Journal articles on the topic 'Concessions'
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1
Yudina, Taisiya. "Government and Foreign Entrepreneurs in the Soviet Economy of the 1920s – 1940s: Relations, Contradictions and Results." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (October 2019): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.7.
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Introduction. The article reveals motives of attracting foreign entrepreneurs to Soviet economy, difficulties with hiring local labor force in concessions, contradictions and solutions between Soviet organizations and concessioners. Relations between foreign entrepreneurs and Soviet government agencies as well as Soviet engineers and workers were regulated by the law. Methods and materials. The author uses the comparative historical method in the work, which makes it possible to compare the number of foreign and domestic labor in concession enterprises, to show the need of attracting foreign specialists to concession and state enterprises, to reveal the cooperation of foreign entrepreneurs with the Soviet state. Sources from The State Archive of the Russian Federation, The Russian State Archive of Economics and The Russian State Archive of Social and Political History were identified for the study. Regulatory acts of state significance (decrees, concession agreements) reflecting the policy of the state in relation to the economic activity of private capitalists; records management documentation (circulars, official correspondence, reporting documentation) covering the real state of affairs at concession enterprises allow to show the peculiarities of relations between Soviet state institutions and foreign entrepreneurs. Analysis. Sometimes concessioners did not meet the governmental requirements in labor force attraction, which caused mutual claims. The author also analyses hiring foreign professionals in Soviet state enterprises because of their important contribution to the Soviet economy recovery and development. Foreign professionals were involved in the production process organization and local labor force education at Kuznetskiy coalfield minery, Stalingrad tractor factory and other state enterprises. Concessions were equipped with brand-new techniques and technologies and were also involved in the local labor force education. Results. The article analyzes the reasons of early cancellation of contracts by foreign professionals and workers and their mass departure from the USSR in the 1930s – 1940s. For example, prosecution and custody for industrial accidents were among of such reasons. Despite this, new foreign engineers were forbidden to enter Sakhalin island by Soviet authorities. The article focuses on the correlation between the deterioration of the international situation from the middle 1930s and existence of Japanese concessions in the USSR until the middle 1940s.The author pays a lot of attention to investigate the issue of obeying to the Soviet labor law by concessioners using unpublished archived documents.
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Štemberger, Katja. "Legal Dilemmas in the Field of Granting Concessions in Slovenian Law and Some Solutions in Comparative Law." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 22, no. 1 (May 2, 2022): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.22.1.5.
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In Slovenian law, the granting of concessions is governed by a number of (general and special) laws, which are supplemented by the Public-Private Partnership Act (PPPA) as a systemic law for the granting of concession to public-private partnerships regardless of the value of the concession, as well as the Act on Certain Concession Contracts (CCCA), which is the basic regulation for the award of construction concession and service concession contracts falling within the scope of the Directive 2014/23/EU. The CCCA is primarily used in relation to other regulations. Regardless of special law provisions, the provisions of the CCCA should be applied in the procedure of granting concessions that simultaneously meet the criteria for concession contracts from the scope of the Directive 2014/23/EU, and special law provisions should be applied only if they do not contradict the CCCA (reverse rule lex specialis). The complexity of the procedure for granting concessions in Slovenian law is thus reflected in the need to combine the use of different regulations, which frequently regulate the same issues in completely different ways, introducing confusion into the legal order. As an example, the author highlights differences in the legal nature of the act on concessionaire selection and, as a result, legal protection against decisions in concessionaire selection procedures, and discusses some specifics that apply to concessions for social and other special services. In addition to the provisions relating to the concession award procedure, there are other inconsistencies between the CCCA and sectoral regulations concerning the implementation of the concession contract. In view of all the shortcomings, the author implies that the Slovenian legislator should either adjust the sectoral regulations to the CCCA regulations or adopt a single procedural law that would apply to all concessions, with specific (stricter) rules applicable to concessions above the relevant value threshold.
3
Spencer-Young, J., and F. Durand. "Real option valuation of game lodge concessions." South African Journal of Business Management 35, no. 1 (March 31, 2004): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v35i1.649.
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Recent commercialisation of property in the Kruger National Park was achieved by the tendering of various concession rights. South African National Parks generated scenarios of possible future cash flows for private lodges on the concession sites and identified what rental incomes they expected to receive from the different concessions. Following the public tender of the concessions, they found that they had grossly underestimated the value of the concession rights as the actual tender values of the winning bidders far exceeded their mean concession fee valuations.Through the use of random stochastic modelling and Monte Carlo simulation this research shows that real option valuation accounts for the positive difference between the winning bids and the mean concession fee values for each of the concessions investigated.
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Kirisci, Mustafa, and J. Michael Greig. "Reputation, Pressure and Concession-making in Claim Disputes." International Negotiation 24, no. 2 (April 25, 2019): 191–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-24021170.
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Abstract This article examines the forces that encourage targets and challengers involved in claim disputes to offer concessions first. Our framework focuses upon reputation and pressure as key forces that can influence concession-making by claim dispute targets and challengers. We argue that past concession behavior both inside and outside of a claim dyad influences the willingness to make concessions, but does so in distinct ways. We also argue that pressure arising from internal conflict within the disputants and from major power involvement in managing the dispute, also influences the occurrence of concession-making. The results of our hazard analysis show that states involved in claim disputes do consider their opponent’s previous concession-making behavior. Our findings point clearly to the history of concessions within the dyad as a key influence on subsequent concession-making and that major power involvement increases the likelihood of concession-making by both challengers and targets.
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Carbonneau, Réal A., Rustam Vahidov, and Gregory E. Kersten. "Quantitative Concession Behavior Analysis and Prediction for Decision Support in Electronic Negotiations." International Journal of Decision Support System Technology 6, no. 4 (October 2014): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdsst.2014100102.
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Quantitative analysis of negotiation concession behavior is performed based on empirical data with the purpose of providing simple and intuitive decision support in electronic negotiations. Previous work on non-linear concave preferences and subsequent concession crossover provides a theoretical basis for the model. The authors propose a model which quantifies the remaining concession potential for each issue and a generalization of the model which permits the memory/decay of past concessions. These models permit the analysis of negotiators' concession behavior. Using the proposed models, it was possible to quantitatively determine that negotiators in the authors' negotiation case exhibit concession crossover issues and thus have a tendency to give concessions on issues with the most remaining concession potential. This finding provides empirical evidence of concession crossover in actual concessions and the corresponding model permits the design of a simple and intuitive prediction methodology, which could be used in real world negotiations by decision support systems or automated negotiation agents.
