function, coagulation, fibrinolysis), are associated with bleeding complications, particularly in elderly patients (more so in women than in men), those who are underweight, and those with comorbid conditions such as renal and liver insufficiency and diabetes. The identification of patients at higher risk of bleeding is the most important preventive strategy. Red cell and platelet transfusions, which may become necessary in patients with severe bleeding, should be used with caution, because transfused patients with acute coronary syndrome have a high rate of adverse outcomes (death, myocardial infarction, and stroke). To reduce the need of transfusion, haemostatic agents that decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements (antifibrinolytic amino acids, plasmatic prothrombin complex concentrates, recombinant factor VIIa) may be considered. However, the efficacy of these agents in the control of bleeding complications in acute coronary syndrome is not unequivocally established, and there is concern for an increased risk of re-thrombosis. A low platelet count is another cause of bleeding in the intensive cardiac care unit. The main aetiologies are drug usage (unfractionated heparin and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors), such thrombotic microangiopathies as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and disseminated intravascular coagulation, that are often paradoxically associated with thrombotic manifestations. In conclusion, evidence-based recommendations for the management of bleeding in patients admitted to the intensive cardiac care unit are lacking. Accurate assessments of the risk of bleeding in the individual and prevention measures are the most valid strategies.
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Beerling, David. The Emerald Planet. Oxford University Press, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192806024.001.0001.
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Global warming is contentious and difficult to measure, even among the majority of scientists who agree that it is taking place. Will temperatures rise by 2ºC or 8ºC over the next hundred years? Will sea levels rise by 2 or 30 feet? The only way that we can accurately answer questions like these is by looking into the distant past, for a comparison with the world long before the rise of mankind. We may currently believe that atmospheric shifts, like global warming, result from our impact on the planet, but the earth's atmosphere has been dramatically shifting since its creation. This book reveals the crucial role that plants have played in determining atmospheric change - and hence the conditions on the planet we know today. Along the way a number of fascinating puzzles arise: Why did plants evolve leaves? When and how did forests once grow on Antarctica? How did prehistoric insects manage to grow so large? The answers show the extraordinary amount plants can tell us about the history of the planet -- something that has often been overlooked amongst the preoccuputations with dinosaur bones and animal fossils. David Beerling's surprising conclusions are teased out from various lines of scientific enquiry, with evidence being brought to bear from fossil plants and animals, computer models of the atmosphere, and experimental studies. Intimately bound up with the narrative describing the dynamic evolution of climate and life through Earth's history, we find Victorian fossil hunters, intrepid polar explorers and pioneering chemists, alongside wallowing hippos, belching volcanoes, and restless landmasses.
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Mahmood, Syed. History of English Education in India: Its Rise, Development, Progress, Present Condition and Prospects, Being a Narrative of the Various Phases of Educational Policy and Measures Adopted under the British Rule from Its Beginning to the Present Period,. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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History of English Education in India: Its Rise, Development, Progress, Present Condition and Prospects, Being a Narrative of the Various Phases of Educational Policy and Measures Adopted under the British Rule from Its Beginning to the Present Period,. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Westreich, Daniel. Epidemiology by Design. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190665760.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
As the cornerstone science of public health, evidence-based medicine, and comparative effectiveness research, a clear understanding of study designs is central to the study of epidemiology. Causal inference is increasingly being understood as the theoretical foundation underlying epidemiologic study designs and the science as a whole. This textbook takes a causal approach to traditional introductory epidemiology, through the organizing principle of study designs and the lens of modern causal inference approaches (potential outcomes, counterfactuals, identification conditions). The intended audience is first-year graduate students and advanced undergraduates in epidemiology and allied fields more broadly. Section I introduces measures of prevalence and incidence (survival curves, risks, rates, odds) and measures of contrast (differences, ratios), the fundamentals of causal inference, and principles of diagnostic testing, screening, and surveillance. Section II describes three key study designs through the lens of causal inference: randomized trials, prospective observational cohort studies, and case-control studies. For each, the author discusses logistics and conduct, advantages and disadvantages including biases, basic approaches to analysis, and briefly reviews several additional study designs. Section III extends material in previous sections, moving from concerns about internal validity (within a sample) to questions of external validity and population impact. This book provides new students with a rigorous foundation in epidemiologic methods and an introduction to methods and thinking in causal inference, serving as an excellent foundation for further study of the field.
