Journal articles on the topic 'Concession process'
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1
Mezak, Vlado, Alen Jugović, Donald Schiozzi, and Filip Vice Lapov. "Issues in Determining the Real Value of Concession Fees When Granting Concession for Commercial Use of Maritime Domain." Pomorstvo 33, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.33.2.17.
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This paper analyzes the legislation related to concessions on maritime domains and indicates the need to adjust certain legal provisions to improve the quality of the concession granting procedure. The object of this paper is to indicate the issues in determining the real value of a concession fee in the process of preparing a feasibility study for granting the concession, and to give a scientific contribution by proposing procedures and measures, which can enable setting more precise concession fee values. Using the methods of comparison, analysis, and synthesis, authors prove that in the process of preparing a feasibility study for granting the concession it is not possible to assess the real value of the concession and concession fee with certainty, as it is necessary to estimate economic sizes in the long term. Each concession contract, lasting longer than five years, should be subject to a peer review owing to changes in economic, political, demographic, and other indicators, and if necessary, the value of concession fee should be adjusted accordingly. The authors explain the stated imprecision in the estimate of economic indicators by the index of uncertainty of economic policies, and with the inability of long-term forecasting of potential economic crises.
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CRAWFORD, ALAN. "IMAGINING THE RUSSIAN CONCESSION IN HANKOU." Historical Journal 61, no. 4 (April 15, 2018): 969–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x17000528.
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AbstractIn 1896, the Russian empire established a territorial concession in the Chinese treaty port of Hankou. Russian activity in the treaty ports has usually been subsumed into a wider ‘European’ or ‘Western’ presence, the assumption being that the Russian empire copied existing British and French concessions. This article traces the development of the idea of establishing a Russian concession from its inception to the early years of its development. The various arguments made at different stages in this process make clear that the decision was not a simple case of imitation of existing concessions, but was reached in the context of a broader shift in ideas about the proper relationship between economy, nation, and the Russian imperial state.
3
Makarova, Lidia, and Elena Nevzgodina. "Concession Agreements in Heat Supply." Herald of Omsk University. Series: Law 17, no. 3 (October 19, 2020): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/1990-5173.2020.17(3).53-62.
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Introduction. In the West, concessions are the most common form of public-private partnership in such
sectors of the economy as telecommunications and communications (60 %), energy production and distribution
(19 %), transport (18 %), and water supply (3 %). As a form of public-private partnership concession
agreement pursues the goal of involving private investment in the creation, reconstruction, modernization of
socially significant publicly owned facilities. Based on public interests, government will determines the goals and
parameters of the concession project and takes control over its using, and the concessionaire takes on
operational activities (development, financing, creation, use, management, provision of services to consumers).
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to conduct concessions, including the content concluding, amending and
terminating a concession agreement in the field of heat supply. Methodology. Achieving this goal was
achieved through the use of general scientific and particular scientific research methods: dialectical, formal
logical, systemic-structural, comparative legal, technical-legal, linguistic, scientific analysis method. Results.
The historical aspect of the formation of the concession and the analysis of concession models leads to the
conclusion that this legal framework is the most effective alternative of public-private partnership in relation to
socially significant infrastructure facilities. Conclusion. Today, there is a process of implementation of the
concession mechanism in Russia, the state is interested in partnerships with private capital in weak investment
areas. However, society and business have incomplete understanding of the essence of the concession, the
practice of its application. The transition to a concession system means a change in the essence of relations
between the state and business in both legal and economic contexts. The implementation form of the
concession agreement should fix the balance and mutual interest of the parties in the application of the most
effective, modern and technological methods of construction, reconstruction and use of facilities, as well as the
provision of quality services to consumers.
4
Zabashtanskyi, Maksum Mykolayovych, and Andrii Vitaliyovych Rogovyi. "MODERN ASPECTS OF FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF INVESTMENT ACTIVITY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP." SCIENTIFIC BULLETIN OF POLISSIA, no. 2(21) (2020): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25140/2410-9576-2020-2(21)-121-128.
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Abstract.The article considers modern aspects of financial support of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership. The expediency of using one of the key forms of public-private partnership -concessions in the process of financial support of investment activities of state and communal economic entities is substantiated. The existence of a significant impact of the mechanism of transformation of the movement of financial resources as a result of concession relations, the practical implementationof which allows to obtain a significant economic effect for the national economy and the state budget. Financial support of their investment and innovation development. The extremely important role of the state in the process of financialsupport of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership is emphasized. Taking into account the existing approaches of scientists and practitioners to the interpretation of the essence of the categories "state regulation", "state regulation of innovation development" the author's interpretation of the definition "state regulation of innovative development of concession activity" is proposed as a component of concession management system. Increasing financial and economic security.The necessity to singleout among the main tasks of the mechanism of state regulation of financial support of investment and innovation development of concession activity such tasks as: development of financial and economic relations of concession subjects is substantiated; providing practical orientation of research works; innovative renewal of production facilities of concession facilities.The existence of a systemic impact of financial support of investment activities on the basis of public-private partnership on the trajectory of future socio-economic development of the country is proved.
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Vassallo, José M., and Juan Gallego. "Risk Sharing in the New Public Works Concession Law in Spain." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1932, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105193200101.