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Bell, Linda A. "Union Wage Concessions in the 1980s: The Importance of Firm-Specific Factors." ILR Review 48, no. 2 (January 1995): 258–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399504800204.
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This paper evaluates the effects of firm performance and firm characteristics on concession outcomes over the years 1980–87. Across similar firms, the author finds, concessions were inversely related to stock price and employment growth. Concessions were also most likely in small firms, in firms paying high wages, and in firms with relatively low union coverage. The effect of firm performance and firm characteristics on the likelihood of concessions was uniform across concessions of differing severity and was stable in magnitude over the eight-year period.
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Troshina, T. I. "Concession nature management in the Euro-Arctic zone of Russia in the 1920s: ecological-economic and historical aspects." Arctic: Ecology and Economy 14, no. 1 (March 2024): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25283/2223-4594-2024-1-70-79.
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The article provides a retrospective analysis of the development of concessions in the European North of Russia, showing their impact on economic development and the state of the environment. The purpose of the research is to study the experience of transferring the raw materials resources of the European north of Russia in concession to foreign entrepreneurs in the 1920s to attract investment in the implementation of projects for proper and economically efficient use of natural resources. The author considers forestry, fishing and fur-trading concessions as the object of the study. Based on the analysis of various published and archival sources the author reveals that the concessionaires, in the interests of obtaining income, violated state laws, including environmental laws. Critical analysis of the activities of foreign concessions creates a scientific basis for the implementation of national economic projects, and gives impetus to the development of domestic environmental science. The results of the study on the use of the experience of concessional environmental management are due to be applied in developing measures to prevent the negative impact of Arctic development on the environment, to attract investments, including foreign ones, to harmonize the interests of business and the local population.
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Musi, Elena, Debanjan Ghosh, and Smaranda Muresan. "ChangeMyView Through Concessions: Do Concessions Increase Persuasion?" Dialogue & Discourse 9, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2018.104.
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In Discourse Studies concessions are considered among those argumentative strategies that increase persuasion. We aim to empirically test this hypothesis by calculating the distribution of argumentative concessions in persuasive vs. non-persuasive comments from the the ChangeMyView subreddit. This constitutes a challenging task since concessions do not always bear an argumentative role and are expressed through polysemous lexical markers. Drawing from a theoretically-informed typology of concessions, we first conduct a crowdsourcing task to label a set of polysemous lexical markers as introducing an argumentative concession relation or not. Second, we present a self-training method to automatically identify argumentative concessions using linguistically motivated features. While we achieve a moderate F1 of 57.4% via the self-training method, our subsequent error analysis highlights that the self training method is able to generalize and identify other types of concessions that are argumentative, but were not considered in the annotation guidelines. Our findings from the manual labeling and the classification experiments indicate that the type of argumentative concessions we investigated is almost equally likely to be used in winning and losing arguments. While this result seems to contradict theoretical assumptions, we provide some reasons related to the ChangeMyView subreddit.
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Tegegne, Yitagesu, Mathias Cramm, Jo Van Brusselen, and Thais Linhares-Juvenal. "Forest Concessions and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: Potentials, Challenges and Ways Forward." Forests 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2019): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10010045.
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The Agenda 2030 and its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have directed increased political attention to forests and their sustainable management globally. Forest concessions are a predominant instrument for the sustainable management of public production natural forests in the tropics, but the relationship between the SDGs and forest concessions is poorly explored. Knowledge of this relationship could facilitate aligning tropical forest concession regimes with the SDGs. This research was conducted by means of an online survey, expert interviews and four regional stakeholder workshops to examine (i) how forest concessions can support the implementation of the SDGs; and (ii) what are the key barriers hindering the potential contributions of forest concessions to the SDG. The findings revealed three broad pathways through which forest concessions can support the implementation of the SDGs: (i) sustainable use and management of ecosystem goods and services as the core business; (ii) provision of public goods for socioeconomic development; and (iii) contribution to (sub) national economies through income, employment and fiscal obligations. The paper identifies region-specific (Africa, Latin America and Southeast Asia) technical, legal, governance and institutional barriers limiting the potential contributions. Among these, the key barriers are unclear and conflicting tenure, and the lack of available technical and qualified personnel. The paper concludes that the contributions of forest concessions to the SDGs depend on governance context and the clear use of the instrument to deliver such objectives as better planned and implemented concessions and binding concession contracts. The paper also provides recommendations for aligning forest concessions with the SDGs.
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Pitas, Nicholas. "Factors influencing perceived appropriateness of concessioner activity in Grand Teton." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 42 (December 15, 2019): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2019.5753.
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Concessioner provided services are integral to the national park visitor experience, and with visitation across NPS units growing steadily, services provided by these public-private-partnerships will likely only increase in importance. Despite this, concerns exist regarding the presence of for-profit entities within national parks. While private businesses may be more responsive to consumers, their presence raises questions regarding equity, access, and perceptions of ownership. The purpose of this study was to assess factors that may influence visitor’s perceptions of appropriateness regarding (a) current and (b) future concessioner activities within Grand Teton National park (GTNP). Regression analyses indicate the importance of personal values, rather than actual experiences (positive or negative) with concessions in shaping perceived appropriateness of future concessions activity. Satisfaction with concessions services, amount of concessions activity that respondents perceived in the park in the present, and trust in GTNP were all non-factors in determining anticipated future appropriateness. Instead, a belief that concessions activity would increase, social liberalism, economic conservatism, and place identity with GTNP were related to perceptions that concessioner activity at GTNP would be inappropriately high in the future. Although the regression predicting future beliefs was robust (R2 = 0.43), no variables significantly predicted current beliefs (R2 = 0.05).
Featured photo by Grand Teton on Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2jf3fa9
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Erokhina, Ol’ga. "Concession Policy of the Soviet Union in Agriculture: A Review of the Recent Historiography." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (May 2021): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2021.2.10.
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Introduction. The article analyzes the issues of agricultural concession presented in the works of Russian researchers Maxim Matveyevich Zagorulko, Vladimir Viktorovich Bulatov and German historian Marina Schmider. Methods and materials. The monographs are significantly complemented by the already known works on concession policy and practice, as the authors introduce a significant number of new sources and statistics from German and Russian archives and libraries. To provide an objective analysis of the scientific works, the author uses the historical-system and historical-comparative methods. Analysis. The Russian researchers analyze the economic activities of four agricultural concessions: “Druzag”, “Manych”, “Druag”, “Prikumskoye Russo-American Partnership”. They identified factors that influenced the increase or decrease in profitability of the enterprises. M. Schmider focused her attention on changing the attitude of the government and business circles of Germany to the concession policy pursued in the USSR. In addition, it reveals the role of German agricultural concessions in the development of the German economy. The author identified mechanisms of influence on the Soviet leadership, which were used to facilitate the activities of two large agricultural concessions – Manych-Krupp and Druzag. It should be noted that the memoirs of German employees of agricultural concessions helped to recreate the life and activity of Soviet and German workers and employees, compare their working conditions, describe the relationship with the local population and government officials. Results. The authors conclude that the effective management methods and economic activities of these concessions contributed to increasing their competitiveness in comparison with similar Soviet enterprises. However, the activities of the concessions depended not only on the interest of the Soviet leadership in them, but also on the foreign policy relations of Germany and the Soviet state.
