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Journal articles on the topic 'Condia'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Gardner, John S., and W. M. Hess. "Microscopy studies of powdery mildew on summer squash." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 49 (August 1991): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010008691x.

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Powdery mildews are characterized by the appearance of spots or patches of a white to grayish, powdery, mildewy growth on plant tissues, entire leaves or other organs. Ervsiphe cichoracearum, the powdery mildew of cucurbits is among the most serious parasites, and the most common. The conidia are formed similar to the process described for Ervsiphe graminis by Cole and Samson. Theconidial chains mature basipetally from a short, conidiophore mother-cell at the base of the fertile hypha which arises holoblastically from the conidiophore. During early development it probably elongates by polar-tip growth like a vegetative hypha. A septum forms just above the conidiophore apex. Additional septa develop in acropetal succession. However, the conidia of E. cichoracearum are more doliform than condia from E. graminis. The purpose of these investigations was to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to demonstrate the nature of hyphal growth and conidial formation of E. cichoracearum on field-grown squash leaves.

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2

Chebil, Samir, Jean Roudet, Abdelwahed Ghorbel, and Bernadette Dubos. "Effect of early contamination by Botrytis cinerea on the development of Grey mould on Muscat d’Italie in Tunisian vineyard." OENO One 38, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2004.38.2.921.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">Grey rot, caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, is nowadays the most damaging disease of the Tunisian vineyard. The fungus attacks berries at the maturation stage and causes important economic losses. The protection of vineyard against this disease is very difficult due to the fungus characteristics. In fact <em>B. cinerea</em> is in the border of parasitism and saprophytism, in pre-veraison it usually survive as saprophyte then it attacks berries before their maturation. The purpose of this study is to highlight the role of pre-veraison’s contamination by <em>B. cinerea</em> on the development of the Grey rot on the berries after veraison.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">The results revealed that at the pre-veraison stage, <em>B. cinerea</em> grows as a saprophyte. The fungus’s rate presence is low on the barks (less than 10 %), very high on the floral buds (between 5 and 27 %) and relatively high in the immature berries (about 20 %). The quantification of bunches pollution, showed that the rate of contaminations by <em>B. cinerea</em> is very high (more than 70 %).</p><p style="text-align: justify;">On the other hand, the mapping out showed up that outbreak of the disease happened after veraison on Muscat d’Italie. Also, the rate of berries’ rot, were different each year, in relation to the climatic conditions and plant’s physiology. We found that the rate of rot inside bunches is relatively high (between 15 and 40 %) due to condia on stem or <em>B. cinerea</em> latent. The statistical analysis showed significant relationships between the rate of latent <em>B. cinerea</em> and the appearance of the disease after the veraison stage. Also, the scoring of conidia observed in the air showed a big activity of the fungus during flowering and the maturation of berries.</p>

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3

Yang, W. X., F. Liu, N. Zhang, X. D. Ren, and D. Q. Liu. "First Report of Alternaria alternata Causing Blight on Zanthoxylum piperitum in China." Plant Disease 97, no. 6 (June 2013): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-12-0928-pdn.

