Journal articles on the topic 'Concrete, cementitious materials and other architectural and construction materials'
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1
Yanez, Sergio, Constanza Márquez, Benjamín Valenzuela, and Cristina Alejandra Villamar-Ayala. "A Bibliometric-Statistical Review of Organic Residues as Cementitious Building Materials." Buildings 12, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12050597.
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Climate deterioration and environmental pollution has been widely studied by a wide scientific community. The effects of the ecosystem deterioration impacts directly to human activities. In this scenario, the building industry has increased the pressure on proposing new materials to replace the cementicious component and natural resources (water, sand, gravel, and limestone) on mortar and concrete to reverse this trend. To this end, organic residues can offer opportunities as an available alternative for construction applications. Therefore, this paper aims to broaden the scope of research in this field by investigating the potential use of organic residues as cementicious building material based on bibliometric-statistical analysis using scientific information. A preliminary bibliometric analysis using VOSviewer was carried out to define the keywords co-ocurrence from Scopus database. Type of organic material, constructive use, and its properties (physicochemical, mechanical, and thermal) were extracted from scientific publications. Then, a systematic analysis criteria was defined to limit the scope of the study. Finally, statistical variance analysis and multiple correlation for identifying constructive application were applied. From the co-ocurrence analysis of keywords, we determined that 54% of the selected scientific publications were closely related to the scope of this study. State-of-the-art study established that related researches grew exponentially at a rate of about 30%/year. Moreover, scientific publications reported the use of a wide variety of organic residues, such as wheat, paper, hemp, rice, wood, molluscs, olive, coconut, among others. Mainly, agricultural residues (82%) with building applications related to structural concrete, mortar, bricks, and blocks, had been evaluated. Physicochemical properties from organic residues (extractives content, lignin content, and density) were correlated to mechanical (compressive, flexural and tensile strength) and thermal properties (thermal conductivity). The identification of the physicochemical properties of the organic residues allow us to predict the mechanical and thermal behavior of the material with residues. In summary, agricultural residues are the most promising organic building material due to their abundance and lignin content, exhibiting better mechanic and thermal properties than any other organic residues.
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Sambucci, Matteo, Danilo Marini, Abbas Sibai, and Marco Valente. "Preliminary Mechanical Analysis of Rubber-Cement Composites Suitable for Additive Process Construction." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 3 (August 18, 2020): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030120.
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Additive manufacturing for cementitious materials represents the most attractive frontier in the modern context of Construction 4.0. In addition to the technological progress of printing systems, the development of functional and low environmental impact printable mixtures is one of the current challenges of digital fabrication in building and architectural fields. This paper proposes a preliminary physical-mechanical analysis on environmentally friendly mortars, compatible with the extrusion-based printing process, made up of recycling rubber aggregates deriving from end-of-life tires. In this study, two groups of rubber particle samples (0–1 mm rubber powder and 2–4 mm rubber granules) were used to partially/totally replace the mineral fraction of the reference printable mixture. Four tire rubber powder-granules proportions were investigated and control mortar (100% sand) was also prepared to compare its properties with those of the rubber-cement samples in terms of printability properties, mechanical strength, ductility, and structural isotropy. Based on the experimental results, the rubber aggregates increase the mixture fluidity, promoting better inter-layer adhesion than the neat mix. This leads to greater mechanical isotropy. As already investigated in other research works on Rubber-Concrete technology, the addition of rubber particles increases the ductility of the material but reduces its mechanical strength. However, by correctly balancing the fine and coarse rubber fraction, promising physical-mechanical performances were demonstrated.
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Barkhordari, Mohammad Sadegh, Danial Jahed Armaghani, Ahmed Salih Mohammed, and Dmitrii Vladimirovich Ulrikh. "Data-Driven Compressive Strength Prediction of Fly Ash Concrete Using Ensemble Learner Algorithms." Buildings 12, no. 2 (January 27, 2022): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020132.
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Concrete is one of the most popular materials for building all types of structures, and it has a wide range of applications in the construction industry. Cement production and use have a significant environmental impact due to the emission of different gases. The use of fly ash concrete (FAC) is crucial in eliminating this defect. However, varied features of cementitious composites exist, and understanding their mechanical characteristics is critical for safety. On the other hand, for forecasting the mechanical characteristics of concrete, machine learning approaches are extensively employed algorithms. The goal of this work is to compare ensemble deep neural network models, i.e., the super learner algorithm, simple averaging, weighted averaging, integrated stacking, as well as separate stacking ensemble models, and super learner models, in order to develop an accurate approach for estimating the compressive strength of FAC and reducing the high variance of the predictive models. Separate stacking with the random forest meta-learner received the most accurate predictions (97.6%) with the highest coefficient of determination and the lowest mean square error and variance.
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Zhuang, Zheng-Yun, and Wen-Ten Kuo. "Unravelling the Relations between and Predictive Powers of Different Testing Variables in High Performance Concrete Experiments: The Data-Driven Analytical Methods." Buildings 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101545.
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This study proposes and applies a systematic data analysis methodology to analyse experimental data for high-performance concrete (HPC) samples with different admixtures for offshore fan foundation grouting materials uses. In contrast with other relevant research, including experimental studies, the materials physics and chemistry studies, or cementitious material portfolio determination studies, this data-driven analysis provides a deep exploration of the experimental variables associated with the test data. To offer complete and in-depth perspectives, several methods are employed for the data analyses, including correlation analysis, cosine similarity analysis, simple linear regression (SLR) modelling, and heat map and heat-based tabularised visualisations; the outcome is a proposed methodology that is easily implementable. The results from these methods are validated using a pairwise comparison approach (PCA) to avoid unnecessary interference between data variables. There are several potential contributions from this work, including insights for cohered groups of variables, techniques for double check and ‘third check’, an established ‘knowledge base’ consisting of 504 SLR predictive models with their effectiveness (significance) and prediction accuracy (data-model fitness) used in practical applications, an alternative visualisations of the results, three data transforms which can be omitted in a future analysis, and three valuable theory-linking perspectives (e.g., for the relationships between destructive and non-destructive tests with respect to the variable categories). The implication that some variables are interchangeable will make future experiments less labour intensive and time consuming for pre-project HPC material testing.
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Georgiou, Antroula, Michalis Theodoulides, and Ioannis Ioannou. "Engineered Cementitious Composites for the Conservation of 20<sup>th</sup> Century Concrete Architectural Heritage." Key Engineering Materials 919 (May 11, 2022): 108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-x5552i.
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Architectural heritage nowadays includes concrete structures constructed in the 20th century. These buildings are usually under-detailed, since the actual behavior of reinforced concrete at the time of their construction was not clearly understood, whilst building codes incorporating seismic resistance design, especially in seismic prone areas, did not exist. This inevitably led to inefficient design and consequently to severe damages in many historic concrete buildings during past seismic events. This paper explores the use of novel Engineered (Fiber Reinforced) Cementitious Composites (ECCs), with strain hardening abilities in tension, for the repair and strengthening of old sub-standard reinforced concrete columns, focusing on their confining and shear strengthening potentials. The experimental results show that, when replacing the reinforcement cover with fiber reinforced ECCs, the fibers bridge tensile cracks, limiting their opening and increasing their resistance against volumetric expansion, ultimately leading to increased amounts of energy dissipation. ECCs may thus by used in the repair of historic concrete structural elements.
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Ben Ammar, Ben Khadda. "Valuation of Palm Fibers in the Formulation of Prefabricated Concrete in Southern Algeria." Key Engineering Materials 925 (July 11, 2022): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-t2ileb.
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Algeria has known various models of construction. The general observation is the failure of construction models used not only for their inability to meet the growing demand for housing, but also for the destruction of the architectural and urban landscape. Considering the ability of natural fibers improve the mechanical properties and durability of concrete, a renewable resource and permanently available. To this end, researchers have started to search for the most durable materials that respect the environment. The objective of this research is the study of the effect of date palm fibers in cementitious compositions with various proportions on the mechanical characteristics of prefabricated concretes in southern Algeria. The experimental study focuses on the use of local materials (CEMII Class 42.5 R cement, sand, gravel (7/15 and 15/25) and palm fiber with a water/cement ratio of 0.55). The results show that fiber concrete with a length of 5 mm and a dosage of 0.5% is beneficial for prefabricated fiber concrete.
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Khartabil, Ahmad, and Samer Al Martini. "Carbonation Resistance of Sustainable Concrete Using Recycled Aggregate and Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Key Engineering Materials 803 (May 2019): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.803.246.