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Assis, Rosuel Krum Mathias de, and José Leomar Fernandes Júnior. "Socioeconomic impact of investments from the federal highway concession program in the state of Santa Catarina." Concilium 24, no. 5 (March 24, 2024): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.53660/clm-3059-24e25.
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This study aims to evaluate whether federal highway concessions in Brazil have brought significant socioeconomic benefits to the population of neighboring municipalities. The impact of two highway concessions in the state of Santa Catarina was assessed, covering 28 of the 293 municipalities existing in the state in 2012. Propensity Score Matching and Difference-in-differences techniques were used to calculate the impact that the concessions had on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the Firjan Municipal Development Index (IFDM) of municipalities served by federal highways under concession, between 2007 and 2012. The results suggest that there was no significant impact on GDP caused by the concession. The average impact on the IFDM variable was significant, approximately 4.5%, and less developed municipalities were more positively affected by participation in the program.
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Yano, Hiromi. "Rebalancing the Trading Scale?: Recent Trends in the Implementation of Article 8 of the Safeguards Agreement." Global Trade and Customs Journal 19, Issue 2 (February 1, 2024): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2024003.
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The WTO safeguard measure takes the form of a suspension of an obligation under the GATT or the withdrawal or modifications of a GATT concession. When an importing Member imposes a safeguard measure, it shall endeavour to maintain a substantially equivalent level of concessions and may agree to compensate the exporting Member(s) affected by the safeguard measure. The SG Agreement also stipulates that if no agreement is reached within thirty days, the affected Member could suspend, under certain conditions, the application of substantially equivalent concessions or other obligations to the trade of the imposing Member. It has been rare that the exporting Member and the Member applying the safeguard agreed to a compensation. At the same time, until 2018, notifications of suspension of concessions to rebalance the level of concessions have also been rare. However, suspension of concessions sharply increased since 2018. This article offers some observations relating to this recent trend. WTO, Safeguards, GATT, compensation, suspension of concessions, rebalancing
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Carbonneau, Real, Rustam Vahidov, and Bo Yu. "Concession crossover in electronic negotiations." Control and Cybernetics 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/candc-2021-0004.
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Abstract Negotiation is a joint decision making process involving making concessions by the parties. Concession-making may involve giving up negotiator’s utility and is an essential activity in the negotiation process. In the past it has been suggested by some authors that negotiators utility functions over the issues may not be linear. In this case, a phenomenon called “concession crossover” takes place, in which a negotiator may switch issues on which they choose to make concessions at some point in negotiations. This work sets to investigate the validity of such claims. To this end we introduce several concession-making models and use them for testing hypotheses. We have used a dataset from online negotiation experiments featuring a contract-signing case. The results support the claim that concession crossover does indeed occur.
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Levin, M., and I. Sheveleva. "Foreign concessions in the Soviet Union of the 1920s: "Why split up"?" Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2016): 138–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2016-1-138-158.
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Foreign concessions in the USSR existed for a very short period of 8-9 years. The paper considers some causes behind the closure of the concession companies that happened despite the assurances of the Soviet authorities allegedly desiring to attract foreign investment and technology. One of these causes - conflicts between the concessions’ administrations and trade unions in the enterprises; the other refers to the intentionally limited access to financial resources.
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CRAWFORD, ALAN. "IMAGINING THE RUSSIAN CONCESSION IN HANKOU." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (April 15, 2018): 969–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000528.
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AbstractIn 1896, the Russian empire established a territorial concession in the Chinese treaty port of Hankou. Russian activity in the treaty ports has usually been subsumed into a wider ‘European’ or ‘Western’ presence, the assumption being that the Russian empire copied existing British and French concessions. This article traces the development of the idea of establishing a Russian concession from its inception to the early years of its development. The various arguments made at different stages in this process make clear that the decision was not a simple case of imitation of existing concessions, but was reached in the context of a broader shift in ideas about the proper relationship between economy, nation, and the Russian imperial state.
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Fernández Luiña, Eduardo, Santiago Fernández Ordóñez, and William Hongsong Wang. "The Community Commitment to Sustainability: Forest Protection in Guatemala." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 6953. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14126953.
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This article covers the current research vacuum on how Guatemala partially conducts forest preservation through community concessions. Our paper starts its analysis by synthesizing the private property-rights approach environmentalist theory and the community concession theory. It is argued that the shared common private property as a community arrangement can turn conflicts into potential opportunities for the involved parties to solve the existing environmental problems by win-win games. Based on the above theoretical views, our study extends the scope to the modern and democratic municipals’ forest preservation in Guatemala, as previous research mainly focused on how the Guatemalan traditional indigenous communities have conducted forest preservation. Our empirical results show that the in-force forest concessions in the Maya Biosphere Reserve have achieved the Guatemalan government’s forest conservation target in recent years. However, as the Guatemalan forest concession arrangements are just usufructs and the state still owns forest titles, the current Guatemalan forest concession could reverse the result of the limited, decentralized forest reform. In this regard, we suggest that Guatemala state should privatize all these forests to the concessions’ communities and firms. If the results are positive, we propose the Guatemalan government further apply the decentralization forest policy to the whole country.
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Pereira, Paulo Cezar Gomes, Vitor Afonso Hoeflich, Ailson Augusto Loper, Alexandre Behling, Renê Galiciolli, and Sally Deborah Pereira da Silva. "Advances, challenges, and opportunities of forest concessions in the brazilian Amazon." OBSERVATÓRIO DE LA ECONOMÍA LATINOAMERICANA 22, no. 7 (July 15, 2024): e5805. http://dx.doi.org/10.55905/oelv22n7-155.