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Since 2009, brown leaf spot and panicle blight of Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC. (“liujin,” commonly known as Japanese pepper and Japanese pricklyash) has been observed on 40% of the plants in the test field of Foresty Academy of Science in Hebei Province of China. When symptoms formed on leaves, a thick yellow spot appeared, which then turned brown. When on the spikes, brown lesions were observed initially on the grain, which then spread down to fruit stem, and finally the whole spike wilted and dried up. Yield and quality losses were considerable. A fungus was isolated consistently from the diseased tissues using potato dextrose agar (PDA) (1). Three representative isolates were chosen for further characterization. All the isolates grew at 28°C on PDA and potato carrot agar (PCA) medium. Fungal colonies were initially white, then became olivaceous with some white mycelium on the top of the colony, and turned brown with age. When observed with the microscope, crineous septate hypha appeared, and conidiophore peduncles were upright or slightly curved, with a few branches, 33.0 to 75.0 μm long and 4.0 to 5.5 μm wide. Conidia were crineous short clubs or near oval in shape, 22.5 to 40.0 μm long and 8.0 to 13.5 μm wide, with a short conical beak, and had one to four longitudinal cross walls. On PCA, condia had three to seven transepta and one to five longisepta, and were produced in a branched, long chain with more than five conidia. The pathogen was identified based on morphological characteristics as Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. (3). DNA was extracted from mycelium and PCR was performed on the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region with primers ITS1 and ITS4. A 570-bp fragment was amplified and sequenced (GenBank Accession No. JQ973810). BLASTn analysis revealed there was 100% sequence identity with A. alternata strains (GU566303 and GQ121322). To further identify the fungus, A. alternata species-specific primers AAF2/AAR3 (2) were used to generate an amplicon which was then sequenced (JX308287). Sequence comparison showed there was 100% sequence identity with A. alternata (JQ927300 and JQ907485). Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying with a cultured suspension (106 spores/ml) of approximately 100 μl onto healthy leaves in 15-cm-diameter glass dishes containing sterilized filter paper soaked with sterilized water at room temperature. Control plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Ten days after inoculation, symptoms were observed in all inoculated leaves and appeared to be identical to those observed in the field. No symptoms were noted on the control leaves. Identical results were also obtained when spikes were inoculated. The fungi reisolated from symptomatic plants were A. alternata. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf spots and panicle blight of Z. piperitum in China. References: (1) O. D. Dhingra and J. B. Sinclair. Basic Plant Pathology Methods. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995. (2) P. Konstantinova. et al. Mycol. Res. 106:23, 2002. (3) T. Y. Zhang. China fungi records (Alternaria) (Volume 16) (in Chinese). Beijing: Science Press, 2003.

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4

Ayala-Escobar, V., U. Braun, and C. Nava-Diaz. "First Report of Cercospora Leaf Spot Caused by Cercospora apii (= C. molucellae) on Bells-of-Ireland (Molucella laevis) in Mexico." Plant Disease 93, no. 2 (February 2009): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-2-0197a.

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In late 2007, a new disease was found in commercial cutflower fields of bells-of-Ireland (Molucella laevis L.) in Texcoco, Mexico. Four plantings surveyed during this time had 100% incidence. A few spots on cutflowers make them unmarketable. Symptoms consisted of gray-green spots on leaves, calyxes, and stems, which turned brown with age. Spots were initially circular to oval, delimited by major leaf veins, and were visible on both adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaves. A Cercospora species was consistently associated with the spots. The fungus was isolated on V8 agar medium. Three single-spore cultures were obtained from isolation cultures. Cultures were incubated at 24°C under near-UV light for 7 days. Pathogenicity was confirmed by spraying a conidial suspension (1 × 104 condia/ml) on leaves of 16 potted M. laevis plants, incubating the plants in a dew chamber for 48 h, and maintaining them in a greenhouse (20 to 24°C). Identical symptoms to those observed in the field appeared on all inoculated plants after 2 weeks. No symptoms developed on control plants treated with autoclaved distilled water. The pathogenicity test was repeated twice with similar results. The fungus produced erumpent stromata, which were dark brown, spherical to irregular, 10 to 26 μm diameter, and giving rise to fascicles of five to nine divergent conidiophores, which were clear brown, paler near the subtruncate apex, straight to curved, not branched, rarely geniculate with two to four septa, and 57 × 3.4 μm. The conidia were formed singly, hyaline, acicular, base truncate, tip acute, straight to curved with 11 to 19 septa, and 172 × 3.5 μm. Fungal DNA from single-spore cultures was obtained with a commercial extraction kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), amplified with ITS5 and ITS4 primers, and sequenced. The sequence, deposited at the National Center for Biotechnology Information Database (GenBank Accession No. EU564808), aligned almost perfectly (99% identity) to the bells-of-Ireland isolates from California (GenBank Accession Nos. AY156918 and AY156919) and New Zealand (Accession No. DQ233321). A 176-bp species-specific fragment was amplified with CercoCal-apii primers but not with CercoCal-beta or CercoCal-sp primers. These results, coupled with the morphological characteristics (1) and pathogenicity test, confirm the identity of the fungus as Cercospora apii sensu lato (including C. molucellae) (2,3,4). Although C. apii sensu lato has been reported on other hosts in Mexico (1,2), to our knowledge, this is the first report of this disease on M. laevis plants in this country. References: (1) C. Chupp. A Monograph of the Fungus Cercospora. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 1954. (2) P. W. Crous and U. Braun. CBS Biodiversity Series 1:1, 2003. (3) M. Groenewald et al. Phytopathology 95:951, 2005. (4) S. T Koike et al. Plant Dis. 87:203, 2003.