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Green concrete is a recent sustainable practice in UAE that was enforced by Dubai Municipality in construction field within the emirate of Dubai to reduce the carbon foot print in construction industry and to increase the durability of the structures. This led the construction industry to reduce the usage of ordinary portland cement by replacing it with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) such as Grand Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) and flyash (FA). Incorporating GGBS or FA in concrete mixtures can improve durability parameters of hardened concrete, such as resistance to water permeability, reduced water absorption and chloride penetration. This ultimately increases the structure’s service life by increasing the threshold of concrete mixture for chloride induced corrosion. On the other hand, carbonation induced corrosion to concrete is usually being ignored or forgotten generally, due its usual slow rate ingression in plain portland cement concrete mixtures. Several studies showed that incorporating some types of SCM – especially at high percentage - can reduce the concrete resistance to carbonation. Additionally and for concrete with recycled aggregate, carbonation investigation should be taken into consideration. This is since recycled aggregates are reused aggregates that are extracted from demolished structures and buildings which were already subjected to different environmental exposures and deteriorations. Unlike chloride penetration, there is no direct ASTM standard test to anticipate the concrete mixture resistance to carbonation at early ages. In this study, concrete mixtures with flyash and different recycled aggregate replacement percentages are investigated for carbonation resistance in accelerated proposed method, considering concrete mixtures’ key parameters like water-cement ratio, and total cement content. The results are analyzed to arrive to pertinent conclusions for the best utilization of sustainable concrete for carbonation resistance.
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Schreiberová, Hana, Josef Fládr, Roman Chylík, Tomáš Trtík, and Alena Kohoutková. "Methodology of Controlled Crack Introduction in Cementitious Materials." Solid State Phenomena 322 (August 9, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.322.9.
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Crack formation is a common and generally inevitable phenomenon in the field of concrete structures. On the other hand, the ever-increasing demand for sustainable construction, thus the structures durability, has led researchers to propose and investigate various crack-sealing methods. This study deals with the key aspect of these investigations – the in-vitro creation of cracks. A large number of the conducted studies have been carried out on artificially cracked specimens, and various methodologies of the controlled crack introduction were presented; however, no specific method was clearly preferred. In this paper, several approaches to the crack introduction are applied: cracking through compressive loading, tensile loading, and 3-point bending. Further, different types of specimens are presented: plain concrete, reinforced with short and long steel fibers, and reinforced with steel rod. The achievable crack characteristics, such as widths or its stability over time, are evaluated and compared. This study thus provides valuable overlook of the possible approaches to the controlled crack creation and points out their potential and limitations. Based on the comparisons presented in this paper, the long steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens subjected to 3-point bending are identified as the most appropriate method of crack induction.
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Draper, Eric A., and Jan Skalny. "The Use of SEM and Other Complimentary Techniques for the Determination of Properties of Cementitious Materials." Microscopy Today 00, no. 8 (November 1992): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500071066.
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The need for continued rehabilitation of our concrete infrastructure has lead to the adaptation of modern “state-of-the-art” analytical methods for the characterization of concrete and other cementitious materials. Some of these techniques have not, until relatively recently, been commonly associated with the evaluation of concrete but are very useful both as tools for quality assurance and in the determination of the extent of existing damage. The technique of interest here is the coordinated electron-optical microscopic evaluation of concrete.Concrete is the most widely used building material in the world. Contrary to popular belief, concrete is not inert but chemically very complex and dynamic. While it is true that, pound for pound, concrete and its raw materials (cement, aggregate and water} are the most inexpensive building materials available for construction, it is also true that it responds to its environment in numerous and sometimes very subtle ways. These responses may sometimes result in a loss of durability and tremendous amounts of time and money being expended while searching for the cause(s) of the problem and providing a cost-effect solution A quick survey of any large metropolitan area and the on-going construction repairs to highways and bridge decks there will quickly confirm this.
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Draper, Eric A., and Jan Skalny. "The Use of SEM and Other Complimentary Techniques for the Determination of Properties of Cementitious Materials." Microscopy Today 00, no. 8 (November 1992): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500071157.
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The need for continued rehabilitation of our concrete infrastructure has lead to the adaptation of modern “state-of-the-art” analytical methods for the characterization of concrete and other cementitious materials. Some of these techniques have not, until relatively recently, been commonly associated with the evaluation of concrete but are very useful both as tools for quality assurance and in the determination of the extent of existing damage. The technique of interest here is the coordinated electron-optical microscopic evaluation of concrete.Concrete is the most widely used building material in the world. Contrary to popular belief, concrete is not inert but chemically very complex and dynamic. While it is true that, pound far pound, concrete and its raw materials (cement, aggregate and water) are the most inexpensive building materials available for construction, it is also true that it responds to its environment in numerous and sometimes very subtle ways. These responses may sometimes result in a loss of durability and tremendous amounts of time and money being expended while searching far the cause(s) of the problem and providing a cost-effect solution. A quick survey of any large metropolitan area and the on-going construction repairs to highways and bridge decks there will quickly confirm this.
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Chen, Jianguo, Yuling Zhu, Weilian Du, Mengxiang Li, Yifan Wang, Chunling Zhang, Mingsheng Shi, and Binghan Xue. "Influence of Polycarboxylate Superplasticizer on the Properties of Cement-Fly Ash Cementitious Materials and Concrete." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 13440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013440.
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Concrete materials often crack due to the temperature field caused by the early heat of hydration, affecting structural safety and normal use. To solve this problem, this paper proposes the method of incorporating polycarboxylate superplasticizer to improve its performance and explore the influence of polycarboxylate superplasticizer on the properties of cement-fly ash composite cementitious materials and concrete. Ordinary silicate was used to prepare cement-fly ash composite cementitious materials. Through isothermal conduction calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and other testing methods, the influence of polycarboxylate water-reducing agent on the heat of hydration of cementitious materials was studied. In addition, the hydration products and microscopic morphology of the cementitious materials were analyzed, and the changes in the concrete properties due to the addition of polycarboxylate superplasticizers were discussed. The results showed that the polycarboxylate superplasticizer could delay the onset time of the hydration heat peak of the slurry and reduce the hydration heat peak, inhibit the crystallization of Ca(OH)2 and AFt, improve the density of the slurry, and reduce the amount of chemically bound water. In addition, it could delay the overall hydration process of the cementitious material, where the adiabatic temperature increase rate and the early drying shrinkage rate of the concrete slowed down, and the mechanical properties and impermeability of the concrete improved.
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Zawal, Daniel, Krzysztof Górski, and Agnieszka Dobosz. "USAGE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE BIODEPOSITION IN MODIFICATION OF CEMENTITIOUS COMPOSITES." Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Zielonogórskiego / Inżynieria Środowiska 172, no. 52 (December 31, 2018): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.0261.
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Biodeterioration of construction materials is an undesired phenomenon, generating high costs of constraction repairs. On the other hand, occurrence of some bacteria can affect prevention and self repair of fractures formed in concrete. Biodeposition is an effective solution for increasing compressive strength of concrete, extending durability of concrete constructions and renovating limestone elements in facades of historic buildings.
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Adamtsevich, Aleksey, Andrey Pustovgar, and Liubov Adamtsevich. "Materials for 3D Concrete Printing: Approach to Standardization in Russia." Materials Science Forum 1043 (August 18, 2021): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1043.141.
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3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) technology, compared to traditional monolithic construction, gives a possibility to increase the workspeed and reduce the manual laborproportion, reduce material consumption and also improve the architectural appearance of buildings being erected. At the same time, more stringent requirements are imposed on the material for 3D printing in terms of rheological characteristicscontrol, strength developmentkinetics, interplay adhesion and some other parameters than for conventional ready-mixed concrete. Therefore, to ensure the mass application of technologies for additive construction production using concrete as printing ink, it is necessary to develop a regulatory and technical base, including the development of standard test methods to determine the operational properties of this typeofmaterials. The article examines the main trends in the management of the materials’properties for construction 3D printing based on cement binders and describes the principles of building a system for standardizing materials for 3D printing construction in Russia, which was developed with the participation of the authors of this article.
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Amin, Mohamed, Nirmen Abd El-Aziz, Ibrahim Saad Agwa, and Khaled Abu El-Hassan. "Properties and Microstructure of High Strength Concrete Incorporating Different Supplementary Cementitious Materials." Key Engineering Materials 921 (May 30, 2022): 247–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-z32u07.