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Budgetary constraints are forcing transport infrastructure authorities to raise private funds to finance the construction of new projects and the maintenance of existing ones by using concession contracts. One of the key elements in correctly defining a concession scheme is to establish an adequate risk-sharing mechanism among the stakeholders that take part in the process. This paper describes and analyzes the effect of the new Spanish Concession Law on risk sharing, in particular, the effect of the so-called progress clause on the calculation of risk held by the concessionaire. This law was designed both to reinforce private financing of public facilities and to improve the legal framework by defining a new risk-sharing approach, particularly in relation to the risks involved in estimating traffic demand. The paper finishes with an analysis of a specific application of the traffic risk-sharing approach for highway concessions in Spain.
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Georgievski, Saso. "The new Macedonian Concessions and Public-Private Partnerships Act: A Need for Further Improvement?" Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 7, no. 2 (September 8, 2009): 159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/79.
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Public-private partnership was not unknown in Macedonia prior to the adoption of the latest legislation on concessions and PPP in 2007. Many infrastructure and other public interest projects have been developed or tried in the form of concessions mainly at the state level over the past few years. The Concession and Other Forms of Public-Private Partnerships Act marks an important step towards stimulating more intensive use of public-private partnerships, particularly in developing infrastructure and public services at the local self-government level. One has to welcome the introduction of this very concept of the Public-Private Partnerships Act into the Macedonian legal system because it brings this form of financing local development closer to both public and private partners, and it makes the whole process of structuring and awarding PPP projects more transparent and clear.
KEY WORDS: • public service delivery • public-private partnership • concession • Macedonia
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Jin, Hongyu, Shijing Liu, Chunlu Liu, and Nilupa Udawatta. "Optimizing the concession period of PPP projects for fair allocation of financial risk." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 10 (November 18, 2019): 2347–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-05-2018-0201.
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Purpose Targeting public–private partnership (PPP) projects, the purpose of this paper is to help decision makers fairly allocate financial risk between governments and private investors through a properly designed length of concession period. Design/methodology/approach On the one hand, the length of the concession period should be long enough to help private investors to achieve their expected profits. On the other hand, the length of a concession period cannot be decided without agreeing on an upper limit, since an overlong concession period takes too much time for governments to recover their investment and leads to an overly lucrative condition for private investors. Following this logic, the concession period decision range is decided, which defines the lower and upper limits for the length of the concession period. The net present values (NPVs) for governments and private investors are estimated via Monte Carlo simulation to better reflect the uncertainties. To further decide on the optimal length of the concession period, the principle of fair risk allocation between governments and private investors is adopted. The concession period, as an important project parameter, should help to minimize the financial risk gap between governments and private investors. Findings The developed concession period determination process is validated using a numerical example of a PPP transportation project. The analysis outcomes show that the proposed methodology is capable of determining the length of the concession period so as to control private investors’ profit within a reasonable range while achieving a fair allocation of financial risk between governments and private investors. The outcomes also indicate that, before determining the optimal length for the concession period, governments may need to make a choice between better financial risk allocation or stringent profit control for private investors. Research limitations/implications The determination process developed here may be inapplicable to social infrastructure PPPs where the income stream is less predictable. In addition, the data analysis targets a highway project with a capital subsidy provided by the government. To strengthen the effectiveness of the proposed determination process, further research should apply the model to PPPs with other kinds of government support. Originality/value The concession period for a PPP project is an important parameter and it is a common practice for governments to predetermine the length of the concession period before inviting tenders. The existing models for determining the concession period focus too much on the simulation of NPVs for project parties and neglect the importance of risk allocation in signing and maintaining a long-term contract. There is also a lack of research to evaluate the influence of governments’ preferences on the length of the concession period. To overcome the limitations of the existing models and enrich the methodology for concession period determination, this paper contributes to the body of knowledge by developing a concession period determination process which can help governments to make better decisions. The financial risk is expected to be more evenly shared between governments and private investors with the concession period derived from the proposed process. This determination process is also capable of evaluating the influence of governments’ preferences on the length of the concession period.
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Yudina, Taisiya. "Government and Foreign Entrepreneurs in the Soviet Economy of the 1920s – 1940s: Relations, Contradictions and Results." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 5 (October 2019): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.5.7.