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Baldwin, Kenneth G. H., Mark Howden, Michael H. Smith, Karen Hussey, and Peter J. Dawson, eds. Transitioning to a Prosperous, Resilient and Carbon-Free Economy. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781316389553.
Full textAbstract:
This book is a comprehensive manual for decision-makers and policy leaders addressing the issues around human caused climate change, which threatens communities with increasing extreme weather events, sea level rise, and declining habitability of some regions due to desertification or inundation. The book looks at both mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming and adaption to changing conditions as the climate changes. It encourages the early adoption of climate change measures, showing that rapid decarbonisation and improved resilience can be achieved while maintaining prosperity. The book takes a sector-by-sector approach, starting with energy and includes cities, industry, natural resources, and agriculture, enabling practitioners to focus on actions relevant to their field. It uses case studies across a range of countries, and various industries, to illustrate the opportunities available. Blending technological insights with economics and policy, the book presents the tools decision-makers need to achieve rapid decarbonisation, whilst unlocking and maintaining productivity, profit, and growth.
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Sillis, Margaret, and David Longbottom. Chlamydiosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0017.
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Chlamydial pathogens cause a wide-range of infections and disease, known as chlamydioses, in humans, other mammals and birds. The causative organisms are Gram-negative obligate intracellular bacteria that undergo a unique biphasic developmental cycle involving the infectious elementary body and the metabolically-active, non-infectious reticulate body. At least two species, Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus, are recognized as causes of zoonotic infections in humans worldwide, mainly affecting persons exposed to infected psittacine and other birds, especially ducks, turkeys, and pigeons, and less commonly to animals, particularly sheep. Outbreaks occur amongst aviary workers, poultry processing workers, and veterinarians. Infection is transmitted through inhalation of infected aerosols contaminated by avian droppings, nasal discharges, or products of ovine gestation or abortion. Person to person transmission is rare. Control strategies have met with variable success depending on the degree of compliance or enforcement of legislation. In the United Kingdom control is secondary, resulting from protection of national poultry flocks by preventing the importation of Newcastle disease virus using quarantine measures. Improved standards of husbandry, transport conditions, and chemoprophylaxis are useful for controlling reactivation of latent avian chlamydial infection. Vaccination has had limited effect in controlling ovine infection. Improved education of persons in occupational risk groups and the requirement for notification may encourage a more energetic approach to its control.
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Lal, Mira. Women’s psychosomatic health promotion and the biopsychosociocultural nexus. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0008.
Full textAbstract:
Chapter 8 discusses the promotion of women's psychosomatic health by prevention or early treatment of cancer and obesity. Health providers have to consider the biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors that alter psychosomatic interactions to generate these health conditions. Primary/secondary prevention need more emphasis than tertiary prevention or treatment. The transition of normal cervical epithelium to cervical-intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and the progression of CIN 2/3 to cancer is preventable. Two-thirds of patients with CIN have HPV infection. Cervical screening allows astute clinical decision-making as CIN could revert back to normal epithelium. Colposcopically-directed early treatment of CIN 2/3 is a secondary preventive measure. Cervical screening has reduced cervical cancer in the West but organised screening is unavailable in low-middle income countries where cervical cancer is common. Sociocultural practices promote unsafe sex, such as when minors in these countries acquire HPV infection through marriage to an older infected male or when women/adolescents are war victims. Inebriated party-goers may acquire HPV infection through unsafe sex. HPV vaccines protect against 70% of carcinogenic HPV strains only. Serious adverse effects after vaccination are uncommon. Barrier contraception prevents HPV, and other sexually transmitted diseases. Obesity increases the risk of endometrial cancer. Type-1 endometrial cancer relates to obesity and starts at a younger age, unlike type-2. Obesity also affects fertility. Transgenerational changes in the fetus of the obese gravida can promote obese offspring. Bariatric surgery for obesity is however expensive, with a potential for complications. WHO directives thus advise on prevention of obesity, and the overweight habitus. Primary prevention of obesity through lifestyle changes should start in childhood.
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Ng, Wan-Fai, Arjan Vissink, Elke Theander, and Francisco Figueiredo. Sjögren’s syndrome—management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0128.
