Journal articles on the topic 'Concrete beams'
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1
Zainurrahman, Eko Darma, and Sri Nuryati. "Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Sebagai Perkuatan Lentur pada Balok Beton." BENTANG : Jurnal Teoritis dan Terapan Bidang Rekayasa Sipil 8, no. 1 (January 15, 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/bentang.v8i1.1947.
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Concrete Beams can experience a sudden collapse when overload because of its brittle characteristic. The use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) on concrete beams externally as external confinement is predicted to improve concrete mechanics properties, increase the ductility and capacity of concrete, and the flexural strength of concrete beams. An experimental study on the reinforcement of concrete beams with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) was carried out to estimate the effectiveness of CFRP on concrete structures as a concrete beam flexural reinforcement material. Two types of concrete beams are provided in this study to test the flexural strengthening effect of the externally bound CFRP composite. First type of concrete beam used for testing is a normal concrete beams, whereas the second tested beam, the CFRP was laminated by coating the beams with Fiber. The dimensions of both types are 15cm x15cm with a length of 55cm footing range. Testing result obtained the compressive strength was 23,29 MPa, flexural strength of normal and CRFP concretes were 33,41 Kg/cm2 and 48,07 Kg/cm2 respectively. It was concluded that the use of CRFP at the concrete beam increases flexural strength up to 44% with the ratio of 143 %.
2
Du, Chuang, Wen Ling Tian, Xiao Wei Wang, and De Jun Wang. "Experimental Research on Ceramsite Concrete Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 708–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.708.
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Six specimens, including 4 ceramsite concrete beams(one of beams mixed into the polypropylene fiber ) and 2 normal concrete beams, were tested to investigate the flexural behavior. The test results show that cracking load of ceramsite concrete beams is slightly smaller than the ordinary concrete beam and cracking load of ceramsite concrete beams has significantly improved after mixing into the polypropylene fibers. The ultimate load of ceramsite concrete beams are no less than ordinary concrete beam,and fibers have not effects on the increase of ultimate load. Load-deflection curves were compared,and the results show that stiffness of ceramsite concrete beam is less than ordinary concrete beam. Ductility of ceramsite concrete beam is poorer than ordinary concrete beam. Fibers improve the stiffness of ceramsite concrete beam. Cover thickness of concrete beam has little effect on the performance of ceramsite concrete beam.
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Muhtar, Amri Gunasti, Suhardi, Nursaid, Irawati, Ilanka Cahya Dewi, Moh Dasuki, et al. "The Prediction of Stiffness of Bamboo-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Experiment Data and Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs)." Crystals 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2020): 757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10090757.
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Stiffness is the main parameter of the beam’s resistance to deformation. Based on advanced research, the stiffness of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams (BRC) tends to be lower than the stiffness of steel-reinforced concrete beams (SRC). However, the advantage of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams has enough good ductility according to the fundamental properties of bamboo, which have high tensile strength and high elastic properties. This study aims to predict and validate the stiffness of bamboo-reinforced concrete beams from the experimental results data using artificial neural networks (ANNs). The number of beam test specimens were 25 pieces with a size of 75 mm × 150 mm × 1100 mm. The testing method uses the four-point method with simple support. The results of the analysis showed the similarity between the stiffness of the beam’s experimental results with the artificial neural network (ANN) analysis results. The similarity rate of the two analyses is around 99% and the percentage of errors is not more than 1%, both for bamboo-reinforced concrete beams (BRC) and steel-reinforced concrete beams (SRC).
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Siew, Jia Ning, Qi Yan Tan, Kar Sing Lim, Jolius Gimbun, Kong Fah Tee, and Siew Choo Chin. "Effective Strengthening of RC Beams Using Bamboo-Fibre-Reinforced Polymer: A Finite-Element Analysis." Fibers 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2023): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib11050036.
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This paper presents a finite-element model of the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with and without openings externally strengthened with bamboo-fibre-reinforced composite (BFRC) plates. The simulation was performed using ABAQUS Unified FEA 2021HF8 software. The stress–strain relationship of the RC was modelled using a model code for concrete structures, whereas the concrete-damaged plasticity model was used to simulate concrete damage. The predicted crack pattern of the beams was comparable to that from experimental observations. The ultimate load-bearing capacity of RC beams in flexure was predicted with an error of up to 1.50%, while the ultimate load-bearing capacity of RC beams with openings in shear was predicted with an error ranging from 1.89 to 13.43%. The most successful arrangement for strengthening a beam with openings in the shear zone was to place BFRC plates perpendicular to the crack on both sides of the beam’s surface, which increased the beam’s original load-bearing capacity by 110.06% compared to that of the control beam (CB). The most effective method for strengthening RC beams in flexure is to attach a BFRC plate to the entire bottom soffit of the RC beam. This maximises the ultimate load-bearing capacity at the expense of the beam’s ductility.
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Wibowo, Petrus Haryanto, and Dony Dony. "Comparative Study of Reinforced Concrete Beams in School Buildings Using Prestressed Concrete Beams." Journal of Civil Engineering and Planning 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 169–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37253/jcep.v3i2.1237.
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Building construction in Indonesia generally uses concrete. The concrete used for building structures, such as beams, generally utilizes reinforced concrete. It is very rare to see the use of prestressed concrete for building structures such as beams, especially in Batam City. This study aims to analyze the comparison between the beam structure with reinforced concrete that has been existing and prestressed concrete in the Kaliban School project. The stages in this research included prestressed concrete beam design and comparative analysis. The design of prestressed concrete beams was planned to be composite prestressed concrete blocks using the pre-tension method with a fully prestressed system, and was cast with the floor slabs and also supported during the casting period. Comparative analysis conducted by the researcher of this study was a comparison of the materials used in reinforced concrete beams and prestressed concrete beams. The results of the prestressed concrete structure design obtained a beam dimension of 200 × 400 with a diameter of 12.7 mm, in which 4 pieces were installed 125 mm below the beam. The results of the comparison analysis of the total material prices between prestressed concrete beams with dimensions of 200 × 400 and existing reinforced concrete beams with dimensions of 200 × 500 showed that prestressed concrete beams were 24.28% cheaper than reinforced concrete beams.
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Topark-Ngarm, Pattanapong, Trinh Cao, Prinya Chindaprasirt, and Vanchai Sata. "Strength and Behaviour of Small-Scale Reinforced High Calcium Fly Ash Geopolymer Concrete Beam with Short Shear Span." Key Engineering Materials 718 (November 2016): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.718.191.
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The small-scale reinforced high calcium fly ash geopolymer concrete beams with short shear span were studied in this research. Reinforced concrete beams with 150x150 mm2 cross-section and 530 mm in length were used for tests. Conventional reinforced Portland cement concrete beams (RC) with designed concrete compressive strengths of 35, 45 and 55 MPa and high-calcium fly ash geopolymer reinforced concrete beams with similar strength were tested. The geopolymer concretes (GC) were designed with alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio (L/A) of 0.5, sodium silicate to sodium hydroxide (S/H) ratio of 1.0 and two sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations of 10M and 15M. Two temperatures of 23 and 60 °C were used for curing geopolymer reinforced concrete (GRC) beams for 24 hr, while RC beams were moist cured at 23 °C. The maximum sustained moment and shear were compared with the predicted values from the RC-design standard. The results showed that the failure patterns of small GRC beams were different to that of normal RC beam. The small GRC beams failed in flexure whereas the similar small RC beams failed in shear. However, the GRC beams were able to sustain higher shear and moment than the values obtained from the design code. The different in failure mechanism was probably due to the different in modulus of elasticity of geopolymer concrete and normal concrete.
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Zhang, Xizhi, Shaohua Zhang, and Sixin Niu. "Experimental studies on seismic behavior of precast hybrid steel–concrete beam." Advances in Structural Engineering 22, no. 3 (August 28, 2018): 670–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218796411.