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The Public Forest Management Law (PFML), enacted in 2006, establishes the foundation for sustainable management of these areas through forest concessions. This study aims to analyze the advances, challenges, and opportunities of forest concessions in the Brazilian Amazon after 18 years of the PFML. Using a bibliographic and documentary review, the research explored various academic databases and sources of grey literature, as well as official documents and relevant legislation. The results indicate that the total area under forest concession in Brazil is approximately 188 million hectares, mainly concentrated in the state of Pará. However, this area represents only 14% of the established goal of 13 million hectares by 2020, highlighting a slow implementation of concessions. Extensive federal and state forest areas that are not designated can be accessed through forest concessions, helping to reduce illegal activities identified in these territories. Forest concessions are an alternative for the conservation of public areas, contributing to job creation and local income generation, as well as reducing deforestation and illegal logging. However, significant challenges persist, including bureaucratic complexity, high initial costs, legal uncertainty, and unfair competition with illegal wood. To overcome these challenges and maximize the benefits of forest concessions, it is recommended to simplify bidding processes and reduce bureaucracy, ensure a stable and predictable regulatory environment, diversify forest products by adopting multiple-use management, and strengthen governance and capacity building of local communities. Finally, it is urgent to conduct an evaluation of forest concessions as public policy to gain a clear understanding of the economic, social, and environmental benefits generated by the concessions compared to the financial and operational costs involved.
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Wahab, Mohamed S. Abdel. "Petroleum Concessions in Egypt: A Recipe for Disputes?" BCDR International Arbitration Review 7, Issue 1 (June 1, 2020): 73–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/bcdr2021017.
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The Egyptian petroleum sector has recently prospered given the new discoveries and the extensive foreign direct investments injected into the country’s vast mineral resources.This article addresses petroleum concessions governing upstream exploration and exploitation activities. Egypt continues to adopt the production sharing system as the basic contractual model for petroleum exploration and exploitation activities. However, production sharing agreements take the form of legal concessions that regulate the rights and obligations of international oil companies (IOCs), the State and the major State-owned players in the upstream sector, including the Ministry of Petroleum, the Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation (EGCP), the Egyptian Natural Gas Company (EGAS) and the South Valley Egyptian Petroleum Holding Company (GANOPE).These concession agreements are capital intensive instruments involving complex regulation of the parties’ rights and obligations and are normally entered into on the basis of a model template, the most recent of which is that of 2018.This article discusses certain categories of disputes arising in the Egyptian concession agreements practice. The article starts with an overview of the upstream petroleum sector in Egypt and then addresses certain important provisions of the Egyptian model concession agreement, before scrutinizing certain categories of disputes. The article concludes with remarks on the prevailing status quo and the intricacies of Egyptian concession agreements.
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de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, and Alastair Smith. "A Political Economy of Aid." International Organization 63, no. 2 (April 2009): 309–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818309090109.
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AbstractWe model how the size of a leader's support coalition and government revenues affect trades between policy concessions and aid. We find that aid benefits donor and recipient leaders, while harming the recipient's, but not the donor's, citizenry. The willingness to grant policy concessions for aid depends on how easily leaders can reimburse supporters for their concession. As coalition size increases, incumbents rely more on public goods to reward supporters, making it difficult to compensate for policy concessions. Small-coalition leaders rely more on private goods to retain office, making it easier for them to grant policy concessions for aid. Empirical tests of bilateral aid transfers by Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations between 1960 and 2001 support the predictions that (1) aid is given by wealthy, large-coalition systems; (2) relatively poor, small-coalition systems are most likely to get aid; but, (3) conditional on receiving aid, the amount increases as the recipient's coalition size, wealth, and policy salience increase. Evidence suggests that OECD members have little humanitarian motivation for aid giving.
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Busch, Jonah, Kalifi Ferretti-Gallon, Jens Engelmann, Max Wright, Kemen G. Austin, Fred Stolle, Svetlana Turubanova, et al. "Reductions in emissions from deforestation from Indonesia’s moratorium on new oil palm, timber, and logging concessions." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 5 (January 20, 2015): 1328–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1412514112.
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To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation, Indonesia instituted a nationwide moratorium on new license areas (“concessions”) for oil palm plantations, timber plantations, and logging activity on primary forests and peat lands after May 2011. Here we indirectly evaluate the effectiveness of this policy using annual nationwide data on deforestation, concession licenses, and potential agricultural revenue from the decade preceding the moratorium. We estimate that on average granting a concession for oil palm, timber, or logging in Indonesia increased site-level deforestation rates by 17–127%, 44–129%, or 3.1–11.1%, respectively, above what would have occurred otherwise. We further estimate that if Indonesia’s moratorium had been in place from 2000 to 2010, then nationwide emissions from deforestation over that decade would have been 241–615 MtCO2e (2.8–7.2%) lower without leakage, or 213–545 MtCO2e (2.5–6.4%) lower with leakage. As a benchmark, an equivalent reduction in emissions could have been achieved using a carbon price-based instrument at a carbon price of $3.30–7.50/tCO2e (mandatory) or $12.95–19.45/tCO2e (voluntary). For Indonesia to have achieved its target of reducing emissions by 26%, the geographic scope of the moratorium would have had to expand beyond new concessions (15.0% of emissions from deforestation and peat degradation) to also include existing concessions (21.1% of emissions) and address deforestation outside of concessions and protected areas (58.7% of emissions). Place-based policies, such as moratoria, may be best thought of as bridge strategies that can be implemented rapidly while the institutions necessary to enable carbon price-based instruments are developed.
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Siu Lam, Carlos, and Dulce Lopes. "Macao Gaming Concession System: Present and Future Direction." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 13, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v13i2.1812.
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Macao gaming concession is about to expire in June 2022, and such issues as the number of concessions and contract period have attracted much attention. This article introduces the evolution of Macao gaming system with emphasis on its concession duration, legal limit on the number of concessions, asset disposal and tax rate. As a result of its gaming liberalization, Macao has developed into the world’s casino capital. The gaming situation in Macao and in the gaming jurisdictions nearby is different from what it was twenty years ago. Although the current law requires a new public tender for awarding concessions, the increased number of gaming jurisdictions to target Macao would entail adjustment in its public policies to keep its gaming industry competitive. Additionally, the evolution of the relevant public policies and their interactions with touristic, infrastructural, environmental and urban planning policies would likely lead to some changes in the core of the current Macao gaming legislation. The authors indicated that the emergence of subconcessions and satellite casinos, the fractioning of spaces and utilities by different entities regarding asset reversion to the government, and the relationship between concessionaires and junket operators are some major issues, which require an improved legal framework designed to react expeditiously and effectively to the fast-moving industry for a sustained and consistent upward regulatory trajectory. Following this, revising and improving the current concession model would be crucial, even though it implies changes to the core of the current Macao gaming legislation.