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The construction industry has recently focused on the use of sustainable and innovative building materials, which called for the production of many supplementary cementitious materials with concrete to make the concrete produced durable and sustainable. Since high-strength concrete has many advantages other than its high strength, it has recently been used in non-traditional applications after for a long time confined to well-known traditional applications. This study presents the effect of micro Ferrosilicon (FS) and mineral materials on high-strength concrete properties, where silica fume (SF), FS, and metakaolin (Mk) were used as additives to cement.Besides the consistency test, all-ages compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity strengthand water permeability were investigated on the produced HSC.Microstructure analyses are carried out by SEM and EDX tests. The results showed a continuous decrease in a slump with the increase in mineral material, however, 15% FS and 15% MK were determined as the optimum percentage of the desired mechanical property. HSC performs up to 88 MPa compressive strength, 7.49 MPa tensile strength, and 39.89 GPa modulus of elasticity, as well as good durability properties. Finally, the high-strength concrete under consideration is suitable for use in both conventional and non-conventional applications and supports sustainable development and infrastructure development.
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Savija, Branko. "Use of 3D printing to create multifunctional cementitious composites: review, challenges and opportunities." RILEM Technical Letters 5 (September 3, 2020): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2020.113.
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Additive manufacturing has been a topic of interest in the construction industry for the past decade. 3D printing of concrete structures promises great improvements in construction efficiency, waste reduction, and shape optimization. Another field where additive manufacturing offers opportunities is on the material level of cementitious composites. Techniques developed in other fields can be used to create multifunctional cementitious composites beyond what is possible with conventional technologies. This letter reviews recent developments in the field. Different applications are discussed: creating reinforcement for cementitious composites, creating capsules and vascular networks, and cementitious composites with superior mechanical behavior. Challenges for further research and practical applications of such materials are also discussed.
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Susanto, S. A., D. Hardjito, and A. Antoni. "Review of autonomous self-healing cementitious material." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 907, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/907/1/012006.
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Abstract Concrete is a well-known versatile material, and its application is very common in most structures. Concrete performance is high in compression but low in tensile strength, this leads to the appearance of microcracks when the structure bears the designed loading. Such microcracks when ignored, leaves the structure vulnerable to attacks such as seepage of water, chlorides, and other materials that lead to a reduction in performance, and extreme cases failure of the structure. Since cracking is inevitable in concrete, new materials with self-healing properties are introduced into the mixture to take advantage of the external materials while making the concrete stronger. This type of concrete is widely researched from 1970 until the present day and is still in ‘proof of concept stages, and very few to no applications of autonomous self-healing concrete in real-world structures. This paper is an attempt to further classify the existing methodologies and find the gaps between researchers. The autonomous healing of concrete in present-day research varies in results; this means that the self-healing methodology requires standardization. Furthermore, self-healing in concrete does not mean maintenance is not required, it implies an easier maintenance method is possible due to the benefits gained through a possibly higher early cost in construction.
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Meng, Gang, Kai Feng Zhang, Shi Ran Zhao, Meng Xue Ouyang, and Xiang Li. "Researcher Progress of Steel Slag Cascade Utilization in Building Materials." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.293.
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This paper studied the cascade use of industrial waste slag as the cementitious material, the fine aggregate and the coarse aggregate, assisted by XRD, SEM and other microscopic test methods. The results that the system had the best volume stability when the steel slag addition of 40%. When the cement mortar prepared by 10% steel slag fine aggregate, and mixed with 20% steel slag powder and 20% blast furnace slag powder, the mortar construction performance and shrink resistant performance is excellent. On the basis of concrete double mixing 25% steel slag aggregate and 30% steel slag powder, compound mixing 20% blast furnace slag powder, the durable properties of concrete are also excellent.
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Al Martini, Samer, Ahmad Khartabil, and Reem Sabouni. "Evaluation of Thermal Conductivity of Sustainable Concrete Having Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) and Recycled Aggregate (RCA) Using Needle Probe Test." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010109.
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The evaluation of thermal properties is commonly conducted to characterize non-structural materials, such as lightweight concrete, that are used for thermal insulation. Such materials are designed for thermal resistivity applications. Due to the increased demand to adopt sustainable practices in the construction industry, municipalities in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) emphasize the use of sustainable materials in construction, such as green concrete. The cement in green concrete is partially replaced with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs); these materials are by-product waste from other industries. The SCMs can contribute to sustainability by reducing the concrete carbon footprint. They can also help in extending concrete durability and service life. However, there is still a lack in the literature regarding the effects of these materials on the thermal properties of concrete. This paper investigates the thermal properties of sustainable concrete mixes incorporating various types of SCMs. The SCMs that are considered in this investigation are fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and microsilica. Another way to improve the sustainability of the concrete is to partially replace the natural aggregates with recycled aggregates. Thus, a group of the concrete mixes in this investigation were prepared by replacing 40% of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates to investigate the effects of recycled aggregate on the thermal properties of concrete. Further, the thermal properties of three lightweight concrete mixtures commonly used in construction were evaluated. All concrete mixtures were examined for thermal conductivity and resistivity in accordance with ASTM D5334. The results of this investigation showed that SCMs and recycled aggregates have a significant impact on the thermal properties of concrete. The high replacement of ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) resulted in a remarkable increase in thermal conductivity. This investigation provides significant conclusions and recommendations that are of practical importance to the construction industry in the UAE to promote sustainability. This research aims at formulating recommendations for the effective use of SCMs in the construction industry in the UAE based on their effects on the thermal properties of concrete.
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Rios, Renee, Chris Childs, Scott Smith, Newell Washburn, and Kimberly Kurtis. "Advancing cement-based materials design through data science approaches." RILEM Technical Letters 6 (December 30, 2021): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2021.147.
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The massive scale of concrete construction constrains the raw materials’ feedstocks that can be considered – requiring both universal abundance but also economical and energy-efficient processing. While significant improvements– from more efficient cement and concrete production to increased service life – have been realized over the past decades through traditional research paradigms, non-incremental innovations are necessary now to meet increasingly urgent needs, at a time when innovations in materials create even greater complexity. Data science is revolutionizing the rate of discovery and accelerating the rate of innovation for material systems. This review addresses machine learning and other data analytical techniques which utilize various forms of variable representation for cementitious systems. These techniques include those guided by physicochemical and cheminformatics approaches to chemical admixture design, use of materials informatics to develop process-structure-property linkages for quantifying increased service life, and change-point detection for assessing pozzolanicity in candidate supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). These latent variables, coupled with approaches to dimensionality reduction driven both algorithmically as well as through domain knowledge, provide robust feature representation for cement-based materials and allow for more accurate models and greater generalization capability, resulting in a powerful design tool for infrastructure materials.
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Rahman, Sherin Khadeeja, and Riyadh Al-Ameri. "Experimental and Artificial Neural Network-Based Study on the Sorptivity Characteristics of Geopolymer Concrete with Recycled Cementitious Materials and Basalt Fibres." Recycling 7, no. 4 (August 9, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling7040055.
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The environmental concerns regarding the production of the most widely consumed cement construction material have led to the need for developing sustainable alternatives. Using recycled industry waste products such as fly ash and slag via geopolymerisation has led to the development of geopolymer cement—an efficient replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Adopting geopolymer cement and concrete as a construction material reduces greenhouse gas and promotes the recycling of waste products. This study explores the suitability of a unique geopolymer concrete mix made of recycled cementitious materials including industry waste products such as fly ash, micro fly ash and slag for use in aggressive environments. Sorptivity tests are conducted to assess the durability of concrete and indicate the cementitious material’s ability to transmit water through the capillary forces. This study thus reports on the sorptivity characteristics of a newly developed self-compacting geopolymer concrete and two other fibre geopolymer concrete mixes containing 1% (by weight) of 12 mm- or 30 mm-long basalt fibres. The addition of basalt fibres indicated less water absorption and moisture ingress than the mix without fibres. The study used 18 specimens from three geopolymer concrete mixes, and the results showed that adding fibres improved the durability performance in terms of resistance to moisture ingress. Finally, an artificial neural network model is developed to predict the absorption rates of geopolymer concrete specimens using MATLAB. The prediction models reported excellent agreement between experimental and simulated datasets.
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Baeră, C., R. Chendeş, A. Gruin, A. Perianu, V. Vasile, and L. Varga. "Research on valorisation of spent garnets as addition in cementitious materials – preliminary experimental evaluation." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1251, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1251/1/012010.