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Introduction. The article reveals motives of attracting foreign entrepreneurs to Soviet economy, difficulties with hiring local labor force in concessions, contradictions and solutions between Soviet organizations and concessioners. Relations between foreign entrepreneurs and Soviet government agencies as well as Soviet engineers and workers were regulated by the law. Methods and materials. The author uses the comparative historical method in the work, which makes it possible to compare the number of foreign and domestic labor in concession enterprises, to show the need of attracting foreign specialists to concession and state enterprises, to reveal the cooperation of foreign entrepreneurs with the Soviet state. Sources from The State Archive of the Russian Federation, The Russian State Archive of Economics and The Russian State Archive of Social and Political History were identified for the study. Regulatory acts of state significance (decrees, concession agreements) reflecting the policy of the state in relation to the economic activity of private capitalists; records management documentation (circulars, official correspondence, reporting documentation) covering the real state of affairs at concession enterprises allow to show the peculiarities of relations between Soviet state institutions and foreign entrepreneurs. Analysis. Sometimes concessioners did not meet the governmental requirements in labor force attraction, which caused mutual claims. The author also analyses hiring foreign professionals in Soviet state enterprises because of their important contribution to the Soviet economy recovery and development. Foreign professionals were involved in the production process organization and local labor force education at Kuznetskiy coalfield minery, Stalingrad tractor factory and other state enterprises. Concessions were equipped with brand-new techniques and technologies and were also involved in the local labor force education. Results. The article analyzes the reasons of early cancellation of contracts by foreign professionals and workers and their mass departure from the USSR in the 1930s – 1940s. For example, prosecution and custody for industrial accidents were among of such reasons. Despite this, new foreign engineers were forbidden to enter Sakhalin island by Soviet authorities. The article focuses on the correlation between the deterioration of the international situation from the middle 1930s and existence of Japanese concessions in the USSR until the middle 1940s.The author pays a lot of attention to investigate the issue of obeying to the Soviet labor law by concessioners using unpublished archived documents.
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Sun, S., and N. Aoki. "EARLY TRANSFORMATION AND ENLIGHTENMENT OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE BRITISH CONCESSION IN MODERN EAST ASIA. RESEARCH ON 1866 LAND REGULATIONS OF THE BRITISH CONCESSION OF TIENTSIN." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVI-M-1-2021 (August 28, 2021): 729–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlvi-m-1-2021-729-2021.
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Abstract. The systematic development of British Concession in the 19th century had a profound impact on the development of cities in the history of modernization in East Asia. To find out the relevance of the urban management system of the British concession and the process of urban modernization between different cities in East Asia, this paper combs the development process of land allocation and urban management in the early British concession by using the land regulation. It focuses on the specific case of the 1866 land regulation promulgated by the British concession in Tianjin from the perspective of colonialism and the construction and management system of the East Asian British concession. It analyses the historical background and influence, then further explores the reasons for its promulgation. This finding can fill part of the vacancy in the history of urban development and play an important role in the development of contemporary urban construction in East Asia as reflection and reference.
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Liu, Shijing, Hongyu Jin, Benzheng Xie, Chunlu Liu, and Anthony Mills. "CONCESSION PERIOD DETERMINATION FOR PPP RETIREMENT VILLAGE." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 22, no. 5 (September 24, 2018): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2018.5476.
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Demand for the construction of retirement villages is increasing with the worldwide growth in ageing populations. However, the development of retirement villages can be impeded by many factors, such as limited available land and high investment costs. Public–private partnership (PPP) as an alternative financing mechanism has been widely applied in the construction of public infrastructure projects and may provide new funding sources for building retirement villages. By applying PPP to the construction of retirement villages, the independent living requirements of seniors can be met and the financial difficulty of the construction of retirement villages can be resolved. Similar to other PPP projects, when retirement villages are constructed under a PPP process, the concession period is a key decision variable in relation to the success of the project. The concession period is stated in the project contract between the government and private investors, and stipulates the date when the project ownership and operation are transferred from the private investor back to the government. The government should take detailed information into consideration at the initial project stage when determining the concession period. This paper proposes PPP as a new procurement method to be applied to the construction of rental retirement villages and develops a concession period determination process for PPP retirement village projects with consideration of real options, focusing on the option to defer. An empirical example with alternative scales, which is developed from an existing retirement village in Geelong, Australia, is used to numerically verify the process and the impacts of key variables on the concession period. The determination process provides an alternative tool for governments to design the concession period before the tendering stage and will benefit the development of industries associated with services for the ageing population. This process can also be applied to the construction of other financially non-viable PPP projects such as social housing.
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Ahlert, Marlies, and Katharina Friederike Sträter. "Refining Raiffa – Aspiration Adaptation within the Zone of Possible Ag." German Economic Review 17, no. 3 (August 1, 2016): 298–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/geer.12096.
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Abstract One of the most well-known descriptive bargaining models is Raiffa’s Zone of Possible Agreements (ZOPA). We reinterpret Raiffa’s model of a price negotiation in the realm of bounded rationality by applying Simon’s theory of Satisficing. Afterward we refine Raiffa’s negotiation model using Aspiration Adaptation Theory as suggested by Sauermann, Selten, Tietz and others. We offer a model of a concession process that gives precision to the Dance of Concessions in Raiffa’s model by applying axioms of bounded rationality. Raiffa suggests a solution point derived from equity in price dimension, whereas we propose an area solution defined by equity in aspiration levels.
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Shuliuk, B. S. "Concession as a Form of Implementation of Public-Private Partnership Projects in Ukraine and World-Wide." Business Inform 2, no. 517 (2021): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2021-2-56-61.
