Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Condia'

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD),
Airborne fungi are ubiquitous in the environment and human exposure is inevitable. Such fungi differ greatly in their taxonomic, physical, ecological and pathogenic characteristics. Currently, 69 000 species have been taxonomically classified and more than 80 of these are recognised to be aeroallergen sources. Many strategies have evolved to sample, identify and interpret fungal exposure to these species, however no strategy serves all purposes as exposure is a complex and dynamic process confounded by spatial, temporal and geographic variations in airborne counts, in addition to the inadequacies of the immunodiagnostic techniques available. To date, the interpretation of personal exposure and sensitisation to fungal allergens has been restricted to a few select species and the contribution of other genera, airborne hyphae and fragmented conidia to allergic disease are all poorly understood. The aim of the thesis was to utilize the Halogen Immunoassay (HIA) to diagnose fungal allergic sensitisation, to investigate the distribution and factors influencing allergens of fungi in the air and to understand what is actually inhaled in exposure settings. The novelty of the HIA derives from its unique ability to provide allergen sources that are actively secreted by the collected fungal spores and hyphae, which are bound to protein binding membranes (PBM) and then immunoprobed. In Chapter 2, the HIA was compared to the commercial in vitro Pharmacia UniCap assay (CAP) and the in vivo skin prick test (SPT), using 30 sera from subjects SPT positive to Aspergillus fumigatus and/or Alternaria alternata and 30 who were SPT negative to these fungi but sensitised to non-fungal allergens. Sera were analysed by CAP and the HIA against A. alternata, A. fumigatus, Cladosporium herbarum and Epicoccum purpurascens and compared statistically. Between 3% and 7% of SPT negative sera were identified to have specific IgE towards A. fumigatus and A. iv alternata, respectively. For the SPT positive sera, significant associations were found between the HIA and CAP scores for all fungal species tested (P<0.0001). Correlations between the HIA and SPT however, were weakly correlated for A. alternata (rs = 0.44, P<0.05) but not for A. fumigatus. In Chapter 3, personal exposure to indoor fungal aerosols was examined using the HIA to identify the fungal components that people were allergic to. Personal air sampling pumps (PASs) collected airborne fungal propagules onto PBMs for 2.5 hours indoors (n=21). Collected fungi were incubated overnight in a humid chamber to promote the germination of conidia. The membranes were then immunostained with pooled human Alternaria species-positive sera. All air samples contained fungal hyphae that expressed soluble allergens and were significantly higher in concentration than counts of conidia of individual well-characterised allergenic genera. Approximately 25% of all hyphae expressed detectable allergen compared to non-stained hyphae (P<0.05) and the resultant localisation of immunostaining was heterogeneous among hyphae. Fungal conidia of ten genera that were previously uncharacterised as allergen sources accounted for 8% of the total conidia that demonstrated IgE binding. In Chapter 4, the number and identity of fungi inhaled by 34 adults in an outdoor community setting was measured over 2 hour periods by people wearing Intra-nasal air samplers (INASs) and compared to fungal counts made with a Burkard spore trap and filter air samplers worn on the lapel. Using INAS, the most prevalent fungi inhaled belonged to soil borne spores of Alternaria, Arthrinium, Bipolaris, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Epicoccum, Exserohilum, Fusarium, Pithomyces, Spegazzinia, Tetraploa and Xylariaceae species, in addition to hyphal fragments. These results showed that inhaled exposure in most people varied in a 2-fold range with 10-fold outliers. In addition, the INAS and personal air filters agreed more with each other than with Burkard spore trap counts. The analysis was further confounded by different sampling efficiencies, locations of devices and ability to visualise and count fungal propagules. In Chapter 5, a double immunostaining technique based on the HIA was developed and applied to the conidia, hyphae and fungal fragments of A. alternata, A. fumigatus and Penicillium chrysogenum to discriminate between sources of allergens, v using IgE and to identify the fungi, using a fungal-specific antibody. The localisation of immunostaining was heterogeneous between both conidia and the state of germination with greater concentrations of double immunostaining detected following germination for each fungal species (P<0.0001). Fragmented A. alternata hyphae and morphologically indiscernible fragments could be identified for the first time using this technique. In Chapter 6, the factors affecting the release of allergen from the spores of eleven different species were studied. For nine of eleven species, between 5.7% and 92% of spores released allergen before germination. Ungerminated spores of P. chrysogenum and Trichoderma viride did not release detectable allergen. After germination, all spores that germinated eluted allergen from their hyphae. Upon germination there was a significant increase in the percentage of spores eluting detectable allergen (P<0.0001) and the localisation of allergen along the hyphae varied between species. Increased elution of allergen post germination might be a common feature of many species of allergenic fungi following inhalation. Additionally, Chapter 6 explored the extent to which inhaled spores or hyphae germinate after deposition in the nasal cavity and thus cause exposure to allergens. Twenty subjects had their noses lavaged at three separate intervals, (1) at the beginning of the experiment, (2) after one hour indoors and (3) after one hour outdoors. The recovery of spores and hyphal fragments from the nasal cavity varied between individuals and was significantly greater after outdoor exposures. Germinated fungal spores were recovered often in high concentrations for Aspergillus-Penicillium species, however the proportion between ungerminated and germinated spores were much lower for other genera recovered. Conclusions: Our analysis of cultured and wild-type fungi presents a new paradigm of natural fungal exposure, which in addition to commonly recognized species, implicates airborne hyphae, fragmented conidia and the conidia of a much more diverse range of genera as airborne allergens. Exposure is heterogeneous between individuals in the same geographic locality and the spectrum of fungal genera inhaled differs with the method of analysis. Many of the spores inhaled are likely to be allergenic, however upon germination there is an increased elution of allergen and this might be a common vi feature of many fungal species following inhalation. This project also provides novel techniques to diagnose fungal allergy by immunostaining wild-type fungi to which a patient is exposed with the patient’s own serum. Such an immunoassay combines environmental with serological monitoring on a patient specific basis and potentially avoids many problems associated with extract variability, based on the performance of current diagnostic techniques for fungal allergy.

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A presente disserta??o objetiva investigar as condi??es necess?rias para que exista e se mantenha uma democracia. Ap?s esbo?ar-se um conceito sint?tico de democracia, examinam-se os tr?s modelos encontrados na hist?ria: a democracia antiga, a moderna e a contempor?nea, buscando-se os elementos permanentes existentes nesses tr?s modelos. Passa-se, ap?s, ? perquiri??o das condi??es, propriamente ditas, da democracia, apurando-se a exist?ncia de condi??es institucionais, socioecon?micas, psicol?gicas, psicossociais e ?ticas. Sustenta-se que, para se manter a democracia com estabilidade e perenidade, ? necess?rio que ela se incorpore ? vida e ? cultura da sociedade e que seja aplicada em todas as intera??es sociais, n?o devendo se constituir apenas em uma forma de se autorizar e eleger governos. Imp?e-se a participa??o de todos na solu??o de problemas comuns. Exercida no lar, no trabalho, na sociedade, no governo do pa?s, deve ser levada ?s rela??es entre as na??es, para banir-se as guerras, consagrando-se como um direito da humanidade.

Aspergillus niger is a black-spored filamentous fungus that forms asexual spores called conidospores (‘conidia’). Germination of conidia, leading to the formation of hyphae, is initiated by conidial swelling and mobilisation of endogenous carbon and energy stores, followed by polarisation and emergence of a hyphal germ tube. These morphological and biochemical changes which define the model of germination have been studied with the aim of understanding how conidia sense and utilise different soluble carbon sources for germination. Microscopy and flow cytometry were used to track the morphological changes and results showed that the germination of A. niger conidia was quicker and more homogenous in rich media than in minimal media. The germination of conidia was also shown to be quicker in the presence of D-glucose than D-xylose. In the absence of a carbohydrate, no visual indicators of germination were evident. Added to this, the metabolism of internal storage compounds was shown to only occur in the presence of a suitable carbon source. Specific environmental carbon sources may therefore serve as triggers of germination, i.e. to initiate the catabolism of stores such as D-trehalose and the swelling of conidia. Studies carried out using D-glucose analogues identified the structural features of sugars that trigger or support conidial germination. These studies showed that the arrangement of atoms on carbons 3 and 4, on the pyranose ring structure of D-glucose, are essential to serve as a trigger of germination. The trigger step preceeds, and is separate from, the energy generation step that supports the continued outgrowth. Transcriptomic studies found that the most significant changes were associated with the breaking of dormancy. The data also revealed that fermentative metabolism present at the early stages of spore germination is rapidly replaced by respiratory metabolism.

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A proposta deste trabalho ? estudar a express?o da condi??o segundo a Teoria da Argumenta??o na L?ngua (ANL), especificamente na sua fase atual, a Teoria dos blocos Sem?nticos (TBS), de autoria de Oswald Ducrot e seus colaboradores. Nosso objetivo ? descrever e explicar o fen?meno ling??stico express?o da condi??o segundo uma abordagem sem?ntica, ou seja, que leve em conta aspectos que constituem o sentido da condi??o, sem que estejam, necessariamente, em conformidade com a terminologia gramatical. Partimos de descri??es gramaticais, cujas concep??es de linguagem s?o as mais diversas, pois entendemos que esse tipo de estudo diz respeito ao sistema ling??stico, descrevendo suas regras, classificando e nomeando os elementos que o comp?em. Com a Teoria da Argumenta??o na L?ngua, que usamos para analisar nosso conjunto de dados, realizamos um estudo que buscou explicar o fen?meno ling??stico, segundo diferentes ocorr?ncias, articulando l?ngua e fala, ou seja, sistema ling??stico e seu uso, visto que o objeto de estudo da ANL ? a l?ngua em uso.

The true story of an African American pilot, John Robinson, who broke through racial barriers to become a pilot and commander of the Ethiopian Air Force in their 1935 fight for freedom against fascist Italy.

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Despite the improvement of Brazilian s living conditions in recent decades, this improvement occurred in a polarized way between groups of better social position. Then, there is still a health inequity?s panorama in Brazil which encompasses the oral health state. This panorama instigated the attainment of this ecological study that aimed to evaluate the relationship of socioeconomic conditions, and public health policies with oral health status in Brazilian capitals. Thus, we performed factor analysis and linear regression using oral health indicators collected from SB Brasil 2010, of socioeconomic conditions from Brazilian Census 2010 and related to water?s supply fluoridation from SISAGUA. Factor analysis with indicators of living conditions revealed two common factors, economic deprivation and socio-sanitary condition. Economic deprivation showed statistically significant positive correlation with DMFT 12 years (p= 0,03) and mean missing teeth (p = 0,002) and negative correlation with caries-free population (p=0,012). Socio-sanitary negatively correlated with DMFT (p <0,0001) and a positive correlation with caries-free population (p = 0.002). Fluoridated water had a significant association with DMFT (p <0,0001), mean missing teeth (p <0,0001) and caries free population (p <0.0001). Multiple linear regression analysis for the DMFT of capital was estimated by socio-sanitary condition and fluoridation, adjusted by economic deprivation, whereas the model for the mean missing teeth was estimated only by fluoridation and economic deprivation, and finally the model the rate for the population free of caries in Brazilian capitals was estimated by economic and socio-sanitary status adjusted fluoridated water supply. Therefore, factors related to living conditions and public policies are intrinsically linked to tooth decay issues. Thus, actions, beyond dental care assistance, must be development to impact positively in social and economic conditions, especially, between the most vulnerable populations
Apesar da melhoria das condi??es de vida dos brasileiros nas ?ltimas d?cadas, esta ocorreu de forma polarizada entre grupos de melhor posi??o social. Assim, persiste um panorama de iniquidades em sa?de no Brasil que abrange, inclusive, a situa??o de sa?de bucal. Tal panorama instigou a realiza??o deste estudo ecol?gico que visou avaliar a rela??o das condi??es socioecon?micas (SE), bem como de pol?ticas de sa?de p?blica com as condi??es de sa?de bucal nas capitais brasileiras. Para tanto, foram realizadas an?lise fatorial e de regress?o linear utilizando indicadores de sa?de bucal coletados do SB Brasil 2010, de condi??es socioecon?micas do Censo Brasileiro 2010 e relativos ? fluoreta??o das ?guas de abastecimento do Sisagua. A An?lise fatorial com os indicadores de condi??es de vida revelou dois fatores comuns; depriva??o econ?mica e condi??o s?cio-sanit?ria. Depriva??o econ?mica apresentou correla??o positiva estatisticamente significativa com o CPO-D 12 anos (p=0,03) e m?dia de dentes perdidos (p=0,002) e correla??o negativa com popula??o livre de c?rie (p=0,012). Condi??o s?cio-sanit?ria mostrou correla??o negativa com CPO-D (p<0,0001) e correla??o positiva com popula??o livre de c?rie (p=0,002). ?gua de abastecimento fluoretada teve associa??o significativa com CPO-D (p<0,0001), m?dia de dentes perdidos (p<0,0001) e popula??o livre de c?rie (p<0,0001). An?lise de regress?o linear m?ltipla para o CPO-D das capitais foi estimado pelas condi??es s?cio-sanit?rias e fluoreta??o, ajustado pela depriva??o econ?mica; enquanto que o modelo para a m?dia de dentes perdidos foi estimado apenas pela fluoreta??o e depriva??o econ?mica, e por fim, o modelo para a taxa da popula??o livre de c?rie nas capitais brasileiras foi estimado pela condi??o econ?mica e s?cio-sanit?ria ajustadas pelo abastecimento de ?gua fluoretada. Portanto, quest?es relativas ?s condi??es de vida e ?s pol?ticas p?blicas est?o intrinsecamente associadas ? c?rie dent?ria. Assim, ? preciso desenvolver a??es, para al?m da assist?ncia odontol?gica, para impactar positivamente nas condi??es econ?micas e sociais, sobretudo, das popula??es mais vulner?veis