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Ilyukhov, Alexander. "CONCESSIONS OF THE 1920s – THE FIRST ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH ECONOMIC RELATIONS WITH THE WEST." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (49) (May 26, 2020): 176–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-176-186.
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The article analyzes the use of concessions to attract foreign capital and technology in an almost complete economic blockade because of the revolution and civil war, as well as the fact that the revolution in other foreign countries has not
occured. The article indicates particular regulations in the procedure for the infusion of foreign concessions into Soviet Russia. In addition, the paper points out how this
process gradually developed, as well as what problems arose for western investors in the course of investing their capital in the country. The author shows particular industries that mostly used foreign capital, names donor countries, and provides statistical data on the number of applications for the opening of concessional filed by foreign investors. The paper provides examples of specific concessions. The author draws attention
to the careful selection of concessionaires, states the principles of concessions’ operation in terms of planned and command economy. The original literature of the 1920s is used in the article. The aticle defines the concessions’ place and
role in the Russian economy. The author points out that the questions arising between the Soviet power
and foreign investors concern price policy and employed workers’ compensation that, however, was not typical of all concessions. Moreover, the article provides statistical data concerning the number of contracts concluded in the main sectors of
the economy and the benefit it brought to the economy, as well as the number of citizens of Soviet Russia involved in the economic activities of foreign concessions.
The author makes a conclusion that the state policy of concessions was a forced measure aimed at improving the state economic development by attracting foreign capital and technology.
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Qodriyatun, Sri Nurhayati. "Konsesi Konservasi Melalui Kebijakan Restorasi Ekosistem di Hutan Produksi." Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-masalah Sosial 7, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46807/aspirasi.v7i1.1279.
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Ecosystem restoration in production forest is one of the government’s efforts to improve the damaged production forests by involving private sector through implementation of the conservation concession. Conservation concession is a new concept in forest management which is expected to save the forest, and still provide economic and social benefits for the community. In conservation concession, the ecological, economical, and social aspects were being maintained as one. However, ecosystem restoration is not yet to be implemented with the overall principle of conservation concession, such as the licensing process is not conducted through market mechanism, the application fee is not equally applied between ecosystem restoration concession and other concessions; not transparent, the area is not clean and clear; and no set rule on the possibility of logging in ecosystem restoration concessions. Therefore, the government needs to ensure several things including to reserved the area to be free of conflicts of tenure, to reduce the amount of fee charged, to abolish the rules that granting logging on ecosystem restoration concession, and to provide incentive for the concessions that had managed to restore the production forest. Kebijakan restorasi ekosistem di hutan produksi adalah salah satu upaya pemerintah untuk memperbaiki hutan produksi yang rusak dengan melibatkan swasta melalui penerapan konsep konsesi konservasi. Konsesi konservasi adalah satu konsep baru dalam pengelolaan hutan yang diharapkan dapat untuk menyelamatkan hutan di satu sisi, tetapi tetap memberikan manfaat ekonomi dan sosial bagi masyarakat. Melalui konsesi konservasi, aspek ekologi, ekonomi, dan sosial berjalan bersama dalam satu pengelolaan hutan. Namun pelaksanaan restorasi ekosistem belum menerapkan keseluruhan prinsip konsesi konservasi dan masih terdapat beberapa kelemahan, seperti proses perizinan yang tidak dilakukan melalui mekanisme pasar, penerapan iuran yang diberlakukan sama antara konsesi restorasi ekosistem dengan konsesi lainnya, tidak transparan, areal yang dicadangkan tidak clean and clear, serta adanya aturan dimungkinkannya penebangan di konsesi restorasi ekosistem. Untuk itu, ke depan pemerintah perlu menjamin lahan yang dicadangkan bebas dari konflik tenurial, pengurangan besaran iuran yang dibebankan, dihapuskannya aturan pemberian izin penebangan pada konsesi restorasi ekosistem, dan memberikan insentif bagi konsesi yang berhasil merestorasi kawasan hutan produksi.
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Georgievski, Saso. "The new Macedonian Concessions and Public-Private Partnerships Act: A Need for Further Improvement?" Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 2 (September 8, 2009): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/79.
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Public-private partnership was not unknown in Macedonia prior to the adoption of the latest legislation on concessions and PPP in 2007. Many infrastructure and other public interest projects have been developed or tried in the form of concessions mainly at the state level over the past few years. The Concession and Other Forms of Public-Private Partnerships Act marks an important step towards stimulating more intensive use of public-private partnerships, particularly in developing infrastructure and public services at the local self-government level. One has to welcome the introduction of this very concept of the Public-Private Partnerships Act into the Macedonian legal system because it brings this form of financing local development closer to both public and private partners, and it makes the whole process of structuring and awarding PPP projects more transparent and clear.
KEY WORDS: • public service delivery • public-private partnership • concession • Macedonia
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Nemytina, Marina V., and Alexey B. Krasnov. "Concession policy of the Soviet state: implementation mechanism." RUDN Journal of Law 27, no. 2 (June 23, 2023): 321–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2023-27-2-321-337.
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The article analyzes the experience of the concession policy implementation by the RSFSR and the USSR during the 20s of the twentieth century and the approaches used in its framework, which allowed solving simultaneously a wide range of tasks related to the rise of the domestic economy and overcoming foreign policy isolation. This experience of the Soviet state can be used to solve the challenges the Russian Federation is facing today. The authors substantiate that the concession policy of the Soviet state was a rationally constructed mechanism able to solve a number of tasks. 1) Creation of foreign concessions in the Soviet country contributed to withdrawal from the diplomatic blockade declared by Western countries. 2) Through the concession policy the obligations of the Russian Empire to foreign investors were renewed in the conditions of a socialist economy. 3) By creating concessions the Soviet government headed by V.I. Lenin attracted the material and technological resources of the European countries and the USA for the development of the economy of the Soviet country. 4) At concession enterprises models of industrial relations with a high level of labor organization and living conditions of workers were formed at the expense of foreign investors, which then had to be introduced everywhere. 5) The concession policy covered the national suburbs and contributed to unification of the economic potential of the republics as part of the USSR. The analysis of the legal regulation of concession relationships carried out in this article gives reason to suppose that the concession policy of the Soviet state should not be reduced to the NEP because its implementation started earlier. In fact, it was launched with the adoption of the Decree of the Council of People’s Commissars of November 23, 1920 On General Economic and Legal Conditions for Concessions and within its framework a range of tasks that went far beyond the economic recovery envisaged by the NEP through private law principles was solved. Attention should also be paid to the constitutional nature of the regulation of concession legal relations, which was determined by the “Treaty on the USSR Foundation of 1922” and the Constitution of 1924.