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5

Russin, J. S., and L. Shain. "Disseminative fitness of Endothia parasitica containing different agents for cytoplasmic hypovirulence." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 1 (January 1, 1985): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-008.

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Three different agents for cytoplasmic hypovirulence (CH) were transferred individually to a virulent (V) isolate (EP 155) of Endothia parasitica. The CH agent HI2 obtained from an Italian isolate of E. parasitica had little effect on the ability of EP 155 to sporulate asexually or to cause cankers on American chestnut. CH agent HM2 from a Michigan isolate reduced these parameters by 60 and 80%, respectively, whereas CH agent HT2 from a Tennessee isolate reduced both parameters almost totally. Agent HT2 was markedly less efficient than HI2 or HM2 at conversion of mycelium and stromata in cankers incited by EP 155. Agent HT2 also was transmitted through a much lower percentage of conidia than were HI2 or HM2. This did not appear to be a barrier to the spread of cytoplasmic hypovirulence, however, as very few CH conidia in droplets of condial suspensions were required for conversion of resultant colonies to CH. Frequency of transmission of CH agents through conidia produced in vivo and in vitro was similar and did not change over time. Longevity of conidia containing agent HI2 was similar to that for V conidia on all substrates tested.

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6

Egel, D. S., R. Harikrishnan, and R. Martyn. "First Report of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum Race 2 as Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon in Indiana." Plant Disease 89, no. 1 (January 2005): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-0108a.

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Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 1 is uniformly distributed throughout watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) growing regions, but F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 has a limited known distribution in the United States (Texas, Florida, Oklahoma, Maryland, and Delaware) (3,4). Since the spring of 2001, commercial watermelon fields in Knox and Gibson counties in southwestern Indiana have been observed with symptoms of one-sided wilt and vascular discoloration typical of Fusarium wilt. Race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum was suspected as the casual agent since the diseased watermelon cultivars are considered resistant to races 0 and 1. Two isolates of F. oxysporum obtained from wilted watermelon plants in two different commercial fields and one isolate obtained from a wilted seedling in a transplant house were compared for pathogenicity in a greenhouse assay. Known isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum races 0, 1, and 2 were obtained from Don Hopkins (University of Florida, Apopka), Kate Everts (University of Maryland/University of Delaware, Salisbury, MD), and Ray Martyn (Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN), respectively, and were used for comparison. All isolates were grown in shake cultures in a mineral salts liquid medium. (1). After 72 hr, the predominately microconidal suspensions were filtered through cheesecloth and adjusted to 1 × 105 conidia/ml with the aid of a hemacytometer. A concentration of 1 × 105 condia/ml was shown previously to cause the desired disease reaction in the standard cultivars. Seedlings of the differential cvs, Black Diamond (universal susceptible), Charleston Gray (race 0 resistant), and Calhoun Gray (race 0 and 1 resistant) were grown in a 1:1, (v:v) sand/ vermiculite mixture to the first true-leaf stage after which the plants were uprooted and the roots carefully washed prior to root dip inoculation. Subsequent to inoculation, seedlings were planted in a sand/vermiculite/ peat mixture (4:1:1, [v:v:v]) with four seedlings to a 15-cm-diameter pot. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with five replications. Two isolates from the commercial field plants caused an average of 100% wilt on cv. Black Diamond, 95% wilt on cv. Charleston Gray, and 80% wilt on cv. Calhoun Gray, resulting in a designation of race 2. The isolate from a commercial transplant house resulted in 100, 60, and 15% wilt, respectively, on the three standard cultivars resulting in a race 1 designation. The presence of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 in Indiana is significant because Indiana currently ranks fifth in the United States in watermelon production and there are no commercially available cultivars that possess resistance to race 2. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum race 2 in Indiana and the first report of race 2 from the Midwest region of the United States. Race 2, first described from the United States in 1985 (2), has now been confirmed in six states. References: (1) R. Esposito and A. Fletcher. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 93:369, 1961. (2) R. Martyn, Plant Dis. 69:1007, 1985. (3) R. Martyn, Plant Dis. 71:233, 1987. (4) X. Zhou and K. Everts. Plant Dis. 87:692, 2003.

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7

Young, Andy. "Mama Condi." Callaloo 31, no. 4 (2008): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cal.0.0291.