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
This thesis consists of three independent essays that seek to analyze the impact of macroeconomic conditions on the health and lifestyle of the Brazilian population. Although they are independent, the three essays are connected. The first essay aims to analyze how the macroeconomic conditions impact the health of Brazilians. To do so, a panel of aggregate data was used at state level in the period 1992-2014 and we used as proxy for macroeconomic conditions the state unemployment rate and for health different mortality rates. Previous studies that addressed this relationship pointed out some flaws in the methodology usually used in the literature, thus, we analyze this relationship through the non-parametric methodology proposed by Li, Chen and Gao (2011), which makes it possible to estimate the trends and variation coefficients in time without assuming the way these functions vary over time. The results observed for Brazil showed that the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and health changes over time. We observed a countercyclical pattern at the beginning of the period, 1992-1995, and procyclical at the end of the period, 2004-2014, for the total mortality rate. We assume that this pattern is following the country?s development. The improvements in the living conditions of the Brazilian population presented in the period 1992-2014 guided the relationship ? ceasing to be countercyclical and making it pro-cyclical as the country develops. The second essay seeks to analyze the impact of macroeconomic conditions on weight measures, such as BMI, overweight, obesity and severe obesity. This essay uses the microdata of VIGITEL in the period from 2006 to 2014 and also uses the state unemployment rate as a proxy for macroeconomic conditions. The results showed that the relationship is robust and presents a procyclical pattern - increases in the unemployment rate reduce BMI, and this reduction is observed throughout the entire distribution, with statistically significant effects for measures of overweight, obesity and severe obesity. We tested two possible ways through which macroeconomic conditions may be affecting BMI, eating habits and practicing physical activities. We observed some evidence that eating habits may be guiding the relationship, but the results are inconclusive. Finally, the third essay analyzes how macroeconomic conditions influence the population's lifestyle. Again, we used VIGITEL data from 2006 to 2014 and the state unemployment rate as a proxy for macroeconomic conditions. For lifestyle we analyzed four groups: smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle and eating habits. This analysis aims to test whether the relationship between macroeconomic conditions and health for Brazil follows one of two hypotheses raised in the literature: hypothesis of variations in lifestyles due to opportunity cost and hypothesis of economic stress. The results found in Brazil suggest that in worse macroeconomic conditions individuals adopt harmful behaviors, such as increased smoking, consumption of fat and soft drinks, but also adopt healthy behaviors, such as reducing the consumption of alcohol and increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables. The majority of the results lead us to believe that the relationship is guided by the hypothesis of "economic stress". However, some conflicting evidence and the unavailability of information about individuals' mental health does not make it possible to validate this hypothesis.
Esta tese ? formada por tr?s ensaios independentes que buscam analisar o impacto das condi??es macroecon?micas na sa?de e no estilo de vida da popula??o brasileira. Apesar de independentes, os tr?s ensaios se relacionam entre si. O primeiro ensaio objetiva analisar como as condi??es macroecon?micas impactam na sa?de dos brasileiros. Para isto, utilizada um painel de dados agregados a n?vel estadual no per?odo de 1992-2014 e usa como proxy para as condi??es macroecon?micas a taxa de desemprego estadual e para a sa?de diferentes taxas de mortalidade. Estudos anteriores que abordaram a rela??o apontaram algumas fragilidades na metodologia usualmente utilizada na literatura, desta forma, propomos analisar a rela??o atrav?s da metodologia n?o param?trica proposta por Li, Chen e Gao (2011) que permite estimar as tend?ncias e os coeficientes de varia??o no tempo sem assumir a forma como essas fun??es variam ao longo do tempo. Os resultados observados para o Brasil mostraram que a rela??o entre condi??es macroecon?micas e sa?de se modifica ao longo do tempo. Observamos um padr?o antic?clico no in?cio do per?odo, 1992-1995 e pr?-c?clico ao final do per?odo, 2004-2014, para a taxa de mortalidade total. Especulamos que este padr?o esteja acompanhando o desenvolvimento do pa?s. As melhorias nas condi??es de vida da popula??o brasileira apresentadas no per?odo de 1992-2014 estariam guiando a rela??o ? deixando-a de ser antic?clica e tornando-a pr?-c?clica a medida que o pa?s vai se desenvolvendo. O segundo ensaio busca analisar o impacto de condi??es macroecon?micas em medidas de peso, como IMC, excesso de peso, obesidade e obesidade severa. Este ensaio utiliza os microdados da VIGITEL no per?odo de 2006 a 2014 e tamb?m utiliza como proxy de condi??es macroecon?micas a taxa de desemprego estadual. Os resultados mostraram que a rela??o ? robusta e apresenta um padr?o pr?-c?clico ? aumentos na taxa de desemprego reduzem o IMC, e esta redu??o ? observada ao longo de toda distribui??o, com efeitos estatisticamente significativos para as medidas de excesso de peso, obesidade e obesidade severa. Testamos dois poss?veis canais pelos quais as condi??es macroecon?micas podem estar afetando o IMC, alimenta??o e pr?tica de atividades f?sicas. Observamos alguns ind?cios de que a alimenta??o pode estar guiando a rela??o, por?m os resultados n?o s?o conclusivos. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio analisa como as condi??es macroecon?micas influenciam o estilo de vida da popula??o. Novamente utilizamos os dados da VIGITEL no per?odo de 2006 a 2014 e a taxa de desemprego estadual como proxy de condi??es macroecon?micas. Para estilos de vida analisamos quatro grupos: tabagismo, consumo de ?lcool, sedentarismo e alimenta??o. Esta an?lise visa testar se a rela??o entre condi??es macroecon?micas e sa?de para Brasil segue uma das duas hip?teses levantadas na literatura: hip?tese de varia??es nos estilos de vida devido ao custo de oportunidade e hip?tese de estresse econ?mico. Os resultados encontrados para o Brasil sugerem que em piores condi??es macroecon?micas os indiv?duos adotam comportamentos nocivos ? sa?de, como o aumento do tabagismo, do consumo de gorduras e refrigerantes, mas tamb?m adotam comportamentos saud?veis, como a redu??o da frequ?ncia de consumo de bebidas alco?licas e o aumento do consumo de frutas e hortali?as. A grande maioria dos resultados nos levam a crer que a rela??o ? guiada pela hip?tese de ?estresse econ?mico?. Por?m, algumas evid?ncias conflitantes e a indisponibilidade de informa??es sobre a sa?de mental dos indiv?duos n?o torna poss?vel validar esta hip?tese.

In diesem Vortrag wird Condor als ein Job-Managementsystem für Rechen-Cluster vorgestellt. Dabei wird Funktionsweise an einem Beispiel demonstriert und erläutert. Besonders untersucht wird das Checkpointing und Migrieren von Prozessen zwischen verschiedenen Knoten.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 75-90).
South Africa has one of the world's highest rates of HIV infection. Little previous research has focused on the relationship between individuals in different sexual contexts and their attitudes toward condom choice. I tested the hypotheses that (a) implicit and explicit measures of attitudes towards condom choice would show that individuals in casual sexual contexts, compared to those in the context of exclusive sexual relationships, would spontaneously associate more strongly with brand-name condoms over generic condoms, and (b) there would be a positive correlation between explicit and implicit attitudes towards condom choice.

Cette thèse s’intéresse à la question des liens entre littérature et identité nationale dans la Rome du 1er s. Av. J. -C. , époque d’interrogation sur l’identité romaine dans ses rapports avec les peuples étrangers, barbares ou civilisés, mais aussi de théorisation de cette identité. Elle aborde un problème historique, celui de la vision de l’étranger dans la société romaine, par le biais des témoignages littéraires. Dans l'Ab Vrbe condita de Tite-Live, qui se présente comme une exploration des fondements de la romanité, la figure de l'étranger tient une place centrale : elle permet de construire, par contraste, une image de la romanité idéale. Le discours livien sur la citoyenneté et le droit de la guerre reflète les interrogations de son époque, et offre une vision complexe, ambivalente de l’étranger. Au sein du récit, la perspective morale domine : la figure de l’étranger apparaît le plus souvent comme un contre-modèle pour le Romain, et sert ainsi les visées édifiantes de l’œuvre
The main topic of this disertation is the relationships between literature and national identity in Rome, in the 1st century BCE; during this period, the definition of Rome’s national identity as well as the nature of its relations with foreign, barbarian or civilized people, was felt as problematic, which prompted Roman authors and thinkers to develop a sophisticated theoretical discourse about these issues. This work adresses the historical question of the Roman vision of foreigners by studying literary documents. In Livy’s Ab Vrbe condita, which is meant as an enquiry about the foundations of Roman identity, the foreigner plays a central role, since it helps define the ideal Roman. Livy’s ideas on citizenship and the laws of war reflect the concerns of his time; a complex, ambiguous vision of foreigners emerges from Livy’s narrative. In the narrative, the point of view is mainly moralistic: most often, the foreigner appears as a counter-model for Romans, thus contributing to the edifying purposes of Livy’s work

The hyphomycete Pseudozyma prolifica Bandoni was grown in batch and continuous liquid cultures to determine the influence of growth rate and nutrition on conidium development. In batch culture, a period of elongation and branch formation, followed by fragmentation, was typically observed. The stage of branch formation was almost completely eliminated when the amino acids phenylalanine, glutamic acid, or asparagine were substituted for nitrate. Substituting citric acid for glucose had a similar effect. Branch formation was enhanced in sucrose + nitrate medium. In batch cultures, branched growth occurred at the start of the exponential growth phase. In continuous culture, the extent of branching was dependent on the specific growth rate. Maximal branching was observed at growth rates near the maximum. Growth by elongation and "bud" formation was predominant at low growth rates, as at the end of the log phase in batch cultures. The conidia were also examined using fluorescence and electron microscopy. Staining with wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to Fluorescein Isothiocyanate indicated that some intercalary growth occurs.
Science, Faculty of
Botany, Department of
Graduate

Busca establecer la relación entre el tamaño condilar y la asimetría mandibular en pacientes con Hiperplasia Condilar tipo 1B del Servicio de Odontología, de la Unidad de Cirugía Buco Máxilofacial del Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen. La Hiperplasia Condilar (HC) es una alteración del desarrollo que se acentúa en la pubertad, que provoca asimetría mandibular y deformidad dentofacial de diferentes magnitudes. Se manifiesta por un exagerado y acelerado crecimiento del cóndilo, que a su vez puede comprometer el cuello, la rama y el cuerpo de la mandíbula. Por lo general, es unilateral, aunque existen condiciones bilaterales, acompañadas de asimetría, dolor, disfunción masticatoria y disfunción de la articulación temporomandibular 1. En su forma activa, es frecuentemente hallada en pacientes en edades entre los 11 y 25 años. Después de este rango de edad, suele detectarse en su forma pasiva, como una secuela clínica de la HC 1. Habitualmente, la presunción diagnóstica de la HC es realizada por una mixtura de hallazgos clínicos y posteriormente confirmada con exámenes imagenológicos tales como: radiografías, gammagrafía, tomografías Cone Beam y tomografías espirales multicorte. En algunos casos severos puede concluirse definitivamente mediante estudios anátomo-patológicos.
Tesis

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The presente work aims the study of Operation Condor, which emerged in the 70s in Latin America. It was a Union between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia and Chile, all under military rule. Conceived and led by Manuel Contreras, Chilean general charge of the Intelligence Service of his country, it was an improvement on existing cooperation to exchange information among member countries. These events occurred in the context of the Cold War and has participated directly and indirectly, the United States, which were the leading power of the capitalist block. The study was limited to a partial analysis, directed to the repression of communism, seen as the enemy of the state, and all that that entailed: the development of intelligence, information exchange between the governments of the Southern Cone, strong repression of freedom and consequently, violation of human rights. The work was basically guided by four questions: Operation Condor as a state policy undemocratic and violate human rights, international cooperation to achieve the objectives of the government, the policy of dismantling the regime's opponents, the contribution of these events for the recognition of a new crime against humanity, forced disappearances. From this study emerged a number of assumptions: the absence of political and geographical borders to greater mobility and agents exceeded the limits of the policy of war only with international cooperation, especially the U.S., it was possible the implementation of Operation Condor, a cooperation between the Southern Cone countries was the embryo and experimental, culminating in the consolidation of the intelligence services and death squads. The article concludes with a brief survey of amnesty laws, attempts to punish the leaders and agents of these schemes and the consequences at the international level, as the aforementioned recognition of the category of forced disappearance as a crime against humanity
O presente trabalho tem por objeto o estudo da Políticas Coercitivas da Operação Condor, surgida na década de 70 na América Latina. Constituiu uma união entre Brasil, Argentina, Uruguai, Paraguai, Bolívia e Chile, todos sob regime militar. Idealizada e liderada por Manuel Contreras, general chileno responsável pelo Serviço de Inteligência de seu país, foi um aprimoramento da cooperação já existente para troca de informações entre os países membros. Esses acontecimentos ocorreram no contexto da Guerra Fria e tiveram a participação, direta e indireta, dos Estados Unidos, que eram a potência líder do bloco capitalista.O estudo limitou-se a uma análise parcial, direcionada à repressão ao comunismo, visto como inimigo de Estado, e tudo o que isso implicou: desenvolvimento dos serviços de inteligência, troca de informações entre os governos do Cone Sul, forte repressão à liberdade e, consequentemente, violação a direitos humanos.O trabalho foi norteado basicamente por quatro questionamentos: a Operação Condor como uma política de Estado antidemocrática e violadora dos direitos humanos; a cooperação internacional para o alcance dos objetivos dos governantes; a política de eliminação dos opositores do regime; a contribuição desses acontecimentos para o reconhecimento de um novo crime contra a humanidade, o dos desaparecimentos forçados. Deste estudo surgiram algumas hipóteses: a ausência de fronteiras políticas e geográficas possibilitou maior mobilidade aos agentes e ultrapassou os limites da política de guerra; somente com a cooperação internacional, especialmente a norte-americana, foi possível a concretização da Operação Condor; a cooperação entre os países do Cone Sul foi a fase embrionária e experimental, culminando na consolidação dos serviços de inteligência e grupos de extermínio. Ao final, apresenta-se um breve levantamento das leis de anistia, das tentativas de punição aos líderes e agentes desses regimes e as consequências no plano internacional, como o já mencionado reconhecimento da categoria de desaparecimento forçado como crime contra a humanidade

TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN FINANZAS
Héctor Contreras Leyton [Parte I mediante método de múltiplos], Joaquín Riquelme Hidalgo [ Parte II mediante método de flujos de caja descontado]
Este informe tiene como objeto estimar el precio de la acción para la empresa Viña Concha y Toro S.A. y filiales al 30 de septiembre del año 2016 mediante del método de Valoración por Flujos de Caja Descontados y el método de Valoración Múltiplos. Viña Concha y Toro S.A. es una sociedad anónima abierta fundada en 1883, sus principales mercados son Europa, Chile, Estados Unidos y Canadá, además exporta sus productos a Latinoamérica, Asia, Oceanía y África. Se ha convertido en el mayor productor y exportador de vinos de Chile y de Latinoamérica. El informe comienza describiendo la metodología utilizada para desarrollar la valoración, luego se detalla una descripción de la empresa y un análisis de su desempeño en los últimos años, sus niveles de ventas y su estructura de costos, además se entrega una descripción de la industria donde desarrolla sus actividades. A continuación, se realiza un Análisis Operacional del Negocio e Industria, una Proyección de EERR y una Proyección de Flujos de Caja Libre. Una vez obtenidos los flujos de caja libre, se descuentan a la tasa de costo de capital (calculado como WACC) y se obtiene la Valoración Económica de la Empresa y de su precio de acción. El resultado de la valoración mediante el método de Flujo de Caja Descontado arrojó un valor de la acción de $1.072,06, que resulta ser un 7,22% más bajo que el precio de mercado de la acción al 30 de septiembre de 2016. Del análisis de la empresa podemos desprender que Viña Concha y Toro S.A. tiene una sólida posición financiera en relación a su liquidez, endeudamiento y rentabilidad.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Finanzas
El siguiente informe tiene por objeto estimar el precio para la acción de la empresa Concha y Toro S.A. y filiales al 30.09.2014, mediante el método de flujo de caja descontados. Concha y Toro S.A. es una sociedad anónima abierta, cuyo controlador es la familia Guilisasti Gana. Su principal actividad es cultivo de viñedos, maquila y comercialización de vinos y otras bebidas alcohólicas. Fundada en 1883, la empresa es el mayor productor y exportador de vinos de Chile y séptimo a nivel mundial, operando con énfasis en mercados de alto de crecimiento como Europa, USA, Asia y Latinoamérica. La estructura del informe comienza con la descripción de la empresa y análisis del desempeño de la misma durante los últimos 5 años con el objeto de conocer a qué se dedica y en qué mercados opera Concha y Toro, cuáles son sus niveles de venta y como se componen, así como también la desagregación de costos y los márgenes resultantes. Posteriormente, se revela la estructura de financiamiento a través del análisis de las obligaciones financieras y de la estructura de capital, análisis operacional, construcción de la proyección del Estado de Resultados y flujos de caja libres de la empresa como input fundamental para la valoración. Para la aplicación del método de flujos de caja descontados, se estima el Beta de la empresa a través del modelo de mercado en referencia al Índice General de Precios de las Acciones (IGPA). En seguida, se estima la tasa de costo de capital de los activos de la empresa en forma de promedio ponderado según estructura de financiamiento propio y deuda (WACC), con la cual se descuentan los flujos de caja libre construidos en la proyección. Como resultado de la presente valoración, a través del modelo de flujos descontados, se estimó un precio objetivo de $ 877 por acción, generando una brecha o downside respecto del precio de la acción al 30 de septiembre de 2014 de un 22,2%. Considerando que el nivel de ventas de Concha y Toro se encuentra bien diversificado en combinación con la amplia cartera de productos comercializados, se establece que la sensibilidad de los resultados después de impuestos no muestra volatilidades significativas. Por lo tanto, los inversionistas pueden observar que la empresa muestra argumentos suficientes para mitigar externalidades, volatilidad por riesgo cambiario y además, ha sabido incorporar el crecimiento inorgánico como parte de su esfuerzo comercial consciente de la madurez de la industria. Todo lo anterior perfila a Concha y Toro como una empresa de riesgo moderado, con sólida posición financiera en términos de liquidez, endeudamiento, rentabilidad y oportunidades de crecimiento de mediano y largo plazo.

With the spread of the Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus and sexually transmitted diseases, it is extremely important for sexually active individuals to protect themselves properly if they decide to engage in sexual intercourse. Knowledge of HIV and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome has been associated with safer sexual practices, but knowledge alone does not totally explain risky sexual practices. This study examined how 154 college students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS, relationship status, perceptions of condom use, and perceptions of personal risk affect condom use during sexual intercourse. The impact of trust and love justifications along with the approval of peers were also examined. Perceptions of condom use and perceptions of personal risk were compared by gender and ethnicity; how perception of personal risk is related to condom use and condom use intentions was also examined. Condom use intention was found to be a significant predictor of condom use, and a significant difference of means for condom use intentions was reported between individuals who used condoms during their last experience with sexual intercourse and those who did not use condoms during their last sexual experience

To further understand the predictors of condom use for HIV prevention, this cross-sectional study surveyed 276 heterosexually active couples, between the ages of 16 and 29, who had been dating for less than one year. Each partner completed a self-report, multidimensional survey package and returned it via mail. Study objectives were to examine: (1) whether variables previously associated with condom use in studies of individuals (i.e., communication, attitudes toward condoms, knowledge, relationship variables), were associated with condom use in the context of the couple relationship; (2) whether there were paired-gender differences on the predictor variables; and (3) whether attachment style was associated with condom use among the couples sampled. The unique and innovative aspects of the study were its focus on couples and its exploration of the influence of attachment. The study yielded several important results. First, congruence of partner scores regarding the perception of need for condoms safe relationships was of particular importance in predicting the likelihood of condom use. Consistent condom use was more likely to occur if both partners held a positive perception; inconsistent or non-condom use was more likely if both partners held a negative view. Second, the variables that had been previously identified as predictors in studies of individuals, taken together, helped to correctly classify inconsistent/no-condom use, but did not do so for consistent use. Third, although females reported asking questions about their partner's sexual history more often than did males, and also reported carrying the burden of the decision to use condoms, their decision was ultimately influenced by their male partner's perception of whether condoms should be used. Finally, although there were no significant relationships between attachment style and condom use, it is not possible to rule out the absence of an association owing to the inadequate representation of all attachment styles in this sample. Furthermore, significant correlations were observed between condom use predictor variables and attachment working models that represent the individual's image of other people, and the individual's image of self. Results are discussed with respect to decision-making heuristics and optimistic bias regarding HIV/STD risk perceptions, and implications for intervention strategies are suggested.

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Podemos dizer que toda filosofia de Kant tem em vista a Aufkl?rung, ou seja, o processo onde os indiv?duos tornam-se esclarecidos. A palavra Aufkl?rung ? mais bem traduzida por esclarecimento e n?o por Iluminismo ou ilustra??o, pois ? uma tarefa sempre presente e v?lida para todas as ?pocas, n?o se limitando a um determinado per?odo. Aufkl?rung ? sair da menoridade, ou seja, sair da condi??o humilhante de ser comandado por outrem. Menoridade ? sin?nimo de heteronomia, isto ?, tomar preceitos e f?rmulas de outros como seus. Menoridade ?, como a pr?pria palavra indica, condi??o de crian?a, precisando de algo ou de algu?m para dizer o que, como e para que fazer. Nesta condi??o de crian?as os indiv?duos transferem para fora de si a conduta de sua vida. Assim sendo, n?o ? preciso usar seu pr?prio entendimento, pois tudo est? pr?-determinado. Por outro lado, a maioridade ? a situa??o do indiv?duo esclarecido, ou ainda, o Aufkl?rer. Maioridade ? autonomia, onde nenhum preconceito exterior diz o que fazer. A raz?o ? a ?nica fonte de verdade. Todo resto ? tido como heter?nomo e, conseq?entemente, eliminado como princ?pio da a??o. Ser Aufkl?rer ? condi??o de possibilidade de ser seu pr?prio legislador. Portanto, maioridade ? pressuposto fundamental para aquela compreens?o positiva de liberdade. Logo, estar na maioridade significa n?o mais um servilismo dogm?tico como ocorria na menoridade, antes, ? ter a si mesmo como ponto de partida para toda e qualquer tarefa. Ser esclarecido ? utilizar o que nos ? mais pr?prio e ?ntimo, a saber, a raz?o. Logo, a menoridade deve ser substitu?da pela maioridade. Ora, a Aufkl?rung ? justamente o processo onde os indiv?duos passam da menor ? maioridade. ? por este fato que Aufkl?rung ? traduzida por esclarecimento, pois ? um processo que transcende uma ?poca. Consequentemente, ? preciso abandonar aquele estado de incompet?ncia para tornar-se dono de si mesmo. Deste modo, Aufkl?rung ? uma m?xima que exorta todos os homens a usar a pr?pria raz?o. Todavia, Kant depara-se com um problema: como fazer os indiv?duos entrarem na maioridade? Sabemos que o impulso para sair da menoridade n?o pode ser externo ao sujeito, mas deve estar nele mesmo. ? sob esta perspectiva que nosso autor poder? dizer: o esclarecimento ? dever moral de cada indiv?duo. A mola propulsora do processo da Aufkl?rung ? o dever. O dever cont?m em si o conceito de boa vontade. Logo, toda a??o por dever ? boa e embasada na raz?o. ? dever de todos os indiv?duos, portanto, fazer a ?bergang da menor ? maioridade. Esta ?bergang ? um processo moral-individual intransfer?vel e plenamente poss?vel. Obviamente, a Aufkl?rung ganha car?ter de imperativo categ?rico. Deste modo, a m?xima de permanecer na menoridade n?o pode ser aceita, uma vez que n?o possui envergadura universal. Por isso, mesmo sendo a Aufkl?rung um processo interno, possui uma extens?o ao coletivo. Assim, na perspectiva kantiana, ser Aufkl?rer ? contribuir com o progresso do Estado atrav?s do uso p?blico da raz?o. Para falar publicamente apenas o Aufkl?rer est? capacitado, pois n?o protege ou favorece seus interesses ou de algum grupo, mas favorece a todos, pelo fato da cr?tica estar fundamentada na raz?o. Entrar na maioridade ? uma obriga??o incondicional que a pr?pria raz?o exorta a cada sujeito. Servir-se do pr?prio entendimento ?, em ?ltima an?lise, auto-emancipa??o, condi??o indispens?vel para a efetiva??o da liberdade. Assim sendo, o Aufkl?rer possui uma fun??o importante na dimens?o p?blica, a saber, usar a cr?tica para contribuir no progresso estatal. Para isso, vai dizendo Kant, ? necess?rio que o Estado forne?a a possibilidade do uso p?blico da raz?o, isto ?, deixar o esclarecido falar livremente aos cidad?os. Por conseguinte, a cr?tica, fundada sempre na raz?o, ser? a prova de fogo das leis promulgadas pelo Estado, fazendo este progredir para o melhor. O progresso do Estado ? legal, pois est? localizado no ?mbito externo. Logo, a hist?ria ? o palco de sua constru??o. Todavia, a concep??o kantiana de hist?ria n?o se preocupa com os eventos ocorridos, mas ocupa-se em redigir uma hist?ria segundo a id?ia de como deveria ser o curso do mundo se tivesse que ajustar-se a certos fins racionais. A hist?ria, para Kant, n?o est? localizada no ?mbito te?rico-especulativo, mas no ?mbito pr?tico, de car?ter a priori. O filosofo de K?nigsberg deixa claro que sua inten??o n?o ? a elabora??o de uma hist?ria emp?rica, muito menos uma filosofia da hist?ria. Sua pretens?o ? uma hist?ria filos?fica, designada pelo termo Weltgeschichte. Essa concep??o de hist?ria n?o ? uma quimera, pois a pr?pria natureza encaminha-se para um fim. Deste modo, a hist?ria ser? o modo de considerar o amontoado de fatos desorganizados, como se (als ob) dirigindo a um certo fim. Isso apenas ser? poss?vel mediante o peculiar conceito de natureza. A concep??o desta natureza vai muito al?m daquela natureza concebida na primeira cr?tica, pois ela n?o ? mais vista sob a base do ju?zo determinante, mas do ju?zo regulativo. Esta ?ltima esp?cie de ju?zo nada acrescenta e nada atrapalha o ju?zo determinante, ? somente uma perspectiva que a raz?o adota para ver al?m da mera causalidade. A natureza ?, portanto, teleol?gica, ou seja, ? como se (als ob) ela encaminhasse o g?nero humano a seu pr?prio fim. Para isso, ela utiliza a mis?ria humana, a saber, usa o ego?smo, os interesses pr?prios, a ?nsia de poder, etc. para elevar o g?nero humano a est?gios mais elevados. O Aufkl?rer, que contribui para o progresso, n?o entra em conflito com este conceito de natureza, pois esta ? apenas uma maneira da raz?o ganhar for?a onde ainda n?o conseguia impor sua voz. A natureza, em ?ltima an?lise, ? uma trabalhadora da raz?o, conduzindo o homem at? onde apenas a raz?o pode mandar. Descarta-se, por conseguinte, a acusa??o de Kant ser um providencialista, pois, como ficou claro, natureza teleologicamente concebida (a priori) ? uma condi??o para a raz?o conceber um plano oculto em meio aos acontecimentos isolados. O progresso para o melhor ? poss?vel, na vis?o de Kant, se aquele que prediz algo do futuro encaminha sua a??o para concretizar tal predi??o. Ora, ? justamente o que faz o Aufkl?rer, ou seja, diz o que ? melhor para o dom?nio p?blico e age para que tal aconte?a. A cr?tica ? parte do pr?prio agir. Para o melhor entende-se uma constitui??o republicana, onde a id?ia do contrato origin?rio (vontade de todos) ? tomada como crit?rio. A constitui??o republicana n?o se cristalizar? completamente na experi?ncia, justamente por ser uma id?ia da raz?o. No entanto, ? uma obriga??o pr?tica sempre presente aproximar o Estado efetivado da id?ia republicana. Ora, para a forma??o de um Estado, ? necess?rio sair do estado de natureza, onde n?o existe lei, muito menos legislador. Em tal estado a for?a ? a lei. De acordo com o fil?sofo de K?nigsberg, ? preciso sair do estado brutal para constituir um Estado de Direito. Neste ?ltimo, a lei assegura os direitos cong?nitos e adquiridos. No estado de Direito a lei tamb?m garante a coexist?ncia pac?fica entre os homens, pois quem transgredi-la est? sujeito ? coa??o. Coa??o n?o fere a liberdade, pelo contr?rio, coa??o restaura a liberdade lesada. Por conseguinte, a passagem do estado de natureza ao Estado Civil ocorre mediante a id?ia do contrato. Este contrato, chamado por Kant de contrato original, n?o se realizou em algum momento hist?rico, ? apenas uma id?ia da raz?o. Id?ia que considera todas as vontades unidas para sair daquele estado selvagem e n?o apenas uma determinada parte. O Estado Civil garante o meu e o teu; garante a conviv?ncia entre os homens, mesmo havendo neles uma tend?ncia ego?sta. Assim, o Estado ? fundamental para a Aufkl?rung, assim como esta ? fundamental para Aquele. Ora, n?o ? poss?vel que algum indiv?duo fa?a a ?bergang da menor ? maioridade se ainda precisa da for?a para manter sua vida e sua propriedade. A garantia da conviv?ncia regulada pela lei, permite aos indiv?duos fazerem aquele processo moral-interno que o torna senhor de si. No entanto, ? preciso mais uma condi??o por parte do Estado, a saber, permitir que o Aufkl?rer possa utilizar sua cr?tica publicamente. ? desta forma que se estabelece uma circularidade evolutiva, n?o viciosa, entre Aufkl?rer cr?tico e Estado Civil, ou seja, o Estado garante as condi??es de conviv?ncia/seguran?a e uso p?blico da raz?o e o Aufkl?rer, ap?s sair da menoridade, utiliza sua cr?tica para contribuir no progresso rumo ? constitui??o republicana. Kant, contudo, deixa claro que a cr?tica no seu uso p?blico n?o pode fomentar revoltas contra o Estado. Nosso autor n?o admite qualquer forma de resist?ncia contra o Estado estabelecido, pois, por pior que possa ser sua administra??o, ? a fonte da lei. Destruir o Estado ? voltar ao estado de natureza. Portanto, o Estado pode dizer: raciocinai o quanto quiser e sobre o que quiser, mas obedecei. Logo, a cr?tica ? admitida somente enquanto contribui para o progresso do Estado. Para finalizar, ? desde um impulso interno que vimos o progresso do Estado, ou seja, o dever moral de esclarecer-se favorece ao progresso do Estado em dire??o a id?ia republicana. Portanto, a circularidade que a? se estabelece ? progressiva e favorece ao ?mbito p?blico. Ser senhor de si, por conseguinte, al?m de ser um bem a si mesmo, ? contribuir para o desenvolvimento ao melhor da humanidade.