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This study aims to investigate the seismic behavior of precast hybrid steel–concrete beams. Five full-scale beam specimens, including four precast hybrid steel–concrete beams and a conventional precast concrete beam, were tested under cyclic loading. Furthermore, a new connection form was proposed to facilitate the constructability of the steel-to-concrete connection. The main experimental parameters were the steel beam length and the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. In addition, the influence of the reduced beam section of the steel beam on seismic behavior of precast hybrid steel–concrete beams was observed and investigated. Detailed analysis was performed on the basis of the observed failure modes and the relationships obtained from the experimental data, such as hysteretic curves, deformation curves, stiffness degradation curves, energy dissipation capacity, load curvature curves, and strain development curves. Experimental results showed that the failure mode of precast hybrid steel–concrete beams was different from that of precast concrete beams. The precast hybrid steel–concrete beam retained ductility comparable to that of precast concrete beams. Generally, the initial stiffness of precast hybrid steel–concrete beams was smaller than that of precast concrete beams, but the stiffness degradation was more stable. On the basis of measured crack propagation and failure mode, deformation curves, and the development of strain in steel beams and longitudinal reinforcements, the stress between the steel beam and concrete beam can be effectively transmitted to one another by the proposed connection form.
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Konin, D. V. "Rigidity of partially concreted steel beams and steelreinforced floors." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 25, no. 3 (June 25, 2023): 128–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2023-25-3-128-142.
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The use of steel-reinforced (composite) floor structures with partially concreted steel beams and prefabricated flooring elements is an effective solution in terms of reducing the material consumption and increasing the structural rigidity. The experimental results of partially concreted composite beams and beams as part of full-size ceilings are studied and analyzed herein. It is shown that the stiffness graph of simple steel-reinforced concrete beams of any shape can be divided into 3 stages: an initial stiffness drop, normal operation, and transition to the limit state with subsequent destruction. The boundaries of these stages are identified for each beam type. The stiffness of the combined cross-section of the partially concreted beam with the rod reinforcement is calculated using well-known formulas from regulatory documents. The element rigidity without rod reinforcement is determined with the decreasing coefficient. Tests of full-size ceilings with partially concreted beams and prefabricated floors confirm the possibility of using standard formulas for the stiffness calculation. However, the width of the compressed concrete flange should be taken into account by less than 3 times than for monolithic slab. The destruction of bending composite structure is accompanied by plastic deformation in flanges of I-beam, destruction of compressed concrete and steel–concrete interaction. However, it does not lead to zeroing of its rigidity. When residual stiffness reaches the ultimate strength state, it is at least 60–70 % of its normative value. This rigidity can be used for the progressive collapse analysis of buildings.
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Abbas, Rafaa Mahmood, and Rawah Khalid Rakaa. "Structural Performance of Lightweight Fiber Reinforced Polystyrene Aggregate Self-Compacted Concrete Beams." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 13, no. 5 (October 13, 2023): 11865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.6217.
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This study aims to investigate experimentally the flexural behavior of lightweight Self-Compacted Concrete (SCC) beams made by Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) concrete and reinforced with rebars and steel fibers. To achieve the aims of this study, seven simply supported EPS lightweight fiber-reinforced concrete beams were fabricated and tested up to failure to study the effects of EPS content and the volume fraction of the steel fibers on their flexural behavior. The tested specimens were divided into two groups with one additional reference beam to be cast without using EPS or steel fibers. In the first group, three lightweight specimens were constructed using 25% EPS beads and were reinforced with 0%, 0.75%, and 1.5% steel fiber volume fractions. The second group is similar to the first group but was fabricated using 50% EPS beads. The test results showed that the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete were significantly reduced due to polystyrene EPS beads with some enhancement when steel fibers were added to the concrete mix. The flexure strength of EPS-LWT concrete beams was significantly reduced due to the polystyrene EPS beads. Furthermore, the results revealed remarkable enhancement in the flexure strength of the tested beams due to the steel fiber reinforcement.
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Badawy, Amr H., Ahmed Hassan, Hala El-Kady, and L. M. Abd-El Hafez. "The Behavior of Reinforced and Pre-Stressed Concrete Beams under Elevated Temperature." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 47 (March 2020): 15–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.47.15.
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The behavior of unbounded post tension and reinforced concrete beams under elevated temperature was presented. The experimental work was consisted of two major phases. In the first phase, the objective was studying the mechanical performance of prestressed beam, prestressed beam with steel addition and reinforced concrete beams respectively were studied. In the second phase, the residual mechanical performance of prestressed beam, prestressed beam with steel addition and reinforced concrete beams under elevated 400oC, for 120 minutes durations. The failure mechanisms, ultimate load capacity, and deflection at critical sections were monitored. The numerical prediction of the flexural behavior of the tested specimens is presented in this paper. This includes a comparison between the numerical and experimental test results according to ANSYS models. The results indicate that the prestressed beam with steel addition and reinforced concrete beams had higher resistance to beams under elevated 400oC than that of prestressed concrete beam in terms of ultimate capacity. It is also shown that the reinforced concrete beams have higher resistance to beams under elevated temperature than that of prestressed beam, prestressed beam with steel addition.
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Dong, Chun Min, Ke Dong Guo, and Jia Jia Sun. "A New Calculation Method for Cracking Width of Beam with High Strength Rebar." Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (May 2011): 415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.415.
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With the application of high strength concrete and rebar, the influence of concrete strength on cracking width of reinforced concrete beam with high strength rebar is becoming more and more important. To investigate the effect of concrete strength on cracking width of reinforced concrete beam with high strength rebar, the experiment including 6 simply supported T-beams with high-strength rebar and 2 beams with ordinary-strength rebar have been made. Then the relevant specifications advised in Code for Design of Concreter Structure (GB50010-2002) are revised according to the experiment results so as to considering the influence of concrete on cracking width. A new cracking width method considering the influence of concrete strength on cracking width for reinforced concrete beam with high strength rebar is proposed. Finally, the comparisons between predictions and experiment results have been conducted, which shown that the proposed new cracking width method agreed with experiment results well.
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Popovych, M. M., and S. V. Kliuchnyk. "Features of the Stressed-Strain State of a Steel-Reinforced-Concrete Span Structure with Preliminary Bending of a Steel Beam." Science and Transport Progress, no. 1(97) (October 17, 2022): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/stp2022/265333.
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Purpose. The authors aim to determine the features of the operation of a steel-reinforced concrete span structure with beams reinforced with an I-beam, with their pre-stressing using the bending of a steel I-beam. Methodology. To manufacture a steel-reinforced concrete span structure, it was proposed to reinforce an I-beam with a camber, which is then leveled with the help of applied external loads. For practical convenience, the vertical external forces are replaced by horizontal forces that keep the metal I-beam in a deformed state and in this state it is concreted. After the concrete strength development, the external forces are removed and the metal I-beam creates the pre-stressing of the concrete. Findings. When determining stresses, checking calculations by analytical method and the method of modeling with the help of the ANSYS program were used. The stress diagrams along the lower and upper fibers of a metal I-beam and stresses in concrete in the upper and lower zones of the beam were constructed. The analysis of the results showed that the pre-bending of a metal beam can be used to create a pre-stressing, which improves the performance of steel-reinforced concrete span structures, increases their rigidity and allows using of such a structure to increase the balks of railway and highway bridges. Originality. In the paper, a study of the stress-strain state of steel-reinforced concrete beams of the railway span structure was carried out, taking into account the pre-stressing of the concrete. A method of manufacturing a steel-reinforced concrete beams is proposed, which provides pre-stressing of the reinforced concrete due to the bending of a steel I-beam. Practical value. As a result of the calculations, it was found that the structure, when manufactured by the specified method, has greater rigidity compared to reinforced concrete or metal beams. The height of the beam can be lower compared to reinforced concrete or metal span structures. These circumstances are essential for railway bridges, especially for high-speed traffic ones.
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Song, Xingyu, Yan Liu, Xiaodong Fu, Hongwei Ma, and Xiaolun Hu. "Experimental Study on Flexural Behaviour of Prestressed Specified Density Concrete Composite Beams." Sustainability 14, no. 22 (November 8, 2022): 14727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142214727.