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Abstract Abrasive waterjet (AWJ) material processing represents a relatively new and extremely efficient method in the specific industries, implying various applicability areas, attributed to different materials, with different properties and domains of use. Besides numerous advantages of the AWJ cutting and generally of the material processing techniques, they also involve the waste generation: the abrasive sands are converted into sludge material, collected into recipients and further on, after natural drying, they become waste dumps randomly deserted. The enlargement of the AWJ techniques in the latest years determines the corresponding increase of the associated Garnet wastes (Spent Garnets, SG), thus leading towards the clear need of identifying opportunities for their recycling and valorisation. Aggregates are basic raw materials in the production of concrete, mortar and plasters, composite cementitious and/or cement-free materials (geopolymer concrete) in the building materials and generally, in the construction industry. The rapid growth of the population, recorded mainly in urban areas, determines an increasing demand on housing facilities and consequently, on concrete production and aggregates consumption. Aggregates and sand, mainly exploited from riverbeds or quarries, represent exhaustible natural resource for which substitution solutions need to be found, in order to control and reduce their extraction from the natural landscape. Considering the superposition of this independent cause and effect situations, the rapid growth of Spent Garnets (SG) landfills, generated by AWJ processes, and, on the other hand, the need to substitute the natural aggregate in construction industry, a reliable solution could emerge from the potential valorisation of SG wastes as partial or even complete substitution of sands / aggregates in the composition of construction materials. The present paper offers a preliminary overview regarding the possibility of incorporating SG wastes of local production in usual cement-based materials, as partial substitute of the aggregate, for the double purpose of waste management implementation and natural resources protection, on the transition path towards the implementing the Circular Economy (CE) concept in the Romanian industry.
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Pacheco-Torgal, F., A. Shasavandi, and Saíd Jalali. "Eco-Efficient Concrete Using Industrial Wastes: A Review." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.581.
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Concrete is one of the most widely used construction materials in the world. However, the production of Portland cement as the essential constituent of concrete requires a considerable energy level. Also releases a significant amount of chemical carbon dioxide emissions and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere. Global demand will increase almost 200 % by 2050 from 2010 levels. Thus, seeking an eco-efficient and sustainable concrete may be one of the main roles that the construction industry should play in sustainable construction. Portland cement can be partially replaced by cementitious and pozzolanic materials, especially those of industry by-products such as fly ash, GGBS, silica fume, ceramic waste powder and metamorphic rock dust from stone cutting industry. The aggregates are also conserved by replacing them with recycled or waste materials (among which recycled concrete), ceramic waste, post-consumer glass, and recycled tires. All of the previous alternatives are, currently, the most used. This paper summarizes current knowledge about eco-efficient concrete, by reviewing previously published work.
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Harrer, Ann, and Paul Gaudette. "Challenges of preserving modernist concrete." MATEC Web of Conferences 289 (2019): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928907003.
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Exposed architectural concrete is often a defining characteristic of modernist structures. Concrete, like other construction materials, eventually deteriorates over time and with exposure to environmental factors. With any historic structure, challenges exist in the development of an appropriately sensitive rehabilitation strategy to address existing distress, including structural repairs, use of compatible materials, development of repair procedures without unnecessary removal of historic material, and sustainable practices, as well as to meet the requirements of governing standards or jurisdictions. It is important to understand the structure’s construction, including material constituents of the concrete, unique characteristics, and extent and causes of deterioration, as well as project requirements and goals. Following a condition assessment, the rehabilitation strategy can be developed, taking into account the sensitive nature of the structure. Appropriateness and compatibility of repairs, together with technical soundness, are key to the success of the repair design. In addition, poor or incomplete repairs will have a minimal service life and can result in additional distress or other problems with the structure. This paper will describe challenges encountered in the preservation of modern concrete structures, focusing on architectural concrete. Case studies of several iconic modernist concrete structures, including the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, for which the authors have developed that highlight approaches to address these challenges.
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Srinath, Doddipati, and Gomasa Ramesh. "A Review on Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Concrete by using Rise husk ash and hydrated lime." Indian Journal of Design Engineering 1, no. 3 (February 10, 2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijde.c8016.021322.
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Concrete is a commonly used construction material all over the globe. Environmentally conscious construction is essential in today's society. By using the proper materials, we may achieve long-term construction. RHA is often used as a cementitious product replacement, and in such cases, we may mix RHA with hydrated lime. Many research has been conducted on RHA, and they all indicate that it outperforms other kinds of concrete. The importance of rice husk ash in construction and its applications are the subject of this essay. Many studies have been undertaken to identify appropriate replacements for cement in concrete mixes to reduce our over-reliance on cement as a component in concrete production owing to its contribution to CO2 emissions. This article examined the research on the usage of fly ash and rice husk ash as partial concrete replacements and the chemical composition of these materials, and their impact on concrete compressive strength. The mix was created using a logical approach in which solid components were set, and water and superplasticizer content were modified to get the best viscosity and flowability. Rice husk ash (RHA) is a rice milling byproduct. Its usage as a soil stabilizer provides an environmentally friendly alternative to ultimate disposal. Because RHA is not self-cementitious, a hydraulic binder, such as lime, must be added to create cement types to strengthen the soil. In sandy soils, studies on stabilization using RHA and lime mixtures were carried out. RHA of rice husk incineration in ordinary ovens with no temperature control and laboratory burning at regulated temperatures were utilized. In soil mixes with varying RHA and lime concentrations, cementitious compounds were found to develop. Soils treated with RHA and lime underwent unconfined compression strength testing. All RHA and lime concentrations and periods tested showed strength gains, and all materials created were changed rather than stabilized. The use of RHA to improve sandy soils offers environmental, social, and economic advantages as an alternative to ultimate disposal
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Srinath, Doddipati, and Gomasa Ramesh. "A Review on Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Concrete by using Rise husk ash and hydrated lime." Indian Journal of Design Engineering 1, no. 3 (February 10, 2022): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijde.c8016.021322.
Full textAbstract:
Concrete is a commonly used construction material all over the globe. Environmentally conscious construction is essential in today’s society. By using the proper materials, we may achieve long-term construction. RHA is often used as a cementitious product replacement, and in such cases, we may mix RHA with hydrated lime. Many research has been conducted on RHA, and they all indicate that it outperforms other kinds of concrete. The importance of rice husk ash in construction and its applications are the subject of this essay. Many studies have been undertaken to identify appropriate replacements for cement in concrete mixes to reduce our over-reliance on cement as a component in concrete production owing to its contribution to CO2 emissions. This article examined the research on the usage of fly ash and rice husk ash as partial concrete replacements and the chemical composition of these materials, and their impact on concrete compressive strength. The mix was created using a logical approach in which solid components were set, and water and superplasticizer content were modified to get the best viscosity and flowability. Rice husk ash (RHA) is a rice milling byproduct. Its usage as a soil stabilizer provides an environmentally friendly alternative to ultimate disposal. Because RHA is not self-cementitious, a hydraulic binder, such as lime, must be added to create cement types to strengthen the soil. In sandy soils, studies on stabilization using RHA and lime mixtures were carried out. RHA of rice husk incineration in ordinary ovens with no temperature control and laboratory burning at regulated temperatures were utilized. In soil mixes with varying RHA and lime concentrations, cementitious compounds were found to develop. Soils treated with RHA and lime underwent unconfined compression strength testing. All RHA and lime concentrations and periods tested showed strength gains, and all materials created were changed rather than stabilized. The use of RHA to improve sandy soils offers environmental, social, and economic advantages as an alternative to ultimate disposal.
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Liu, Hao, and Xiao Ming Du. "Genetic Analysis and Treatment of Cracks in the Residential Construction." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 488–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.488.
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In the modern construction process, the wall cracks in residential buildings in the more general question, which the concrete cracks. Concrete cracks caused by a variety of reasons, such as temperature changes, uneven ground subsidence, wall expansion and contraction, there are some cracks by external effects or conservation measures is wrong or some chemical reaction causing the problem. In this paper, architectural design, building materials, construction and other aspects to analyze and propose some solutions approach.
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Wu, Siyu, Sungwoo Park, and Sukhoon Pyo. "Effect of Types of Microparticles on Vibration Reducibility of Cementitious Composites." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 11, 2022): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144821.