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The article is aimed at examining the peculiarities of implementation of public-private partnership concession projects in various sectors of the economy in both Ukraine and the world. The main approaches to understanding the essence of the concept of «concession» are considered and its characteristic features are defined. The procedure of operation of the concession mechanism is disclosed. Risks of public-private partnership participants in the process of implementation of concession projects in Ukraine are determined. The need to provide the State support to stimulate the participation of a private partner in long-term projects is substantiated. It is specified that such support should be provided in order to implement the most necessary public-private partnership projects to significantly improve the living conditions of the population in a particular region. It is determined that, unlike Ukraine, the concession mechanism is actively used in various sectors of the world economy, in particular, successfully implemented projects in the transport sector (roads, railways, ports, airports, pipeline transport), housing and communal services (water supply, water purification, electricity supply). At that, the transport industry dominates, while heat supply and waste treatment are the least popular. Prospects for further research in this direction are the search for ways to improve the domestic concession mechanism in the process of implementing public-private partnership projects, taking into account the best achievements of world experience. This will allow to attract financial resources of business in various forms of cooperation in terms of public-private partnerships, and, consequently, to improve the quality of services provided to the population.
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Lantseva, V. "LEGAL REGULATION OF THE CONCESSION AGREEMENT AS AN EFFECTIVE MODEL OF STATE PROPERTY MANAGEMENT IN THE TRANSPORT SECTOR." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 6 (72), no. 2 (2020): 142–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2020-6-2-142-147.
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The article is devoted to a theoretical analysis of the problems that arise in the process of concluding and implementing a concession agreement, which are associated with the underdevelopment of the domestic legal field. The article analyzes the agreement, which is the prevailing form of public-private partnership in the transport industry — a concession agreement. Attention is paid to the distribution of risks — a key requirement in the framework of streamlining the relations of the parties in public-private partnership projects, and the probable difficulties at the stage of preparing such a project are manifested precisely in the search for an optimal risk distribution. One of the main problems identified at the stage of concluding a concession agreement is a gap in the concretization of its elements. The current legislation contains a sign of the complexity of the concession agreement, while not specifying the list of types of contracts that make up its content, while establishing the nature of the individual elements of the concession agreement is not so much theoretical as practical at each stage of its conclusion, execution and termination.
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Nunes, Ivanil. "Brazilian railroad: public concession for private use." Revista Ibero-Americana de Estratégia 5, no. 2 (December 27, 2007): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5585/ijsm.v5i2.136.
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Analyzing the process of Brazilian railroads re-privatization and the main products of these railroads, it is verified that a small line of goods composes most of the products leaded by Brazilian rail transport. In its majority, the transported products belong to the own shareholders of these new companies, growing up like this an atypical situation in that the entrepreneur-rail is customer of itself own. First, this study brings a short history of privatization/re-nationalizing in the area, which will be the base of the discussion around this process. Then, it is intended to detach the stockholder composition of the new Brazilian railroad and the participation of each one of them in relation to the transported cargo joint, beyond the characteristics of these products. Finally, the products transported by railroad are enumerated and their relation to the respective own share-holders of the companies is established.
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LIU, Yichen, and Masaki FUJIKAWA. "THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS OF THE ORIGINAL BRITISH CONCESSION IN TIANJIN, CHINA." Journal of Architecture and Planning (Transactions of AIJ) 80, no. 712 (2015): 1285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aija.80.1285.
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Islam, Kazi, and Kimihiko Hyakumura. "Forestland Concession, Land Rights, and Livelihood Changes of Ethnic Minorities: The Case of the Madhupur Sal Forest, Bangladesh." Forests 10, no. 3 (March 23, 2019): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030288.
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Forestland concession has been the dominant governance tool for the acquisition of natural state-owned forest resources in many tropical countries, including Bangladesh. Moreover, the forestland concession process confers the holder a bundle of rights. The Sal forests of Bangladesh are treated as some of the greatest concession forests, as a number of ethnic minorities use these forests for their daily living. Therefore, the objectives of the study were to assess the impacts of Sal forestland concession and land rights on the livelihood development of the ethnic minorities living in the Madhupur Sal Forest (MSF) area of Bangladesh. Using both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, the study found out that about two thirds of the original Sal forestland was grabbed by the state and non-state actors. As a result, the ethnic minority inhabitants have lost their traditional land and free access rights to the Sal forests. The process of losing ethnic minorities’ land and forest access rights has been enhanced by the institutional arrangements of the state, which had also created severe conflicts between the Forest Department and the ethnic communities. The study also revealed that the forestland concession has negatively affected the five livelihood capitals development of the ethnic minorities, consequently, their forest-based livelihood has shifted to non-securing jobs or poor income sources, like daily wage labor and subsistence agriculture. Despite this, the development drivers have emphasized the Sal forests and biodiversity conservation, while the livelihood development of the ethnic minorities has been ignored from every level. Therefore, this study would recommend establishing a legitimate process in order to settle the issue of traditional land and the forest rights of ethnic minorities, which could also attain the conservation and development goals of the Sal forests.
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Kudrytska, Natalia. "Transformation of the property institutions of Ukrainian sea ports." University Economic Bulletin, no. 40 (March 1, 2019): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2019-40-122-128.