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To solve the problem of poor seismic resistance due to the disadvantages of traditional concrete composite beams, such as heavy self-weight in prefabricated buildings, prestressed specified-density concrete composite beams are proposed herein. First, a mix ratio test of specified-density concrete was performed. Second, five prestressed specified-density composite beams, a prestressed ordinary concrete composite beam, and a prestressed semi lightweight concrete cast-in-situ beam were tested. The influence of the precast concrete height, reinforcement ratio, and concrete materials on the failure mechanism, flexural bearing capacity, and short-term stiffness of the composite beams were analysed. From the results, the specified-density concrete composite beams and the ordinary composite beam had similar ultimate bearing capacities, but the average distance between crack spacings of the former was smaller. The precast concrete height affected the bending performance of the prestressed specified density concrete composite beam insignificantly, but the maximum ultimate bearing capacity of the composite beam could be increased by 35.6% by increasing the reinforcement ratio. The composite beam and the cast-in-place beam exhibited similar load-carrying capabilities and deformation properties. The average crack spacing, cracking load, and ultimate load value of the specified density concrete composite beams calculated according to the China national standard “Code for design of concrete structures” were consistent with the measured values.
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Raad Shaker, Hussein, Layth A. Al-Jaberi, and Wissam AlSaraj. "Flexural behavior of steel fiber reinforced slag- based geopolymer concrete beams." Nexo Revista Científica 36, no. 06 (December 31, 2023): 1049–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v36i06.17462.
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This study includes tested nine reinforced concrete beams. It’s designed to fail in flexural under two-point load. All beams are classified according to the type of concrete and the percentage of PVA into three groups. The first group including four reinforced geopolymer concrete beams with percent of PVA was 0.2 %; second group including four reinforced geopolymer concrete beams with percent of PVA was 0.75 % and third group including one reinforced normal concrete beam. The results showed when comparing the geopolymer concrete beam with the normal concrete beam, noticed that the ultimate strength is equivalent to many times the normal concrete. The best percentage for improving the ultimate load for beam NO.6 (GSSB10) where the percentage of increase was 132% this beam is reinforced by steel bars 2ɸ12mm at top and 2ɸ16mm at bottom. As for the other beams, the percentage increase in ultimate load was for beam NO.1 (46%), beam NO.2 (99%), beam NO.3 (13%), beam NO.4 (60%), beam NO.5 (58%), beam NO.7 (32%) and beam NO.8 (66%). The maximum deflection in all samples was high compared with the normal concrete, where the ultimate deflection reached 30 mm, while in the normal concrete it was 9.65 mm.
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Saketh Raj, B., and M. Kanta Rao. "Flexural Performance of Sustainable Fly Ash Based Concrete Beams." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1130, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1130/1/012021.
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Abstract The demand for concrete is high due to its solid strength and flexibility. To produce more concrete requirement of cement is very large. The production of concrete releases CO2 into the atmosphere. This can lead to global warming. By including other substances that have a cementations tendency, cement consumption can be decreased. To lower the cement consumption in concrete, a variety of pozzolanic ingredients are being used. It is being investigated whether fly ash can replace cement. Flexural tests were performed on reinforced concrete beams with fly ash contents ranging from 0% to 60% and binder contents of 400 and 450 kg/m3 with a water binder ratio of 0.4. The beam size is 100X200mm with a length of 1.2 m. It was observed that all the beams failed under compression in both mixes. In both, the mixer’s depth of crack is reduced when compared with the fly ash incorporated beams with no-fly ash concrete beams. The quick spread of the fracture is slowed down by the addition of fly ash to concrete. The filler effect, which aids in pore refinement and prevents the creation of cracks as well as the enlargement of propagated cracks, is initiated in the concrete as the fly ash content rises. According to the experimental findings, the load capacity of RC beams containing 30% fly ash is the greatest of all the beams. The outcomes for exhibit the same behaviour. Compression resistance. Finally, it was shown that, versus ordinary concrete RC beams, the inclusion of fly ash boosted the beam’s capacity to carry loads by up to 40% fly ash replacement. Whenever the fly ash content is increased by up to 40% replacement, the RC beam’s final deflection increases.
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Lam, T. Q. K., T. M. D. Do, V. T. Ngo, T. T. N. Nguyen, and D. Q. Pham. "Concrete grade change in the layers of three-layer steel fibre reinforced concrete beams." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 1, no. 102 (September 1, 2020): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6325.
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Purpose: Determine the state of stress-strain, formation and development cracks, three-layer beam diagrams of load-compression stress, load-tension stress, load-vertical displacement relationships with a change in concrete grade. Design/methodology/approach: This paper presents the results of an ANSYS numerical simulation analysis involving stress-strain state and cracking of the steel fiber concrete layers of three-layer reinforced concrete beams with the upper and lower layers. With a cross-section of 150x300 mm, a total span of 2200 mm and an effective length of 2000 mm, the middle is a normal concrete layer. Under two-point loads, all the beam samples were tested. The research simulated three-layer concrete beams in different layers of beams with a change in concrete grade, and compared with and without the use of steel fibers in layers of concrete beams, including the nonlinearity of the material considered. Findings: A diagram of the formation and development of cracks in three-layer concrete beams has been constructed by the study results, determining the load at which the concrete beams begin to crack, the load at which the concrete beams are damaged. In the middle of three-layer steel fiber reinforced concrete beams, load-compression stress, loadtension stress, load-vertical displacement relationships are established. Study results show that these three-layer concrete beams appear to crack earlier than in other cases in cases 2 and 3, but the beam bearing capacity is damaged at 67 kN, the earliest in case 3. And case 6 at 116 kN is the latest. The effects of case 1 and case 3 are small compared with and without the use of steel fibers in cases, while the effects of case 5 and case 6 are very high. Research limitations/implications: The research focuses only on the change of concrete grade in the layers, but the input parameters affecting three-layer steel fiber concrete beams have not been researched, such as the number of tensile steel bars, tensile steel bar diameter, steel fiber content in concrete, thickness variation in three-layer concrete beam layers, etc. Practical implications: Provides a result of experimental study and ANSYS numerical simulation in multi-layer steel fiber concrete beams. Originality/value: The analysis of multi-layered steel fiber concrete beams using experimental and simulation methods shows that other parameters influencing the beams will continue to analysis the working stages of three-layer beams.
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Thilagar, K., and S. Suresh Babu. "Analytical Study on Flexural Behaviour of Light Gauge Steel Corrugated Section Encased in Concrete." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2040, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2040/1/012026.
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Abstract Light gauge elements for integrated beams were used, and thin webs are typically needed in constructed beams’ economical design. However, the buckling problem may arise if the Web is fragile. This risk may be reduced by using thicker panels, web reinforcements, or web enhancements. The use of corrugated Web is a possible means of achieving adequate rigidity and shear resistance without hardeners. Analytical studies were conducted in this present work to study the bending behavior of the conventional beam and light-weight steel beam with corrugated, concrete enclosed Web. Analyzes of finite elements have been conducted using the ANSYS beam software. The results present the capacity for load carrying and the deformation of the concrete-covered corrugated web beams. This study’s main objective is to acquire a better knowledge of a concrete embedded steel beam’s behavior.
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Surianinov, Mykola, and Marina Vyhnanets. "DEFORMABILITY AND CRACK RESISTANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE AND FIBER CONCRETE BEAMS." Spatial development, no. 6 (December 26, 2023): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2786-7269.2023.6.227-238.
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The work presents the results of the study of deformability and crack resistance of reinforced concrete beams with additional steel fiber reinforcement. Beam samples of three series were produced (three in each series): series I ― beams made of ordinary concrete; II series ― steel-reinforced concrete beams; III series ― beams of combined section, in which the lower zone (0.5 from the height of the beam) is made of steel fiber concrete, and the upper zone is made of ordinary concrete. One sample of each series was made from one batch. At the same time, material samples were made from the same batch. Fiber, the total volume of which was 1% of the volume, was uniformly added to the composition of the concrete mass for the II and III series of samples during mixing. The load was applied in increments of 1 ton. Deformations were determined using strain gauges, watch-type indicators with a division value of 0.01 mm in the middle of the beam span. At each stage, a certain amount of time was required to read the instruments, find and fix the cracks, as well as to measure the length and width of their opening using a Brinell tube. The tests showed that the deformability of the beams of the three series and the character of the crack formation are significantly different from each other. Moreover, the series III beam with combined reinforcement occupies an intermediate position in terms of these characteristics. Thus, by the end of the tests, the reinforced concrete beam (series I) had 19 cracks, the fiber concrete beam (series II) ― 28, the beams with combined reinforcement (series III) ― 23. At the same time, the maximum final crack opening width for beams I, II, III series was 0.8 mm, 0.1 mm (one crack) and 0.1 mm (two cracks), respectively. Cracks in a fiber concrete beam are much smaller in width. And the maximum length of the cracks here turned out to be the largest ― 31.3 cm, while in the beams of the I and III series this value was 25.5 cm and 20.4 cm, respectively.
