Journal articles on the topic 'Conditional language modelling'
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Rezaee, Abbas A., Majid Nemati, and Seyyed Ehsan Golparvar. "Discourse-Pragmatic and Processing-Related Motivators of the ordering of Reason Clauses in an Academic Corpus." Research in Language 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2018): 325–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2018-0014.
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The present research is aimed at examining the relative importance of the competing motivators of the sequencing of reason clauses in a corpus of research articles of applied linguistics. All the finite reason clauses accompanied by their main clauses in this corpus were collected. Random forest of conditional inference trees is the statistical modelling in this study. The findings showed that sentence-final reason clauses outnumber sentenceinitial ones. Moreover, subordinator choice and bridging, which are discourse-pragmatic constraints on clause positioning, emerged as the two more powerful predictors of the ordering of reason clauses in this corpus. Furthermore, the complexity of the clause turned out to be a stronger processing related predictor than the length of the clause.
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Dyka, Natalia, and Oleksandra Glazova. "A new paradigm of postgraduate pedagogical education: realization of the competent approach." Continuing Professional Education: Theory and Practice, no. 3-4 (2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/1609-8595.2018.3-4.1420.
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The article describes the content characteristics of the basic concepts of research. The principal differences between competence and knowledge approaches in the educational process are revealed and a comparative characteristic is designed. The competence approach differs significantly from the knowledge of all the characteristics of the organization of the educational process: the main and fundamental difference is the focus on the result of schooling, and the result is not the amount of information learned, but the ability of a person to successfully act in different situations. Modelling the lessons that systematic and purposeful formation of subject and key competencies in students requires a different, substantially changed typology of Ukrainian language lessons. The technology of modelling of knowledge oriented Ukrainian language lessons is requested. The structure and models of modelling of competence-oriented tasks are presented. Situational tasks are an intermediate stage between the students' acquisition of theoretical knowledge and the formation of skills and abilities of the practical use of such knowledge in everyday life situations. The main task of such tasks – the formation of skills to navigate in the imaginary or conditional communication, to match the objectives and conditions of communication language means. In addition, the execution of such cases promotes the formation of not only communicative skills of students, but also the skills of the culture of communication, the adoption of rules of etiquette. Competently oriented tasks are distinguished primarily by the fact that they provide for the search activity of students, the implementation of methods of independent, pair, group research activities, the creation of conditions for the formation of objective and key competencies. Teachers are provided with counselling, teacher training, scientific and methodological clusters, trainings, seminars, webinars, etc. on the typology of competency-oriented lessons, simulation of lessons and structuring of competency-oriented tasks at teacher training courses.
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KRUGER, HAIDEE, and BERTUS VAN ROOY. "A multifactorial analysis of contact-induced change in speech reporting in written White South African English (WSAfE)." English Language and Linguistics 24, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 179–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000017.
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This article presents a corpus analysis of changes over a period of two centuries in speech-reporting constructions in written White South African English (WSAfE), a native variety of English that has been in contact with Afrikaans throughout its history. The analysis is based on register-differentiated comparable diachronic corpora of WSAfE, its parent variety, British English (BrE), and the contact language, Afrikaans. Three related reported-speech constructions are analysed, focusing on changes in the relative frequencies of variants of each construction. These constructions show ongoing change, with similar trajectories of change for WSAfE and BrE in some cases, but divergent trajectories in others. In the latter case, WSAfE and Afrikaans converge on similar frequency distributions, which follow from an accelerated rate of change or a slowing down of the rate of change for particular features in WSAfE in comparison to BrE. Descriptive findings are supported by conditional inference tree modelling. The effect of frequency on reinforcing similar patterns of change in WSAfE and Afrikaans, as well as simplification through the levelling of register differences in WSAfE and Afrikaans are proposed as explanations. The study highlights the importance of converging norms in a multilingual publication industry as a site of contact.
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Leung, K. Y., M. W. Mak, M. H. Siu, and S. Y. Kung. "Adaptive articulatory feature-based conditional pronunciation modeling for speaker verification." Speech Communication 48, no. 1 (January 2006): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2005.05.013.
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LADDHA, ABHISHEK, and ARJUN MUKHERJEE. "Aspect opinion expression and rating prediction via LDA–CRF hybrid." Natural Language Engineering 24, no. 4 (April 22, 2018): 611–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135132491800013x.
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AbstractIn this paper, we study the problem of aspect-based sentiment analysis. Our model simultaneously extracts aspect-specific opinion expressions and determines the rating for each aspect in reviews. Previous works have mainly focused on the problem of opinion phrase extraction and aspect rating prediction in a pipelined manner and are not able to capture the dependencies of aspect opinion expression on aspect rating and vice-versa. They are also unable to discover aspect-specific opinion expressions and their associated rating scores. We present a joint modelling approach to extract aspect-specific sentiment expression and aspect rating prediction simultaneously. This paper proposes a novel LDA–CRF hybrid model which employs discriminative conditional random field component for phrase extraction, a regression component for rating prediction and a generative component for grouping aspect–sentiment expressions (aspect-specific opinion expressions) into coherent topics. To show the effectiveness of our approach, we evaluate the performance of the model on both task: (i) aspect-specific opinion expressions and (ii) rating prediction on the dataset of hotel and restaurant reviews from TripAdvisor.com. Experimental results show that both task potentially reinforce each other and joint modeling outperformed state-of-the-art baselines for each individual tasks.
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Syahid, Ahmed, Mohammad Ali Tareq, and Aizul Nahar. "PREFERENCE MODELLING IN R: A TRIAL ON HOME BUYERS’ WILLINGNESS TO PAY." Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS 12, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 154–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23925/2179-3565.2021v12i2p154-173.