Full textAbstract:
Management of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) encompasses confirmation of diagnosis, disease assessment, and treatment of glandular and systemic manifestations including special situations such as pregnancy and SS-related lymphoma. The American European Consensus Group classification criteria 2002 are the current gold standard for the diagnosis of SS. Salivary gland sialometry, sialochemistry, and ultrasound and tear osmolarity may be useful adjuncts. Symptoms of SS are non-specific and must be actively explored. When assessing patients with SS, it is important to consider not only objective parameters such as abnormalities in blood tests and changes in tear and salivary flow, but also patient-reported outcome measures and impact on quality of life. Current management of patients with SS is hampered by the lack of evidence-based strategies. The symptoms experienced by patients with SS are often not fully appreciated by clinicians, which may contribute to the suboptimal management of the condition. Management of fatigue remains a major challenge and a holistic, multidisciplinary approach is recommended. Factors that may contribute to fatigue should be fully addressed. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SS have informed more targeted therapeutic strategies with some promising data. Optimal management of SS requires expertise from different disciplines. Combined clinics with rheumatology, oral medicine, and ophthalmology input will improve care and communications as well as reduce the number of clinic visits for patients and healthcare-related cost. Effective link between pSS specialists, dentists, opticians, and general practitioners will facilitate early diagnosis and reduce risk of long-term disability of SS.
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Ottonelli, Valeria, and Tiziana Torresi. The Right Not to Stay. Oxford University PressOxford, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192866776.001.0001.
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Abstract A central question in the debate on justice in immigration is whether immigrants have a right to stay; this book argues that liberal-democratic receiving states should also grant migrants a right not to stay. This claim runs against the presumption that migrants always desire to move on a permanent basis and intend to forge a completely new life in the country of destination. From this perspective, temporary migration is always a second-best option for migrants, engendered by the closed and often punitive migration policies of receiving countries. This book’s innovative focus on the right not to stay is prompted instead by the realization that increasing numbers of migrants throughout the world conceive and plan their migratory experience as circumscribed in time and instrumental to goals and projects that they will pursue once back in their country of origin. These temporary migration projects are worthy of being accommodated by the receiving states as much as the migratory plans of those who resolve or aim to immigrate on a permanent basis. Accommodating them entails setting up the appropriate welfare measures and programmes in the host country and, through bi-lateral agreements, in the country of return. This is especially important in view of the fact that very often the migrants who engage in temporary migration projects find themselves in a condition of high vulnerability and risk. The ‘right not to stay’ advocated in this book is a positive and substantive right to see one’s project of temporary migration-and-return protected and accommodated by institutions.
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Ng, Wan-Fai, Arjan Vissink, Elke Theander, and Francisco Figueiredo. Sjögren’s syndrome—management. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0128_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Management of Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) encompasses confirmation of diagnosis, disease assessment, and treatment of glandular and systemic manifestations including special situations such as pregnancy and SS-related lymphoma. The American European Consensus Group (AECG) classification criteria 2002 are the current gold standard for the diagnosis of SS. Salivary gland sialometry, sialochemistry, and ultrasound and tear osmolarity may be useful adjuncts. Recently, preliminary classification criteria of the American College of Rheumatology have been introduced as an alternative to the AECG criteria. Symptoms of SS are non-specific and must be actively explored. When assessing patients with SS, it is important to consider not only objective parameters such as abnormalities in blood tests and changes in tear and salivary flow, but also patient-reported outcome measures and impact on quality of life. Current management of patients with SS is hampered by the lack of evidence-based strategies. The symptoms experienced by patients with SS are often not fully appreciated by clinicians, which may contribute to the suboptimal management of the condition. Management of fatigue remains a major challenge and a holistic, multidisciplinary approach is recommended. Factors that may contribute to fatigue should be fully addressed. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of SS have informed more targeted therapeutic strategies with some promising data. Optimal management of SS requires expertise from different disciplines. Combined clinics with rheumatology, oral medicine, and ophthalmology input will improve care and communications as well as reduce the number of clinic visits for patients and healthcare-related cost. Effective link between pSS specialists, dentists, opticians, and general practitioners will facilitate early diagnosis and reduce risk of long-term disability of SS.