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8

Pérouse, Gabriel-André. "Ab urbe condita..." Bulletin de l'Association d'étude sur l'humanisme, la réforme et la renaissance 60, no. 1 (2005): 9–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rhren.2005.2692.

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9

SHORT, PATRICIA. "Sasol Wins Condea." Chemical & Engineering News 78, no. 51 (December 18, 2000): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n051.p004a.

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10

Rivera, M. C., D. E. Morisigue, and S. E. Lopez. "Hydrangea macrophylla Flower Spot Caused by Botrytis cinerea in Buenos Aires." Plant Disease 88, no. 10 (October 2004): 1160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.10.1160c.

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During the spring of 2003, flower spots were observed on French hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) DC) in CETEFFHO-INTA-JICA experimental greenhouses in Castelar, Argentina. Brown, irregular spots randomly distributed on petals were detected on an old, whiteflowering variety of unknown origin, cultivated by growers. Small pieces of diseased tissue were surface disinfested with 2% NaOCl, plated on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA) with pH 7, and incubated at 22 to 24°C. Dense, whitish mycelium developed within 48 h and turned gray after 72 h. Conidia were ellipsoid, hyaline, nonseptate, and formed in botryose heads. Spores from 10-day-old colonies that were developed on PDA in test tubes were removed with 4 ml of sterile water per tube. Prior to inoculation, inflorescences were detached and placed in water-filled glass vases. To test pathogenicity, eight healthy inflorescences were sprayed with a 5-ml suspension (2 × 104 conidia per ml of sterile distilled water). Another eight healthy inflorescences were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The inflorescences were maintained at 21°C and covered with polyethylene bags that were removed after 3 days. Brown, circular-to-irregular spots appeared on petals 5 days after inoculation, became coalescent, and covered 50 to 60% of each inflorescence in 8 days. Gray mold consisting of black conidiophores and gray-in-mass conidia was observed 3 days after the development of the symptoms. Controls remained symptomless. The same pathogen was recovered from inoculated flowers and was identified as Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this fungus on Hydrangea macrophylla in Argentina. Reference: (1) M. V. Ellis and J. M. Waller. Sclerotinia fuckeliana (condial state: Botrytis cinerea).No. 431 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1974.

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11

Martin, Neil H. "Memories of Condit Soil." Soil Horizons 43, no. 1 (2002): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh2002.1.0031.

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12

Allitt, Ursula. "Airborne conidia of Belemnospora." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 85, no. 3 (October 1985): 524–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(85)80051-6.

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13

Cassiday, Laura. "CE of fungal conidia." Analytical Chemistry 81, no. 13 (July 2009): 5109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac900921s.

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14

MCCOY, MICHAEL. "CONDEA FINDS A HOME." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 81, no. 9 (March 3, 2003): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v081n009.p028.

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15

Ingold, C. T. "Conidia of Polyporus varius." Mycological Research 95, no. 2 (February 1991): 246–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0953-7562(09)81021-6.

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16

Quealy-Gainer, Kate. "Atlantia by Ally Condie." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 68, no. 5 (2015): 250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2015.0002.

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17

Coats, Karen. "Summerlost by Ally Condie." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 69, no. 7 (2016): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2016.0190.

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18

Schwartz Cowan, Ruth. "Condis, coolth and culpability." Energy and Buildings 18, no. 3-4 (January 1992): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(92)90024-b.

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19

Prins, Gwyn. "On condis and coolth." Energy and Buildings 18, no. 3-4 (January 1992): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-7788(92)90017-b.

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20

Coats, Karen. "The Darkdeep by Ally Condie." Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 72, no. 2 (2018): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2018.0650.

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21

Barbosa, Ariani Corrêa, Anousca Evelyn do Carmo, Letícia Graf, Roberto Tomaz, Caroline Fogaça de Souza, Jeane Mendes, Marco Antonio Ferreira Randi, Dorly Buchi, and Ruth Janice Guse Schadeck. "Morphology and lipid body and vacuole dynamics during secondary conidia formation inColletotrichum acutatum: laser scanning confocal analysis." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 52, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w05-104.