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The vibration-reducing ability of construction materials is generally described by the damping ratio of the materials. Previously, many studies on the damping ratio of concrete have been done, such as the addition of rubber, polymer, fiber, and recycled aggregates in the concrete. However, the application of these materials in construction is limited due to their drawbacks. This paper investigated the effect of the replacement ratio and the size of the hollow glass microspheres (HGM), cenospheres (CS), and graphite flakes (GF) on the damping ratio of mortar. Furthermore, rubber particles (RP), aluminum powder (AP), and natural fiber (NF) were investigated to find if they have a combination effect with HGM. The half-power bandwidth method was conducted to obtain the damping ratio at 28 days of curing, and the compressive and flexural strength tests were also conducted to study the mechanical properties of mortar that contained HGM, CS, and GF. The results show that increases in the size of HGM and the replacement ratio of sand with HGM lead to an increase in the damping ratio. Moreover, RP and NF do not provide a combination effect with HGM on the damping ratio, whereas the application of AP results in a drastic compressive strength decrease even with an increase in damping ratio when incorporated with HGM. Besides, an increase in the replacement percentage of CS also leads to an improvement in the damping ratio, and a smaller size and higher replacement ratio of GFs can improve the damping ratio compared to other additives. As a result, CS and GF are more effective than HGM. 50% replacement ratio of CS slightly reduced the compressive strength by 6.4 MPa while improving the damping ratio by 15%, and 10% replacement ratio of samller GF can enhance the flexural strength by over 4.55% while increasing the damping ratio by 20.83%.
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Zahid, A. Z. M., M. M. Zin, N. Z. Saifullizam, N. Khalid, S. F. Kamaruddin, and W. S. W. Chik. "Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Mussel Shell Powder as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in Non-Load Concrete Brick." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1176, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1176/1/012023.
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Abstract The pozzolanic properties of the industrial by-product palm oil fuel ash (POFA) has given this material a unique characteristic that can be used as a cement substitute. Meanwhile, the abundance of waste seashells which contain an enormous amount of calcium oxide (CaO) available around the world has led this material to be another potential waste material as substitutes for conventional materials in concrete. The percentage amount of POFA used as a replacement was constant at 20% from the amount of cement. On the other hand, mussel shell powder (MSP) was replaced by 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% with the decrement of 2% of OPC used for each of the design. The physical and chemical properties of the materials and the mechanical properties of concrete brick were identified for 7, 14 dan 28 days. The inclusion of POFA and MSP in the concrete brick mix in this study reduced the compressive strength of the concrete in the early days and enhanced at the late stages. Apart from that, the compressive strength of the concrete brick mixtures decreased along with the increasing percentage of MSP as the increment content of CaO from MSP reduced the hydration process. The optimum percentage of MSP replacement in this study is 4% with 20% replacement of POFA and 76% OPC. The application of these materials as supplementary cementitious materials in the construction industry, particularly in producing non-load concrete brick will simultaneously encourage reducing potential pollutions and promote sustainability.
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López-Uceda, Antonio, Enrique Fernández-Ledesma, Lorenzo Salas-Morera, José Ramón Jiménez, and David Suescum-Morales. "Effect of the Composition of Mixed Recycled Aggregates on Physical–Mechanical Properties." Crystals 11, no. 12 (December 5, 2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121518.
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Recycled aggregates (RA) from construction and demolition waste are an alternative to natural aggregates in the construction sector. They are usually classified according to their composition. The main constituent materials are separated into the following categories: unbound natural aggregates, ceramic particles, cementitious particles, bituminous materials, and other materials considered impurities, such as glass, plastic, wood, or gypsum. In this research, a large number of samples of RA were collected from three different recycling plants and their properties were studied. After that, 35 samples were selected randomly, and their RA constituents were separated under laboratory conditions. Cementitious particles were differentiated into two subcategories: masonry mortar and concrete particles. Subsequently, their physical–mechanical properties were measured. The statistical analysis carried out exhibited that the constituents had a statistically significant influence on the physical–mechanical properties studied. Specifically, masonry mortar particles had higher water absorption and worse mechanical properties than concrete and ceramic particles. Secondly, multiple regression models were performed to predict the physical–mechanical properties of RA from their composition since mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) ranged between 0.9% and 8.6%. The differentiation in the subcategories of concrete and masonry mortar particles in compositional testing is useful for predicting the physical–mechanical properties of RA.
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Bittner, Can Mark, and Vincent Oettel. "Fiber Reinforced Concrete with Natural Plant Fibers—Investigations on the Application of Bamboo Fibers in Ultra-High Performance Concrete." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 12011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912011.
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Natural plant fibers represent a sustainable alternative to conventional fiber reinforcement materials in cementitious materials due to their suitable mechanical properties, cost-effective availability and principle carbon neutrality. Due to its high tensile strength and stiffness as well as its worldwide distribution along with rapid growth, bamboo offers itself in particular as a plant fiber source. In experimental studies on concrete beams reinforced with plant fibers, a positive influence of the fibers on the flexural behavior was observed. However, the load-bearing effect of the fibers was limited by the poor bond, which can be attributed, among other things, to the swelling behavior of the fibers. In addition, the plant fibers degrade in the alkaline environment of many cementitious building materials. In order to improve the bond and to limit the alkalinity and to increase the durability, the use of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) offers itself. Since no tests have been carried out, investigations on the flexural behavior of UHPC with bamboo fibers were carried out at the Institute of Concrete Construction of Leibniz University Hannover. The test results show a significantly improved load-bearing behavior of the fibers and the enormous potential of the combination of UHPC and bamboo fibers.
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Amran, Mugahed, Yeong Huei Lee, Roman Fediuk, Gunasekaran Murali, Mohammad Ali Mosaberpanah, Togay Ozbakkaloglu, Yee Yong Lee, Nikolai Vatin, Sergey Klyuev, and Maria Karelia. "Palm Oil Fuel Ash-Based Eco-Friendly Concrete Composite: A Critical Review of the Long-Term Properties." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 22, 2021): 7074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227074.
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Rapid global infrastructural developments and advanced material science, amongst other factors, have escalated the demand for concrete. Cement, which is an integral part of concrete, binds the various individual solid materials to form a cohesive mass. Its production to a large extent emits many tons of greenhouse gases, with nearly 10% of global carbon (IV) oxide (CO2) emanating from cement production. This, coupled with an increase in the advocacy for environmental sustainability, has led to the development of various innovative solutions and supplementary cementitious materials. These aims to substantially reduce the overall volume of cement required in concrete and to meet the consistently increasing demand for concrete, which is projected to increase as a result of rapid construction and infrastructural development trends. Palm oil fuel ash (POFA), an industrial byproduct that is a result of the incineration of palm oil wastes due to electrical generation in power plants has unique properties, as it is a very reactive materials with robust pozzolanic tendencies, and which exhibits adequate micro-filling capabilities. In this study, a review on the material sources, affecting factors, and durability characteristics of POFA are carefully appraised. Moreover, in this study, a review of correlated literature with a broad spectrum of insights into the likely utilization of POFA-based eco-friendly concrete composites as a green material for the present construction of modern buildings is presented.
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Sharma, Amit, and Sanjeev Gupta. "A Study on the Strength Aspects of Concrete with Metakaolin, GGBFS and Rice Husk Ash as Partial Replacement of OPC." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 889, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/889/1/012072.
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Abstract The impact of the OPC on the environment is important as its production generates a large amount of CO2. In order to reduce the use of pure raw materials as resources, the use of industrial waste or secondary materials in construction sites for the production of cement and concrete has been encouraged. The volume of wastes generated worldwide has increased over the years due to the population, social and economic performance and social development. One of the most attractive options for waste management is to minimize waste and reuse the possibility of recycling. The cost of cement used in concrete works is increasing and unsatisfactory, but the demand for this material and other housing needs is rising, so it is important to find alternatives that can be used alone or in a partial replacement. In this research work several auxiliary cementitious ingredients such as metakaoline, GGBFS and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) were used to improve the strength properties of the conservative concrete. Metakaolin and GGBFS was used at a fixed percentage of 10 percent as fractional substitution of the OPC-43 grade cement, while the RHA was used at different percent ranging from 0 to 25 percent at an increment of 5 percent in each case as fractional substitution of the OPC-43 grade cement. Numerous examinations were executed so as to envisage the effect of these materials over the strength and engineering properties of the concrete. The test results conclude that the usage of the metakaolin, GGBFS and the RHA in combined form increased the strength and engineering properties of the conventional concrete up to a great extent. From the obtained test results it can be further concluded that the particle size of the supplementary cementitious materials plays a significant role in enhancing the internal micro-structure of the concrete and which further leads to the higher strength of the concrete. Also the main reason behind the advanced strength was the presence of the metakaolin and GGBFS in the concrete, whose chemical properties densifies the concrete and made the concrete more stable and promotes higher strength. Future work can also be done on the usage of several other supplementary cementitious materials at different other percentages so as to improve concrete properties.