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Modelling stated preferences is an almost mystical science and as there is no data explaining how the sustainable feature in homes would effectively encourage homebuyers to invest in sustainable housing, it is important to investigate the buyers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for sustainable housing. The study of stated preferences often requires the use of specialised software or proprietary programs, which can be difficult and/or expensive to use. This study proposes to re-purpose the ‘support.CEs’ package, a program written in the R programming language, from its agronomic roots to measure home buyer preferences for sustainable housing. These are demonstrated through a stated preference discrete choice experiment of choosing model houses with differing levels of energy savings, renewable energy generation, landscaping, soundproofing, ventilation, and price differences. A pilot study was performed using an online survey, constructed using the LMA design tool provided in the ‘support.CEs’ package. The survey was also separated into six blocks of six questions each to reduce the cognitive burden on respondents. The survey was distributed through social media channels. Preliminary results with a limited sample of 20 respondents with mixed income, age, and occupational demographics, analysed using the package’s clogit function, that performs conditional logit estimations, have shown that the results have a statistically reliable adjusted rho-squared value and that all coefficients show the expected signs. From this study, it can be concluded that the ‘support.CEs’ package can be used to model home buyer preferences and that adequate blocking allows for the measurement of a higher number of variables despite having smaller sample sizes.
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Murphy, Rachel M., Joanna E. Klopotowska, Nicolette F. de Keizer, Kitty J. Jager, Jan Hendrik Leopold, Dave A. Dongelmans, Ameen Abu-Hanna, and Martijn C. Schut. "Adverse drug event detection using natural language processing: A scoping review of supervised learning methods." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): e0279842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279842.
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To reduce adverse drug events (ADEs), hospitals need a system to support them in monitoring ADE occurrence routinely, rapidly, and at scale. Natural language processing (NLP), a computerized approach to analyze text data, has shown promising results for the purpose of ADE detection in the context of pharmacovigilance. However, a detailed qualitative assessment and critical appraisal of NLP methods for ADE detection in the context of ADE monitoring in hospitals is lacking. Therefore, we have conducted a scoping review to close this knowledge gap, and to provide directions for future research and practice. We included articles where NLP was applied to detect ADEs in clinical narratives within electronic health records of inpatients. Quantitative and qualitative data items relating to NLP methods were extracted and critically appraised. Out of 1,065 articles screened for eligibility, 29 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most frequent tasks included named entity recognition (n = 17; 58.6%) and relation extraction/classification (n = 15; 51.7%). Clinical involvement was reported in nine studies (31%). Multiple NLP modelling approaches seem suitable, with Long Short Term Memory and Conditional Random Field methods most commonly used. Although reported overall performance of the systems was high, it provides an inflated impression given a steep drop in performance when predicting the ADE entity or ADE relation class. When annotating corpora, treating an ADE as a relation between a drug and non-drug entity seems the best practice. Future research should focus on semi-automated methods to reduce the manual annotation effort, and examine implementation of the NLP methods in practice.
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Thakur, Amey. "Generative Adversarial Networks." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 8 (August 31, 2021): 2307–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.37723.
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Abstract: Deep learning's breakthrough in the field of artificial intelligence has resulted in the creation of a slew of deep learning models. One of these is the Generative Adversarial Network, which has only recently emerged. The goal of GAN is to use unsupervised learning to analyse the distribution of data and create more accurate results. The GAN allows the learning of deep representations in the absence of substantial labelled training information. Computer vision, language and video processing, and image synthesis are just a few of the applications that might benefit from these representations. The purpose of this research is to get the reader conversant with the GAN framework as well as to provide the background information on Generative Adversarial Networks, including the structure of both the generator and discriminator, as well as the various GAN variants along with their respective architectures. Applications of GANs are also discussed with examples. Keywords: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Generator, Discriminator, Supervised and Unsupervised Learning, Discriminative and Generative Modelling, Backpropagation, Loss Functions, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Neural Networks, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Deep Convolutional GAN (DCGAN), Conditional GAN (cGAN), Information Maximizing GAN (InfoGAN), Stacked GAN (StackGAN), Pix2Pix, Wasserstein GAN (WGAN), Progressive Growing GAN (ProGAN), BigGAN, StyleGAN, CycleGAN, Super-Resolution GAN (SRGAN), Image Synthesis, Image-to-Image Translation.
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Bernaisch, Tobias, Stefan Th Gries, and Joybrato Mukherjee. "The dative alternation in South Asian English(es)." English World-Wide 35, no. 1 (February 21, 2014): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.35.1.02ber.
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The present paper focuses on the modelling of cross-varietal differences and similarities in South Asian English(es) and British English at the level of verb complementation. Specifically, we analyse the dative alternation with GIVE, i.e. the alternation between the double-object construction (John gave Mary a book) and the prepositional dative (John gave a book to Mary) as well as their passivised constructions with regard to the factors that potentially exert an influence on this alternation in seven varieties of English. The South Asian varieties under scrutiny are Bangladeshi English, Indian English, Maldivian English, Nepali English, Pakistani English and Sri Lankan English, while British English serves as the reference variety. The patterns of GIVE are annotated according to the following parameters including potential predictors of the dative alternation: syntactic pattern and semantic class of GIVE; syntactic complexity, animacy, discourse accessibility and pronominality of constituents (cf. Gries 2003b; Bresnan and Hay 2008). The choices of complementation patterns are then statistically modelled using conditional inference trees and a random-forest analysis. The results indicate that many of the predictors found to be relevant in British English are at play in the South Asian varieties, too. The syntactic pattern of GIVE is, in descending order, uniformly influenced by the predictors pronominality of recipient, length of recipient, semantic class of GIVE and length of patient. Interestingly, the predictor country is marginal in accounting for the dative alternation of GIVE across the varieties at hand. Based on this observation, we derive variety-independent protostructions, i.e. abstract combinations of (cross-varietally stable) features with high predictive power for a particular syntactic pattern, which we argue to be part of the lexicogrammatical “common core” (Quirk et al. 1985: 16) of English. The implications of the present paper are twofold. While the order of the predictors regarding their influence on the dative alternation is clearly compatible with earlier studies (cf. e.g. Green 1974; Ransom 1979; Hawkins 1994; Gries 2003b), the stability of the order across varieties of English calls for a) a more fine-grained gradation of linguistic forms and structures at the lexis-grammar interface as indicators of structural nativisation and b) a revision of earlier verb-complementational findings specific to individual or groups of varieties of South Asian English.