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The article deals with the problem of the transformation of maritime ports' property institutes, the relevance of which is confirmed in the program documents of the Government: the National transport strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030, the Agreement on the coalition of deputy factions «European Ukraine», the requirements of the International Monetary Fund.The purpose of the article is to investigate the impact of the transformation of the ports of Ukraine ownership on the efficiency of their activities, the peculiarities of various forms of public-private partnership (concessions, privatization, lease) for the development of stevedoring campaigns.On the basis of statistical data of general, import and export volumes of cargo handling at sea ports of Ukraine, the dynamics and calculated proportion of stevedoring companies of state, private and leasehold ownership in the period 2015-2018 have been formed. It has been proved that privatization processes help to increase the effectiveness of the stevedoring campaigns.In accordance with the Law of Ukraine dated January 18, 2018, No. 2269-VIII «On Privatization of State and Communal Property», the option of privatization of stevedoring campaigns as objects of large privatization in an auction with conditions is considered (auction, the winner of which is not only the bidder who offered the largest price, but also the one who agreed to accept additional privatization conditions).The most progressive form of operation of stevedoring campaigns is the lease of berths with their subsequent concession. However, there are three reservations: the impossibility of transferring a single port to a single company by concession, without thereby violating the rights of all other tenants and investors; politicization of the process of transferring objects to a concession; the advantage will be large foreign companies that are already leasing complexes. It is necessary to carefully approach the process of transformation of property institutions, to take into account the cost, size, volumes and range of goods processed by the stevedoring campaign.
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Bilyk, O., Y. Blynda, and N. Krokhmalna. "PECULIARITIES OF SOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONDITIONS OF ROAD CONCESSION DEVELOPMENT." Journal of Lviv Polytechnic National University. Series of Economics and Management Issues 4, no. 2 (November 10, 2020): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/semi2020.02.115.
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The road network is one of the most important branches of the economy, which performs the function of a kind of circulatory system in the complex organism of the country. It not only helps to meet the needs of the economy and the population in transportation, but together with the cities forms a "framework" of the territory, has a significant impact on the dynamism and efficiency of socio-economic development of individual regions and the country as a whole. World experience shows that without a developed transport, automotive network can not create an efficient market economy. Ensuring the development of the road network and improvement their transport and operational condition is a necessary condition for further socio-economic development of the state and society. Unsatisfactory condition of the road network has a negative impact on the social and economic situation of the country, international image and key indicators such as gross domestic product, development of productive forces, state budget revenues, employment, performance of road and other modes of transport and more. The level of financing the road networks for the last 10 years makes 14-34 percent of the minimum necessary need for repair and maintenance of a network of highways defined by scientists. Due to insufficient funding, the pace of implementation of new technologies, machines, mechanisms, modern materials and structures is slow and does not meet current needs. The process of business investment in the road industry in Ukraine in modern conditions is risky due to imperfect legislation, low development of technology, which can be eliminated through the introduction of concession approaches in the development of the industry. The impact of public-private partnership on social risks is considered and ways to minimize them are suggested. Solving the problems of financial support for the repair, reconstruction and maintenance of roads requires the integration of State efforts, regional and local authorities, research and practice of their application, legal framework, as well as financial and material resources in international and Euroregional cooperation . It should be noted that the most problematic in terms of effective provision of transportation by state roads are sections of roads on international transport corridors. On the one hand, the financial and economic capabilities of the state and the region are still insufficient for their reconstruction, and on the other - the postponement of these problems has a negative impact on the national economy and contradicts international trends, prospects for the transport network. The object of the article is the process of applying the concession to improve the financing of costs for repair, reconstruction and maintenance of roads in terms of social risks. The subject of the article is the socio-economic relations between the subjects of the concession and the public. The main purpose of the article is to substantiate the need for the introduction of a road concession, taking into account developed recommendations for social risk management. In accordance with the purpose of the article, the authors set the following goals: - definition and analysis of the conditions of public-private partnership in Ukraine; - identification of the causes and consequences of the development of social risks in terms of road concessions based on the analysis of international experience in the application of tolls on highways; - substantiation of the main directions of social risk management in the conditions of the road concession and formation of the corresponding conclusions. The result of research is the authors' proposed ways to minimize social risks in terms of road concessions.
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Bochkareva, I. B. "Private Capital in the Railway Construction Process in Turkestan (70s of the 19th -Early 20th Centuries)." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(115) (November 30, 2020): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)5-01.
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The state and private capital, mainly foreign, were the main actors of Russian railway network creating process in the post-reform period. At the same time, in Turkestan, the Russian Government consciously discouraged private initiatives in the field of railway construction for a long time, preventing private capital from acquiring the quality of an actor along with the state. Although the government maintained a policy of building railways in the region at the Treasury expense, since the 1870s it has regularly received applications for the right to build Railways on the terms of private concessions. The article examines the content of private railway projects and the nature of concession rights that entrepreneurs requested from the government. The author comes to the conclusion that most of them preceded the state's decisions on the railway line construction in Turkestan, as in the case of the Trans-Caspian railway line extension from Samarkand to Tashkent and Andijan. In this regard, private initiative played a role as a factor in the state's decision - making process on the further development of the region's railway network.
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Jong, de. "A multilevel approach to the process of concession-making in price negotiations." Die Unternehmung 72, no. 1 (2018): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0042-059x-2018-1-37.
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Muhamad, Nabiha Zain. "IMPACT OF GOVERNANCE PERFORMANCE ON THE INDONESIAN MAP STANDARDISING PROCESS." Geoplanning: Journal of Geomatics and Planning 5, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/geoplanning.5.1.157-162.