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Colletotrichum acutatum may develop one or more secondary conidia after conidial germination and before mycelial growth. Secondary conidia formation and germination were influenced by conidia concentration. Concentrations greater than 1 × 105conidia/mL were associated with germination decrease and with secondary conidia emergence. Secondary conidia can form either alone or simultaneously with germ tubes and appressoria. Confocal analysis showed numerous lipid bodies stored inside ungerminated conidia, which diminished during germ tube and appressoria formation, with or without secondary conidia formation. They were also reduced during secondary conidia formation alone. While there was a decrease inside germinated conidia, lipid bodies appeared inside secondary conidia since the initial stages. Intense vacuolization inside primary germinated conidia occurred at the same time as the decrease in lipid bodies, which were internalized and digested by vacuoles. During these events, small acidic vesicles inside secondary conidia were formed. Considering that the conidia were maintained in distilled water, with no exogenous nutrients, it is clear that ungerminated conidia contain enough stored lipids to form germ tubes, appressoria, and the additional secondary conidia replete with lipid reserves. These results suggested a very complex and well-balanced regulation that makes possible the catabolic and anabolic pathways of these lipid bodies.Key words: secondary conidia, lipid bodies, vacuoles, confocal microscopy, Colletotrichum.

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22

Zhang, Wei, Marc de Kruijf, Ang Li, Shan Lu, and Karthikeyan Sankaralingam. "ConAir." ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News 41, no. 1 (March 29, 2013): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2490301.2451129.

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23

Zhang, Wei, Marc de Kruijf, Ang Li, Shan Lu, and Karthikeyan Sankaralingam. "ConAir." ACM SIGPLAN Notices 48, no. 4 (April 23, 2013): 113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2499368.2451129.

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24

Rivera, M. C., and S. E. Lopez. "First Report of Botrytis cinerea on Pansy Flowers in Buenos Aires." Plant Disease 88, no. 10 (October 2004): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.10.1164b.

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Pansy (Viola × wittrockiana) is an ornamental annual plant produced as a potted plant in greenhouses around Buenos Aires, Argentina. Flower rot with signs of gray mold was observed on pansy cv. Crown during the autumn of 2003. Diseased tissues were surface sterilized by immersion in 2% NaOCl for 1 min, placed on 2% potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 22°C. Fungal mycelia were initially white and became gray after 72 h. After 4 days, colonies were 4 cm in diameter and sporulated profusely. Black sclerotia developed after 7 days. Mycelia were septate with dark branched conidiophores bearing unicellular, ellipsoid, hyaline conidia that measured 8 to 12 × 6 to 8 μm in botryose heads. These characteristics agree with Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (1). Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying 10 healthy pansy plants during bloom with 3 ml of a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) per plant. Controls were treated with sterilized distilled water only. Plants were covered with plastic bags for 2 days and incubated at 18 to 22°C. The flowers developed water-soaked lesions between 4 and 6 days after inoculation. Fifty percent of the flowers were pendulous because flower blight reached the peduncle. The pathogen was reisolated from diseased flowers after superficial sterilization with 2% NaOCl and isolated on PDA. Gray mold has a rapid development during bloom, and the pathogen was able to enter undamaged flower tissues. No disease symptoms were observed on leaves. This report adds pansy as a new host of B. cinerea to a previous list of ornamentals grown in Argentina where gray mold was observed. Reference: (1) M. V. Ellis and J. M. Waller. Sclerotinia fuckeliana (condial state: Botrytis cinerea). No. 431 in: Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, CMI, Kew, Surrey, UK, 1974.

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25

Corkey, Britton K., and F. Dean Toste. "Catalytic Enantioselective Conia-Ene Reaction." Journal of the American Chemical Society 127, no. 49 (December 2005): 17168–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja055059q.

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26

Blanco, C., B. de los Santos, C. Barrau, F. T. Arroyo, M. Porras, and F. Romero. "Relationship Among Concentrations of Sphaerotheca macularis Conidia in the Air, Environmental Conditions, and the Incidence of Powdery Mildew in Strawberry." Plant Disease 88, no. 8 (August 2004): 878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.8.878.

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Atmospheric concentrations of Sphaerotheca macularis conidia were monitored for 2 years on a strawberry crop in Huelva (southwestern Spain). The presence of airborne conidia was determined to assess the role of weather conditions on conidial release. The relationship between airborne conidia and incidence of powdery mildew on fruit was also studied. Concentrations of conidia were estimated with a Burkard volumetric spore sampler. The presence of conidia was related to temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, with a positive correlation for the first factor and a negative correlation with the other two. The presence of conidia in the air was positively correlated with disease incidence. A diurnal pattern of conidia release was observed.