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Shnurovska, L. V. "Dynamics of Semantic and Pragmatic Framework of Modal Proposition: Linguistic and Cognitive Aspects." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 17 (August 21, 2018): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2018.17.10.
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The article outlines the linguocognitive background for semantic and pragmatic structural dynamics of the modal proposition in planes of relevance, ambiguity, force dynamics, as well as possible worlds theories. The integrated theoretical approaches entailed the development of a relatively admissible algorithm for interpreting the modal values in a vast number of pragmatic frameworks. Due to the algorithm, a modal proposition incorporates a logical relation and a propositional domain. Logical relation integrates semantic denotation and pragmatic implication and presupposition into the linguistic coherence; whereas propositional domain represents human belief-desire system and encodes the factual or desirable state of affairs in root modalities and the individual’s mental states in epistemic modalities. Propositional domain permanently updates and extends due to the constant modelling of the novel mental inputs. Structurally, the propositional domain incorporates modal operators building the proposition into the contextual framework and linking it to another proposition, i.e. the restrictor. We incorporate the notion of force dynamics to ground the link between the root and epistemic modalities. Here force serves as contributing or restricting facility to precondition the way root modalities encode the external reality and metaphorically transmit it into the language of thought producing epistemic modal values. In terms of the possible worlds theory we classified factual, regulative, desirable, and idealistic propositional domains to generally outline pragmatic extension of English modals. In the case study of distributional properties and pragmatic extensions of most commonly used English modals in their relationship to truth-conditional content, we speculated on and systematized the means via modal values such as necessity, ability, possibility, potentiality, ordering, desirability etc. are encoded in the live English speech.
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Lee, Byoung-Hoon, and Sophia Seung-Yoon Lee. "Winning Conditions of Precarious Workers’ Struggles: A Reflection Based on Case Studies from South Korea." Articles 72, no. 3 (September 27, 2017): 524–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1041096ar.
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In South Korea, many struggles of non-regular workers, who attempted to organize their unions and engage in militant action to protest against employers’ inhumane discrimination and illegal exclusion, have failed to achieve the desired outcomes, due to their vulnerable employment status and their lack of action resources. In this light, our study examines the conditions that lead to victory in precarious workers’ struggles, by focusing on three attributes: internal solidarity with regular workers, external solidarity from labour and civil society groups outside the workplace, and mobilized protest repertoires. Specifically, this study seeks to identify the configurations of these three conditions that produce successful outcomes in precarious workers’ struggles, in terms of bargaining gains and organizational sustainability. We do this by employing fs/QCA modelling to examine 30 major cases of non-regular worker struggles occurring over a 16-year period from 1998 to 2013. Our analysis presents the finding that the conditional configuration of strong external solidarity, strong internal solidarity, and fewer struggle repertoires constitutes a significant causal path to successful outcomes. This reaffirms the idea that strong solidarity bridging, whether with regular workers that have a different employment status in the segmented workplace, or with labour and civil society groups outside the workplace, is the crucial causal condition for precarious workers to achieve their desired outcomes from struggle. An unexpected finding, however, is that when precarious worker struggles mobilize fewer struggle repertoires, they are likely to achieve the successful outcomes of bargaining and organizational gains. Our study contributes to the theoretical elaboration of labour movement revitalization for the precariat class, by shedding light on the activism of precarious workers, considering that the English-language literature that pays attention to the active role of such atypical workers in staging protests against employers’ inhumane treatments and the neoliberal labour regime is limited.
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Mohanapriya, D., and Dr R. Beena. "Predicting Drug Indications and Side Effects Using Deep Learning and Transfer Learning." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 281–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21042.
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In the area of biology, text mining is commonly used since it obtains the unknown relationship among medicines, phenotypes and syndromes from much information. Enhanced Topic modeling with Improved Predict drug Indications and Side effects using Topic modelling and Natural language processing (ETP-IPISTON) has been employed to predict the drug-phenotype and drug-side effect association. Initially, corpus documents are collected from the literature data and the topics in the data are modeled using logistic Linear Discriminative Analysis (LDA) and Bi-directional Long-Short Term Memory-Conditional Random Field (BILSTM-CRF). From the sentences in the literature data, a dependency graph was constructed which discovered the relations between gene and drug. The product of the drug on phenotype rule was identified by the Gene Regulation Score (GRS) which creates the drug-topic probability matrix. The probability matrix and a syntactic distance measure was processed in Classification and Regression Tree (CART), Naïve Bayes (NB), logistic regression and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) classifiers for estimating the drug-gene and drug-side effects. Besides the literature data, social media offers various promising resources with massive volume of data that can be useful in the drug-phenotype and drug-side effect association prediction. So in this paper, drug information with gene, disease and side effects are extracted from different social media such as Twitter, Facebook and LinkedIn and it can be used with the literature data to provide more relevant disease and drug relations. In addition to this, topic modeling with transfer learning is introduced to consider the element categories, probability of overlapping elements and deep contextual significance of a text for better modeling of topics. The topic modeling with transfer learning shares as much knowledge as possible between the literature data and social media information for topic modeling. The topics from social media and literature data are used for creating the drug-topic matrix. The probability matrix and syntactic distance measure are given as input to CART, NB, logistic regression and CNN for estimating the drug-gene and drug-side effect association. This proposed work is named as Enhanced Topic Modeling with Transfer Leaning- IPISTON (ETPTL-IPISTON). The simulation findings exhibit that the efficiency of ETPTL-IPISTON than the traditional methods.
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Gorinova, Maria I., Andrew D. Gordon, Charles Sutton, and Matthijs Vákár. "Conditional Independence by Typing." ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 44, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3490421.