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Amalia Ningsih, Tria, Dalhar Susanto, and Intan CHairunnisa. "Mix Concrete: Combining the Composition to Create New Surface of Architectural Building." E3S Web of Conferences 67 (2018): 04021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186704021.
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Concrete has been transfigured from the object of mass production at twentieth century to advancing technology of building a new formation of contemporary architectural design. Concrete has evolved in ranging aggregate particles, to push the boundary the concept of reinforcing concrete with high-performance quality the thinness or elasticity. There are several conditions of concrete construction based on assembling this material towards architectural buildings. In the architectural practice, the issue of structure underlines the combination of concrete system which resists the tensile strength. Concrete also reflects on surfaces of architectural elements and potentially reshaped as a vehicle for sculptural form. Mixed concrete is a preliminary idea of mixing concrete composition with other materials such as gravel, ceramic and plastic which then discovers different form or texture. The forms of expression which have emerged alongside the technical developments reflect aesthetic value with various surfaces. This exploration is a part of learning activities in building technology class which aims at directing students to utilize concrete through mixing technique. It is developed in order to create a sustainability process of concrete and discuss the possibilities of future environmental impact by using concrete. Reshaping the visible face of concrete reveals the astonishing achievement of architecture.
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Turki, Mohamed, Ines Zarrad, Michéle Quéneudec, and Jamel Bouaziz. "Prediction performance of compressive strength of cementitious materials containing rubber aggregates and filler using fuzzy logic method." Multidiscipline Modeling in Materials and Structures 13, no. 2 (August 14, 2017): 284–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mmms-12-2016-0066.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to focus on compressive strength modelling of cementitious mixtures like mortar and Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) containing rubber aggregates from shredded worn tires and filler using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS). Design/methodology/approach The volume substitution contains a ratio of rubber aggregates vs sand in mortar and with crushed sand in RCC and ranges from 0 to 50 per cent. As for the filler, they are substituted with sand by 5 per cent in mortar mixture. The methodology consists of optimizing the percentage of substitution in cementitious mixtures to ensure better mechanical properties of materials like compressive strength. The prediction of compressive strength and the optimization of cementitious mixtures encourage their uses in such construction pavements, in area games or in other special constructions. These cementitious materials are considered as friendly to the environment by focussing on their improved deformability. Findings The results of this paper show that the performance of the constructed fuzzy method was measured by correlation of experimental and model results of mortar and RCC mixtures containing both rubber aggregates and filler. The comparison between elaborated models through the error and the accuracy calculations confirms the reliability of the ANFIS method. Originality/value The purpose of this paper is to assess the performance of the constructed fuzzy model by the ANFIS method for two types of cementitious materials like mortar and RCC containing rubber aggregates and filler. The fuzzy method could predict the compressive strength based on the limited measurement values in the mechanical experiment. Furthermore, the comparison between the elaborated models confirms the reliability of the ANFIS method through the error and the accuracy calculations for the best cementitious material mixtures.
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Zhang, YX, Zachary Kerr, Brian Jarvis, and Rhys J. Volant. "High-velocity impact behaviour of a new hybrid fibre-reinforced cementitious composite." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 4 (October 9, 2017): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217732667.
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In this article, a new engineered cementitious composite reinforced with 0.6% volume steel fibres and 1.5% volume polyvinyl-alcohol fibres is developed aiming for enhanced impact resistance compared to other construction materials. Fundamental mechanical properties of the new composite including the compressive strength, Young’s modulus, tensile strength and flexural behaviour were tested. To calibrate the impact resistance of the new composite, high-velocity impact tests of panels made of the new material were conducted when subjected to impact from a standard 7.62 mm round in-service bullet fired from a knight armament SR-25 military rifle. For comparison, plain concrete panels and concrete panels reinforced with 2% volume steel fibres were also tested. The post-impact responses of the panels in terms of crater sizes, damage failure mode, fragmentation size, weight and regress velocity are analysed and compared to characterize the impact resistance of the new engineered cementitious composite. The test results demonstrate significantly enhanced impact and shatter resistance of the new hybrid fibre-reinforced cementitious composite with reduced spalling and fragmentation, localized damage areas and improved cracking resistance.
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Al Adgham, S., M. Saba, G. Sabalbal, W. Arairo, and J. Absi. "Environmental and Ecological Approach in the Restoration of Historical Monuments." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1123, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1123/1/012023.
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Abstract Architectural heritage preservation requires more attention to save historical monuments as it protects the distinctiveness of the country. However, large portions of construction and demolition waste come from the renovation sector. As such, the need for eco-friendly materials is a necessity to decreasing the environmental impact of renovation processes such as the carbon footprint and global warming. The study aims to use geopolymeric paste as a potential alternative for renovating architectural elements in Al-Attar Mosque, Tripoli, instead of cementitious materials that impact the environment. The mix design of the geopolymer paste consists of metakaolin and sodium-based alkaline solution. The paste is used to bind very old sandstone rocks provided by the historic mosque. The mechanical properties of the natural sandstone were tested with and without geopolymeric paste in different cutting conditions. In most of the samples, the cracking occurred in the stone itself and not in the geopolymer binder. This behaviour proved that the geopolymer binder is a good alternative to be used in renovating the wall, holding good mechanical properties. As such, it proved that it has good potential to be used in historical monuments. It is also an environmentally friendly material, with a lower carbon footprint than concrete.
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Tong, Yunyun, Abdel-Okash Seibou, Mengya Li, Abdelhak Kaci, and Jinjian Ye. "Bamboo Sawdust as a Partial Replacement of Cement for the Production of Sustainable Cementitious Materials." Crystals 11, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 1593. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11121593.
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This paper reports on the utilization of recycled moso bamboo sawdust (BS) as a substitute in a new bio-based cementitious material. In order to improve the incompatibility between biomass and cement matrix, the study firstly investigated the effect of pretreatment methods on the BS. Cold water, hot water, and alkaline solution were used. The SEM images and mechanical results showed that alkali-treated BS presented a more favorable bonding interface in the cementitious matrix, while both compressive and flexural strength were higher than for the other two treatments. Hence, the alkaline treatment method was adopted for additional studies on the effect of BS content on the microstructural, physical, rheological, and mechanical properties of composite mortar. Cement was replaced by alkali-treated BS at 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% by mass in the mortar mixture. An increased proportion of BS led to a delayed cement setting and a reduction in workability, but a lighter and more porous structure compared to the conventional mortar. Meanwhile, the mechanical performance of composite decreased with BS content, while the compressive and flexural strength ranged between 14.1 and 37.8 MPa and 2.4 and 4.5 MPa, respectively, but still met the minimum strength requirements of masonry construction. The cement matrix incorporated 3% and 5% BS can be classified as load-bearing lightweight concrete. This result confirms that recycled BS can be a sustainable component to produce a lightweight and structural bio-based cementitious material.
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Ogirigbo, O. R., J. O. Ukpata, and I. Inerhunwa. "The Potentials of Iron and Steel Slags as Supplementary Cementitious Materials in the Nigerian Construction Industry: A Review." October 2018 2, no. 2 (October 2018): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2018.02.0092.
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Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) is a type of Supplementary Cementitious Material (SCM) that is currently being used extensively in the global construction industry. SCMs are cheaper than Portland cement, help to improve certain properties of concrete and also help to reduce the environmental footprint associated with the production of Portland cement. GGBS is readily available in most parts of the world as a waste product from iron and steel production. However, its use as a SCM in some countries has not been fully maximized. This is primarily because of lack of documented studies on the properties of GGBS that influences its suitability as a SCM, especially in tropical environments. This paper reviewed the use of GGBS as a SCM for the partial replacement of Portland cement, with particular emphasis on its potential use in tropical warm environments such as Nigeria and other similar countries.
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Kumar, Pankaj, and Dr Sharad Kumar Soni. "Comparative Study on the Effects of Steel Slag Aggregate over Blended Cement Concrete." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 2675–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.42893.