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O presente trabalho busca analisar a obra ?pera do malandro (1978), de Chico Buarque de Hollanda (1946-) ? luz da teoria de Gayatri Spivak acerca do sujeito subalterno. Em seu texto Pode o subalterno falar? (2010), Spivak aponta que as classes mais baixas da sociedade, al?m de serem exclu?das do quadro social dominante, n?o possuem nenhuma autonomia ou representa??o, j? que os que se prop?em a esse papel o fazem com base no aparelho ideol?gico das camadas mais altas da sociedade e, assim, a voz subalterna n?o se concretiza. Chico Buarque, por sua vez, ? considerado um dos artistas brasileiros que melhor representa a voz dos desvalidos atrav?s de sua cria??o. A ?pera do malandro traz personagens que vivenciam situa??es semelhantes ao contexto exposto por Spivak. No entanto, os personagens de Buarque tentam expressar sua voz, mesmo sendo subalternos, n?o atrav?s de um discurso pol?tico, mas sim art?stico. Spivak, investigando a ?ndia, seu pa?s de origem, revela o processo de coloniza??o como o principal fator da total impossibilidade de fala do sujeito subalterno, e ? exatamente neste ponto que a constru??o te?rica spivakiana e o processo art?stico buarquiano apontam para caminhos diferentes, pois, na verdade, o Brasil e a ?ndia apresentam contextos hist?ricos distintos de coloniza??o, o que por sua vez diferencia o desenvolver da hist?ria de cada pa?s e, consequentemente, a constru??o de seus sujeitos. Dadas essas circunst?ncias e as diferen?as entre os momentos hist?ricos, o malandro brasileiro surge como um sujeito subalterno que consegue estabelecer na arte liter?ria buarquiana um espa?o onde ele possa falar.
This paper seeks to analyze Chico Buarque de Holanda?s work, ?pera do Malandro (1978), based on Gayatri Spivak's theory about the subaltern individual. In her text Can the subaltern speak? (2010) Spivak points out that the lower classes of society, besides being excluded from the dominant social context, have no autonomy or representation, since those who play this role are based on the ideological apparatus of the highest levels of society, and so the subaltern voice does not materialize itself. Chico Buarque, on the other hand, is considered one of the Brazilian artists who best represents the voice of the underprivileged people through the expression of his art. The ?pera do Malandro points to a character who plays a similar role in the social context of that which Spivak addresses. However, Buarque?s character manages to express her voice, even as a subaltern, not through a political discourse but through art. Spivak, through an investigation of Indian society, her country of origin, points out the process of colonization as the main element of the total impossibility of the subaltern exercising an authentic voice. It is exactly at this point where the spivakiana theoretical construction and the buarquiano artistic process point different ways, because in fact, Brazil and India present different processes of colonization, which in turn differentiate the path of history, and consequently the construction of individuals. Given these circumstances and the differences between historical moments, the trickster (malandro), appears as a subaltern individual who can establish in the buarquiana literary discourse where the subaltern can speak.

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Tecnologia Alimentar/ Qualidade
O pó da concha de ostra é constituído maioritariamente por carbonato de cálcio e de acordo com estudos feitos o cálcio a partir deste sal é mais facilmente assimilado pelo organismo humano. O carbonato de cálcio poderá ser a fonte de cálcio na fortificação de alimentos e também no uso como suplemento alimentar. Os principais objectivos deste trabalho foram a caracterização química da concha da ostra em função das espécies e das zonas de crescimento e quantificação do cálcio elementar para possível aplicação como suplemento alimentar na dieta humana. As determinações analíticas de Hg e As no pó da concha da ostra foram realizadas por espectrometria de absorção atómica com gerador de hidretos, enquanto que os restantes metais K, Mn, Ca, Na, Fe, Mg, Al, Zn, Sn, Co, Pb, Ni Cd e Cr foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atómica (AAS) com chama de protóxido de azoto e lâmpada de cátodo oco. Os resultados revelaram que as amostras apresentaram níveis de concentração acima dos permitidos pelas normas vigentes com relação ao teor de Pb analisado. Todas as análise dos restantes elementos K, Mn, Ca, Na, Fe, Mg, Al, Zn, Sn, Co, tomou-se como parâmetro de avaliação valores apresentados nas referidas bibliografias e foram discutidos de acordo com os resultados obtidos como por exemplo o valor do cálcio orgânico presente na concha da ostra que está entre 96% a 98%.

As early as Tacitus, Livian scholarship has struggled to resolve the "Livian paradox," the conflict between Livy's support of the Roman Republic and his overt approval of Augustus, who brought about the end of the Republic. This paper addresses the paradox by attempting to place Livy's writings within their proper historical and literary context. An examination of Augustus' position during the early years of Livy's writing shows that the princeps cloaked his power within the precedent of Republican autocracy, in which imperium could be unlimited in power so long as it was limited by time. As a result, although Augustus' rule would ultimately prove the end of Rome's republic, nevertheless during Livy's early writings Augustus' reign and the Republic were not antithetical. Livy's preface and early exempla further demonstrate that Livy's writings, while condemnatory of his contemporary Rome, blame Rome's decline on the character of the Roman people rather than a corruption of the Republic's political forms. In his preface Livy blames vitia, not ambitio for the universal destruction of the civil wars, while his exempla from the monarchic period and beyond show praise or condemnation of individuals for their actions, not their political offices. Livy praises most of Rome's monarchs for their individual character and their establishment of mores, while also portraying the early Romans' defense of libertas as injuriously overzealous. Ultimately, Augustus' attempts to legislate conservative, "traditional" morality made him a contemporary exemplum of Livy's ancient mores. Thus, the Livian paradox is answered by understanding that Augustus and the Republic were not antithetical, Livy was not concerned with political forms but morality, and Augustus' morality aligned with that championed by Livy.