The analysis of the given results shows that the best indicators of crack resistance are revealed by beams with full dispersion reinforcement. The use of fiber allows you to change the nature of the destruction process. Unlike ordinary concrete, in which this process occurs almost instantaneously, in fiber concrete there is no brittle failure, and the beam continues to resist the load, and the nature of the failure changes from brittle to viscous.
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Du, Hao, Shengnan Yuan, Tianhong Yu, and Xiamin Hu. "Experimental and Analytical Investigation on Flexural Behavior of High-Strength Steel-Concrete Composite Beams." Buildings 13, no. 4 (March 29, 2023): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13040902.
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This research investigated the flexural behavior of high-strength steel (HSS)—concrete composite beams. The effect of concrete strength on the load-deflection behavior, flexural capacity, and ductility of HSS—concrete composite beams was investigated. Four full-scale HSS—concrete composite beam specimens were tested under static load. The test results demonstrate that the failure mode of HSS—concrete composite beams is flexural failure of the steel member and compression fracture of concrete at mid-span. The HSS—concrete composite beam exhibits good mechanical performance and deformation behavior. The ultimate bending strength and ductility of HSS—concrete composite beams were improved with the increased concrete strength. The theoretical results demonstrate that the simplified plastic method overestimates the ultimate bending strength of HSS—concrete composite beams. The main reason is that only a small part of the steel beam bottom shows plastic strengthening, which is not enough to make up for the strength loss caused by the steel near the neutral axis failure to yield and the relative interface slip. The nonlinear method based on material constitutive model could predict the load-bearing capacity accurately. After analyzing the ultimate bending capacity of 192 sample beams, the simplified plastic method was modified, and the theoretical method for ultimate bearing capacity of HSS—concrete composite beams was proposed.
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Cichorski, Waldemar. "Estimate of dynamic load capacity of reinforced concrete deep beam made of very high strength construction materials." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 67, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 15–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8483.
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The paper presents an analysis of the dynamic load capacity of a dynamically loaded rectangular reinforced-concrete deep beam made of high-strength materials, including the physical nonlinearity of the construction materials: concrete and reinforcing steel. The solution was acquired with the use of the method presented in [15]. The dynamic load capacity of the reinforced concrete beam was determined. The results of numerical solutions are presented, with particular emphasis on the impact of the very high strength of concrete and steel on the reinforced concrete beam’s dynamic load capacity. The work confirmed the correctness of the assumptions and deformation models of concrete and steel as well as the effectiveness of the methods of analysis proposed in the paper [1, 15] for the problems of numerical simulation of the behaviour of reinforced concrete deep beams under dynamic loads. Keywords: mechanics of structures, reinforced concrete structures, deep beams, dynamic load, physical nonlinearity.
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AL-Turaihi, Ali A. A., and Haider A. A. Al-Katib. "BEHAVIOR OF HYBRID REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH." Kufa Journal of Engineering 15, no. 2 (May 3, 2024): 27–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/150203.
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The objective of this research is to experimentally study the flexural behavior of hybrid reinforced concrete beams. Three test beams, each with dimensions of (2200 X 150 X 240) mm, were fabricated for this purpose. The first beam was constructed using ordinary concrete, while the second beam consisted of two layers of high-strength concrete in the compression zone and normal concrete in the tension zone. The third beam was entirely cast using high-strength concrete. In terms of reinforcement, all beams were equipped with 2φ12 steel bars in the tension zone and 2φ12 steel bars in the compression zone. Additionally, φ12 steel bars were employed to resist shear forces, distributed along the length of the beams with a spacing of 125 mm c/c. Two-point loading was applied to all beams until failure occurred. The results obtained from the experimental tests reveal that the use of hybrid concrete beams enhances the ultimate load capacity by approximately 20.93%. On the other hand, beams constructed entirely from high-strength concrete exhibited an increase in failure load capacity by approximately 28.68%.
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Chen, Xu Jun, Xiao E. Zhu, and Zhong Yang. "Study on Cracking Load of Normal Section for Concrete Beams Strengthened with BFRP Sheet." Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (July 2014): 1343–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.1343.
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Based on the calculation method of cracking load for reinforced concrete beam, the formula to calculate cracking load of normal section for concrete beams strengthened with BFRP sheet is established. The cracking load experiment of seven concrete beams strengthened with BFRP and three concrete beams strengthened with CFRP is conducted, and the results showed that fiber sheet layers and fiber sheet types have little effect on cracking load of concrete beams strengthened, the cracking load of beams strengthened mainly depends on the strength of concrete. The comparison between estimated values and test values of concrete beams strengthened indicates that the estimated values are slightly smaller, the formula can be used to calculate the cracking load of concrete beams strengthened.
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Yan, Qiushi, Bowen Sun, Xuemei Liu, and Jun Wu. "The effect of assembling location on the performance of precast concrete beam under impact load." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 8 (October 27, 2017): 1211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217737119.
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With incorporation of assembling joints, precast concrete beams could behave very differently in resisting both static and dynamic loads in comparison to conventional reinforced concrete beams. With no research available on the dynamic behavior of precast concrete beams under impact load, a combined experimental and numerical study is conducted to investigate the dynamic response of precast concrete beams under impact load. The results were also compared with reinforced concrete beams. Four groups of concrete beams were tested with all beams designed with the same reinforcement, but different assembling locations were considered for precast concrete beams. The effects of the assembling location in resisting drop weight impact of precast concrete beams were analyzed. The influence of impact mass and impact velocity on the impact resistance of precast concrete beams were also investigated. The results revealed that the further the assembling location is away from the impact location, the closer the mechanical performance of the precast concrete beam is to that of the reinforced concrete beam. When the assembling location and the impact location coincided, the assembling region suffered from severe local damages. With increased impact velocity and impact energy, the damage mode of the precast concrete beams may change gradually from bending failure to bending–shear failure and eventually to local failure. In addition, the bonding around the assembling interface was found to be effective to resist drop weight impact load regardless of the magnitude of the impact velocity and energy.
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Wang, Zuohu, Zhanguang Gao, Yuan Yao, and Weizhang Liao. "Experimental investigation on the seismic behavior of concrete beams with prestressing carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons." Science Progress 103, no. 1 (November 1, 2019): 003685041988523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0036850419885235.
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Seven prestressed concrete beams and one normal concrete beam were tested to study the seismic performance of concrete beams with prestressing carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons. The failure modes, hysteretic curves, ductility, stiffness degeneration, and energy dissipation capacity were studied systematically. This study shows that the partial prestressing ratio is the main factor that affects the seismic performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer prestressed concrete beams. The beam is more resilient to seismic loads as the partial prestressing ratio decreases. Under the same partial prestressing ratio value, the energy dissipation capacity of prestressed concrete beams with unbonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons was better than that of prestressed beams with bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons. When combining both bonded and unbonded prestressing carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons, the ductility index of concrete beams was improved. Compared with that of fully unbonded and fully bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer prestressed concrete beams, the ductility index of concrete beams with combined bonded and unbonded prestressing tendons increased by 26% and 12%, respectively.
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Słowik, Marta. "Analysis of fracture processes in reinforced concrete beams without stirrups." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 57 (June 22, 2021): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.57.23.
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The analysis of fracture processes which led to shear failure in reinforced concrete beams without transverse reinforcement was performed on the basis of test results from the author’s own experimental investigation and numerical simulations. The variable parameters during the experiment were a beam’s length and a shear span. It was observed that the character of failure in the beams depended on the beam’s length and the span-to-depth ratio. In slender beams characterized by the shear span-to-depth ratio 3.4 and 4.1, the formation of the critical diagonal crack caused a brittle, sudden failure and the shear capacity was low. In short beams, when the shear span-to-depth ratio was 1.8 and 2.3, the failure process had a more stable character with a slow developing of inclined cracks and the significantly higher load capacity was reached. The activation of various shear transfer mechanisms was examined with regard to the slenderness of the member and the transition between a beam action which took place in slender beams to an arch action which predominated in short beams was described.