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Abstract: Concrete is the most versatile construction material because it can bedesigned to withstand the harshest environments while taking on the most inspirational forms. Engineers are continually pushing the limits to improve its performance with the help of innovative chemical admixtures and alternative construction materials (ACM). Nowadays, most concrete mixture contains alternative construction materials which form part of the cementitious component. These materials are majority byproducts from other processes. The main benefits of ACM (alternative construction materials) are their ability to replace certain amount of cement or aggregates and still able to display major properties similarto concrete, thus reducing the cost of using traditional materials. The fast growthin industrialization has resulted in tons and tons of byproduct or waste materials, which can be used as ACMs (alternative construction materials) such as marble powder, silica fume, ground granulated blast furnace slag, steel slag etc. The useof these byproducts not only helps to utilize these waste materials but also enhances the properties of concrete in fresh and hydrated states. Most concrete produced today includes one or more ACM (alternative construction materials). For this reason, their properties are frequently compared to each other by mix designers seeking to optimize concrete mixtures. To design high strength concrete good quality aggregates is also required. Steel slag is an industrial byproduct obtained from the steel manufacturing industry. This can be used as aggregate in concrete. It has been usually used as aggregate in hot mix asphalt surface applications, but in the present work it has been used in conventional concrete mixture and performance is compared with normal aggregate concrete. Replacing all or some portion of natural aggregates with steel slag would lead to considerable environmental benefits. Steel slagaggregate generally exhibit a propensity to expand hence steel slag aggregates are generally not used in concrete making. However, use of blended cement concrete is reported to reduce the expansion of the concrete. In the present work a series of tests were carried out to make comparative studies of various mechanical properties of concrete mixes prepared by using normal cement concrete, marble powder and cement blend concrete (1:1 proportion ) with or without use of steel slag. The ingredients are mixed in 1: 1.5: 3 proportions. The properties studied are 7 days, 14 days and 28 days compressive strengths, workability and surface hardness. Keywords: Cement, Concrete, Steel Slag, Aggregates, Blended Cement,Marble Powder.
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Wagan, I. H., A. H. Memon, N. A. Memon, F. T. Memon, and M. H. Lashari. "Rice Husk Ash (RHA) Based Concrete: Workability and Compressive Strength with Different Dosages and Curing Ages." Journal of Applied Engineering Sciences 12, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jaes-2022-0016.
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Abstract To reduce the consumption of cement in construction industry has been a hot area of consideration now days due to high evolution of CO2 gases during its production. Since decades efforts are made to replace cement with cementitious materials; minerals, agricultural, industrial by products etc. A few are fly ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag, silica fume, rice husk ash etc. These cementitious materials are often adopted as partial replacement of cement. However, their effectiveness and suitability as cementitious material depends upon their properties and the source of the production. Pakistan is an agricultural country and one of the major crops is Rice crop. It produces a substantial amount of rice husk during the processing g of the rice. A substantial amount of Rice Husk Ash (RHA) is produced on the burning of rice husk used as fuel in the rice mills while generating steam for parboiling process of rice grains. This ash causes the environmental problems also if not dumped properly. RHA is believed to have siliceous properties which may be used as supplementary cementitious material in concrete. As the suitability of supplementary cementitious materials is dependent upon the source of rice husk, temperature of burning of husk, its fineness and other properties. This study is focused on to determine the effect of rice husk ash produced by burning of the rice husk obtained from the local rice mills. Experimental investigation carried includes the determination of workability and compressive strength of concrete with different dosage of RHA from 5% to 30% with an increment of 5% tested at 1day, 3days, 7days and 28 days of the age of concrete. The results are compared with corresponding concrete without RHA and tested at the same ages. The results show the reduction in both the parameter; workability and compressive strength due to RHA particularly at its higher dosage beyond 10% by weight of cement.
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Khartabil, Ahmad, and Samer Al Martini. "Fresh and Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Concrete Using Recycled Aggregates." Key Engineering Materials 803 (May 2019): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.803.239.
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In the last few decades, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) witnessed rapid development in the construction industry. It was recently emphasized to adopt sustainability practice in all aspects related to construction. The recent sustainable practice that was enforced by Dubai Municipality in construction field is “greening the concrete” by solely replacing the Portland Cement with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), such as grand granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash. On the other hand, the use of recycled aggregates can also contribute to the greening of concrete and to the reduction of carbon foot print from the construction industry in the UAE. Consequently, it is significant to study the suitability of local available recycled aggregate and their effect on concrete fresh and hardened properties, in order to expand the current practice. The recycled aggregates, used in this investigation, are obtained from a local recycled aggregates plant in Abu Dhabi using concrete from demolished buildings in Abu Dhabi. The natural aggregates in concrete mixtures were replaced by recycled aggregates with the following percentages: 20%, 40%, 60% and 100%. The concrete parameters investigated are mainly the slump retention, rheology and compressive strength. The results are analyzed to arrive to pertinent conclusions for the utilization of concrete with recycled aggregates in different types of construction projects.
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Angelin, Andressa Fernanda, Lubienska Cristina L. J. Ribeiro, Marta Siviero Guilherme Pires, Ana Elisabete P. G. A. Jacintho, Rosa Cristina Cecche Lintz, and Luísa Andréia Gachet-Barbosa. "Effects of Consumption of Cement in Mechanical Properties of Lightweight Concrete Containing Brazilian Expanded Clay." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 925–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.925.
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Concrete is one of the oldest building materials known to humankind. From 1824, with the advent of Portland cement, concrete assumed a prominent place among the construction materials, due to large amounts of strength, durability and versatility it offered compared to other products, allowing the molding of various forms architectural. Until the early 80s, the concrete remained only as a mixture of cement, aggregates and water, however, in recent decades, due to the development of new techniques and products, the concrete has been undergoing constant changes. The concrete with lightweight aggregates have been used since the beginning of the last century, with low values of density (< 2000 kg/m3), demonstrating the great potential of using this material in several areas of construction [. With the objective of analyzing the influence of the consumption of cement in conventional concrete and light, were molded, tested and compared body-of-evidence containing two different amounts of cement consumption: a) 350 kg/m3 and b) 450 kg / m3. The results were compared with those obtained by other researchers, as well as with [ and [.
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Yuan, Fang, Wangren Wei, and Ren Hu. "Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with high-strength steel wire and engineered cementitious composites." Advances in Structural Engineering 25, no. 1 (October 6, 2021): 158–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13694332211046346.
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Engineered cementitious composite (ECC) is a type of high-performance fibre-reinforced cementitious composite with good ductility and excellent crack control ability. It has attracted increasing attention as a structural repair material in severely corrosive environments. However, the strength improvement is limited when ECC is used alone for shear strengthening of existing reinforced concrete (RC) members, although its shear capacity is much higher than that of other brittle cementitious materials such as cement mortar. This study proposes a novel shear strengthening method for RC beams with both high load-carrying capacity and good durability through the combination of high-strength steel wire and an ECC layer. The shear behaviours of the beams were tested under static loading. The test results showed that the shear strength and the ultimate displacement were significantly improved through shear strengthening. A large number of fine cracks appeared on the ECC layer before the failure of the beams. The load-carrying capacity was reduced by pre-damage owing to the important role of the shear resistance of the concrete with respect to the total shear capacity. The shear strength of the strengthened beams cannot be accurately predicted by the current design code owing to the ignorance of the shear resistance of ECC.
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Babalola, Olusola Emmanuel, and Paul O. Awoyera. "Suitability of Cordia millenii Ash Blended Cement in Concrete Production." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 22 (February 2016): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.22.59.
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Supplementary cementitious materials are most needed to enhance a sustainable development in poor communities. It is pertinent to investigate the suitability of such alternative materials for construction. The present study evaluates the strength characteristics of concrete made with varied proportion of Cordia millenii ash blended with Portland cement. Chemical composition of Cordia millenii and the setting time when blended with cement was determined. Other laboratory tests performed on Cordia millenii blended cement include: sieve analysis and specific gravity. Five replacement percentages of Cordia millenii (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were blended with cement in concrete. Control specimens were also produced with only cement. Tests to determine the workability, air entrained, bulk density and compressive strength properties of the concrete were also conducted. Results obtained revealed that optimum Cordia millenii mix is 10%, which yielded the highest density and compressive strength in the concrete.
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Ewa, Desmond E., Joseph O. Ukpata, Obeten Nicholas Otu, Zubair Ahmed Memon, George Uwadiegwu Alaneme, and Abdalrhman Milad. "Scheffe’s Simplex Optimization of Flexural Strength of Quarry Dust and Sawdust Ash Pervious Concrete for Sustainable Pavement Construction." Materials 16, no. 2 (January 7, 2023): 598. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16020598.