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After the discovery of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), in the 1980s, the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have changed over the years, mainly from the second half of the 1990s, with the emergence of new drugs for its treatment. Objective: to investigate the oral condition and the HIV infection condition factors associated in individuals living with HIV/Aids. Method: a cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory study. Single examiner used a data collection instrument in Assistance Specialized Services (SAE - STD/HIV/Aids) users in three municipalities in the Bahia State. The information derived from primary data (interviews and oral clinical examination) and secondary data (clinical records). Socio-demographic, lifestyle and health condition characteristics, HIV/Aids infection and oral condition were researched. Individuals registered in these services, with age greater than or equal to eighteen years old, gender both and that participate accepted voluntarily in the research were evaluated. Sample size was determined by convenience, from the data collection availability time. For statistical analysis, the Stata 10 statistical package used, the Chi-square test was used for categorical variables, with 5% significance level. Results: preliminary results in 228 individuals showed that the majority was male gender, browns, with a mean age 41.6 years old and the average HIV infection diagnosis time was 5.4 years. The HIV/Aids infection condition, as assessed by CD4 T-lymphocyte count showed statistically significant association with: current occupation, antiretroviral drugs use duration, last viral load determination and intra-oral injury presence. As for the oral condition, in relation to dental caries, the following factors significantly associated: age, race, current occupation, family income, average number of cigarettes per day, total and / or partial prosthesis use, prosthesis dental use, gingivitis and flossing. For intra-oral lesion presence was associated with age, educational level, current smoking, antiretroviral medications duration, dosage last viral load last count CD4 + T lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratio, gingivitis , periodontitis and flossing. Regarding the periodontitis, the following factors were associated: sex, residence county, past smoking, current smoking and flossing. Conclusions: the preliminary findings point to association between socio-demographic, lifestyle characteristics and HIV infection condition and oral condition, suggesting the need for better understanding of the influence of these variables in the individuals living with HIV/Aids monitoring, contributing to preventive measures, treatment and survival of the infection diagnosed individuals.
Ap?s a descoberta do V?rus da Imunodefici?ncia Humana (HIV), na d?cada de 1980, as caracter?sticas cl?nicas e epidemiol?gicas da S?ndrome da Imunodefici?ncia Adquirida (Aids) se modificaram ao longo dos anos, principalmente a partir da segunda metade da d?cada de 1990, com o surgimento de novos medicamentos para seu tratamento. Objetivo: Investigar fatores associados ? condi??o bucal e ? condi??o de infec??o pelo HIV em indiv?duos vivendo com HIV/Aids. M?todo: Foi realizado estudo do tipo transversal, de car?ter explorat?rio, atrav?s da coleta de dados com o uso de um instrumento de coleta aplicado por um ?nico examinador em usu?rios de Servi?os de Assist?ncia Especializada (SAE ? DST/HIV/Aids) de tr?s munic?pios do Estado da Bahia. As informa??es foram provenientes de dados prim?rios (entrevista e exame cl?nico bucal) e de dados secund?rios (prontu?rios cl?nicos). Foram pesquisadas caracter?sticas s?cio-demogr?ficas, relacionadas ao estilo de vida, ? condi??o de sa?de, ? infec??o HIV/Aids e ? condi??o bucal. Duzentos e vinte e oito indiv?duos cadastrados nesses Servi?os, com idade igual ou superior a dezoito anos, de ambos os sexos e que aceitaram, voluntariamente, participar da pesquisa foram avaliados. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por conveni?ncia, a partir da disponibilidade de tempo para a coleta de dados. Para a an?lise estat?stica, foi utilizado o pacote estat?stico Stata 10, empregando-se o teste de Qui-quadrado para vari?veis categ?ricas, com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. Resultados: Os resultados preliminares mostraram que a maioria dos indiv?duos avaliados era do sexo masculino, pardos, com m?dia de idade de 41,6 anos e com tempo m?dio de diagn?stico da infec??o pelo HIV de 5,4 anos. A condi??o de infec??o HIV/Aids, avaliada pela contagem de linf?citos T CD4+ mostrou associa??o estatisticamente significante com: ocupa??o atual, tempo de uso de medica??es antirretrovirais, ?ltima dosagem de carga viral e presen?a de les?o intra-oral. Quanto ? condi??o bucal, em rela??o ? presen?a de c?rie dent?ria, os seguintes fatores apresentaram associa??o estatisticamente significante: idade, ra?a/cor, ocupa??o atual, renda familiar, quantidade m?dia de cigarros por dia, uso de pr?tese dent?ria total e/ou parcial, necessidade de uso de pr?tese dent?ria, presen?a de gengivite e uso de fio dental. Para a presen?a de les?o intra-oral, houve associa??o com: idade, n?vel de escolaridade, tabagismo atual, tempo de uso de medica??es antirretrovirais, ?ltima dosagem de carga viral, ?ltima contagem de linf?citos T CD4+, rela??o CD4/CD8, presen?a de gengivite, presen?a de periodontite e uso de fio dental. Com rela??o ? presen?a de periodontite, os seguintes fatores apresentaram associa??o: sexo, munic?pio de resid?ncia, tabagismo no passado, tabagismo atual e uso de fio dental. Conclus?o: Os achados preliminares apontam para a associa??o entre fatores s?cio-demogr?ficos e de estilo de vida ? condi??o de infec??o HIV e ao estado bucal, sugerindo a necessidade de melhor conhecimento da influ?ncia destas vari?veis no acompanhamento dos indiv?duos que vivem com HIV/Aids, contribuindo para medidas preventivas, tratamento e sobrevida daqueles com diagn?stico da referida infec??o.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico
Population aging is one of the greatest challenges to contemporary public health and, in this perspective, the functional capacity emerges as an important feature in geriatric assessment. The oral health of elderly, in turn, deserves special attention because, historically, in the dental services, this population group was not considered a priority for attention, which is verified by high rates of edentulism found even among these individuals. The present study proposes to examine the relationship between oral health status and functional capacity in an elderly population. To this end, intra-oral epidemiological examination was performed to assess the degree of dental caries, periodontal status, use and need of prosthesis and the presence of lesions. Functional capacity was assessed by the Independence in Activities of Daily Living, which considers the independence or not in the performance of six self-care functions. Socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and general health status were also investigated, in view of the possibility of intervention of these variables in the investigated relation. An factor analysis of the principal components was conducted which resulted four indicators of oral health conditions, representative of the population studied. 441 seniors were enrolled with mean age of 71.7 (? 8.7) years, the majority being female (68%). Functional capacity was dichotomized into completely independent individuals (89.6%) and dependent on at least one of the functions considered (10.4%). There was an association between functional capacity and the indicators related to the presence of many teeth and dental caries, and to that associated with the use and need of prostheses. These associations in turn, lost statistical significance when adjusting for confounding variables, combined in separate models for each indicator. Some of these variables, however, remained associated with functional capacity. It is considered that the study of oral health status of elderly, associeted with the search for an association with functional capacity is important in the construction of indicators necessary for planning preventive and therapeutic interventions that reduce the risk for loss of ability in daily physical functions and their consequences, as the harm in the oral self-care
O envelhecimento populacional constitui um dos maiores desafios para a sa?de p?blica contempor?nea e, nessa perspectiva, a capacidade funcional surge como importante crit?rio na avalia??o geri?trica. A sa?de bucal dos idosos por sua vez, merece aten??o especial visto que, historicamente, nos servi?os odontol?gicos, tal grupo populacional n?o era considerado como prioridade de aten??o, o que se verifica pelas altas taxas de edentulismo ainda encontrada entre esses indiv?duos. O estudo em quest?o prop?e analisar a rela??o entre as condi??es de sa?de bucal e a capacidade funcional de uma popula??o de idosos. Para tanto, realizou-se exame epidemiol?gico intra-oral que avaliou o grau de ataque de c?rie, condi??o periodontal, uso e necessidade de pr?tese e presen?a de les?es. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada atrav?s da Escala de Independ?ncia em Atividades da Vida Di?ria, que considera a independ?ncia ou n?o no desempenho de seis fun??es de autocuidado. Caracter?sticas socioecon?mico-demogr?ficas e de sa?de geral tamb?m foram pesquisadas, tendo em vista a possibilidade de interven??o de tais vari?veis na rela??o investigada. Realizou-se uma an?lise fatorial de componentes principais da qual resultaram quatro indicadores de sa?de bucal, representativos das condi??es da popula??o estudada. Foram arrolados 441 idosos com idade m?dia de 71,7 (?8,7) anos, sendo a maioria do sexo feminino (68%). A capacidade funcional foi dicotomizada em indiv?duos totalmente independentes (89,6%) e dependentes em ao menos uma das fun??es consideradas (10,4%). Observou-se associa??o entre a capacidade funcional e os indicadores relacionados ? presen?a de elementos dent?rios e c?rie, e ?quele associado ao uso e necessidade de pr?tese. Tais associa??es por sua vez, perderam signific?ncia estat?stica quando do ajuste para algumas vari?veis de confus?o, combinadas em modelos distintos para cada indicador. Algumas dessas vari?veis, entretanto, mantiveram-se associadas ? capacidade funcional. Considera-se que o estudo das condi??es de sa?de bucal de idosos, aliado ? busca de uma associa??o com a capacidade funcional revela-se importante na constru??o de indicadores necess?rios ao planejamento de medidas preventivas e interven??es terap?uticas que reduzam os riscos para a perda de habilidade nas fun??es f?sicas cotidianas e suas sequelas, como o preju?zo no autocuidado bucal

Dans cette thèse, les domaines diamagnétiques appelés " domaines de Condon " sont étudiés. L'origine de ces domaines est la quantification des états d'énergie des électrons soumis à un champ magnétique en niveaux de Landau conduisant à l'effet de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA). Pour la première fois, la structure magnétique des domaines de Condon est détectée à la surface d'un échantillon en argent à l'aide d'une sonde locale de l'aimantation. Pour ce faire, un réseau contenant cinq microsondes de Hall ayant une résolution spatiale d'une dizaine de micromètres et une résolution magnétique de 1e-4 est utilisé. La période de la structure des domaines et l'épaisseur des parois sont estimées. L'hystérèse est observée dans l'effet dHvA en présence de domaines de Condon. La boucle d'hystérèse est détectée par les sondes de Hall DC et par des mesures standard de susceptibilité AC. La détection de l'hystérèse par la technique AC offre une méthode très sensible avec laquelle les diagrammes de phase des domaines de Condon sont déterminés pour un échantillon d'argent et pour un échantillon de béryllium
In this thesis, diamagnetic domains called “Condon domains” are investigated. The origin of these domains is the Landau quantization of the electron energy states in a magnetic field leading to the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) effect. Here, for the first time, the Condon domain structure is detected at the surface of a silver sample with a local magnetic field probe. Magnetic field changes of the order of 1e-4 are resolved with an array of micro Hall probes on length scales of some ten micrometers. The domain period and the domain wall thickness are estimated. Furthermore, hysteresis is observed in the dHvA effect in the Condon domain state. The hysteresis loop is identified using DC Hall probes and a standard AC modulation field technique. The detection of the hysteresis with the AC technique offered a highly sensitive method by which experimental phase diagrams of the Condon domain state are determined for silver and beryllium samples

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Finanzas
Autor no autoriza el acceso a texto completo de su documento
El sector vitivinícola de Chile se ha desarrollado fuertemente en las últimas décadas pasando a tomar una alta relevancia dentro de nuestra economía, siendo uno de los principales sectores productivos y exportadores del país, es por esto que el presente estudio pretende entender las características de este sector y se enfoca en valorar mediante periodo explícito a la Viña Concha y toro, la cual es una de las principales viñas en Chile, para ello se aplicará la metodología general de valoración conocida como flujo de caja descontado. Con el objetivo de crear los cimientos en los cuales se fundamenten y se basen los supuestos para la posterior valoración de la empresa, se realizó previo a la valoración, un análisis general tanto de la empresa como de su sector industrial. A nivel industrial se identificaron y analizaron las principales características presentes en la industria vitivinícola, así como también la evolución, desarrollo, tendencias y perspectivas de crecimiento del sector. Por otro lado, a nivel empresarial se identificaron y analizaron los aspectos más relevantes de la Viña, tales como su propuesta de generación de valor, estrategias de crecimiento, diversificación y penetración en nuevos mercados. Mediante el análisis de la información pública financiera de la empresa, se realizaron proyecciones del estado de resultado de la compañía, así como también se proyectó el flujo de caja en un horizonte de valoración de cinco años, el cual captura toda la información relevante y existente al momento de la valoración. Es importante mencionar que este modelamiento es una valoración de periodo explicito, por tanto no incorpora crecimientos ni inversiones de capital en el último año de valoración. En el cuerpo de este informe podrá encontrar los resultados de este modelamiento. Finalmente, Cabe destacar que la valoración se realiza al 30 de Junio del año 2013, por tanto los resultados que se obtuvieron, y que se basaron en los supuestos mencionados en el informe, nos permitirá conocer el valor de la empresa a esa fecha y concluir si el precio de la acción de la Viña Concha y Toro se encontraba cotizando sobre la base de sus fundamentales ó se encontraba transando con algún premio o descuento respecto al valor bolsa a la fecha de valoración antes mencionada.

This study investigated influence strategies used by university students to negotiate condom use. The study examined the seven condom influence strategies (CISs) -withholding sex, direct request, seduction, relationship conceptualizing, risk information, deception, and pregnancy prevention- used by heterosexually active male and female students. The sample comprised of 156 first year students (male=44 and female=112). Statistically significant correlations were found among all the condom influence strategies subscales. Results suggest that the university students influence their partners in all identified condom influence strategies and the risk information strategy holds the most promise of all the strategies.

Memoria (arquitecto)
El presente proyecto de título surge al ver como nuestra ciudad crece indiscriminadamente, dejando de lado muchas veces el fin por el cual nosotros como arquitectos hacemos ciudad, este fin es el hombre. La ciudad se hace por el hombre y para el hombre. Actualmente, vemos como el mercado capitalista maneja el crecimiento de la ciudad, consumiendo poco a poco los espacios para el peatón, el encuentro social, cultural y recreación. Desde este punto de vista surge mi motivación personal por consolidar y potenciar aquellos espacios que posibiliten el encuentro social, el desarrollo cultural y la recreación de los habitantes en la ciudad. La existencia del comercio es indispensable para la consolidación de un sector que pueda reconocerse como un centro o sub-centro dentro de ciudad. Sin embargo para que este potencial sub-centro tenga vitalidad y mantenga su condición en el tiempo. Debe evitarse la homogenización del sector. Con esto me refiero a que deben coexistir diversos usos manteniendo los comerciales, institucionales, hostelerías y oficinas pero también viviendas. El equilibrio de usos vitaliza un centro urbano y permite que se mantenga la identidad del sector. Dentro de este contexto el parque Araucano, inserto en la trama de la comuna de Las Condes posee una condición urbana particular en donde confluyen diversos usos de la ciudad: Comercial, Oficinas, Educación y Residencial. El desafío de consolidar un sector del parque que no es utilizado por la comunidad y potenciarlo como un foco de desarrollo cultural, social y de recreación, que impida la homogenización del sector, es la primera premisa para la realización del proyecto “Teatro Parque Araucano”.