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The lack of standardised thematic maps in Indonesia has lead to many land ownership conflicts on the ground. The problem began since Indonesia started to exploit its natural resources by giving up its management to the market in the early 1960s. Concessions to exploit natural resources were given out without adequate assessment to real potential value of the resources. Mapping of concession areas by respective ministries without any standardised method or reference lead to the production of multiple official maps that conflict one another. Efforts to standardise the conflicting maps were initiated in 2011 and is currently still ongoing. This study aims to derive governance performance indices that directly or indirectly affect the map standaridising process. This study interviewed sources related to either the policy making process at the national level; government officials executing the policy at the provincial level and those affected by the conflict and other stakeholders advocating their rights. Interviewees include a number of officials in the central government both current and when the initiative were launched, provincial government and at the village level. To achieve sustainable development in environmental management, good governance is a prerequisite. However, the study found that sectoral ego and low government performance including, among others, corruption played a big role in hindering the process. By adding governance performance indices along with natural and economic variables to a forecast model, it can be predicted when Indonesia will likely to achieve its ideal level of harmonised maps.
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Maksimova, Olga V., and Iosif Z. Aronov. "Study of Factors Influence on the Variability of Time for Consensus Building in Coalitions Based on Regular Markov Chains." International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 6, no. 4 (July 18, 2021): 1076–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2021.6.4.063.
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Draft standard is approved if and only if consensus of the technical committee for standardization (TC) is ensured before its approval by the standardization body at the national, regional and international level. Previously published works of authors dedicated to the construction of a mathematical model of time to build a consensus (number of negotiations) in terms of variation in the number of TC members and their level of authoritarianism. The present study is a continuation of these works for the case of the formation of coalitions in TC. The mathematical model is constructed to ensure consensus on the work of technical standardization committees in terms of coalitions, which are overcome during the negotiation process by concessions. This paper analyzes the factors, which influence the time for consensus building in this case: the value of the assignment and an index of the effect of the coalition. It is proved that the time to build a consensus signifi-cantly depends on the value of unilateral concessions coalition and weakly depends on the size of coalitions with a fixed number of TC members. Built regression model of dependence of the average number of approvals from the value of the assignment. It was revealed that even a small concession leads to the onset of consensus, increasing the size of the as-signment results (with other factors being equal) to a sharp decline in time before the consensus. It is shown that the as-signment of a larger coalition against small coalitions takes on average more time before building a consensus. The factors influencing the variability of the number of concessions were investigated. The change in the root-mean-square deviation (RMS) of the time to build a consensus varies nonlinearly from small concessions Y=10% to large Y=75%, regardless of the ratio of the number of members between coalitions. In the simulations, at concessions Y=10% there is the largest variation among the number of consensuses in the experiments. Concession of the authoritarian leader in group reduces the number of negotiations and increases the quality of consensus. The results obtained are of practical value for all structures where the emergence of coalitions entails the impossibility of consensual decision-making and requires consideration of different ways to build a consensual solution.
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Ramesh C., Santhiya K., Rakesh Kumar S., and Rizwan Patan. "Game the Oretic Approach for Cloud Service Negotiation." International Journal of Grid and High Performance Computing 13, no. 4 (October 2021): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijghpc.2021100104.
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Cloud computing is a booming technology in the area of digital markets. Tackling the nonfunctional characteristics is a big challenge between service consumers (SC) and service providers (SP). Without proper negotiation between the participants specifying their quality of service (QoS) requirements, service level agreement (SLA) cannot be achieved. Two strategies that are commonly prevalent in the negotiation process are concession model and trade off model. The concession model assures the service consumer (SC) receiving the services on time without any deferment. But service consumer has only limited utility. To balance the utility and achievement rates, the authors propose a mixed negotiation approach for cloud service negotiation, which is based on “Game of Chicken.” Extensive results show that a mixed negotiation approach brings equal amount of satisfaction to both service consumer and service provider in terms of achieving higher utility and outperforms the concession approach, while taking fewer time delays than that of a tradeoff approach.
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Lee, Ching Kwan. "State & Social Protest." Daedalus 143, no. 2 (April 2014): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00277.
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This essay sketches an array of cultural, political, and bureaucratic mechanisms that mediate the Chinese Communist state's relationship with the major types of social protests, in the process exploring how governance and contention have transformed each other in the past six decades. In particular, it spotlights a noteworthy development in recent years: the increasingly salient market nexus between state and protest. While the regime response of making economic concessions to protesters is hardly unique in the context of China's own past, the transition from top-down mandated concession to pervasive bargaining between the state and protesters is a significant break with past patterns. The negotiability of cash and material rewards insinuates a market logic of governance that is made all the more poignant by the singularly formidable fiscal and infrastructural capacities of the current Chinese regime among its authoritarian counterparts worldwide.
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Wang, Qin, and Xiaoming Yang. "Analysis on Development Process and General Situation of Modern Chinese Textile Technology." Asian Social Science 17, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v17n9p44.
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In the early stage of China's modern capitalist industrialization, the national textile industry developed rapidly. The textile industry involved a wide range of industries. China's modern textile industry mainly includes filament, textile machinery manufacturing and wool textile industries in the development project of the textile industry in China's concession period, a number of textile industry central cities such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, Wuhan, and Nantong have been formed.