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Alrshoudi, Fahed. "Textile-Reinforced Concrete Versus Steel-Reinforced Concrete in Flexural Performance of Full-Scale Concrete Beams." Crystals 11, no. 11 (October 20, 2021): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11111272.
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The effectiveness of textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) and steel-reinforced concrete (SRC) in the flexural performance of rectangular concrete beams was investigated in this study. To better understand TRC behaviour, large-scale concrete beams of 120 × 200 × 2600 mm were tested and analysed in this work. Cover thickness, anchoring, and various layouts were all taken into consideration to assess the performance of beams. In addition, bi-axial and uni-axial TRC beams and SRC beams were classified according to the sort and arrangement of reinforcements. The findings showed that anchoring the textiles at both ends enhanced load resistance and prevented sliding. The ultimate load of the tow type of textile reinforcement was higher, attributed to the increased bond. Variations in cover thickness also change the ultimate load and deflection, according to the findings. Consequently, in this investigation, the ideal cover thickness was determined to be 30 mm. Furthermore, for the similar area of reinforcements, the ultimate load of TRC beams was noted up to 56% higher than that of the SRC control beam, while the deflection was roughly 37% lower.
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Lam, Thanh Quang Khai, and Thi My Dung Do. "The Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with Steel Fiber Concrete Layer by ANSYS Simulation." Advances in Civil Engineering 2023 (March 2, 2023): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4711699.
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In this study, a double-layer reinforced concrete beam structure was created for the purpose of repairing reinforced concrete beams by pouring a layer of concrete on top of the reinforced concrete beam and then adding fibers to the concrete. Take into consideration the bearing capacity of these double-layer concrete beams as well as the effects that the input parameters have on the stress strain, the propagation of cracks in reinforced concrete beams. The study looks at double-layered reinforced concrete beams, with the steel fiber concrete placed on top of the one containing the normal concrete. This investigation led to the following relationships: load-compressive stress, tensile stress, and vertical displacement at the midpoint of the beam span, as well as a diagram showing how cracks spread in the beams. After getting the experimental results and comparing them with an ANSYS simulation, the diagram was used to figure out the loads at which the beams start to look cracked and the loads at which the beams are damaged. This study investigated the following six cases: how the addition of SFs affects the properties of concrete, the spacing of the stirrups at the ends of the beam should be looked into to see what effects it might have, how the number of tensile steel bars in the beam affects its properties, how the diameter of tensile steel bars affects their properties, how the diameter of compressed steel bars affects the results, and how the thickness of the SFC layer affects the properties of the material. Also, the things that were mentioned would have a big effect on how these double-layer beams in the design work.
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Ghailan, Dhia B. "T-Beam Behavior In Flexure With Different Layers Of Concrete In Web And Flange." Kufa Journal of Engineering 2, no. 1 (March 16, 2014): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/211287.
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This study presents an experimental investigation performed to investigate the behavior of reinforced concrete T-beams with different types of concrete in web and/or flange. More rational way has been used by strengthening the web and the flange by steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) and strengthening the flange by high strength concrete (HSC). Tests were carried out on six beams, simply supported under a single point loading at mid-span. Two of which were made fully with normal strength concrete (NSC) as reference beams, and the others were made fully or partially with (SFRC) and (HSC) in web and/or flange. Experimental results show that all specimens behaved linearly up to a loading of (40-48 kN) depending on types of concrete used. The maximum deflection increased by (153%) for a beam with SFRC in both web and flange and by (60.8%) for a beam with SFRC in web and normal concrete in flange while it decreased by (50.22%) for a beam with normal concrete in web and high strength concrete in flange in comparison with the reference beams. No interest change in maximum deflection occurred for a beam with SFRC in web and high strength concrete in flange. . The first cracking load increased by (161%) for a beam with SFRC in web and high strength concrete in flange and no interest changes occurred for the other beams. This pattern of combination of concrete types may be useful in T-beams used in bridges or wide spans structures and to reduce the cracking of concrete up to failure.
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Li, Shengyuan, Henglin Lv, Tianhua Huang, Zhigang Zhang, Jin Yao, and Xin Ni. "Degradation of Reinforced Concrete Beams Subjected to Sustained Loading and Multi-Environmental Factors." Buildings 12, no. 9 (September 5, 2022): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091382.
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In the process of service, reinforced concrete structures have to bear both load and multi-environmental factors. The deterioration of reinforced concrete beams is critical to the durability, safety, and sustainability of reinforced concrete structures. The main aim of the present research is to determine the degradation mechanism of reinforced concrete beams subjected to sustained loading and multi-environmental factors. Reinforced concrete beam specimens were prepared, loaded and then exerted multi-environmental factors. At the end of each degradation period, the degradation of concrete (chemical contents of concrete beam surfaces, carbonation depth, compressive strength and maximum cracks) and the corrosion of steel bars (corrosion ratio and tensile strength) were continuously measured. Moreover, degraded reinforced concrete beams were flexural loaded in four-point bending failure tests. The degradation mechanism of reinforced concrete beams subjected to sustained loading and multi-environmental factors was analyzed. Thus, this study can promote a comprehensive understanding of reinforced concrete beams subjected to sustained loading and multi-environmental factors.
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Salem, Ghada G., Vera V. Galishnikova, S. M. Elroba, Nikolai I. Vatin, and Makhmud Kharun. "Finite Element Analysis of Self-Healing Concrete Beams Using Bacteria." Materials 15, no. 21 (October 26, 2022): 7506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15217506.
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Deterioration or crack formation in concrete elements is a phenomenon that cannot be easily avoided, and it has a high cost of repair. A modern technology that needs wider study is the use of the bio-precipitation of calcium carbonate using bacteria to increase a structures’ capacity. The current research presents an analytical study on self-healing concrete beams using bacteria to enhance the beam’s capacity. A Finite Element Analysis on (ANSYS 15.0) was carried out to study the effect of the bacteria concentration (the weight of bacteria to cement weight 1%, 2%, and 3%), the type of bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and Pseudomonas sps.), and the loading (a one-point load, a two-point load, and a distributed load on four points) on concrete beams. Two beams were chosen from previous experimental research and simulated on the ANSYS before carrying out our parametric study to verify the validity of our simulation. Following this, our parametric study was carried out on eight beams; each beam was loaded gradually up to failure. The results show that the optimum type of bacteria was the Bacillus subtilis, and that the bacteria concentration of 3% for Bacillus subtilis can increase the beam’s capacity by 20.2%. Also, we found that distributing the load to four points led to the increase of the beam’s capacity by 74.5% more than the beam with a one-point load.
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Abdullah, Adnan I., and Assim M. Lateef. "Innovative Method for Reinforcing Beams with Different Types of Concrete Using Cross-Rod Steel Bracing Under Pure Torsion." Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2024): 1093–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-04-06.
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This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an innovative way to reinforce the concrete beams using cross-rod steel bracing under pure torsion. The experimental program consists of casting and testing eighteen concrete beams made of three types of concrete in the form of three groups, with the same dimensions for all beams (200×200×2000) mm. The parameters of the study included concrete types (normal strength, high strength, and steel fiber), as well as the number of internally cross rods (4, 8, 12, 16, 20). The experimental results showed that the number of internally cross-rod reinforcements and concrete type had an effect on ultimate torque, crack width, toughness, and stiffness. The torsional capacity of all concrete beams increased with the increase in internally cross-rod reinforcement. The ultimate torque of normal-strength concrete beams, high-strength concrete beams, and steel fiber concrete beams reinforced with twenty internally cross rods increased (88.34%, 53.20%, and 40.60%), respectively, compared to beams without cross rods in each type of concrete beam. Increasing the internally cross rod in all concrete beams effectively inhibited the development of crack width and improved torsional stiffness, especially in fibrous concrete beams that contained steel fiber. The torsional toughness of all concrete beams increased with the increase of internally cross-rod reinforcement, and it was higher in steel fiber concrete beams. The steel fiber concrete beams reinforced with internally cross-rod steel bracing have better torsional properties compared to ordinary concrete beams and high-strength concrete beams. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-04-06 Full Text: PDF
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Thang, Nguyen Truong, and Nguyen Hai Viet. "Simplified calculation of flexural strength deterioration of reinforced concrete T-beams exposed to ISO 834 standard fire." Journal of Science and Technology in Civil Engineering (STCE) - HUCE 15, no. 4 (October 31, 2021): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31814/stce.huce(nuce)2021-15(4)-11.