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Paiva-Guimarães, A. G. L., K. R. L. Freire, S. F. M. Santos, A. F. Almeida, and A. C. B. Sousa. "Alternative substrates for conidiogenesis of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuillemin (Deuteromycotina: Hyphomycetes)." Brazilian Journal of Biology 80, no. 1 (February 2020): 133–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.195711.

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Abstract Beauveria bassiana is a promising fungus for the biological control of insect pests. The growing costs of conidia production have raised the need to ascertain the efficiency of some low cost substrates. The aim of this study was to analyze the potential use of different raw substrates without nutritional supplement for B. bassiana conidiogenesis. Growth and sporulation were evaluated using 30 g of substrate and 0.3 μL of a conidia suspension (1 x 106 conidia/mL). After 10 days of incubation (70 ± 10% humidity and temperature (T) = 29 ± 1 °C), rice (2.00 x 106 conidia/g substrate), algaroba (2.36 x 106 conidia/g), malt A (1.22 x 106 conidia/g) and malt B (1.75 x 106 conidia/g) showed the highest levels of conidia production. The resulting conidia showed insecticidal activity higher than 80% on coconut termites. These new raw substrates may represent viable alternatives for the production of entomopathogenic fungi for use in the biological control of various insect pests.

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28

Thomas, K. C., G. G. Khachatourians, and W. M. Ingledew. "Production and properties of Beauveria bassiana conidia cultivated in submerged culture." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 33, no. 1 (January 1, 1987): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m87-003.

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Under submerged growth in a defined medium (TKI broth), the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, produced conidia; it produced only blastospores in complex media. Production of such "submerged" conidia depended on the nature of the carbon source and the presence of nitrate as a nitrogen source. Maximum yield of conidia (5 × 108 mL) was obtained when glucose was the carbon source and when the glucose to nitrate ratio was 5:1. Other carbon sources gave rise to both conidia and blastospores. Reducing the phosphate concentration resulted in the production of conidia which resembled "aerial" conidia in morphology and germination rates. The surfaces of "submerged" conidia were relatively smooth, but had a tendency to acquire the rough, warty, brittle surface characteristics of aerial conidia. Blastospores produced in defined media gave rise to conidia through microcycle conidiation without going through the vegetative phase of growth. In more complex media, blastospores did not undergo microcycle conidiation.

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29

Phillips, Jane E., Livy, and Christina S. Kraus. "Livy: AB VRBE CONDITA, Book VI." Classical World 91, no. 1 (1997): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4352040.

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30

Uecker, F. A., and T. R. Nag Raj. "Coelomycetous Anamorphs with Appendage-Bearing Conidia." Mycologia 86, no. 2 (March 1994): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3760664.

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31

Kranzberg, Melvin. "A Tribute to Carl W. Condit." Technology and Culture 30, no. 2 (April 1989): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105103.

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32

Monte, E., and I. Garcia-Acha. "Germination of conidia in Phoma betae." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 91, no. 1 (July 1988): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(88)80014-7.

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NAWAWI, A. "Basidiomycetes with branched, water-borne conidia." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 91, no. 1-2 (July 1985): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1985.tb01134.x.

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34

Adrian, Marielle, Homa Rajaei, Philippe Jeandet, Jérôme Veneau, and Roger Bessis. "Resveratrol Oxidation in Botrytis cinerea Conidia." Phytopathology® 88, no. 5 (May 1998): 472–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.5.472.

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Observations using light microscopy showed that approximately 30% of Botrytis cinerea conidia treated with semi-lethal concentrations (i.e., 60 μg/ml) of the grapevine phytoalexin resveratrol possessed intracellular brown coloration. This coloration was never observed in the absence of resveratrol or in conidia treated with resveratrol together with sulfur dioxide (antioxidant compound) or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (inhibitor of laccase action), suggesting that discoloration resulted from the laccase-mediated oxidation of resveratrol. Further studies using transmission electron microscopy enabled the observation of particular intravacuolar spherical vesicles and of granular material deposits along the tonoplast. These observations are likely to be related to the oxidation of resveratrol by an intracellular laccase-like stilbene oxidase of B. cinerea.

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35

Podduturi, Raju, and Niels O. G. Jørgensen. "Conidia-based fluorescence quantification of Streptomyces." Journal of Microbiological Methods 153 (October 2018): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2018.09.010.