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Paredes, Ricardo D., and José Miguel Sánchez. "Government Concession Contracts in Chile: The Role of Competition in the Bidding Process." Economic Development and Cultural Change 53, no. 1 (October 2004): 215–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/423259.
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Vajdic, Nevena, Goran Mladenovic, and Cesar Queiroz. "Probabilistic Approach to Evaluate Acceptable Toll Rates in Road Concessions." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2670, no. 1 (January 2017): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2670-02.
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Countries worldwide make substantial efforts to keep the condition of their road infrastructure at an acceptable level under budgetary constraints. One possible model that enables the delivery of road projects under limited budgets is a public–private partnership (PPP). Because of several technical, financial, legal, and economic issues that need to be addressed, PPP agreements are relatively complex. In addition, defining long-term rights and obligations between the public sector and the private concessionaire requires an in-depth risk analysis because of the considerable number of risks usually encountered in PPP projects, such as a toll road concession. The objective of this paper is to present a method for an ex ante assessment of the acceptable toll rate for different stakeholders based on a probabilistic analysis of construction costs, operations and maintenance costs, and traffic volumes. The financial constraints included in the analysis are the debt service coverage ratio and return on equity. The resulting toll rates are determined from the simulated probability distributions of the input parameters. Such rates are then compared with the socially acceptable toll rate. The application of the proposed method to a case study of a toll road concession in Greece for which publicly available data were obtained indicates that the method presented is able to capture some uncertainties and improve the project’s risk quantification process. It is recommended that the proposed method be tested on other projects for further validation and eventual upgrading of the model for use as a tool in risk management in toll road concessions.
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Vlasova, V. P. "Public-Private Partnership as a Mechanism for the Development of Transport Infrastructure in Kherson Region." Business Inform 12, no. 515 (2020): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32983/2222-4459-2020-12-217-224.
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The development of the transport infrastructure of the region remains an important task, which today is solved by means of the mechanism of public-private partnership (PPP). At present, both a sufficient institutional environment and the regulatory support for the implementation of public-private partnership projects have already been created. Kherson region, having an average level of development of transport infrastructure, de facto occupies the near-border position. Therefore, the level of development of infrastructure of the region (in particular, road economy) is of significant strategic importance for the security of the State. The main tasks for the development of transport infrastructure of Kherson region and possible directions of implementation of infrastructure projects are defined. The study showed that only two projects that are not infrastructural are implemented on the basis of PPP in Kherson region. However, the concession of Kherson seaport has been launched – this project is pilot not only in the region, but also in Ukraine. Concluding a concession agreement in seaports is a complex and long-term procedure. Important in the agreement is the determination of the amount of concession payments and the distribution of risks between the project participants. Typically, concessionaires are large international companies (cargo owners or shipowners) or domestic industrial and financial groups that dictate the terms of the contract, so, accordingly, there may be a conflict of interest. This publication defines the essential conditions of this concession project. PPP projects in the road sphere are promising, which should solve a number of problems of the region. The airport «Kherson» is described as a concession object, the scheme of the PPP mechanism concerning it is proposed. It is determined that public-private partnership in the sphere of railway infrastructure is in the process of formation and determination of forms of cooperation.
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Ojeaga, Paul. "Public Concession Models and Project Efficiency: Do Private Firms Hidden Interest Count?" Scholedge International Journal of Management & Development ISSN 2394-3378 4, no. 9 (March 28, 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19085/journal.sijmd040901.
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The study provides some facts on the Private Finance Initiative in Nigeria. Public Concession is becoming quite popular in Nigeria with Lagos State of Nigeria trying to implement the model in its infrastructural delivery process. However the model continues to meet with stiff resistances instances of clashes of interest between the principal and agents which are known to run in counter directions. Cost Implicative factors, lack of transparency and other budget constraints affect the delivery process all of these are all briefly addressed in this study.. Despite this it was found that PPP continues to drive increases in the efficiency of project delivery in Nigeria, suggesting that the process should be encouraged and sustained.
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Da Costa, Heloise Helena Lopes Maia, and Heloisa Borges Bastos Esteves. "Open acreage concession process: new Brazilian mecanism to attract oil and gas upstream investments." Rio Oil and Gas Expo and Conference 20, no. 2020 (December 1, 2020): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.48072/2525-7579.rog.2020.005.
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Sbicca, Joshua, India Luxton, James Hale, and Kassandra Roeser. "Collaborative Concession in Food Movement Networks: The Uneven Relations of Resource Mobilization." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 21, 2019): 2881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102881.
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How do food movements prioritize and work to accomplish their varied and often conflicting social change goals at the city scale? Our study investigates the Denver food movement with a mixed methods social network analysis to understand how organizations navigate differences in power and influence vis-à-vis resource exchange. We refer to this uneven process with the analytical concept of “collaborative concession”. The strategic resource mobilization of money, land, and labor operates through certain collaborative niches, which constitute the priorities of the movement. Among these are poverty alleviation and local food production, which are facilitated by powerful development, education, and health organizations. Therefore, food movement networks do not offer organizations equal opportunity to carry out their priorities. Concession suggests that organizations need to lose something to gain something. Paradoxically, collaboration can produce a resource gain. Our findings provide new insights into the uneven process by which food movement organizations—and city-wide food movements overall—mobilize.