To date there are no published studies that quantify the amount of dehydration that takes place during rock climbing (RC). The purposes of this study were to determine whether significant dehydration occurs during a simulated RC session and whether ad libitum water ingestion augments this dehydration. In order to do so, eight male (Mean±SD; 26.5±5.8) and two female (24.0±1.4 yrs) experienced rock climbers completed two identical 115-minute RC trials on a motorized indoor RC treadmill, which consisted of six 15-minute RC intervals with a five minute rest between each interval. One trial the subjects did not receive water (NH) the other they ingested water ad libitum during the rest periods (AL). Percent change in body mass (%DeltaBM) and percent change in plasma volume (%DeltaPV) were calculated for both trials. Urine specific gravity (USG), rhythmic hand grip endurance and plasma creatine kinase were collected before and after both trials. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured throughout both trials. Data was analyzed via RMANOVA, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests and paired T-tests. The level of significance was set at P≤0.05. There were significant differences between trials for %DeltaBM (Mean±SE: NH=-2.4±0.1%, AL=-0.9±0.2%) and %DeltaPV (NH=-2.93±2.42%, AL=+8.76±3.24%). Heart rate and RPE significantly increased during both trials. There was a significant interaction between trials for HR. No other significant differences between trials were observed. Significant dehydration can occur during RC when %DeltaBM is used as an indicator, but not final USG. The cardiovascular stress associated with this dehydration was decreased by ad libitum water ingestion.

Thesis (PhD(Agric))--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Postharvest decay of stone fruit in the Western Cape province of South Africa is caused primarily by Botrytis cinerea (grey mould) and Monilinia laxa (brown rot). Little is known about the relative importance and seasonal occurrence of the two pathogens in nectarine and plum orchards, the mode of penetration of fruits by M laxa, latency and subsequent disease expression by the latter pathogen. These aspects were investigated in this study. By sampling from the Unifruco Quality Evaluation Scheme and from 11 stone fruit orchards, observations were made over a 3-year period of the occurrence of grey mould and brown rot in the major stone fruit regions. Botrytis cinerea was found to be the most important pathogen causing blossom blight and postharvest decay on stone fruit. The pathogen was most prominent on early- and mid-season culti~ars. Brown rot was exclusively caused by M laxa and no evidence was found that M fructicoZa had been introduced into the region. Monilina laxa was most prominent on the later maturing cultivars. Botrytis cinerea blossom infection did not contribute directly to postharvest decay. Both surface inoculum and latent infection consistently occurred on fruit in each orchard, although at fluctuating levels. Disease expression on developing fruit was not governed by the amount of B. cinerea occurring on fruit surfaces, but by the ability of fruit to resist disease expression. The amount of B. cinerea on fruits was generally higher during spring than during summer. Monilinia laxa occurred sporadically on the blossoms of late-maturing cultivars. Immature fruit were generally pathogen-free and disease expression occurred on maturing fruit only. These findings suggest that conidia of M laxa are generally produced in orchards when fruits are approaching maturity and can penetrate and infect maturing fruit only. The behaviour of airborne M laxa conidia was subsequently studied on nectarine (cultivar Flamekist) and plum (cultivar Laetitia) fruit. For these studies, an inoculation method that simulates natural infection by airborne conidia was used. Fruit at pit hardening, 2 wk before harvest, harvest stage and after cold storage (nectarines 4 wk at -o.soC followed by 1 wk at 23°C at ±56% RH; plums 10 days at .....().5°C,18 days at 7.5°C followed by 1 wk at 23°C at ±56% RH) were dusted with dry conidia of M laxa in a settling tower. The fruits were incubated for periods ranging from 3 to 48 h at high relative humidity (2':93%, humid fruit) or covered with a film of water (wet fruit). Behaviour of the solitary conidia was examined with an epifluorescence microscope on skin segments stained in a differential stain containing fluorescein diacetate, aniline blue and blankophor. The ability of solitary conidia to colonise the fruit surface, penetrate fruit skins and to induce disease expression was determined by using a differential set of tests. For these tests, fruit were surface-sterilised (30 s in 70% ethanol) or left Unsterile. From each group, fruit were selected for isolation (skin segment test), immersed in a 3% paraquat solution (paraquat-treated fruit test) or left untreated (sound fruit test). 1be findings demonstrated that solitary conidia of M laxa behaved consistently on plum and nectarine fruit surfaces: appressorium formation and direct penetration was not observed on any of the fruit surfaces and germ tubes penetrated fruit predominantly through stomata, lenticels and microfissures in the fruit skin. The monitoring of airborne conidia revealed subtle effects of the fruits on the behaviour of solitary germlings, which could not be seen when using conidial suspensions. On both fruit types, no deleterious effect was seen on conidial and germling survival when fruit were kept humid at pit hardening, 2 wk before harvest and harvest. However, conidial and germling survival were drastically reduced by prolonged wet incubation of fruits. The findings on disease expression in the skin segment, paraquat-treated fruit and sound fruit tests clearly showed that the skin of both nectarine and plum fruits were not penetrated at the pit hardening stage, latent infections were not established and fruitsreacted resistant to disease expression. These facets on both fruit types were furthermore unaffected by wetness. The barrier capacity of the fruit skin of the two stone fruit types however differed drastically later in the season. On nectarine, fruit skins were more readily penetrated and disease expression became more pronounced when fruit approached maturity. Penetration and disease expression on ripening nectarine fruit were furthermore greatly influenced by wetness. Maturing plum fruit, on the other hand, did not display the drastic change in the barrier capacity of fruit skins as observed on nectarine. The influence of wetness on infection and disease expression was also less pronounced than on nectarine. In fact, plum fruit remained asymptomatic in the sound fruit test after inoculation and humid incubation at the 2 wk before harvest stage, harvest stage and after cold storage. Plum fruit at these stages only developed disease after a prolonged period (~12 h) of wet incubation. The paraquat fruit test revealed that these fruits became more susceptible to latent infection, but they were not as susceptible as nectarine. Collectively, these findings indicate that M. laxa fruit rot epidemics on plum and nectarine are driven by inoculum levels on fruit approaching maturity and by weather conditions prevailing during the preharvest and harvest period. However, the barrier capacity of plum skins is considerably more effective than that of nectarine fruit. Wounds would therefore play an important role in the epidemiology of M. laxa on plum fruit. Infection of fresh wounds by airborne M. laxa conidia, and by conidia and germlings that have established on fruits, was therefore investigated. Plum fruit (cultivar Laetitia) at pit hardening, 2 wk before harvest, harvest stage and after cold storage were dusted with dry conidia of M. laxa in a settling tower.- Infection of rionwounded fruit and of fresh wounds by \ the airborne conidia on dry, humid and wet plum fruit surfaces, and by conidia and germlings that have been established on fruits under the wetness regimes was then investigated. Nonwounded immature and mature fruit remained mostly asymptomatic, whereas nonwounded cold stored fruit decayed readily. Wounding drastically increased infection by airborne conidia. Immature fruits were less susceptible to wound infection by the airborne conidia than mature fruits. Conidia dispersed freshly were more successful in infecting fresh wounds than conidia that were deposited, or germlings that established, on fruit surfaces 4 days prior to wounding. This decrease in infectivity was especially pronounced on humid and even more on wet incubated fruit. This study clearly showed that in order to reduce. the incidence of brown rot, inoculum levels on fruit approaching maturity should be reduced by sanitation practices and fungicide applications. Furthermore, it is essential to protect fruits, especially. near-mature fruits, from being wounded.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: EPIDEMIOLOGIE VAN MONILINIA LAXA OP NEKTARIEN EN PRUIM: INFEKSIE VAN VRUGTE DEUR KONIDIA OPSOMMING Naoesverrotting van steenvrugte in die Wes-Kaap provinsie van Suid-Afrika word hoofsaaklik veroorsaak deur Botrytis cinerea (vaalvrot) en Monilinia laxa (bruinvrot). Min is bekend oor die relatiewe belang en seisoenale voorkoms van hierdie patogene in nektarienen pruimboorde, asook oor die infeksieweg, latensie en daaropvolgende siekte-uitdrukking van M laxa. Hierdie aspekte is in dié studie nagevors. \ \ Monsters IS oor 'n 3-jaar periode van die Unifruco Kwaliteitsevalueringskema, en ook van 11 steenvrugboorde verkry. Die voorkoms van vaalvrot en bruinvrot in die hoof steenvrugareas is so bepaal. Botrytis cinerea was die belangrikste patogeen wat betref bloeiselversenging en naoesverrotting. Verder was hierdie patogeen ook meer prominent op die vroeë- en middel-seisoen kultivars. Bruinvrot is uitsluitlik deur M Iaxa veroorsaak en geen aanduiding omtrent die moontlike voorkoms van M fructicola in Suid-Afrika is waargeneem nie. Monilinia laxa was meer prominent op die laat-seisoen kultivars. Botrytis cinerea bloeiselinfeksie het nie direk bygedra tot naoesverrotting nie. Beide oppervlakkige inokulum en latente infeksie het deurgaans, maar wel teen wisselende hoeveelhede, op vrugte in die onderskeie boorde voorgekom. Siekte-uitdrukking op ontwikkelende vrugte is egter nie beinvloed deur die hoeveelheid B. cinerea op die vrug nie, maar eerder deur die vermoë van die vrug om siekte-uitdrukking te onderdruk. Die hoeveelheid B. cinerea op vrugte was verder hoër gedurende lente as gedurende somer. Monilinia laxa het slegs sporadies op die bloeisels van laat-seisoen kultivars voorgekom. Groen vrugte was in die algemeen vry van die patogeen en siekte-uitdrukking het slegs op ryp vrugte plaasgevind. Hierdie bevindinge dui daarop dat M laxa in boorde hoofsaaklik op ryper vrugte geproduseer word. Hierdie swam infekteer ook net ryp vrugte. Die gedrag van luggedraagde M laxa conidia is bestudeer op nektarien- (kultivar Flamekist) en pruimvrugte (kultivar Laetitia). 'n Inokulasie-metode wat natuurlike infeksie deur luggedraagde konidia simuleer, is vir hierdie studies gebruik. Vrugte van die pitverharding-, twee weke voor oes-, oesstadium, asook koud-opgebergde vrugte (nektariene, 4 weke by -o.soe gevolg met 1 week by 23°C en ±56% RH; pruime, 10 dae by -O.5°e, 18 dae by 7.Soe gevolg deur 1 week by 23°C en ±56% RH), is met droë konidia in 'n inokulasietoring geïnokuleer. Die vrugte is vir periodes wat gewissel het van 3 tot 48 h geïnkubeer by hoë relatiewe humiditeit (~93% RH, vogtige vrugte), of dit is bedek met'n film water (nat vrugte). Die gedrag van die enkelspore (konidia) op die vrugoppervlak is met 'n epifluorisensiemikroskoop bestudeer. Skilsegmente is gekleur in 'n kleurstof, bevattende fluorisein diasetaat, analien-blou en blankofor. Die vermoë van die enkelspore om die vrugoppervlak te koloniseer, te penetreer en om siekte-uitdrukking te induseer, is met 'n differensiële stel toetse bepaal. Vir hierdie toetse is die vrugte oppervlakkig gesteriliseer (30 s in 70% etanol), of nie-steriel gelaat. In elke groep is vrugte geneem vir isolasie (skilsegment-to\~ts), of gedoop in "n 3% parakwat-oplossing (parakwat vrugtoets), of\, onbehandeld gelaat (onbehandelde vrugtoets ). Die. bevindinge het op die soortgelyke gedrag van M laxa enkelspore op die verskillende vrugsoorte gedui: appressoria en direkte penetrasie is nie waargeneem nie, en kiembuise het die vrugte hoofsaaklik deur huidmondjies, lentiselle en mikro-krakies .in die vrugskil gepenetreer. Deur luggedraagde spore te bestudeer, is sekere subtiele effekte van die vrug op die gedrag van enkelspore op die vrugoppervlak waargeneem. Op beide vrugtipes is geen nadelige effek op konidiurn- en kiembuisoorlewing opgemerk wanneer die vrugte onder hoë vogtoestande geïnkubeer is. Konidiurn- en kiembuisoorlewing is egter drasties verlaag hoe langer die vrugte onder nat toestande geïnkubeer is. Die bevindinge van die skilsegment-, parakwat en onbehandelde vrugtoetse het duidelik daarop gewys dat die vrugskil van nektarien en pruim nie gepenetreer is tydens die pitverhardingstadium nie, latente infeksies is nie gevorm nie, en die vrugte was bestand teen siekte-uitdrukking. Hierdie fasette op beide vrugtipes is ook nie beinvloed deur inkubasie-natheid nie. Die beskermingskapasiteit van die vrugskil van hierdie steenvrugtipes het egter drasties verskil later in die seisoen. Nektarien-vrugskille is meer geredelik gepenetreer en siekte-uitdrukking het toegeneem met rypwording. Penetrasie en siekteuitdrukking is verder in 'n groot mate deur inkubasie-natheid bevoordeel. Rypwordende pruime het egter nie so In drasties verandering in die beskermingskapasiteit van die vrugskil getoon nie. Die invloed van inkubasie-natheid op infeksie en siekte-uitdrukking was ook minder opsigtelik as op nektarien. Pruimvrugte van die twee weke voor oes-, oesstadium, en , koud-opgebergde pruime, wat onder hoë vog geïnkubeer is, het simptoomloos in die onbehandelde vrugtoets gebly. Vrugte van hierdie stadia het slegs simptome ontwikkel na periodes van langer as 12 h onder nat toestande. Die parakwat-behandelde vrugtoets het egter gewys dat die pruimvrugte meer vatbaar vir latente infeksies raak, maar steeds nie so vatbaar soos die nektarienvrugte nie. Gesamentlik dui hierdie bevindinge daarop <41tM laxa bruinvrot epidemies op pruim en nektarien afhanklik is van inokulumvlakke op rypwordende vrugte, asook die weerstoestande gedurende die vooroes- en oesstadia. Die beskermingskapasiteit van pruim vrugskille was egter aansienlik meer effektief as dié van nektarien vrugte. Wonde op vrugte sal dus 'n groter rol speel in die epidemiologic van M laxa op pruim. Infeksie van vars wonde deur luggedraagde M laxa konidia, en deur konidia en kiembuise wat reeds op die vrugoppervlak gevestig is, is gevolglik bestudeer. Pruimvrugte (kultivar Laetitia) van die pitverharding-, twee weke voor oes-, oesstadium, asook koud- \ \ opgebergde vrugte is in 'n inokulasie-toring geïnokuleer met droë M laxa konidia. .Infeksie , , van nie-gewonde vrugte en van vars wonde deur luggedraagde konidia op droë, vogtige en nat pruim vrugoppervlaktes, asook deur konidia en kiembuise wat reeds op die vrugoppervlak onder hierdie toestande gevestig is, is bepaal. Nie-gewonde groen tot ryp vrugte het meestal simptoomloos gebly, terwyl koud-opgebergde ryp vrugte wel verrot het. Wonde .het die hoeveelheid infeksie deur luggedraagde spore drasties vermeerder. Konidia wat geïnokuleer is op vrugte met vars wonde, was meer in staat om hierdie wonde te infekteer as konidia en kiembuise wat 4 dae voor wonding gevestig is. Hierdie afname in infektiwiteit was meer sigbaar op die vogtige, maar veral die nat vrugte. Hierdie studie het duidelik gewys dat inokulumvlakke op rypwordende vrugte verlaag moet word deur sanitasie-praktyke en fungisiedtoedienings. Dit is verder belangrik om vrugte, veral rypwordende vrugte, teen wonding te beskerm.