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Reinforced concrete (RC) T-shaped cross-section beam (so-called T-beam) is a common structural member in buildings where beams and slabs are monolithically cast together. In this paper, a simplified calculation method based on Russian design standard SP 468.1325800.2019 is introduced to determine the flexural strength of RC T-beams when exposed to ISO 834 standard fire. The idea of 500oC isotherm method, which is stipulated in both Eurocodes (EC2-1.2) and SP 468, is applied associated with specifications of temperature distribution on T-beams’ cross sections and the temperature-dependent mechanical properties of concrete and reinforcing steel. A case study is conducted to explicitly calculate the flexural strength deterioration (FSD) of T-beams compared to that at ambient temperature. A calculation sheet is established for parametric studies, from which the results show that the FSD factor of RC T-beams is adversely proportional to the dimensions of the beam’s web and flange. However, the effect of these components of T-beams is not significant.
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Elbasha, Nuri Mohamed. "Reinforced HSC Beams." Key Engineering Materials 629-630 (October 2014): 544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.629-630.544.
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The primary long and short term advantages of high strength concrete are, low creep and shrinkage, higher stiffness, higher elastic modulus, higher tensile strength, higher durability (resistance to chemical attacks) and higher shear resistance. In addition, high strength concrete reduces the size of the member, which in turn reduces the form size, concrete volume, construction time, labor costs and dead load. Reducing the dead load reduces the number and size of the beams, columns and foundations. Thus there is a positive impact on reduction of maintenance and repair costs and an increase in rentable space. Other, yet to be discovered advantages may also exist. High strength concrete has definite advantages over normal strength concrete. The ductility of over reinforced HSC beams is enhanced through the application of helical reinforcement located in the compression region. The pitch of helix is an important parameter controlling the level of strength and ductility enhancement. This paper presents an experimental investigation of the effect of helices on the behavior of over reinforced high strength concrete beams through testing ten helically confined full scale beams. The helix pitches were 25, 50, 75, 100 and 160 mm. Beams’ cross section was 200×300 mm, and with a length of 4 m and a clear span of 3.6 m subjected to four point loading. The main results indicate that helix effectiveness is negligible when the helical pitch is 160 mm (helix diameter). The experimental program in this study proved that the HSC, HSS and helical confinement construct a reinforced concrete beam. This beam has the ability to resist weathering action and chemical attack while maintaining its desired engineering properties. In near future Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beam with Helical Confinement will be considered as a durable and sustainable Reinforced Concrete Beam.
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Jiang, Yu Chen, Xia Min Hu, and Huai Dong Yan. "Experimental Investigation on Bending Performance of Steel-Concrete Composite Slim Beams." Key Engineering Materials 853 (July 2020): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.853.182.
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In this paper, the mechanical behavior of steel-concrete composite slim beams was investigated by experiments, and the influence of sectional dimension of steel beams on the bending stiffness and flexural capacity of composite slim beams was evaluated. Test results show that good cooperative performance can be achieved in steel-concrete composite slim beams and the relative slip between steel and concrete is very small. The steel-concrete slim beam presents considerable deformation ability beyond the service stage, which indicates that the composite slim beam has good ductility. In addition, sectional dimension of steel beams is proved to have significant influence on both the bending stiffness and flexural capacity of composite slim beams.
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Djamaluddin, Rudy, Rita Irmawaty, Fakhruddin, and Kohei Yamaguchi. "Flexural Behavior of Repaired Reinforced Concrete Beams Due to Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement Using Grouting and FRP Sheet Strengthening." Civil Engineering Journal 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2024): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2024-010-01-014.
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One of the common causes of damage to the concrete structures close to the sea line is corrosion on the steel reinforcement in the concrete, which may cause spalling on the concrete cover. This paper presents the results of the simulation of the corroded reinforced concrete beams, which were repaired using the grouting method and FRP strengthening. The concrete cover of the beam specimens on the tensile side was filled with grouted concrete instead of filled with normal concrete to simulate the repair of concrete spalling. Three types of beam specimens were prepared and tested under a monotonic loading. BG and BPF were the specimens for beams with grouting only and beams with grouting and flexural strengthening using FRP sheets, respectively. Flexural strengthening using FRP sheets was carried out to restore the flexural capacity. As a comparison, control beams were also prepared in the form of normal reinforced concrete (BN). The results showed that the BG beam had a capacity of only about 50% compared to the control beam (BN). However, applying flexural strengthening using FRP sheet as on the type BGF beams showed that it had approximately the same capacity as BN specimens. This indicated that the repair method using grouting on damaged concrete covers and strengthening using FRP sheets was an effective alternative to repairing the corroded reinforced concrete beams. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2024-010-01-014 Full Text: PDF
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Shousha, Hoda, Rasha T. S. Mabrouk, and Akram Torkey. "Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Inverted-T Deep Beam." Civil Engineering Journal 9, no. 5 (May 1, 2023): 1059–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2023-09-05-04.
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Contrary to top-loaded deep beams, Inverted-T (IT) deep beams are loaded on ledges at the beam’s bottom chord. The presence of the load near the bottom of the beams creates a tension field in the web at the loading points. An experimental investigation was carried out in which 8 specimens of reinforced concrete IT deep beams were tested and the effect of the following variables was studied: changing the hanger diameter, hanger arrangement in terms of spacing and distribution distance, hanger reinforcement ratio, vertical and horizontal web shear reinforcement diameter, and spacing. In addition, all the tested beams had long ledges extending to the end of the beam. It was concluded that hanger reinforcement diameter and horizontal web shear reinforcement have an insignificant effect on the IT deep beam capacity. While the change in hanger arrangement, vertical web reinforcement, and ledge length has a significant effect on IT deep beam capacity. The maximum spacing of the hanger reinforcement and the minimum hanger reinforcement ratio passing through the load plate length will be studied in the following publication. A finite element model (FEM) was presented to predict the behavior of IT deep beams. The simulation was carried out using the ABAQUS 2017 software program. The results of the numerical model showed good agreement with the experimental program. Analysis using design codes was checked against the experimental data, where the computed beam capacities were compared to those obtained from the test results. The comparison showed a remarkable difference between the predictions using the design codes and the test results. Computation using design codes significantly underestimated the capacities of the beams. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-05-04 Full Text: PDF
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Ling, Jen Hua, Ji Wei Lau, and Yong Tat Lim. "Structural Behaviour of Reinforced Concrete Beam with Embedded Polystyrene Spheres." Civil and Sustainable Urban Engineering 3, no. 1 (February 7, 2023): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/csue.v3i1.180.
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The beam is a structural element in a reinforced concrete structure. However, its weight places additional strain on the columns and foundations.Polystyrene spheres can be used to replace concrete in a beam to reduce its weight. However, this can affect the beam’s structural performance. This study investigated the behavior of beams with embedded polystyrene spheres under loads. The purpose was to determine the feasibility of this technique. Six beam specimens, including a control specimen, were tested under the four-point load setup. The polystyrene spheres’ diameter ranged from 50 mm to 75 mm. The spacing between the spheres varied from 10 mm to 30 mm. By replacing 8.7% of the concrete, the beam's strength increased by 8% per unit of concrete. The polystyrene spheres marginally altered the load capacity but reduced the stiffness, uncracked load, and ductility. The load capacity decreased by 2.6% as the polystyrene sphere’s diameter increased from 50 mm to 10 mm. The strength increased by 0.6% as the spacing increased from 10 mm to 30 mm. For satisfactory performance, the polystyrene spheres with a diameter of 0.57 times the beam’s width may be spaced at 1.2 times the concrete cover.