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ODDS, FRANK C. "Coccidioidomycosis: flying conidia and severed heads." Mycologist 17, no. 1 (February 2003): 37–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269915x03001174.

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37

Koukol, Ondřej, and Hermine Lotz-Winter. "Secondary conidia observed in Bartheletia paradoxa." Czech Mycology 68, no. 1 (May 12, 2016): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33585/cmy.68104.

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38

Grebowicz, Janusz, Stephen Z. D. Cheng, and Bernhard Wunderlich. "Kinetics of transitions involving condis crystals." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 24, no. 3 (March 1986): 675–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1986.090240313.

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Révay, Ágnes, and J. Gönczöl. "Rainborne hyphomycete conidia from evergreen trees." Nova Hedwigia 91, no. 1 (August 1, 2010): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2010/0091-0151.

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40

Morin, Louise, Alan K. Watson, and Richard D. Reeleder. "Production of conidia by Phomopsis convolvulus." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 36, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m90-017.

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Various solid-substrate fermentation and shake-flask liquid fermentation systems were investigated as spore production methods for Phomopsis convolvulus, a potential bioherbicide. Among them, "pot" barley grains and modified Richard's (V-8) liquid medium produced 5 × 108 conidia/g and 5 × 106 conidia/mL, respectively. Distinct pycnidia, covering the surface of pot barley grains, produced virulent conidia in a water-soluble mucilage approximately 10 days after seeding the substrate with conidia. In complex liquid media, conidia were produced in pycnidia 3 to 4 days after seeding the media with mature pycnidia or conidia. A negative relationship was demonstrated between inoculum density and yield of conidia in modified Richard's (V-8) liquid culture. Omission of V-8 juice or decrease of the carbon to nitrogen ratio in modified Richard's (V-8) medium inhibited sporulation. Conidia lost viability after 30 days when held at −10 °C in a sucrose solution, but conidia stored at −70 °C remained viable and pathogenic for at least 6 months. Key words: Phomopsis convolvulus, bioherbicide, sporulation.

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Stutzenberger, F. J. "Metal ion binding byPithomyces chartarum conidia." Journal of Industrial Microbiology 14, no. 3-4 (March 1995): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01569933.

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Sela-Buurlage, Marianne B., Lynn Epstein, and Russell J. Rodriguez. "Adhesion of ungerminated Colletotrichum musae conidia." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 39, no. 5 (November 1991): 345–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0885-5765(91)90016-b.

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Jager, G., and H. Velvis. "Biological destruction of conidia ofVerticillium biguttatum." European Journal of Plant Pathology 102, no. 7 (September 1996): 623–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01877243.

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Sempere, Francisca, and María Pilar Santamarina. "The conidia formation of severalFusarium species." Annals of Microbiology 59, no. 4 (December 2009): 663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03179206.

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45

Moraes, Carlos Eduardo Mendes de. "Você confia nas edições que lê?" Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa 22, Especial (December 22, 2020): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2176-9419.v22iespecialp51-64.

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Na pesquisa de textos impressos ou manuscritos produzidos nos primeiros registros da escrita no Brasil, uma questão importante é como tratar essas fontes na preparação de um corpus. O problema atinge o pesquisador da área dos estudos filológicos em virtude do seu objeto, o texto escrito. Estas reflexões vão além do conhecimento da língua, pois lidam também com a necessidade de conhecimento das diversas versões que um texto pode apresentar em sua tradição impressa, na qual há a particularidade do universo dos textos de impressão antiga e, por outro lado, abrange a totalidade das obras que se mantêm em estado de manuscrito. Não se trata simplesmente de estabelecer critério de qualificação do suporte ou da forma. Não se trata, também, somente de acirrar preconceitos que levam à preferência por esta por aquela edição, versão ou manuscrito. Trata-se, principalmente, de entender que os processos de edição, publicação e divulgação dos textos são extremamente complexos e que o seu conhecimento se torna tanto ou mais necessário à medida que se adotam determinadas posições metodológicas para o desenvolvimento de pesquisas dos corpora.

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46

Gamliel-Atinsky, E., S. Freeman, A. Sztejnberg, M. Maymon, R. Ochoa, E. Belausov, and E. Palevsky. "Interaction of the Mite Aceria mangiferae with Fusarium mangiferae, the Causal Agent of Mango Malformation Disease." Phytopathology® 99, no. 2 (February 2009): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-99-2-0152.