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A central goal of probabilistic programming languages (PPLs) is to separate modelling from inference. However, this goal is hard to achieve in practice. Users are often forced to re-write their models to improve efficiency of inference or meet restrictions imposed by the PPL. Conditional independence (CI) relationships among parameters are a crucial aspect of probabilistic models that capture a qualitative summary of the specified model and can facilitate more efficient inference. We present an information flow type system for probabilistic programming that captures conditional independence (CI) relationships and show that, for a well-typed program in our system, the distribution it implements is guaranteed to have certain CI-relationships. Further, by using type inference, we can statically deduce which CI-properties are present in a specified model. As a practical application, we consider the problem of how to perform inference on models with mixed discrete and continuous parameters. Inference on such models is challenging in many existing PPLs, but can be improved through a workaround, where the discrete parameters are used implicitly , at the expense of manual model re-writing. We present a source-to-source semantics-preserving transformation, which uses our CI-type system to automate this workaround by eliminating the discrete parameters from a probabilistic program. The resulting program can be seen as a hybrid inference algorithm on the original program, where continuous parameters can be drawn using efficient gradient-based inference methods, while the discrete parameters are inferred using variable elimination. We implement our CI-type system and its example application in SlicStan: a compositional variant of Stan. 1
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Randviir, Anti. "From systematic semiotic modelling to pseudointentional reference." Sign Systems Studies 47, no. 1/2 (August 8, 2019): 8–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2019.47.1-2.01.
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Societies as open social systems work through semiotic modelling systems. We view their relevance for shaping primary and secondary needs, as well as metaneeds that are conditioned in social systems. Through conditioning in socialization, semiotic reality can be naturalized up to a level where we can start speaking about not only unconscious, but also unintentional semiosic activity. By that, the very realm of indexicality will be questioned. If indexicality is conjoined with unintended referentiality, then unintentional semiosis means the blurring and fusion of realities far beyond the so-called simulacral semiotic spaces. It is especially acute in the context of the development of technological availabilities where the physical, the semiotic, and the purely virtual reality merge. That quite novel phenomenon is exemplified by semiotic insularization. What follows is that it is hard to define the research object, for the subject is fading away, the real and the virtual are intermingling also in terms of their inhabitants (biological humans, computer users, avatars, virtual identities). Thus the pragmatic dimension of semiotics is gradually becoming lost. Also, the referential reality is moving farther from the informational space created and represented in “traditional” discursive flows, rather becoming based on pseudoreferential clues of meaning making.
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Prishchepova, I. V. "Overcoming Disorthography of Primary Schoolchildren with General Speech Underdevelopment." Russian language at school 81, no. 3 (May 21, 2020): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.30515/0131-6141-2020-81-3-46-51.
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The article discusses mechanisms of various kinds of disorthography (conditioned by the underdevelopment of morphological, phonemic and graphical bases of orthographic activity) in schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment. It offers basic methodology and techniques to correct disorthography conditioned by inadequate child acquisition of phonemic, traditional principles of orthography and principles of graphics. A systematic work on the development of psychological and language components of this type of learning activity coupled with oral speech disorder overcoming facilitates successful acquisition of program requirements by such children. The following methods were used: practical (exercises, modelling, construction, schematization, games), visual (observation, image study, image and practical activity results demonstration, stimulus material demonstration), verbal methods (conversation, narration, method of language analysis and synthesis, grammar and orthographic tasks solution). The article covers the results of many years of positive experience in the correction of various types of disorthography of primary schoolchildren with general speech underdevelopment. Formation of grammatical and orthographic activity, the basics of speech and language competences, Russian language academic performance increase are prerequisites of linguistic personality development and child self-development. The practical importance of the research lies in the development and testing of methods of disorthography correction of children with general speech underdevelopment. The given methodology helps to improve their spelling skills and allows to carry out a purposeful and controlled formation of spelling activity. The results can be used in the work of speech therapy centers and educational establishments which carry out inclusive students’ education.
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Bisenbaeva, Zhanat. "Meta language communicative competence enhancement model." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 8 (December 31, 2019): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i8.4546.
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This research discusses the issue of meta language communicative competence (MCC) enhancement model. This investigation represents the model of the MLCC process with its necessary components applied to the language teaching. This research is of significant value as a contribution to the language teaching policy not only in Kazakhstan but abroad as well. It demonstrates that the MCC development process helps to improve the teaching process and make the system work properly. In recent years, in line with the communicative and especially the competence approach in the domestic and foreign science actively developed the problem of enhancement of meta communicative competence MLCC ‘as a mandatory competency component of professional development of a modern specialist’ in different branches of science such as philosophy, sociology, psychology, pedagogy, cultural studies, economics and ethics. Such a multifaceted study of the phenomenon of MLCC is determined by the dynamics of social life to find the real needs of today's ideological orientation and the necessity of its formation in the learning process. In the present time, a considerable fund is accumulated that allows to explore the topic of the research: issues of implementation of MCC enhancement model. The necessity of this research, as it follows from the above, is conditioned by the urgent need to train specialists in MLCC in a foreign language in the framework of activities as well as its theoretical and practical underdevelopment.
Keywords: Approach, meta, communicative, competence, modelling.
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Arymbaeva, Kulimkhan, Sh N. Aldibekova, Galiya Abayeva, Zhanat Bisenbaeva, R. Kaimova, and Zhanat Bisenbaeva. "Pedagogical bases of language communicative competence enhancement model of future specialists." New Trends and Issues Proceedings on Humanities and Social Sciences 6, no. 7 (December 31, 2019): 231–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/prosoc.v6i7.4565.
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This research discusses the issue of language communicative competence (CC) enhancement model. This investigation represents the model of the LCC process with its necessary components applied to the language teaching. This research is of significant value as a contribution to the language teaching policy not only in Kazakhstan but abroad as well. It demonstrates that the CC development process helps to improve the teaching process and make the system work properly. In recent years, in line with the communicative and especially the competence approach in the domestic and foreign science actively developed the problem of enhancement of communicative competence LCC ‘as a mandatory competency component of profes-sional development of a modern specialist’ in different branches of science such as philosophy, sociology, psychology, peda-gogy, cultural studies, economics and ethics. Such a multifaceted study of the phenomenon of LCC is determined by the dynamics of social life to find the real needs of today's ideological orientation and the necessity of its formation in the learning process. In the present time, a considerable fund is accumulated that allows to explore the topic of the research: issues of implementation of CC enhancement model. The necessity of this research, as it follows from the above, is conditioned by the urgent need to train specialists in LCC in a foreign language in the framework of activities as well as its theoretical and practical underdevelopment.