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Jaffal, Angham Nassar, Ameer A. Hilal, and Akram S. Mahmoud. "Behavior of Reinforced Composite Foamed-Normal Concrete Beams." Journal of Engineering 2023 (August 1, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/3653472.
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A study has been undertaken to investigate the production and behavior of beams made with foamed, normal, and composite concrete and reinforced with different steel percentages (under, balanced, and over). Nine reinforcement beams, including three normal-weight concrete, three lightweight foamed concrete, and three composite concrete, were made with similar rectangular cross sections of dimensions (150 × 250 mm) and length of 1500 mm. A 28-day compressive strength of 29 MPa (suitable for structural purposes) was achieved for all investigated concrete mixes. Ultimate load, crack mode, ductility, deflection, and stiffness as flexural parameters were investigated. The results showed that in terms of loading, the load of composite concrete beams was equal to that of normal concrete beams, and a slight increase in the lightweight foamed concrete beams was noticed. The ductility of foamed concrete beams with balanced reinforcement and under reinforcing was lower than that of normal concrete. In the case of the over-reinforcement beams, the ductility of foamed concrete beam increased by about 19.5% compared to that of normal reinforced concrete. In addition, the ductility and stiffness of composite concrete beams increased by about 91.7% and 5.6% compared to normal beams and 61% and 15.1% compared to foamed concrete beams, respectively.
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Badar, Sajjad abdulameer, Laith Shakir Rasheed, and Shakir Ahmed Salih. "The Structural Characteristics of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Beams." Journal of University of Babylon for Engineering Sciences 27, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jubes.v27i2.2293.
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This paper aims to investigate the structural behavior of reinforced lightweight concrete beams. Attapulgite aggregate and crushed clay brick aggregate were used as coarse lightweight aggregate to produce structural lightweight aggregate concrete with 25 Mpa and 43.6 Mpa cube compressive strength and 1805 Kg/m3 and 1977 Kg/m3 oven dry density respectively. The result of reinforced lightweight concrete beams compared with reinforced normal weight concrete beams, which have 50.5 Mpa cylinder compressive strength and 2317 Kg/m3 oven dry density. For each type of concrete two reinforced concrete beams with (1200 mm length × 180 mm height × 140 mm width), one of them tested under symmetrical two-points load STPL (a/d = 2.2) and another one tested under one-point load OPL (a/d=3.3) at 28 days. The experimental program shows that a structural lightweight aggregate concrete can be produced by using Attapulgite aggregate with 25 MPa cube compressive strength and 1805 Kg/m3 oven dry density and by using crushed clay brick aggregate with 43.6 MPa cube compressive strength and 1977 Kg/m3 oven dry density. The weight of Attapulgite aggregate concrete and crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beam specimens were lower than normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 20.56% and 13.65% respectively at 28 days. As for the ultimate load capacities of beam specimens, the ultimate load of Attapulgite aggregate concrete beams tested under STPL were lower than that of crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beams and normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 4.85% and 5% respectively. While the ultimate load capacities of reinforced Attapulgite concrete beams tested under OPL were lower than that of reinforced crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete beams and reinforced normal weight aggregate concrete beams by about 10.3% and 10.5% respectively. Finally, Attapulgite aggregate concrete and crushed clay bricks aggregate concrete showed ductility and toughness less than that of Normal weight aggregate concrete.
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Wang, Zhen Qing, Mu Qiao, Yu Lai Han, and Zhu Ju. "A Time-Variant Reliability Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Beams Working with Cracks under High Temperature." Applied Mechanics and Materials 197 (September 2012): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.197.259.
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The reliability of a reinforced concrete beam has been largely discounted when it under the action of fire. For a more accurate description of concrete beams’ reliability, the impact of cracks in reinforced concrete beams has been taking into account. Concrete is divided into elastic zone and plastic zone to calculate its strength. A simple and feasible time-variant model of reliability index of reinforced concrete beams under fire has been given. The effect of ISO834 temperature rising curve on the reliability index of concrete beam at different time has been analyzed. The reliability of a reinforced concrete beam under the ISO834 standard heating curve was assessed by first order second moment method.
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Liu, Can. "Shear Capacity Research on Transversely Reinforced Concrete Beams." Applied Mechanics and Materials 744-746 (March 2015): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.744-746.283.
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Inner transverse prestressed bars were used to enhance the shear capacity of concrete beams in this paper, which can be used in transformer beams to reduce the sectional size. Two transversely prestressed one ordinary concrete beams were tested and calculated by finite element method, and the following conclusions can be drawn: (a)The shear capacity of transversely prestressed concrete beam increase rapidly with the increase of the prestressing force level, which means that prestressing force level has a great influence on the shear capacity of transversely prestressed concrete beam. (b) The transverse prestressing bars can efficiently enhance the anti-crack performance of the reinforced concrete beams.
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Zhao, Wei Jian, Jia Xin Tong, Shen Ming Yuan, and Ye Nan Guo. "Research Progress on Reinforced Concrete Composite Beam in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.939.
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Reinforced concrete composite beam plays a very important role in the precast concrete structure, composite beam research is critical. Based on the research results about it in China, on the one hand, from the traditional composite beams to the improved ones, the various kinds of composite beams were concluded; on the other hand, the applications of new building materials in the composite beams had been included, which included fiber reinforced cement-based composites, steel fiber reinforced concrete, reactive powder concrete and crumb rubber concrete. Through to the both related tests and theoretical studies, the progress of the composite beams was summarized. Finally, the further research was prospected.
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Tarigan, Johannes, Andrew Pakpahan, Medis Surbakti, and Nursyamsi Nursyamsi. "Analysis and experimental usage of CFRP wrap type on flexural strength of concrete beam." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 03001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925803001.
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Today, reinforced concrete structures are commonly used in buildings because the price cheaper than steel structures. However, many concrete structures are damaged. There are several ways to overcome this problem, and one of them is by strengthening the structure using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP). This study discussed the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams using Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP). In this case, the researchers used Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Wrap Type as the external reinforcement. The beam’s dimension was 15 x 25 cm with a length of 320 cm. Based on the analysis results, the beam using CFRP Wrap type can increase the load 3.12 % times. Furthermore, the experimental results show that the beam with the CFRP type Wrap increases the load by 2.5 times. In conclusion, beams strengthened with CFRP Wrap type can inhibit initial cracks and hold the tensile and flexural strength greater than un-strengthened beams.
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Zhao, Dong Fu, Zuo Kai You, and Dong Dong Liu. "Experimental Investigation on Temperature Distribution of Reinforced Concrete Beam." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1379.
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To research the temperature field distribution of concrete beams, experiments on fire resistance of 6 reinforced concrete simple-supported beams were completed. Test results indicate that: the trends of the temperature field distribution in each section of beam are the same, but the difference of the values in each section is large; the larger section of beam is, the higher temperature of beam surface and the more slowly the heat transfer to the internal of beam, which shows the increase of concrete cover thickness can improve fire resistance of beams; After the fire, the gradient of temperature field distribution is very serious in the internal of beam; the higher the temperature of the fire, the bigger damage of reinforced concrete beams is.
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Mahdi, Haneen Maad. "Behavior of High Strength Self Compacted Hollow Section Reinforced Concrete Beams under Pure Torsion." Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 22, no. 1 (April 1, 2015): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.22.1.02.
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In this work, an experimental study has been conducted to investigate the behavior of high strength self-compacted concrete hollow beams under pure torsion.In this work, the beams were implemented and tested under pure torsion load. A total of six beams were tested. All beams were of the same cross section, the same length, the same concrete mixture and quality control. All beams were of external dimensions (300x300mm) and the hollow dimensions (180 x180mm) and all the concrete beams have the same number of main reinforcement 4Ф12 at the top and 4Ф12 at the bottom, the main variable is the stirrups spacing to investigate the effect of stirrups amount on improving of hollow reinforced concrete beams resistance against torsional moments.The six beams were subjected to pure torsion by using fabricated test machine to enable the application of the mentioned pure torsion load.Experimental results showed that, many structural properties of the beams are improved, by decreasing the stirrups spacing. Highest improvement achieved for ultimate torsional moment (Tu) followed by cracking torsional moment (Tcr) and then by angle of twist (Ø) while the improvement of beam's concrete strain (ε) came at last.The percentage of improvements of the mechanical properties of the beams due to decrease of the stirrups spacing according to the reference beam is: For Tu ranges between (25.7-254.3) %. For Tcr ranges between (25-200) %. For Ø ranges between (23.3-76.0) %. For ε (29.0-50.2) %.The considerable increase in Ø and ε before failure makes the increase of stirrups preferable for safe life and attaining attention.