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Pervious concrete provides a tailored surface course with high permeability properties which permit the easy flow of water through a larger interconnected porous structure to prevent flooding hazards. This paper reports the modeling of the flexural properties of quarry dust (QD) and sawdust ash (SDA) blended green pervious concrete for sustainable road pavement construction using Scheffe’s (5,2) optimization approach. The simplex mixture design method was adapted to formulate the mixture proportion to eliminate the set-backs encountered in empirical or trials and the error design approach, which consume more time and resources to design with experimental runs required to evaluate the response function. For the laboratory evaluation exercise, a maximum flexural strength of 3.703 N/mm2 was obtained with a mix proportion of 0.435:0.95:0.1:1.55:0.05 for water, cement, QD, coarse aggregate and SDA, respectively. Moreover, the minimal flexural strength response of 2.504 N/mm2 was obtained with a mix ratio of 0.6:0.75:0.3:4.1:0.25 for water, cement, QD, coarse aggregate and SDA, respectively. The test of the appropriateness of the developed model was statistically verified using the Student’ t-test and an analysis of variance (ANOVA), and was confirmed to be acceptable based on computational outcomes at the 95% confidence interval. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) were used to evaluate the morphological and mineralogical behavior of green prior concrete samples with various additive mixture compositions. The addition of QD and SDA, on the other hand, aided the creation of porous microstructures in the concrete matrix due to fabric changes in the concrete mixture, potentially aided by the formation of cementitious compounds such as calcium aluminate hydrate and calcium silicate hydrate.
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Serhii, Ivanov-Kosteckyy, Gumennyk Inna, and Voronkova Ivanna. "WAYS OF APPLYING 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGIES IN THE CREATION OF MODERN ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS." Vìsnik Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu "Lʹvìvsʹka polìtehnìka". Serìâ Arhìtektura 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sa2022.01.054.
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The authors analyzed the available technological solutions for 3D print in the process of constructing real architectural structures; presented the relevant data on technical parameters of the contemporary three-dimensional printers; the problems for the development of the technology have been conceptualized, as well as the choice of optimal materials and engineering structures with regard for peculiarities of selected methods of layer-wise extrusion or making buildings parts with their further assembling into the final structure. The authors suggested a list of traditional construction materials to create architectural projects such as mineral heavy weight concrete with the polymer disperse fiber and chemical additives to regulate the terms for hardening astringency, and the promising other materials to produce buildings such as structural glass, various kinds of plastics, ceramic alloys (produced through selective laser sintering), and salt as a basic material to make complex restoration works in the reconstruction process. The outcome of the undertaken theoretical and applied research is presented by the authors in the findings concluding about key benefits from using 3D printers in creating real architectural facilities for various functions, and the choice of an optimal 3D print method on the specific brand of manufacturing machinery with the most efficient software. The authors identified the application areas of the most optimal, economically and structurally justified construction materials fitting the selected technology to build an architectural structure on a 3D printer. The approach can help create relatively inexpensive, aesthetically and functionally interesting architectural facilities for various purposes. In the process of their construction, they entail minimum costs in terms of labor and material resources. It offers broad perspectives to apply 3D printers in the world’s architectural practices.
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Bautista-Gutierrez, Herrera-May, Santamaría-López, Honorato-Moreno, and Zamora-Castro. "Recent Progress in Nanomaterials for Modern Concrete Infrastructure: Advantages and Challenges." Materials 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2019): 3548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213548.
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Modern concrete infrastructure requires structural components with higher mechanical strength and greater durability. A solution is the addition of nanomaterials to cement-based materials, which can enhance their mechanical properties. Some such nanomaterials include nano-silica (nano-SiO2), nano-alumina (nano-Al2O3), nano-ferric oxide (nano-Fe2O3), nano-titanium oxide (nano-TiO2), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene and graphene oxide. These nanomaterials can be added to cement with other reinforcement materials such as steel fibers, glass, rice hull powder and fly ash. Optimal dosages of these materials can improve the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of cement-based materials, as well as their water absorption and workability. The use of these nanomaterials can enhance the performance and life cycle of concrete infrastructures. This review presents recent researches about the main effects on performance of cement-based composites caused by the incorporation of nanomaterials. The nanomaterials could decrease the cement porosity, generating a denser interfacial transition zone. In addition, nanomaterials reinforced cement can allow the construction of high-strength concrete structures with greater durability, which will decrease the maintenance requirements or early replacement. Also, the incorporation of nano-TiO2 and CNTs in cementitious matrices can provide concrete structures with self-cleaning and self-sensing abilities. These advantages could help in the photocatalytic decomposition of pollutants and structural health monitoring of the concrete structures. The nanomaterials have a great potential for applications in smart infrastructure based on high-strength concrete structures.
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Migunthanna, Janitha, Pathmanathan Rajeev, and Jay Sanjayan. "Waste Clay Bricks as a Geopolymer Binder for Pavement Construction." Sustainability 14, no. 11 (May 25, 2022): 6456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14116456.
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Geopolymer binders that combine aluminosilicate materials (i.e., precursors) with alkali activators are a viable and environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement. While fly ash, slag, silica fume, and metakaolin are the most extensively investigated precursor materials, recent studies demonstrate the feasibility of using low amorphous aluminosilicates (LAA) for geopolymer synthesis. Waste clay bricks (WCB) make an excellent LAA material for producing geopolymer binders, considering their chemical and mineralogical properties. Geopolymer binders with enhanced mechanical properties can be produced either by blending WCB with other aluminosilicate materials or by using WCB as the sole precursor, while providing appropriate production conditions, such as high-temperature curing. Until now, in pavement construction, WCB has been investigated only as a subbase material or as an aggregate for concrete. Since WCB is a potential geopolymer source material, it can also function as an alternative cementitious material (ACM), and stabilizing material in pavement construction. This work reviews the recent studies on producing WCB-based geopolymers, with the focus particularly on the properties of raw materials, activator types and their concentrations, curing conditions, blended geopolymer systems, and the mechanical properties of WCB-based geopolymer binders. Simultaneously, different pavement design requirements and currently available specifications for the use of geopolymer concrete were correlated to evaluate their feasibility as an ACM in pavement construction. Based on the current literature, WCB can be proposed as a suitable ACM to develop pavement-grade concrete and more promising results can be obtained by blending WCB with high-calcium sources, such as slag. Therefore, comprehensive studies on geopolymer concrete development, durability, and field performance are recommended.
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Srinivas, Dodda, Dhrutiman Dey, Biranchi Panda, and Thallak G. Sitharam. "Printability, Thermal and Compressive Strength Properties of Cementitious Materials: A Comparative Study with Silica Fume and Limestone." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 8607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238607.
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Over the past decade, 3D printing in the construction industry has received worldwide attention and developed rapidly. The research and development of cement and concrete products has also become quite well-established over the years, while other sustainable materials receive considerably lower attention in comparison. This study aims to investigate the influence of the two most commonly used sustainable cementitious materials i.e., silica fume and limestone powder, on printability, thermal and mechanical properties of fly ash–Portland cement blends. Ternary blends containing Portland cement, fly ash and silica fume or limestone powder are prepared, whereas phase change material (PCM) is introduced to improve the thermal behavior. Based on the rheological properties and concurrent 3D concrete printing, improved buildability of the modified mixtures is linked to their static yield stress. Anisotropic mechanical properties are observed for 3D printed specimens, while cast specimens exhibit a maximum 41% higher compressive strength due to better material compaction. It is clear from the results that addition of silica fume and limestone powder ranged from 5% to 10%, reducing the anisotropic mechanical properties (maximum 71% and 68% reduction in anisotropic factor, respectively) in the printed specimens. The PCM addition ranged from 5% to 10% and improved thermal performance of the mixtures, as measured by a decrease in thermal conductivity (9% and 13%) and an increase in volumetric heat capacity (9% and 10%), respectively. However, the PCM-containing mixtures show around 29% reduction in compressive strength, compared to the control specimen, which necessitates new material design considering matrix strengthening methods.
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P, Kishanthini, and Lavanya G. "Experimental Studies on Ternary Blended Concrete using GGBS and Calcined Clay." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 8 (August 31, 2022): 1463–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46438.
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Abstract: Concrete is the most widely used and versatile building material in all kinds of civil engineering structures.A little more than 5% of global CO2 emissions are attributable to cement, the primary component of concrete.Concrete is strengthened using suitable alternative materials to make it more environmentally friendly.Making the concrete industry sustainable is essential in the current climate in order to reduce its detrimental environmental effects.When choosing raw materials for construction, environmentally friendly products must be employed.The concrete industry is constantly looking for supplemental cementitious materials (SCMs) to address the problem of solid waste disposal.Cement can be substituted with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), a solid waste made by the iron and steel industry. Cement alternatives can also be made from other resources, such as calcined clay, which is commonly found in oil sand tailings.This study's objective is to experimentally investigate the effects of GGBS in structural concrete by partially substituting calcined clay for cement (5, 10, and 15 percent) and cement for the remaining cement volume.Numerous tests, such as compressive,tensile,and flexural tests,will be used