Keywords: Approach, meta, communicative, competence, modelling.
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Anders, Jake, Morag Henderson, Vanessa Moulton, and Alice Sullivan. "Incentivising Specific Combinations of Subjects – Does It Make Any Difference to University Access?" National Institute Economic Review 243 (February 2018): R37—R52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002795011824300113.
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A major part of the 2010–15 UK government's education reforms in England was a focus on the curriculum that pupils study from ages 14–16. Most high profile was the introduction of the English Baccalaureate (EBacc) performance measure for schools, incentivising study of “subjects the Russell Group identifies as key for university study” (Gibb, 2011). However, there does not appear to be good quantitative evidence about the importance of studying such a set of subjects, per se. This paper sets out to analyse this question, considering whether otherwise similar young people who study specific sets of subjects (full set for EBacc-eligibility, two or more sciences, foreign languages, applied subjects) to age 16 have different probabilities of entering university, and specifically a high-status university. It compares results from regression modelling and propensity score matching, taking advantage of rich survey data from a recent cohort of young people in England. We find that conditional differences in university entry attributable to subject choice are, at most, small.
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Bober, N. M. "Methodological Corpora Toolkit and its Possibilities for Modelling Cognitive and Semantic Matrices." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 9. Current Trends in Language Development, no. 19 (January 12, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series9.2019.19.03.
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The article substantiates the necessity and effectiveness of involvement of corpus tools for studying the semantics of a word from the standpoint of interpretation of its cognitive nature, whose representatives have defended the encyclopaedic nature of meaning in general, unlike the views of scholars of classical structural semantics. In this connection, the correctness of Plungyan’s hypothesis that linguistics “outlines the contours of a new model of language, which is significantly and fundamentally different from the former models postulated in the last quarter of the XX century,” is commented on. Given this understanding of linguistic meaning and its role in presenting a new model of language, it has been suggested that it is important to study it in a broad and narrow context, in particular in terms of the combinatorial potencies of words – their lexical and grammatical compatibility, closely linked in corpus linguistics with such concepts such as collocations and colligations. The definitions of both terms have been clarified, and convincing arguments have been made in favour of the fact that collocations are conditionally free combinations of words used to characterize stereotypical situations and are displayed in the language of the native speakers in the form of ready phrases with inherent semantics, while colligations are limited by the morphological-syntactic frame of a certain structure. The methodological experience of corpus studies of colligations and collocations is analysed and proposed to be used to construct cognitive-semantic matrices of phrasal verbs in English. The main focus is on the capabilities of the Sketch Engine corpus system, in particular the availability of tools (Collocations, Word sketch, Thesaurus, Clustering, Sketch diff, etc.) that allow to integrate the classical (structural) method of distribution-statistical analysis of phrase-verbal collocations and colligations, and the method of lexico-semantic clustering, and the method of combinatorial syntagmatics. A hypothetical conclusion has been formulated that these and other procedural methods together will facilitate the disclosure of cognitive-semantic connections between the units under study with quantitative and statistical calculations of their performance. It is proved that the corpus-oriented principle of combinatorial syntagmatics becomes the leading methodological principle of modern cognitive-interpretative semantics.
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Lemyk, Iryna M. "Innovative Methods of Teaching Classical Languages (Using the Example of Latin)." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University. Series «Pedagogy and Psychology» 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52534/msu-pp.8(2).2022.18-24.
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The main competencies and skills of students should be professional and communicative skills to represent the potential of didactic discourse, the unit of which is various pedagogical texts. Cognitive activity of students is associated with the acquisition of special knowledge and development of professional speech, which occurs not immediately, but gradually, in the process of assimilation and awareness of a personal educational goal. The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to investigate the specific features of using innovative methods for learning classical languages and solve the problems faced by teachers of “dead” languages. The purpose of the study is to investigate the methods of teaching classical languages using the example of Latin and search for ways for their adaptation to modern innovative teaching methods. The methodology is based on analysis, synthesis, and a modelling method. During the study, the main innovative teaching methods that are currently used in the educational process were identified, and the advantages and disadvantages of the methods under consideration were identified. The problems encountered by teachers of “dead” languages, Latin in particular, during the teaching process have also been identified since “dead” languages do not generate much interest among students, as their use is limited to narrow areas. Innovative technologies are designed to revive interest in studying subjects that are not widely used in everyday life, and also make this process as efficient as possible. It was concluded that in modern conditions, the teacher should monitor the development of information and communication technologies and constantly improve their skills to ensure an up-to-date educational process. The practical significance of the study lies in a comprehensive analysis of methods of teaching classical languages, based on which the teacher can determine which of the methods will be more effective for a particular model of teaching the subject
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Zhang, Zhan, Yuehai Wang, and Jianyi Yang. "Text-conditioned Transformer for automatic pronunciation error detection." Speech Communication 130 (June 2021): 55–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2021.04.004.
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Ponomarenko, I. N., V. A. Kryzhanovskaya, and N. A. Segal. "ASYMMETRICAL BASIS OF THE ANTITHESIS WITH THE OPPOSITION SELF / OTHER IN MODERN MEDIATEXTS." Voprosy Kognitivnoy Lingvistiki, no. 3 (2020): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20916/1812-3228-2020-3-111-116.