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JØRGENSEN, STEFFEN, and DAVID W. K. YEUNG. "A STRATEGIC CONCESSION GAME." International Game Theory Review 01, no. 01 (March 1999): 103–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219198999000086.
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This paper considers a two-player negotiation problem with complete information and non-transferable payoffs/utilities. There are gains to be made by both players if they make bilateral concessions in their actions, relative to the status quo Nash equilibrium (NE) outcome. The failure to agree on a jointly acceptable arrangement has been a major stumbling block to the exploitation of such gains. The paper develops a concession game which has a cooperative trait in the sense that bilateral concessions in actions are sought by both players, but the game proceeds in a non-cooperative fashion in determining the levels of concessions, given a prior agreement over the rules of the game among the players. The game is applicable to a large class of bargaining situations in which both players would benefit from mutual reductions in their decision variables. Two specific applications, a tariff negotiation game and a cartel output agreement are examined.
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Melnik, Denis, and Daria Kholdevich. "A Gleam of the Gone NEP? The Japanese Oil Concession on Sakhalin (1925-1944)." Issues of Economic Theory 19, no. 2 (May 29, 2023): 133–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.52342/2587-7666vte_2023_2_133_155.
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One of the well-established concepts in the understanding of the Soviet period is the consideration of its initial stage in relation to the implementation of the new economic policy (NEP) and the subsequent departure from it. That was reflected in the analysis of the experience of foreign concessions of the 1920s. It is consistently regarded as one of the elements of the NEP. In this article, we proceed from the fact that this concept is a hypothesis that requires verification. To this end, the first section provides a brief overview of the historiography of Soviet concessions. In the second section, the Soviet concession practice in the Far East is placed in the broader context of relations between Russia and Japan. In the third section, based on published and archived data, the main problems in the activities of the Japanese oil concession are considered. The fourth section attempts to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the desired and achieved results of its activities for both parties. In conclusion, two main theoretical conclusions are given. Firstly, the hypothesis according to which the beginning of the concessions was laid by the transition to the NEP, and the end — by its curtailment (due, in turn, to political factors) does not find unambiguous confirmation on the basis of the data considered and needs further verification. Based on this, it can be assumed that the focus on NEP to makes it difficult to analyze the Soviet concession experience. Secondly, concession enterprises for the development of mineral resources in the Far East arose on the basis of the existing balance of power between states. Their functioning, therefore, initially depended on maintaining this balance to a greater extent than on economic efficiency indicators for both sides. This conclusion seems to have more than just historical significance.
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Wolswinkel, J. "Concession Meets Authorisation: New Demarcation Lines under the Concessions Directive?" European Procurement & Public Private Partnership Law Review 12, no. 4 (2017): 396–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.21552/epppl/2017/4/6.
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Malis, Matt, and Alastair Smith. "Quid Pro Quo Diplomacy." Games 15, no. 2 (April 17, 2024): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g15020014.
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Political leaders value public demonstrations of support from foreign leaders and frequently make concessions in order to obtain them. We model the bargaining dynamics surrounding these exchanges and their impact on the recipient leader’s political survival, with a focus on top-level diplomatic visits as a means of signaling international support. Our model addresses two interrelated questions; first, we consider how symbolic displays of support from one leader to another can be informative even when they are “purchased” with concessions, and second, we derive the equilibrium price and political impact of a visit under different bargaining protocols. The incentive to make a concession in exchange for a visit generally undermines a visit’s signaling value. We identify a diplomatic resource curse, where the existence of opportunities for diplomatic exchange can force leaders into accepting visit-for-concession deals that leave them worse off than if they were diplomatically isolated. Visits never occur when negotiations are fully transparent. Mutually beneficial quid pro quo diplomacy requires opacity in negotiations.
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Bulatov, V. V. "Resonance Concession Offers of the «Military communism» Period (1919–1920)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 12, no. 2 (2012): 104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2012-12-2-104-110.
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The largest concession offers made by foreign businessmen to the Soviet government during the «military communism» period are considered. Those concession offers are remarkable because they had been made to the Soviet government before the Decree «On the General and Legal Conditions of Concessions» was accepted in Soviet Russia. That decree was also considered as the first harbinger of the Soviet yovemment withdrawal from the «military communism» policy.
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Shor, Inna, Viktor Pushkarev, Ekaterina Tokareva, and Olga Shepeleva. "Concession as a state investment policy tool." SHS Web of Conferences 109 (2021): 01038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202110901038.
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Russian Federation’s competitiveness is largely interconnected with the state investment policy’s development level. However, the need for investments in high-quality infrastructure, on the one hand, and corresponding budget funds deficit, on the other hand, highlight the problem of the state and business entities’ cooperation by means of concession. At the same time there are many barriers, which hinder the concession’s consecutive development. That is why the research goal includes the elaboration of measures, aimed at the effective application of a concession as a tool of state investment policy. The systematic approach and a set of scientific measures, including observation, expert assessment, statistical data processing, analysis and comparison have been applied in the study. As a result, the research authors define the following growth areas of a concession: legal normative (normative consolidation of the concession’s development strategies and programmes, quality improvement of the methodological and legal concession projects elaboration), production organizational (quality improvement of territorial planning when proposing concessional agreements, the application of a complex approach to concession’s facilities’ modernization and etc.) and economic (broadening the spectrum of budgetary and non-budgetary tools used for financing concessional projects, elaboration of reasonable requirements to guarantee exposure according to the concessional agreement and etc.).
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Isaeva, N. A., and D. G. Ponomareva. "Attracting private investment in the Russian economy through concession agreements." Vestnik NSUEM, no. 1 (May 11, 2022): 224–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.34020/2073-6495-2022-1-224-237.
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The article deals with the key theoretical aspects of concession agreements, domestic and foreign experience in the implementation of concessions. It presents the classification of countries by degree and number of concession agreements, as well as by type of contracts. The dynamics of concession agreements in Russia from 2016 to 2020 and the distribution of concluded contracts by socially important sectors of the economy of the Russian Federation from 2009 to 2019 are considered. Forecasts are given for the development of the concession market and possible ways of attracting private investment during the post-pandemic crisis caused by coronavirus (COVID-19).
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Piper, Judith A., and Laura Farabough. "Bodily Concessions." Theatre Journal 40, no. 2 (May 1988): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3207661.
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Dexter, G., and S. Taylor. "Financial concessions." British Dental Journal 197, no. 7 (October 2004): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4811775.
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Shapin, S. "Mertonian Concessions." Science 259, no. 5096 (February 5, 1993): 839–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.259.5096.839.