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The role of the mango bud mite, Aceria mangiferae, in carrying conidia of Fusarium mangiferae, vectoring them into potential infection sites, and assisting fungal infection and dissemination was studied. Following the mite's exposure to a green fluorescent protein-marked isolate, conidia were observed clinging to the mite's body. Agar plugs bearing either bud mites or the pathogen were placed on leaves near the apical buds of potted mango plants. Conidia were found in bud bracts only when both mites and conidia were co-inoculated on the plant, demonstrating that the mite vectored the conidia into the apical bud. Potted mango plants were inoculated with conidia in the presence or absence of mites. Frequency and severity of infected buds were significantly higher in the presence of mites, revealing their significant role in the fungal infection process. Conidia and mite presence were monitored with traps in a diseased orchard over a 2-year period. No windborne bud mites bearing conidia were found; however, high numbers of windborne conidia were detected in the traps. These results suggest that A. mangiferae can carry and vector conidia between buds and assist in fungal penetration but does not play a role in the aerial dissemination of conidia between trees.

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Cao, Miaoyong, John Wesson, Kyriakos Loufakis, Bernhard Wunderlich, and Martin Möller. "Condis Crystals of Small Molecules III. Thermal Analysis of Plastic and Condis Crystals of some Cyclosilanes." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 140, no. 2-4 (November 1986): 231–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268948608080156.

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48

Wang, Fang, Pooja Sethiya, Xiaohui Hu, Shuhui Guo, Yingying Chen, Ang Li, Kaeling Tan, and Koon Ho Wong. "Transcription in fungal conidia before dormancy produces phenotypically variable conidia that maximize survival in different environments." Nature Microbiology 6, no. 8 (June 28, 2021): 1066–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00922-y.

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49

Egley, G. H. "Substrate surface influences upon germination of Colletotrichum truncatum conidia." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 1758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-216.

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Substrates influenced germination of conidia of the mycoherbicide, Colletotrichum truncatum. Very few (< 10%) conidia germinated when incubated while suspended in water or when incubated on or in partially liquefied agar. Many (> 70%) were induced to germinate when incubated on firm agar. The percentage of germinated conidia increased as agar firmness increased. Not all solid substrates equally influenced germination. Over 50% of the conidia germinated on chromatography paper, cellulose acetate filter, or on hard (plastic cover slip) substrates. In contrast, germination was relatively poor on cellulose nitrate filter and glass cover slips. Some natural substrates of dissimilar texture (wood, live plant leaf) produced good germination. Lower O2 levels or limited gas exchange for submerged conidia did not prevent germination because many conidia germinated while submerged on or between firm substrates. Subjecting conidia to motion during incubation between glass cover slips favored germ tube production rather than appressoria formation. Evidence suggests a positive germination response of C. truncatum conidia to solid substrates that occurs prior to the well-documented thigmotropic response of germ tubes of germinated conidia. Key words: Colletotrichum truncatum, conidia germination, thigmotropism, substrate.

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Manavathu, Elias K., Jessica Cutright, and Pranatharthi H. Chandrasekar. "Comparative Study of Susceptibilities of Germinated and Ungerminated Conidia of Aspergillus fumigatus to Various Antifungal Agents." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 3 (1999): 858–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.3.858-861.1999.

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Conidia are used as inocula for the in vitro susceptibility testing of Aspergillus fumigatus. Since the MIC is defined on the basis of visible mycelial growth, conidia should germinate and produce sporelings (germinated conidia) for monitoring of the growth inhibition and fungicidal activity of a drug. If a compound is capable of inhibiting germination of conidia while affecting or not affecting the growth of the organism, the MIC obtained will be the concentration of the drug required for the inhibition of conidial germination but not necessarily that required for inhibition of the growth of the organism. We investigated the susceptibility of germinated and ungerminated conidia to amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole, and SCH56592. The MICs of various antifungal agents for germinated conidia were almost identical to those obtained for ungerminated conidia. In addition, both the germinated and ungerminated conidia were killed with almost equal efficiency by all of the compounds tested when exposed to the drugs for 24 h. These results suggest that either germinated or ungerminated conidia could be used as inocula for in vitro susceptibility studies of A. fumigatus with identical results.

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