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The article analyzes the asymmetrical basis of the antithesis with the opposition self / other in modern mediatexts. The aim is to state and interpret the peculiar linguistic realization of the asymmetrical basis of the antithesis with the opposition self / other in modern mediatexts. The study systematizes theoretical statements arguing asymmetrical relations as basic characteristics of language and text. Besides, it proves dominating role of asymmetry in modelling Russian media space. The article highlights that media discourse asymmetry, which became the object of scientific research only in the last decade, is caused by the manipulative character of media texts. As a result of factual material analysis, there was made a conclusion that early XXI century mediatexts are a priori asymmetrical. They contain both communicative and linguistic asymmetry resting mainly on contrast between linguistic and contextual antonyms which demonstrate diametrically opposite political views and divide political space into self and other. Antithesis self / other is not only a key opposition of political discourse; it also models socio-political relations. The article contains analysis of the opposition self / other as well as its explicators we / they, friend / enemy used in mediatexts. The study proves axiological fixedness of all explicators of the antithesis opposition conditioned by both linguistic and extra linguistic reasons. The authors draw the conclusion that actual mediatext based on the antithesis with the opposition self / other is the crucial way for politicians and journalists to manipulate the subjects of political communication by forming constructive or destructive images of states, political leaders, parties or organizations. A significant result of the study is that interaction of the addresser’s and addressee’s cognitive systems is based on historical and socio-political experience, the system of values, the idea of state’s as well as individual politician’s perspective. It is combination of factors that makes the foundation for coding and decoding information, and routes realities of political world basing on the opposition self / other.
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Hicham, Fakiri, Hadjoui Abdelhamid, and O. Nabil Mohammed. "Fluid-structure interactions of internal pressure pipeline using the hierarchical finite element method." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 13, no. 9 (September 2021): 168781402110412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/16878140211041262.
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We study the influence of the fluid with the structure in vibration between fluid and structure of a cylinder of circular section granted by the phenomenon of the interaction fluid structure of a conditioned flow of laminar nature and incompressible in the form of the macrostructure. These two phenomena by the mechanical relations of stresses according to displacements, modelled by a cylinder. The analysis of the vibrations of cylinders filled with fluid is studied with limiting conditions of fluid and the solid with the coupling conditioned by its limits of action-reaction in forces. The problem of the cylindrical pipe is formulated by deriving the deformation and the kinetic energies of the vibrating cylinder with and its fluid to have different natural frequencies, we use the principle of Hamilton change the problem in the expression of the equation cylindrical differential which gives three displacement functions in a system of partial differential equations of the cylindrical coordinate of circular section which meet the limiting conditions imposed at both ends. Let us apply the Navier-Stocks equation in cylindrical coordinates, with the fluid continuity equation, for the solid equation of mechanical behaviour of stresses in terms of displacement by strain. To obtain the results of natural frequencies we use the Galerkin method for solid and for Galerkin-time fluid. Where the liquid influences the inner surface of the circular cylinder, depending on the condition of the coupling that the stresses of the solid are equal to the stresses fluid. The modelling is done by a computer language (MATLAB), the hierarchical finite element method is presented by a Legendre polynomial with double integral of Rodrigues, to arrive at the final formula of the mass-rigidity matrix, which dissects on three parts (fluid, coupling and structure). Based on a comparison with experimental results. We continue to study some geometrical and physical parameters which influence the natural frequencies, in a proportional or inversely proportional way.
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Muñoz-Mas, Rafael, Martina Carrete, Pilar Castro-Díez, Miguel Delibes-Mateos, Josep A. Jaques, Marta López-Darias, Manuel Nogales, et al. "Management of invasive alien species in Spain: A bibliometric review." NeoBiota 70 (December 14, 2021): 123–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.70.68202.
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Scientific and grey literature on invasive alien species (IAS) is conditioned by social, economic and political priorities, editorial preferences and species and ecosystem characteristics. This leads to knowledge gaps and mismatches between scientific research interests and management needs. We reviewed the literature on IAS management in Spain found in Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Dialnet to identify key deficiencies and priority research areas. The collected literature was classified, employing features describing formal aspects and content. We used bibliometric and keyword co-occurrence network analyses to assess the relationship between features and reveal the existence of additional topics. Most of the compiled documents (n = 388) were focused on terrestrial ecosystems and inland waters, whereas marine and urban ecosystems were under-represented. The literature was largely generic and not species-specific, focusing on raising awareness and proposing changes on current regulation as prominent approaches to prevent further introductions. The compiled authors exhibited many clear publishing preferences (e.g. language or document type), but less regarding target taxa. In addition, there was a strong association between species and the different features considered, especially between the methodological approach (e.g. review, field experiment) and the primary emphasis of study (i.e. basic/theoretical, applied or interdisciplinary). This indicates that research on IAS has had a strong species-specific focus. References about terrestrial species focused mainly on vascular plants, whereas references about inland waters were mostly on fishes and the giant reed (Arundo donax), which has been managed with partial success. Animal culling and plant removal were the most frequent eradication and small-scale control treatments, whereas the documents addressing wider spatial scales were largely theoretical. Consequently, the success of described treatments was largely uncertain. Spanish invasion science research has been occasionally innovative, incorporating novel technologies (e.g. species distribution modelling) and engaging society with citizen-science approaches. However, the ratio between basic/theoretical and applied studies indicates that more applied research/management is needed, especially in inland waters and marine ecosystems. We call for increasing effort in the effective dissemination of experience in IAS management to enhance current practical knowledge, including that of schemes undertaken by public agencies.
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Egg, Markus, and Debopam Das. "Signalling conditional relations." Linguistics Vanguard, June 21, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2021-0027.