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ANTAKI, CHARLES, and MARGARET WETHERELL. "Show Concessions." Discourse Studies 1, no. 1 (February 1999): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445699001001002.
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Guasch, José Luis, Ancor Suárez-Alemán, and Lourdes Trujillo. "Megaports’ concessions." Case Studies on Transport Policy 4, no. 2 (June 2016): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2015.02.003.
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Wołoszyn-Cichocka, Agnieszka. "Evolution of Polish Legal Regulations Devoted to the Issue of Licensing Business Activities." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 2 (November 29, 2020): 163–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2019.2.163-180.
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The concession is considered to be the most important and most distressing form of business activity control for the entrepreneur. In the Polish legal order, it was the subject of regulation of every legal act which was considered to be the so-called economic constitution. The purpose of this study is to bring closer Polish legal regulations devoted to the issue of licensing business activities from the interwar period to the current law. Particular emphasis should be placed on how to regulate concessions in the applicable Entrepreneurs Law, which significantly differs from previous legal regulations. The legislator’s intention was to create an act of a very general nature, regulating only problems of fundamental importance for the issue of concessions. Other issues are regulated by special laws.
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Cañar, Jeferson, and Ignacio Loor. "The socio-environmental aftermath of gold mining in the Amazon: the case of Yutzupino in Napo, Ecuador." Sustainability in Debate 14, no. 3 (December 11, 2023): 219–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18472/sustdeb.v14n3.2023.49965.
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This study addresses the social and environmental repercussions on Amazonian communities due to gold mining following the conclusion of official concessions. Framed within the literature on natural resource extraction, sustainability, and social impacts in developing countries, the work employs qualitative methods, including interviews with residents and field observations in the community of Yutzupino in the Ecuadorian Amazon. It reveals that post-concession mining, often informal and illegal, sharply triggers social and environmental degradation. The research emphasises the need to incorporate sustainability principles into mining concessions to prevent such effects. This analysis enhances understanding of the complex socio-ecological aftermath of mining in vulnerable environments. It proposes recommendations for mitigation, underlining the importance of dialogue between communities, governments, and mining companies.
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Arce, Luis, Rodrigo Delgadillo, Alelí Osorio-Lird, Felipe Araya, and Carlos Wahr. "Asset Valuation Model for Highway Rigid Pavements Applicable in Public–Private Partnerships Projects." Infrastructures 8, no. 8 (July 30, 2023): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures8080118.
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Recently, in Chile, infrastructure asset value has been incorporated into highway concession contracts. However, the current valuation model used for rigid pavements is not adapted to the standards and conditions of such projects. This study develops a valuation model for rigid pavements of interurban highway concessions and evaluates it in a case study. The proposed model captures the loss in asset value associated with the performance degradation over time, considering a typical Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JCPC) configuration. The value is calculated using performance indicators that represent the structural capacity and level of service provided to road users. The model represents a significant improvement compared to current asset valuation models used in highway concessions. It enables the public agency to objectively evaluate the preservation of asset value carried out by the private partner during the concession. Additionally, it could also be used as a tool to establish payments between infrastructure stakeholders. Some of the concepts applied could also be relevant for other highway assets existing in Public–Private Partnership (PPP) projects.
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Laroche, Helena H., Christine Hradek, Kate Hansen, Andrew S. Hanks, David R. Just, and Brian Wansink. "Healthy Concessions: High School Students' Responses to Healthy Concession Stand Changes." Journal of School Health 87, no. 2 (January 11, 2017): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/josh.12472.
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Marni, Angel, and Balduin Pakpahan. "L’ANALYSE DES CONJONCTIONS DE CONCESSION ET SES ÉQUIVALENCES DANS LE ROMAN SOLITUDE MA MÈRE." HEXAGONE Jurnal Pendidikan, Linguistik, Budaya dan Sastra Perancis 8, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/hxg.v8i1.18859.
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Le but de ce travail de recherche est de savoir les formes et types des conjonctions de concession et ses équivalences en tant que synonyme dont la présence est implicite dans le Roman Solitude Ma Mère.La théorie utilise danscetteetude est d’Albert Hamon (1983) et Isabelle Chollet (2009). Cette etude utilise la méthode qualitative. Le résultat de la recherche démontre que les formes et les type des notions concessives sont apparues 228 fois dans ce roman ; 184 d’entre elles sont explicites (néanmoins, pourtant, malgré, à défaut de, quitte à, mais, et, or, bien que, sans que, etc) et les autres sont implicites (deux indépendants juxtaposés ou coordonnés, deux indépendants dont la première contient avoir beau, expression si, expression quand, nom, proposition participiale, apposition adjective, apposition de participe et relative ) étant les équivalences. Autrement dit, le pourcentage du terme des concessions explicites est beaucoup plus nombreux. C’est 80 %. Par ailleurs, celles qui sont implicites ne sont que 20 % et l’auteur les ont remplacées par d’autres connecteurs habituels, tels que pourtant, néanmoins, même si, bien que, malgré, etc. pour mettre en lumière ces notions implicites. Mots-clès : Concession, Explicite, Implicite, Équivalences et Roman.
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Pivatto, Douglas, Rodrigo Nobre Fernandez, Helton Saulo, and Andre Carraro. "Estimating the Optimal Time for a Road Concession Contract in Brazil." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 12 (November 2, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n12p44.
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Brazil has one of the largest road networks managed under concession contracts in the world. The concessions of the Federal Concession Program are divided into three stages. The main aim of this research was to identify critical successful contracts from the Third Stage of the Concession Program. The methodology adopted follows the model proposed by Ng et al. (2007). This model verifies the probability at which the project will be successfully run within the term contract. The results showed a discrepancy between the time contractually agreed and the one simulated by the model for two of the seven contracts signed in the Third Stage of the Concession Program.
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Полякова, И. С., and А. В. Нелюбов. "Concessions in the housing-and-utilities system: analysis of trends in 2019-2020 and development prospects." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 11(124) (December 23, 2020): 1191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2020.124.11.235.
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Авторами сформулированы достоинства и недостатки концессионной модели в системе ЖКХ. Проанализированы тенденция развития концессий, динамика и направления концессионных соглашений в российском ЖКХ в 2019-2020. Выявлены условия развития концессионного финансирования ЖКХ, необходимые решения, в том числе - на законодательном уровне. The authors formulated advantages and disadvantages of the concession model in the housing-and-utilities system. The article analyzed the development trend of concessions, dynamics and directions of the concession agreements in the Russian housing-and-utilities sector in 2019-2020. The conditions for the development of housing-and-utilities concession financing and the necessary solutions, including those at the legislative level, were revealed.