Master of Arts
Department of Geography
Lisa M.B. Harrington
While environmental concerns have played a secondary role in dam removal rationales thus far, the Condit and Elwha removal projects could signal a change in governmental and public priorities in dam management in the United States (Born et al. 1998; Bednarek 2002). For this research, I compared two dam removal projects designed to restore native salmon runs in two rivers in Washington State: the Condit Dam on the White Salmon River and the Elwha and Glines Canyon Dams on the Elwha River. This thesis asks: given choices of preserving dams that produce clean electricity and the well-established lake-based habitats created by their reservoirs or re-establishing a free-flowing river to reestablish fish and wildlife populations, how are decisions made, and what does the process and outcome mean to local communities? Research interview data was used in combination with policy documents to answer three research questions: 1) What factors affect decision-makers’ and other stakeholders’ support for (or rejection of) dam removal? 2) How did stakeholders’ perceptions and opinions play a role in the decision-making process? and 3) What can we learn from problems and successes evident from the dam removal decision processes? The main factors influencing both the Condit Project and the Elwha Project were environmental (salmon restoration), political (meeting legislative requirements for fish passage), and economic (finding the least cost fish passage alternative). The primary motivation for both projects was salmon restoration via the provision of federally mandated fish passage. The possibility of regaining a valuable resource spurred Tribal, federal, and state agencies to advocate for the removal alternative. Dam owners in both cases desired the least cost option, resulting either in their consent to removal (Condit Project) or selling the dams and relinquishing responsibility to the federal government (Elwha Project). Both took over two decades to complete and were removed in 2011. Perceptions of the relative importance of removal/retention options and dissatisfaction with the decision-making process led to polarization of the communities affected by the dam removals and contributed to the 20+ year project timelines. In order to promote good will and understanding between decision makers and stakeholders, two lessons can be learned from the Condit and Elwha Projects: 1) actively seek to include both proponents and opponents in decision-making and 2) establish robust communication among stakeholders and decision makers. Additionally, preliminary evidence indicates that dam removal does result in movement of salmonids to river reaches that had been blocked by dams, and dam removal may also lead to unintended consequences related to local environmental quality and resource access, such as short term air quality concerns and longer term effects on groundwater availability.

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The penitentiary system, over time, underwent several transformations. It was from the concept of a space of punishment only from the State against the one that committed crimes to the search for alternatives of more humanized sentences, through the precepts and dispositions that regulated the Federal Constitution 1988 and all the juridical order that also regulates the prisons institutions. A new fact about which we need to shed light is the growing number of elderly prisoners in prisons for diversified crimes, experiencing the natural process of aging in prison. Therefore, a study was carried out on the elderly in the penitentiary system, developing the relationship between crime, citizenship and the conditions of elderly prisoners. Thus, the question also arises in the investigation of the perceptive aspects of aging in prison, constructing a narrative in the context of a semi-structured interview with a woman and sixteen elderly men, serving a prison sentence in prisons in the Federal District. For that, the methodological triangulation was applied, using techniques of quantitative and qualitative procedures of descriptive, exploratory and reflexive nature. The results revealed that the penitentiary system does not consider the peculiarities arising from the aging process, in terms of deprivation of liberty, such as medical necessity, care, physical facilities, among others. Finally, the aim is to contribute to studies on the elderly by providing elements for planning specific actions and programs for this population, including adapting the prison system to elderly prisoners.
O sistema prisional, ao longo do tempo, passou por v??rias transforma????es. Mudou de um paradigma somente de puni????o do Estado contra aquele que cometia crimes ?? busca por alternativas de penas mais humanizadas, por meio dos preceitos e dispositivos que regulamentaram a Constitui????o Federal de 1988 e todo o ordenamento jur??dico que tamb??m regulamenta as institui????es prisionais. Um fato novo, sobre o qual, necessita-se jogar luz ?? o crescente aumento de pessoas idosas detentas em unidades prisionais por pr??tica de crimes diversificados, experienciando o processo natural do envelhecimento na pris??o. Diante disso, realizou-se um estudo sobre a pessoa idosa no sistema penitenci??rio, desenvolvendo a rela????o entre a criminalidade, a cidadania e as condi????es de presos idosos. Deste modo, a quest??o tamb??m se coloca na investiga????o dos aspectos perceptivos do envelhecimento no c??rcere, construindo uma narrativa no contexto de entrevista semiestruturada com uma mulher e dezesseis homens idosos, cumprindo pena privativa de liberdade em unidades prisionais do Distrito Federal/DF. Para tanto, aplicou-se a triangula????o metodol??gica, utilizando t??cnicas dos procedimentos quantitativos e qualitativos de natureza descritiva, explorat??ria e reflexiva. Os resultados revelaram que o sistema penitenci??rio n??o considera as peculiaridades advindas do processo de envelhecimento nas penas privativas de liberdade, tais como necessidade m??dicas, assistenciais, instala????es f??sicas, dentre outras. Por fim, busca-se contribuir com estudos sobre a pessoa idosa fornecendo elementos para o planejamento de a????es e programas espec??ficos para esta popula????o, inclusive de adapta????o do sistema prisional aos detentos com idade avan??ada.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Oral health problems are increasingly receiving recognition as important factors that impact quality of life. Socio-dental survey instruments can be used to evaluate this impact, and along with clinical evaluations, are important sources of knowledge for the planning and implementation of health policies that allow the intervention positively. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the association between oral clinical condition and the perception of its impact on quality of life, taking into account the physical, psychological and social dimensions related to quality of life of individuals attended to in the public health units of Feira de Santana - BA. METHODS: Cross-sectional study developed with adult individuals attended in Family Health Units and the Center for Diabetic and Hypertensive care in the municipality of Feira de Santana--BA. The data were collected through the interviews with application of a questionaire with issues about socioeconomic, demographic, lifestyle, general and oral health condition characteristics, conducting a full oral clinical examination and application of OHIP-14. The statistical analysis included descriptive evaluation of the variables of interest and comparing the total OHIP scores according to the variables of oral health. Association measurements, prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI), between the occurrence of periodontitis and / or presence of dental caries and the impact on quality of life were obtained by poisson regression with robust variance. RESULTS: they were presented as two scientific articles. In the first article, the findings showed statistically significant associations between dental caries (PRadjusted: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.02-2.01) and severe periodontitis (PRadjusted: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.00-2.98) with the impact of oral health on quality of life. In the second article, it was observed the association between the presence of dental caries combined with periodontitis and the impact of quality of life in oral health (PRadjusted: 1.63; 95% CI: 1.03-2.59). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study showed that precarious oral health and accumulation of dental needs (dental caries and periodontitis combined) are associated with self-perceived oral health according the oral health impact profile (OHIP).
Problemas de sa?de bucal t?m sido cada vez mais reconhecidos como fatores importantes que causam impacto na qualidade de vida. Instrumentos sociodentais s?o utilizados para obten??o deste impacto e juntamente com a avalia??o cl?nica s?o importantes fontes de conhecimento para o planejamento e a implementa??o de pol?ticas p?blicas de sa?de que possibilitem a interven??o de forma positiva. OBJETIVO: avaliar a associa??o entre condi??o cl?nica bucal e a percep??o do seu impacto na qualidade de vida de indiv?duos atendidos na rede p?blica de Feira de Santana ? BA.M?TODO: Estudo transversal desenvolvido com indiv?duos adultos atendidos em Unidades de Sa?de da Fam?lia e no Centro de Atendimento ao Diab?tico e Hipertenso do munic?pio de Feira de Santana ? BA. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista com aplica??o de question?rio que abordava itens sobre caracter?sticas socioecon?mico-demogr?ficas, estilo de vida, condi??o de sa?de geral e bucal, realiza??o de exame cl?nico bucal completo e aplica??o do OHIP-14. A an?lise estat?stica compreendeu avalia??o descritiva das vari?veis de interesse e compara??o dos escores totais do OHIP segundo as vari?veis da condi??o bucal. Medidas de associa??o, raz?o de preval?ncia (RP) e intervalo de confian?a a 95% (IC95%), entre ocorr?ncia da periodontite e/ou presen?a de c?rie dent?ria e o seu impacto na qualidade de vida foram obtidas por meio da Regress?o de Poisson com vari?ncia robusta.RESULTADOS: Foram apresentados em forma de dois artigos cient?ficos. No primeiro artigo, os achados mostraram associa??es estatisticamente significantes entre a ocorr?ncia de c?rie dent?ria (RPajustada: 1,43; IC95%: 1,02-2,01) e da periodontite grave (RPajustada: 1,72; IC95%: 1,00-2,98) com o impacto da sa?de bucal na qualidade de vida. No segundo artigo, foi observada a associa??o entre presen?a de c?rie dent?ria combinada a periodontite com o impacto da qualidade de vida na sa?de bucal (RPajustada: 1,63; IC95%: 1,03-2,59). CONCLUS?ES: Os achados deste estudo mostraram que a condi??o bucal prec?ria e ac?mulo de necessidades bucais (c?rie dent?ria e periodontite combinadas) est?o associados coma autopercep??o da sa?de bucal conforme o perfil de impacto na sa?de bucal(OHIP).

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Universidade Estadual Paulista J?lio de Mesquita Filho
The present study has got as its main goal understanding the relationship between convict parents and their children, inside the prision environment itself. The theoretical matter of the reseach has got its basis on three discussion points: the first point deals with the current social and political combination of events and the contradictions which are generated by the current economical conditions, which contribute to massive imprisionment and the prisions role in the current society ; the second point presents some theoretical basis about the human development under an ecological perspective basis of the human development; and, at last, it relates the convict's family members in the prision environment. For this study seven male parents have been interviewed, they have been aleatoricly chosen, and only their parenthood contidions have been considered. The interview, which has been previously structured, has been one of the instruments to gather the data themselves, as well as to guide the searcher to understand the working fields. In the analysing process of the collected data, the information is organized in two parts: the first one has discussed the results gotten from the interviews with the convicts' parents and the second one has dealed with the data collected along the searcher's watching over the people who took part in such a search and in the working fields. The results show, in a general way, that prision generates an impact in the relationship between parents and their children, as well as in the familiar relationship. They also show that such an institution isn't ready to deal with such a question, and that very little has been known about such a reality.
O presente estudo teve como objetivo geral compreender a rela??o entre pais presidi?rios e seus filhos, no ambiente prisional. O embasamento te?rico da pesquisa est? estruturado em tr?s eixos de discuss?o: o primeiro eixo discutese a atual conjuntura s?cio-pol?tica e as contradi??es geradas pelo atual modelo econ?mico, contribuindo dessa forma para o encarceramento massivo e o papel das pris?es no modelo atual; o segundo apresenta-se alguns fundamentos te?ricos acerca do desenvolvimento humano sob a perspectiva da abordagem ecol?gica do desenvolvimento humano; e, por ?ltimo, descreve os familiares no espa?o prisional. Foram entrevistados deste estudo sete pais presidi?rios, escolhidos aleatoriamente, levando em conta somente sua condi??o de pai. A entrevista, com roteiro semi-estruturado, foi um dos instrumentos para a coleta de dados, assim como o di?rio de campo da pesquisadora. No processo de an?lise dos dados colhidos, as informa??es s?o organizadas em duas partes: a primeira discutiu os resultados obtidos por meio das entrevistas com os pais presidi?rios e a segunda, trabalhou com os dados coletados durante as observa??es participantes e dos di?rios de campo. Os resultados indicaram, de um modo geral, que a pris?o gera impactos na rela??o pai e filho e na fam?lia, e que a institui??o n?o est? preparada para lidar com essa quest?o, conhecendo muito pouco dessa realidade.