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Abstract We investigate how discourse relations and their subtypes are signalled, extending the set of discourse signals from connectives and lexical cue phrases to the wide range of semantic, syntactic, and orthographic signals of the RST Signalling Corpus (Das, Debopam & Maite Taboada. 2018. RST signalling corpus. Language Resources and Evaluation 52. 149–184). This extension requires re-evaluating previous predictions on discourse signalling, in particular, those of Sanders, Ted. 2005. Coherence, causality and cognitive complexity in discourse. In M. Aurnague, M. Bras, A. Le Draoulec & L. Vieu (eds.), Proceedings/Actes SEM-05, first international symposium on the exploration and modelling of meaning, 105–114. Biarritz causality-by-default hypothesis, the hypothesis of uniform information density (Frank, Austin & Florian Jaeger. 2008. Speaking rationally: Uniform information density as an optimal strategy for language production. In Proceedings of the 30th annual meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 933–938. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7d08h6j4 (accessed 18 May 2022)), and the hypothesis that discourse is continuous by preference (Segal, Erwin, Judith Duchan & Paula Scott. 1991. The role of interclausal connectives in narrative structuring. Discourse Processes 14. 27–54; Murray, John. 1997. Connectives and narrative text. Memory and Cognition 25. 227–236). We evaluate the predictions of these theories on the conditional relations in the RST Discourse Treebank (Carlson, Lynn, Daniel Marcu & Mary Ellen Okurowski. 2002. RST Discourse Treebank. LDC2002T07. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium), using causal relations as a control group. Informativity and continuity are operationalized in terms of semantic complexity and Givón, Talmy. 1993. English grammar: A function-based introduction, vol. 2. Amsterdam: John Benjamins dimensions of deictic shift. Our results show that the hypotheses make accurate predictions only for the relation groups in their entirety but not for the observed in-group variation, in particular, the low amount of marking for the hypothetical subtype of conditional relations. We attribute this difference to the distribution of intra- and inter-sentential occurrences across the conditional subtypes: intra-sentential relations are consistently more marked than inter-sentential ones, and hypothetical relations are special in that they appear predominantly inter-sententially.
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Nouman, Ahmed, Volkan Patoglu, and Esra Erdem. "Hybrid conditional planning for robotic applications." International Journal of Robotics Research, October 19, 2020, 027836492096378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0278364920963783.
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Robots who have partial observability of and incomplete knowledge about their environments may have to consider contingencies while planning, and thus necessitate cognitive abilities beyond classical planning. Moreover, during planning, they need to consider continuous feasibility checks for executability of the plans in the real world. Conditional planning is concerned with reaching goals from an initial state, in the presence of incomplete knowledge and partial observability, by considering all contingencies and by utilizing sensing actions to gather relevant knowledge when needed. A conditional plan is essentially a tree of actions where each branch of the tree represents a possible execution of actuation actions and sensing actions to reach a goal state. Hybrid conditional planning extends conditional planning by integrating feasibility checks into executability conditions of actions. We introduce a parallel offline algorithm, called HCPlan, for computing hybrid conditional plans. HCPlan relies on modeling deterministic effects of actuation actions and non-deterministic effects of sensing actions in the causality-based action language [Formula: see text]. Branches of a hybrid conditional plan are computed in parallel using a SAT solver, where continuous feasibility checks are performed as needed. We develop a comprehensive benchmark suite and introduce new evaluation metrics for hybrid conditional planning. We evaluate HCPlan with extensive experiments in terms of computational efficiency and plan quality. We perform experiments to compare HCPlan with other related conditional planners and approaches to deal with contingencies due to incomplete knowledge. We further demonstrate the applicability and usefulness of HCPlan in service robotics applications, through dynamic simulations and physical implementations.
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de Baets, Pauline, and Gert de Sutter. "How do translators select among competing (near-)synonyms in translation?" Target. International Journal of Translation Studies, July 19, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/target.20095.deb.
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Abstract This article investigates how translators choose between multiple competing onomasiological variants to express (verbal) inchoativity in English-to-Dutch translations. Using a corpus-based multifactorial research design, we measure the impact of three well-known socio-cognitive mechanisms on the actual choice, namely the complexity principle, risk aversion, and cognate exposure. We apply the behavioural profile method, which allows us to operationalise these three explanatory mechanisms via ID-tags, and we then use conditional random forest modelling to determine the impact of each mechanism on the choice between four competing verbs of inchoativity. The results of our analyses show that the complexity principle plays a clear role in translated texts, as there is a significant preference for the active construction and for prototypical verbs in passive constructions. Genre-specific risk-averse behaviour as well as cognate avoidance were not observed.
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Lindström, Liina, Maarja-Liisa Pilvik, and Helen Plado. "Variation in negation in Seto." Studies in Language, August 24, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.19063.lin.
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Abstract Seto is an exceptional language in the Uralic family due to its systematic use of postverbal negation, although preverbal and double negation marking are also used. Postverbal negation is still the most frequent and unmarked pattern occurring in about 74% of negative clauses in Seto. This paper analyzes variation between pre- and postverbal negation in East Seto (spoken in present-day Russia), based on data gathered during fieldwork trips in 2010–2013. By applying quantitative methods that are used in variationist studies (regression modelling, conditional inference trees, and random forests), we determine the variables affecting the choice between pre- and postverbal negation. Marked preverbal negation occurs more likely with first and third person, cognition verbs, and present tense, all of which are often used in fixed expressions like I don’t know. We also found a strong structural persistence effect in the data and remarkable differences between individual speakers.
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Al-Husseini, Sawasn J. "Social capital and individual motivations for information sharing: A theory of reasoned action perspective." Journal of Information Science, December 15, 2021, 016555152110605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/01655515211060532.
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Based on the theory of reasoned action, this study examined the impact of social capital and individual motivations on information sharing in the context of higher education. The research conducted an online survey of 277 academic technicians in five academic institutions in public university in Iraq. The model was developed using the structural equation modelling technique with AMOS v.27 and conditional hypotheses were tested. The findings suggest that social connection, trust, reciprocity, shared language, vision and a positive attitude towards assisting others influence technicians’ willingness to share information. It is also shown that attitude and subjective norms significantly affect information-sharing intentions. The results provide insights into understanding the social capital processes and individual motivations that contribute to information sharing among academic technicians in developing countries, particularly Iraq. Therefore, lab managers can implement practical plans to support these factors.
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"Model-Based Test Sequences Generation and Prioritization using Ant Colony Optimization." Journal of Information Technology Research 15, no. 1 (January 2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jitr.299946.