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Maksimova, Olga V., and Iosif Z. Aronov. "Study of Factors Influence on the Variability of Time for Consensus Building in Coalitions Based on Regular Markov Chains." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 4 (July 18, 2021): 1076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.4.063.
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Draft standard is approved if and only if consensus of the technical committee for standardization (TC) is ensured before its approval by the standardization body at the national, regional and international level. Previously published works of authors dedicated to the construction of a mathematical model of time to build a consensus (number of negotiations) in terms of variation in the number of TC members and their level of authoritarianism. The present study is a continuation of these works for the case of the formation of coalitions in TC. The mathematical model is constructed to ensure consensus on the work of technical standardization committees in terms of coalitions, which are overcome during the negotiation process by concessions. This paper analyzes the factors, which influence the time for consensus building in this case: the value of the assignment and an index of the effect of the coalition. It is proved that the time to build a consensus signifi-cantly depends on the value of unilateral concessions coalition and weakly depends on the size of coalitions with a fixed number of TC members. Built regression model of dependence of the average number of approvals from the value of the assignment. It was revealed that even a small concession leads to the onset of consensus, increasing the size of the as-signment results (with other factors being equal) to a sharp decline in time before the consensus. It is shown that the as-signment of a larger coalition against small coalitions takes on average more time before building a consensus. The factors influencing the variability of the number of concessions were investigated. The change in the root-mean-square deviation (RMS) of the time to build a consensus varies nonlinearly from small concessions Y=10% to large Y=75%, regardless of the ratio of the number of members between coalitions. In the simulations, at concessions Y=10% there is the largest variation among the number of consensuses in the experiments. Concession of the authoritarian leader in group reduces the number of negotiations and increases the quality of consensus. The results obtained are of practical value for all structures where the emergence of coalitions entails the impossibility of consensual decision-making and requires consideration of different ways to build a consensual solution.
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Wen, Yuxuan. "A Historical Perspective on the Impact of the 19th Century Concession on Shanghai." Communications in Humanities Research 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7064/4/20220394.
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Shanghai, as a metropolitan, developed rapidly from a little village to an economic center of China during 19 Century. How the accelerated growth of Shanghai was linked to the presence of the concession has become an important focus of scholarly research, and the process of its development could provide a reference for other cities. Besides, owing to the unique environment of China, the development of Shanghai also has certain distinctiveness. Concessions, enclaves given to foreign settlers with various privileges, played a unique role in the modernization of Shanghai. In this article, the author studies the political, economic, and cultural impacts of the concessions from a historical perspective, and the interactions within these political, economic, and cultural impacts are also discussed. The research found that Concessions provided a relatively loose political environment and facilitated the reform of the political system of China. In addition, the improvement of the municipal system promoted economic prosperity, which in turn made the cultural exchanges between the East and the West more frequent, forming a cultural environment of heterogeneous cultural integration and promoting the acceptance and promotion of new systems and economic forms.
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Wolfe, Christopher J., Elaine G. Mauldin, and Michelle Chandler Diaz. "Concede or Deny: Do Management Persuasion Tactics Affect Auditor Evaluation of Internal Control Deviations?" Accounting Review 84, no. 6 (November 1, 2009): 2013–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2009.84.6.2013.
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ABSTRACT: In an internal control audit, the consequences and assessment subjectivity of control problems motivate managers to try to persuade auditors to lower the assessed severity of an observed control deviation. We report an experiment in which 106 audit seniors evaluate either information technology (IT) or manual control deviations that are potentially indicative of significant deficiencies, after exposure to persuasion tactics based in either concession or denial. For IT control deviations, we find that auditors assess the significance of deficiency lower and the perceived adequacy of management's explanation higher for concessions than for denials. For manual control deviations, we find no differences between concessions and denials. Our results provide evidence of a systematic bias in auditor judgment and indicate a rationale for the ubiquity of management persuasion attempts around control deviations—sometimes they work.
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Minchuk, Oleg V., Daniil S. Zaozerskiy, and Aleksey S. Nikiforov. "Incorporation of foreign timber concessions in Soviet Russia in the 1920s." RUDN Journal of Law 28, no. 2 (June 11, 2024): 329–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2337-2024-28-2-329-344.
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The article based on legislative acts of Soviet Russia and unpublished sources of the State Archive of the Arkhangelsk Oblast, describes the features of incorporation of Russangloles, Russhollandoles and Russnorvegoles joint-stock companies, operating in the North of Russia in the 1920s. The article analyzes the Standard Agreement on Timber Concessions (1922), which was used by the Soviet state and foreign entrepreneurs in the process of drafting concession agreements in the timber industry and the Scheme for Constructing a Standard Agreement on Timber Concession. The study of these sources allows reconstructing the principle of forming contracts contributing to Russangloles, Russhollandoles and Russnorvegoles functioning.
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Surilova, A. О. "CONCESSION IN THE SEAPORTS OF UKRAINE: EXPERIENCE AND PROSPECTS." Constitutional State, no. 44 (December 23, 2021): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.18524/2411-2054.2021.44.245089.
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Seaports concession is a successful global practice for optimizing processes in ports to increase their profitability. Almost all the largest seaports in the world remain in concession. It contributes to the development of their infrastructure and increases cargo handling. However, in Ukraine, seaports concession has long remained only a prospect and has not been applied in practice. With the arrival of the new presidential administration, one of its first tasks was to optimize the country’s transport infrastructure, which meant, in particular, seaports concession. In this article, we consider the main aspects of seaport concession in Ukraine. We used general scientific method, formal-legal method, and analysis and synthesis for our research. We paid attention to the concept of concession and its main features. We gave examples of interpretation of the concession from different points of view. Among them are legal, economic, and logistical interpretations. We considered the correlation of the concession with the concept of public-private partnership. We provided the relevant legal framework in this aspect. For example, we analyzed the Laws of Ukraine “On Public-Private Partnership” and “On Concession”. In conclusion, we argued that there is a necessary level of legal regulation for the implementation of concession mechanisms in seaports of Ukraine. In addition, the study takes into account real examples of concession agreements for seaports in Ukraine. For example, we analyzed the situation with the conclusion of concession agreements for seaports in Mykolayiv and Kherson. We established that the development of concessions is a promising area of public policy. With their help, it is possible to attract funding for the infrastructure of seaports, create jobs, fill the state budget, help local governments. However, to realize the full potential of concessions, it is necessary to take measures to create a favorable investment climate, attractive conditions for private investors-concessionaires, in particular, by improving the judiciary, taxation, public administration, and protect property rights.