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Jomaah, Muyasser M., and Diyaree J. Ghaidan. "Energy Absorption Capacity Of Layered Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beams With Openings In Web." Civil Engineering Journal 5, no. 3 (March 19, 2019): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2019-03091279.
Full textAbstract:
This research presents the flexural behavior on reinforced concrete beam with transverse web opening constructed from layered concrete. The layered concrete combining normal concrete and lightweight aggregate concrete (LWC) are depended in present study. In the experimental program, 13 models of normal and layered reinforced concrete beams are tested under the effect of four-point loads. All beams had the same overall geometrical dimensions and main longitudinal top and bottom with internal diagonal reinforcement provided around the openings. One of the beam specimen is tested as control beam and the other specimens are divided into three groups [G1, G2, and G3] to study the effects of the following variables: effect of presence of web openings, layered system, lightweight aggregate (partially volumetric replacement of normal aggregate by thermostone) on the ultimate load, cracking load, cracking pattern and energy absorption capacity. The existing of an opening in beam specimens reduced the flexural capacity of beams with a percentage depending on the size of opening and opening number. The test data obtained from the adopted layered technique of (NEW) and (LWC) have shown that for beams constructed from two layered concrete (LWC with thermostone in the web and bottom flange of I-beam section) ultimate load is decreased about (9.3%-48.8%). It has also, the beams constructed from three-layered of concrete (LWC with thermostone in the web of I-beam section), their ultimate load is decreased about (25.6%-58.1%). On the other hand, magnitude increased of energy absorption capacity are achieved by the decreased opening size, introducing the full size opening of dimension (100×1000) mm reduces the energy absorption capacity of the RC I-section beams at least 80% compared to solid beam while the beam with opening size (100×100) mm decrease up to 16%. In the case of the layered concrete beams specimen, the real influence of lightweight concrete (LWC) type in the layered reinforced concrete is observed significantly after increasing the length of opening more than 100 mm.
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Khan, Mohammad Iqbal, and Yassir M. Abbas. "Behavioral Evaluation of Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams with Ultra-Ductile Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composite Layers." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 29, 2023): 4695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134695.
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In the literature, there is little information available regarding the behavior of composite beams made up of reinforced concrete (RC) and ultra-ductile fiber-reinforced concrete (UDFRC). In this study, UDFRC was examined for its effectiveness in enhancing the strength of RC beams. With a tensile strength of 4.35 MPa and a strain capacity of 2.5%, PVA-based UDFRC was prepared. The performance of 12 medium-sized reinforced concrete (RC) beams was measured under four-point flexural loading. The beams measured 1800 mm long, 150 mm wide, and 200–260 mm deep. The experimental program on beam specimens was divided into two phases. In the first, four 150 × 200 × 1800 mm RC beams with UDFRC layer thicknesses of 0, 30, 60, and 90 mm were tested. Additionally, four concrete and four concrete–UDFRC beams were investigated, measuring 150 × 230 × 1800 mm and 150 × 260 × 1800 mm, respectively. The study focused on medium-sized, slender RC beams under quasi-static loads and room temperature with additional or substituted UDFRC layers. As a result of replacing concrete with UDFRC, the load-carrying capacity at first crack and steel yield significantly increased between 18.4 and 43.1%, but the ultimate load-carrying capacity increased only in the range of 6.3–10.8%. Furthermore, beams with additional UDFRC layers could carry 30–50% more load than their concrete counterparts. An RC-UDFRC beam had a load-carrying capacity 10–15% greater than that of a comparable RC beam. Generally, there is a lower deflection response in UDFRC–concrete composite RC beams than in control concrete beams. The UDFRC layering can potentially improve the load-carrying capacity of RC beams, at least when ductility provisions are considered.
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Abdel-Jaber, Mu’tasim, Nasim Shatarat, Hasan Katkhuda, Hebah Al-zu’bi, Rawand Al-Nsour, Rouzan Alhnifat, and Ahmad Al-Qaisia. "Influence of Temperature on Shear Behavior of Lightweight Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Pozzolana Aggregate and Expanded Polystyrene Beads." CivilEng 4, no. 3 (September 21, 2023): 1036–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/civileng4030056.
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The innovation inherent to employing expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads lies in its transformative impact on traditional concrete practices. Through the incorporation of EPS beads in concrete mixtures, a novel approach emerges that significantly alters the material’s characteristics, and opens up new avenues for construction and design. Studying the shear behavior of RC beams made with EPS beads is essential for advancing knowledge, improving design practices, ensuring structural integrity, and promoting the effective and responsible use of innovative materials in construction. This research experimentally investigated the effect of using EPS beads and pozzolana aggregate (PA) on the shear behavior of the RC beams. A total of 27 simply supported rectangular beams were cast, using three novel distinct mix designs, and were subjected to two-point load testing until failure. These three mixes were categorized as follows: a control mix, a mix with only EPS, and a mix with EPS, along with an additive. The ultimate failure load was experimentally recorded for all specimens, and the influence of the temperature (300 °C and 600 °C) on the RC beams made with EPS was examined. The findings revealed a reduction in the concrete compressive strength and density in the beams containing EPS and EPS with superplasticizers of (21.7%, 24.9%) and (11.3%, 16.2%), respectively. Additionally, EPS played a significant role in diminishing the ultimate shear capacity of the beams, compared to the control beams, by about 19.4%. However, the addition of a superplasticizer along with the EPS helped to maintain the beam capacity, to some extent. Conversely, the beams exposed to a temperature of 300 °C exhibited an almost similar capacity to that of the control beams without heating. Nevertheless, at 600 °C, the beams displayed a noticeable decrease in the ultimate load capacity, compared to the unheated control beams.
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Cichorski, Waldemar. "Dynamic displacement analysis of reinforced concrete deep beams made of high strength concrete. Part II: Dynamic displacement analysis of reinforced concrete deep beams made of high strength C200 grade concrete." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 67, no. 2 (June 29, 2018): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.0952.
Full textAbstract:
The dynamic load displacements were analysed of rectangular concrete deep beams made of very high strength concrete, grade C200, including an evaluation of the physical non-linearity of the construction materials: concrete and reinforcing steel. The analysis was conducted using the method presented in [1]. The numerical calculation results are presented with particular reference to the displacement state of rectangular concrete deep beams. A comparative analysis was conducted on the effect of the high-strength concrete and the steel of increased strength on a class C200 concrete deep beam versus the results produced in [10] for a class C100 concrete deep beam. Keywords: mechanics of structures, reinforced concrete structures, deep beams, dynamic load, physical non-linearity
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Jiang, Yuchen, Xiamin Hu, Wan Hong, Mingming Gu, and Weimin Sun. "Investigation on partially concrete encased composite beams under hogging moment." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 3 (July 28, 2016): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216654148.
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In order to investigate the mechanical behavior of the partially concrete encased composite beam under hogging moment, static loading tests were conducted on one conventional composite beam and three partially concrete encased composite beams. The results show that partially concrete encased composite beams have higher stiffness and flexural capacity under hogging moment as compared with conventional composite beams. It is also found that the concrete encasement is able to enhance the local bucking resistance of the steel beam and effectively reduces the propagation speed of crack width under hogging moment. By comparing different partially concrete encased composite beams, it is indicated that the stiffness and flexural capacity of partially concrete encased composite beams increase with the increase in reinforcement ratio of the concrete slab. Also, with the increase in the reinforcement ratio of the concrete slab, the distribution of cracks on the slab is denser and the propagation speed of crack width reduces. In addition, the calculation methods in both European code and Chinese code can well predict the crack width on the concrete slab, and the ultimate flexural capacity predicted from the simplified plastic theory in Eurocode 4 is in good agreement with test results.