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The paper presents an approach to generate and optimize test sequences from the input UML activity diagram. For this, an algorithm is proposed called “Unified Modelling Language for Test Sequence Generation" (UMLTSG) that uses a search-based algorithm, named “Test Sequence Prioritization using Ant Colony Optimization" (TSP ACO) to generate and optimize test sequences. The algorithms overcome the existing limitations of handling complex decision-making activity such as conditional activity, fork activity, and join the activity. The optimization process helps to reduce the number of processing nodes that leads to minimizing the time and cost. The proposed approach experiments on a well-known application “Railway Ticket Reservation System" (RTRS). APFD metric measures the effectiveness of our approach and found that the prioritized order of test sequences achieved 20% higher APFD score. Apart from this, we have also experimented on six real life case studies and obtained an average of 52.16% reduction in redundant test paths.
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García-Patos, Pablo, and Ricardo Olmos. "Multiple Imputation in Multilevel Models. A Revision of the Current Software and Usage Examples for Researchers." Spanish Journal of Psychology 23 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2020.48.
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Abstract Although modern lines for dealing with missing data are well established from the 1970s, today there is a challenge when researchers encounter this problem in multilevel models. First, there is a variety of existing software to handle missing data based on multiple imputation (MI), currently pointed out by experts as the most promising strategy. Second, the two principal paradigms of MI are joint modelling (JM) and fully conditional specification (FCS), one more complication because they are not equally useful depending on the combination of multilevel model and the estimated parameters affected by missing data. Technical literature do not contribute to ease the number of decisions that researcher has to do. Given these inconveniences, the present paper has three objectives. (1) To present a thorough revision of the most recently developed software and functions about multiple imputation in multilevel models. (2) We derive a set of suggestions, recommendations, and guides for helping researchers to handle missing data. We list a number of key questions to consider when analyzing multilevel models. (3) Finally, based on the previous relevant questions, we present two detailed examples using the recommended R packages to be easy for the researcher applying multiple imputation in multilevel models.
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Liu, Junhua, Yung Chuen Ng, Zitong Gui, Trisha Singhal, Lucienne T. M. Blessing, Kristin L. Wood, and Kwan Hui Lim. "Title2Vec: a contextual job title embedding for occupational named entity recognition and other applications." Journal of Big Data 9, no. 1 (September 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40537-022-00649-5.
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AbstractOccupational data mining and analysis is an important task in understanding today’s industry and job market. Various machine learning techniques are proposed and gradually deployed to improve companies’ operations for upstream tasks, such as employee churn prediction, career trajectory modelling and automated interview. Job titles analysis and embedding, as the fundamental building blocks, are crucial upstream tasks to address these occupational data mining and analysis problems. A relevant occupational job title dataset is required to accomplish these tasks and towards that effort, we present the Industrial and Professional Occupations Dataset (IPOD). The IPOD dataset contains over 475,073 job titles based on 192,295 user profiles from a major professional networking site. To further facilitate these applications of occupational data mining and analysis, we propose Title2vec, a contextual job title vector representation using a bidirectional Language Model approach. To demonstrate the effectiveness of Title2vec, we also define an occupational Named Entity Recognition (NER) task and proposed two methods based on Conditional Random Fields (CRF) and bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory with CRF (LSTM-CRF). Using a large occupational job title dataset, experimental results show that both CRF and LSTM-CRF outperform human and baselines in both exact-match accuracy and F1 scores. The dataset and pre-trained embeddings have been made publicly available at https://www.github.com/junhua/ipod.
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Brand, Sophie, and Mirjam Ernestus. "Reduction of word-final obstruent-liquid-schwa clusters in Parisian French." Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory, October 10, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cllt-2017-0067.
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AbstractThis corpus study investigated pronunciation variants of word-final obstruent-liquid-schwa (OLS) clusters in nouns in casual Parisian French. Results showed that at least one phoneme was absent in 80.7% of the 291 noun tokens in the dataset, and that the whole cluster was absent (e.g., [mis] for ministre) in no less than 15.5% of the tokens. We demonstrate that phonemes are not always completely absent, but that they may leave traces on neighbouring phonemes. Further, the clusters display undocumented voice assimilation patterns. Statistical modelling showed that a phoneme is most likely to be absent if the following phoneme is also absent. The durations of the phonemes are conditioned particularly by the position of the word in the prosodic phrase. We argue, on the basis of three different types of evidence, that in French word-final OLS clusters, the absence of obstruents is mainly due to gradient reduction processes, whereas the absence of schwa and liquids may also be due to categorical deletion processes.
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Daland, Robert, and Ingrid Norrmann-Vigil. "Toward a generative theory of language transfer: Experiment and modeling of sC prothesis in L2 Spanish." Open Linguistics 1, no. 1 (January 31, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opli-2015-0024.
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AbstractWhen native Spanish speakers produce English words with initial [s]-consonant clusters (sC), they sometimes produce a prothetic vowel, e.g. stigma > estigma. This paper reports a production experiment on this phenomena, as well as computational modelling of the experimental results. Carlisle (1991a) proposed the ‘resyllabification account’ in which prothesis is a language transfer effect, whose essential motivation is to satisfy L1/Spanish syllable phonotactics. Replicating all previous work, a greater rate of prothesis was found in postconsonantal contexts than in postvocalic contexts (Rick (e)stinks > Ricky (e)stinks). A novel prediction is that when prothesis occurs, the [s] should have durational characteristics associated with the coda position, whereas it should have onset characteristics when prothesis does not occur; this was found. Another prediction is that a grammar which captures the variability in prothesis should in some sense be “between” the L1/Spanish and L2/English grammars. This latter prediction was tested by developing a constraint-based analysis of sC prothesis in Maximum Entropy Harmonic Grammar (Goldwater & Johnson, 2003). The results were consistent with a view of language transfer as ‘linear interpolation’ of constraint weights, conditioned on an ‘effort’ constraint reflecting how phonological planning varies with task/ modality demands.