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Bortolotti, Lisa. The Epistemic Innocence of Irrational Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863984.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Ideally, we would have beliefs that satisfy norms of truth and rationality, as well as fostering the acquisition, retention and use of other relevant information. In reality, we have limited cognitive capacities and are subject to motivational biases on an everyday basis, and may also experience impairments in perception, memory, learning, and reasoning in the course of our lives. Such limitations and impairments give rise to distorted memory beliefs, confabulated explanations, elaborated delusional beliefs, motivated delusional beliefs, and optimistically biased beliefs. In the book, Bortolotti argues that some irrational beliefs qualify as epistemically innocent, where the notion of epistemic innocence captures the fact that in some contexts the adoption, maintenance or reporting of the beliefs delivers significant epistemic benefits that could not be easily attained otherwise. Epistemic innocence is a weaker notion than epistemic justification, as it does not imply that the epistemic benefits of the irrational belief outweigh its epistemic costs. However, it clarifies the relationship between the epistemic and psychological effects of irrational beliefs on agency. It is misleading to assume that epistemic rationality and psychological adaptiveness always go hand-in-hand, but also that there is a straight-forward trade off between them. Rather, epistemic irrationality can lead to psychological adaptiveness and psychological adaptiveness in turn can support the attainment of epistemic goals. Recognising the circumstances in which irrational beliefs enhance or restore epistemic performance informs our mutual interactions and enables us to take measures to reduce their irrationality without undermining the conditions for epistemic success.
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McLauchlin, J. Listeriosis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570028.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
Listeriosis occurs in a variety of animals including humans, and most often affects the pregnant uterus, the central nervous system (CNS) or the bloodstream. During pregnancy, infection spreads to the foetus, which will either be born severely ill or die in-utero. In non-pregnant animals, listeriosis usually presents as meningitis, encephalitis. In humans, infection most often occurs in the immunocompromised and elderly, and to a lesser extent the pregnant woman, the unborn, or the newly delivered infant. Infection can be treated successfully with antibiotics, however 20–40% of human cases are fatal..In domestic animals (especially in sheep and goats) listeriosis usually presents as encephalitis, abortion, or septicaemia, and is a cause of considerable economic loss.The genus Listeria comprises six species of Gram-positive bacteria. Almost all cases of listeriosis are due to Listeria monocytogenes although up to 10% of cases in sheep are due to Listeria ivanovii.Listeriae are ubiquitous in the environment worldwide, especially in sites with decaying organic vegetable material. Many animals carry the organism in the faeces without serious infection. The consumption of contaminated food or feed is the principal route of transmission for both humans and animals, however other means of transmission occur.Human listeriosis is rare (<1 to > 10 cases per million people in North America and Western Europe), but because of the high mortality rate, it is amongst the most important causes of death from food-borne infections in industrialized countries. In the UK, human listeriosis is the biggest single cause of death from a preventable food-borne disease. Listeriosis in domestic animals is a cause of considerable economic loss. Control measures should be directed towards both to exclude Listeria from food or feed as well as inhibiting its multiplication and survival. Silage which is spoiled or mouldy should not be used, and care should be taken to maintain anaerobic conditions for as long as possible.Dietary advice is available for disease prevention, particularly targeted at ‘at risk’ individuals to modify their diet to avoid eating specific foods such as soft cheese and pâté.
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Levy, Ron, Ian O'Flynn, and Hoi L. Kong. Deliberative Peace Referendums. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198867036.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
‘Peace referendums’, which seek to manage armed conflict, are increasingly common around the world. Yet such referendums remain erratic forces—liable as often to aggravate as to resolve tensions. In this book we consider when, despite their risks, referendums can play useful roles amid conflict. We argue that this largely depends on a referendum’s design, including how well it incorporates contemporary lessons from the theory and practice of deliberative democracy. Deliberative democracy seeks to channel disagreement into reasoned forms of decision-making—for instance, by identifying certain ‘public’ values around which disparate groups may find a measure of common ground. As yet, however, few deliberative democracy scholars have advanced arguments for referendums in conflict societies. This is unsurprising: while designing a referendum to be deliberative is a challenge even in the most peaceable of societies, in a conflict society it is harder still. Nevertheless, discounting deliberative institutional schemes because deliberation appears too difficult, and a society too conflictual, overlooks the possibility that some armed conflict can be traced to scarce opportunities to deliberate in the first place. Using a distinctive combination of deliberative democratic and constitutional theory, and also drawing from the field of conflict studies, we develop what we call the Deliberative Peace Referendum—a referendum held under conditions of conflict and designed to be deliberative. This kind of referendum has two broad objectives: to assist a peace settlement to be achieved, and to secure the settlement’s long-term resilience. After scaffolding a tenuous agreement, the referendum may help to concretize an agreement as a durable constitutional settlement by drawing on deliberative democracy’s perceived legitimacy. A Deliberative Peace Referendum thus takes aim at the standard pathologies of referendums—pathologies that must be addressed if referendums are to avoid repeating the problems of peace referendums in the past. Our purpose with this book is to rescue peace referendums from their habitual under-theorization and poor design, and to rehabilitate them as genuine tools of conflict management.