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Shrimp culture represents an important activity to brazilian economy. The northeastern region has presented high levels of production because of its climatic conditions. An important factor for the activity?s major development is related to the introduction of the species Litopenaeus vannamei. The use of an exotic species can disturb the ecosystem. In the last decades, L. vannamei has been the only species cultivated in Brazilian farms, there not being an alternative species for shrimp culture. So, there is an urgent need to developing new studies with the native species, which might represent an alternative concerning shrimp production, with emphasis on Farfantepenaeus subtilis. Another important aspect related to the activity is feeding management, once it is quite usual that feed offer on the pond does not take into account either the species? physiology and behavior or the influence of environmental variables, such as light cycle and substrate. That knowledge may optimize management and so reduce the impact of effluents in the environment. This study?s objective was characterizing feeding behavior of F. subtilis in laboratory. For that, an ethogram was developed, using 20 wild animals which were observed through ad libitum and all occurrences methods. Two experiments were developed in order to register feeding behavior on different substrates, along 15 days, each. In the first experiment, 40 animals were distributed in eight aquaria, half being observed during the light phase of the 24 hour cycle and the other half in the dark phase, both in halimeda substrate. In the second experiment, 20 animals were distributed in four aquaria, under similar conditions as the previous ones, but in sand substrate. In both experiments, animals were observed respectively one, four, seven and ten hours after the beginning of the phase, for light phase, for the dark phase, in ten minute observation windows, before and immediately after feed offer. The following behaviors were registered: feed ingestion, ingestion of other items, inactivity, exploration, vertical exploration, swimming, crawling, digging, burrowing, and moving by the animals. Observation windows after feed offer also included latency to reach the tray and to ingest feed. Nineteen behaviors were described for the species. F. subtilis presented more behavioral activities in halimeda substrate even in the light phase, while burrowing was predominant in sand substrate. In both substrates, moving, crawling and exploration were more frequent after feed offer, but inactivity and burrowing were more frequent before that. Feed ingestion was more frequent in halimeda, both in light and dark phases. Weight gain was also more prominent in that substrate. In sand substrtate, ingestion was more frequent in the dark phase, which suggests that higher granulometry facilitates feed ingestion in F. subtilis juveniles. Our results demonstrate the importance of studies for the better knowledge of the species, specially its response to environmental stimuli, in order to improve animal management
A carcinicultura ? uma atividade de grande import?ncia econ?mica no Brasil. Um fator que contribuiu para o crescimento da atividade foi a introdu??o da esp?cie Litopenaeus vannamei. A utiliza??o de uma esp?cie ex?tica pode causar danos ao ecossistema nativo e atualmente L. vannamei ? a ?nica esp?cie cultivada no Brasil, n?o havendo uma alternativa para o setor. Da? a necessidade de estudos com esp?cies nativas que possam representar outra via para a produ??o, em particular Farfantepenaeus subtilis. O conhecimento sobre o comportamento e fisiologia da esp?cie e sobre a influ?ncia das caracter?sticas do ambiente, como o ciclo de luz e substrato, sobre a ingest?o, pode otimizar o manejo e minimizar o impacto do despejo de efluentes no meio ambiente. Assim, esse estudo objetiva caracterizar o comportamento alimentar de F. subtilis ao longo do ciclo de luz em diferentes substratos sob condi??es laboratoriais. Para isso foi elaborado um etograma utilizando 20 animais trazidos da natureza, e observados pelos m?todos ad libitum e Todas as Ocorr?ncias. Para observa??o do comportamento alimentar dois experimentos foram realizados em diferentes substratos, com dura??o de 15 dias cont?nuos cada. No primeiro experimento 40 animais foram distribu?dos em oito aqu?rios, quatro na fase de claro e quatro na fase de escuro, com substrato de conchas de ostras trituradas (halimeda). No segundo experimento 20 animais foram distribu?dos em quatro aqu?rios, dois na fase de claro e dois na fase de escuro, com substrato de areia. Em ambos os experimentos os animais foram observados na fase de claro nos hor?rios 7h, 10h, 13h e 16h (1, 4, 7, 10) e nos hor?rios equivalentes na fase de escuro19h, 22h, 1h e 4h (1, 4, 7, 10), em janelas de 10 minutos antes e imediatamente ap?s a oferta da ra??o. Os comportamentos registrados foram: ingest?o do item ofertado, ingest?o do item que n?o o ofertado, parado, explora??o, explora??o vertical, nata??o, rastejamento, cavar, enterramento, limpeza e o deslocamento dos animais. Ap?s a oferta do alimento as lat?ncias de chegada a bandeja e de consumo do alimento foram registradas. Ao todo 19 comportamentos foram descritos para a esp?cie. F. subtilis apresentou uma maior diversidade de comportamentos na halimeda, mesmo na fase de claro, enquanto que na areia o enterramento predominou. Nos dois substratos o deslocamento, rastejamento e explora??o foram mais freq?entes ap?s a oferta do alimento, enquanto o parado e o enterramento foram mais frequentes antes. A ingest?o da ra??o foi maior no substrato de halimeda, n?o diferindo entre as fases de claro e escuro, o ganho de peso dos animais tamb?m foi maior nesse substrato. Na areia a ingest?o foi mais freq?ente na fase de escuro, o que sugere que substratos de maior granulometria favorecem a ingest?o do alimento em juvenis de F. subtilis. Nossos resultados demonstram a import?ncia do conhecimento da esp?cie e de sua resposta aos est?mulos do ambiente, como subs?dio para o desenvolvimento de estrat?gias de manejo eficientes

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Many surveys are conducted comparing oral health conditions with individual variables, such as socioeconomic and demographic factors. However, in the same way that individuals differ among themselves, the groups also have their own characteristics and the effects of this differentiation must be researched. Brazil, despite being one of the major economic powers of the world and shows an improvement in the average value of its health indicators, is also one of the most unequal and remains among the countries with the greatest health inequities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the importance of social determinants on the contextual level oral health among Brazilian adolescents, population not much researched by the literature. The research was made using an ecological approach in order to identify possible inequalities between cities and capitals. Using data from SBBrasil 2010 it was evaluated less common outcomes (loss of first molar, dental care index and T-Health) which provide information on the degree of morbidity of caries and health level of dental tissues, in addition to analyze the related services. The association of these oral health indicators with socioeconomic factors such as income, employment, education and inequality, collected from Census 2010, was analyzed by simple and multiple linear regressions. The study included the 27 state capitals and four clusters representing the municipalities of the country. It was possible to see better access to services in locations with better income distribution. However, the strong association of contextual factors related to poverty, low levels of education and poor housing and jobs with poorer levels of oral health in adolescents seems to overshadow the effects of income inequalities on dental caries in the country. In some locations, particularly within the North and Northeast, whichever one keeps dentistry mutilating, whose effects are already noticeable in its adolescent population. Access to restorative services in Brazil remains limited and unequal. The results of this study highlight the inequities in oral health in the country and show the need of the inclusion of new perspectives on the traditional approach of Preventive Dentistry and education models in Dentistry. Tackling health inequalities in oral health in the country requires the cooperation of various actors involved in the process and the inclusion of oral health in the context of overall health. The social determinants approach, as well as evaluating the distribution of oral diseases in the country and its inclusion in the context of overall health, should guide the implementation of programs and oral health practices in order to contribute to the reduction of inequalities
Muitas pesquisas s?o realizadas confrontando condi??es de sa?de bucal com vari?veis individuais, como fatores socioecon?micos e demogr?ficos. No entanto, da mesma forma que os indiv?duos divergem entre si, os grupos tamb?m possuem caracter?sticas pr?prias e os efeitos dessa diferencia??o precisam ser pesquisados. O Brasil, apesar de ser uma das maiores pot?ncias econ?micas do mundo e vir apresentando uma melhoria no valor m?dio de seus indicadores de sa?de, ? tamb?m um dos mais desiguais e permanece entre os pa?ses com maiores iniquidades em sa?de. A proposta deste estudo foi pesquisar a import?ncia dos determinantes sociais a n?vel contextual na sa?de bucal de adolescentes brasileiros, popula??o pouco pesquisada na literatura. A pesquisa foi feita atrav?s de uma abordagem ecol?gica, no intuito de identificar poss?veis desigualdades entre munic?pios e capitais. Utilizando dados do SBBrasil 2010, foram avaliados desfechos menos comuns (perda do 1? molar, ?ndice de cuidados odontol?gicos e T-Health) que fornecem informa??es sobre o grau de morbidade da c?rie e o n?vel de sa?de dos tecidos dent?rios, al?m de abordar aspectos relacionados aos servi?os. A associa??o destes indicadores de sa?de bucal com fatores socioecon?micos como renda, emprego, educa??o e desigualdade, coletados do CENSO 2010, foi analisada por meio de regress?o linear simples e m?ltipla. Os dom?nios do estudo inclu?ram as 27 capitais brasileiras e 4 clusters representativos dos munic?pios do interior do pa?s. Foi poss?vel constatar um melhor acesso aos servi?os em localidades com melhor distribui??o de renda. No entanto, a forte associa??o de fatores contextuais relativos ? pobreza, baixos n?veis de educa??o e m?s condi??es de moradia e emprego com piores n?veis de sa?de bucal em adolescentes parece ofuscar os efeitos das desigualdades de renda sobre os agravos bucais no pa?s. Em algumas localidades, em especial no interior das regi?es Norte e Nordeste, continua prevalecendo uma odontologia mutiladora, cujos efeitos s?o percept?veis j? em sua popula??o adolescente. O acesso aos servi?os restauradores no Brasil ainda permanece limitado e desigual. Os resultados deste estudo evidenciam as iniquidades em sa?de bucal no pa?s e mostram a necessidade da inclus?o de novas perspectivas na abordagem tradicional da Odontologia Preventiva e nos modelos de educa??o em Odontologia. O combate a essas iniquidades requer a coopera??o dos v?rios autores envolvidos no processo e a inclus?o da sa?de bucal no contexto da sa?de geral. A abordagem dos determinantes sociais, bem como a avalia??o da distribui??o das doen?as bucais no territ?rio brasileiro e sua inclus?o no contexto da sa?de em geral, devem nortear a implementa??o de programas e a??es em sa?de bucal, de forma a contribuir para a redu??o das desigualdades

The absence of consistent and correct usage of condoms increases the risk of STI's and HIV/AIDS. However, most studies done to date across the nation indicate a low usage of condoms among college students. In fall of 2004, the National College Health Assessment was administered to a random sample of students at a state comprehensive university in south central Kentucky. Findings revealed that among the sexually active students, approximately half never used condoms during vaginal intercourse. Further among students engaging in anal sex, an alarmingly high proportion --95%- reported never using condom during this act. These findings along with differences noted in various subgroups (gender, Greek Status, housing, class standing) and other risk behaviors (alcohol, illicit drug use) will be presented and discussed.

A produção de Le Corbusier a partir da década de 1930 sofre grande mudança se for comparada ao período das \"casas brancas\". Na historiografia não há consenso na análise do referido período, ou mesmo aqueles que tecem as análises extensivas ao racionalismo corbusiano para este período tem certa dificuldade. Partindo desta constatação, este trabalho oferece alternativas de interpretação através da vínculação da produção arquitetônica e urbanística com a produção artística de Le Corbusier.
Le Corbusier\'s production since the thirties passes through great transformation when compared with the period of the \"white houses\". There is no agreement between historians in their analysis of the period and even those who try to analyse it through the optics of the corbusian rationalism have difficulties. This work offers alternative interpretations linking Le Corbusier\'s architectural and urban production with his artistic production.

Le présent travail propose une remise en lumière de l’écrivaine Concha Alós (19222011) et une réévaluation de sa production. Écrivaine révélée sous le Franquisme, elle a joui d’une reconnaissance médiatico-culturelle importante dans les années 1960 et 1970, mais souffre aujourd’hui d’une indifférence presque généralisée. Cette thèse s’attache à étudier exhaustivement, pour la première fois, le parcours personnel et professionnel de Concha Alós et, de manière plus affinée, son œuvre esthétique. À partir de l’examen d’une somme de documents (publiés, édités, inédits, etc.) et d’archives privées, ce travail recompose la trajectoire d’une écrivaine dans une Espagne bridée par la dictature. Il s'évertue à la positionner parmi ses contemporains, à déterminer les raisons de son oubli et analyse ses productions, tant narratives que journalistiques et scénaristiques. Notre étude vise à actualiser la connaissance d’une femme engagée, dont la plume tranchante, le style direct et les thèmes percutants méritent, aujourd’hui, une réhabilitation
This thesis aims at placing the writer Concha Alós (1922-2011) in the limelight again and at reevaluating her production. As a writer revealed under Franco’s regime, she received an important media and cultural recognition in the 60s and 70s but suffers today from an almost general indifference. The purpose of this PhD dissertation is to provide – for the first time – a comprehensive study of Concha Alós’s personal and professional path and, in a more fine-grained way, her aesthetic work. After a careful review of a large number of documents (published or not, edited, etc.) and private archives, I retrace the trajectory of a Spanish woman writer in a country shackled by dictatorship, position her amongst her contemporaries, determine the reasons for her oblivion and analyze her productions which appear under the form of narratives, newspaper articles and scenarios. The study’s aim is to update our knowledge of a committed woman, whose caustic pen, direct style and powerful themes today deserve to be rehabilitated