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Bao, Fengyu, Chuan Chen, Albert P. C. Chan, Igor Martek, and Asheem Shrestha. "Dynamic framework transfer model for public–private partnerships." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 26, no. 7 (August 19, 2019): 1218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-01-2018-0028.
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PurposePublic–private partnerships (PPPs) have emerged in developing countries, such as China, as a ubiquitous means by which government procures needed infrastructure. In this regard, they have been much studied. However, due to their long concession period, running into decades, few have run their full course into the transfer phase (TP) in which the PPP concession reverts from the private entity back to the public. In China, this is about to change as many PPPs approach their TP. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to comprehensively investigate the TP of PPPs in China.Design/methodology/approachA three-part methodology was undertaken to achieve the research purpose. Extensive literature review was first conducted to analyze the status quo of the transfer management regime in China, followed by the identification of critical challenges and the exploration of solutions via studying the TP of the Chengdu No. 6 Water Plant B Project – the first PPP in China’s water sector to reach the TP. Research procedures and outcomes were hierarchically visualized by using Integration DEFinition language 0 (IDEF0) method.FindingsThe current transfer management regime of PPPs in China’s water sector is deficient in many aspects. Based on the insight into the practice, a generic transfer process model with hierarchical structure process and sub-processes serving as a dynamic framework transfer model with self-evolving nature is developed to facilitate the successful transfer of the PPP utility.Originality/valueTo the authors’ best knowledge, this is the first attempt to systematically probe the TP of PPPs. Hopefully, the findings of this paper are to instruct government and PPP practitioners alike on mechanisms for smoothing the TP of further PPP projects ending their concession period.
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Trötschel, Roman, Joachim Hüffmeier, and David D. Loschelder. "When yielding pieces of the pie is not a piece of cake: Identity-based intergroup effects in negotiations." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 13, no. 6 (October 28, 2010): 741–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430210374608.
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The present research intends to shed light on an identity-based intergroup effect in negotiations by demonstrating that the mere perception of the negotiation as an instance of intergroup interaction suffices to impair the negotiation process and to deteriorate its outcomes. It was predicted that negotiators’ salient group identities increase their competitive perceptions, reduce their concession behavior, and consequently lead to inferior negotiation outcomes. Study 1 revealed that solo negotiators with salient group identities achieved lower joint outcomes than negotiators with salient individual identities. Study 2 systematically explored the underlying mechanisms of this identity-based intergroup effect by analyzing negotiators’ concession-making behaviors over the course of the negotiation. The results of the second experiment replicate the findings of the first study and further show that the detrimental effect of an identity-based intergroup context will occur in distributive as well as integrative negotiations. The findings of the present research are discussed with respect to their contribution to future research on intergroup negotiation.
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Opawole, Akintayo, Godwin Onajite Jagboro, Kahilu Kajimo-Shakantu, and Betty Oluwafunso Olojede. "Critical performance factors of public sector organizations in concession-based public-private partnership projects." Property Management 37, no. 1 (February 18, 2019): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-09-2017-0052.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate critical factors that impact public sector organizations’ (PSOs) performance in PPP contracts with a view to improving their capabilities toward efficient project delivery and attracting more private sector investments. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology is a quantitative approach which commenced with an in-depth literature review that provided the basis for identification of the variables that were evaluated through a structured questionnaire. Respondents were professionals from stakeholders’ organizations that had been involved in PPP contracts in the Southwestern region of Nigeria selected using respondent driven sampling technique. These include industrial practitioners from governmental-based organizations (ministries, agencies, corporations/parastatals, etc.), private developers/concessionaires, law firms, and banks, among others. Data collected were analyzed using mean, relative significance index) and factor analysis. Findings The critical performance factors of PSOs in concession contracts clustered under nine components. These were technical, legal, political, finance, market maturity, economic, procurement process, performance guarantee and degree of regulation. PSOs’ capability development measure in countries newly experimenting with concession model is expected to focus on these factors for improved project delivery. Research limitations/implications The study provided implications for capabilities improvement, legislation and policy making with respect to PPP transactions in countries newly experimenting with PPP contracts. This is highly significant to improving the capabilities of PSOs and attraction of more private sector partnership in infrastructure delivery through the concession model. Practical implications The study provided implication for capabilities improvement, legislation and policing with respect to PPP transactions in countries newly experimenting with PPP contracts. This is highly significant to improving the capabilities of PSOs and attraction of more private sector partnership in infrastructure delivery through concession model. Originality/value Previous studies on PPP performance had either focused on the projects or generalized the performance assessment to PSOs and private investors. This study extended the researches on PPP performance by revealing factors specific to the public sector stakeholders.
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Aghazadeh, Sanaz, Tamara Lambert, and Yi-Jing Wu. "Client negotiation strategy spillover to integrated audit judgments." Managerial Auditing Journal 35, no. 9 (November 9, 2020): 1261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/maj-05-2019-2282.
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Purpose This study aims to explore the effect of negotiating audit differences on auditors’ internal control deficiency (ICD) severity assessments, an ensuing, non-negotiated judgment, in an integrated audit. Design/methodology/approach The experiment manipulates the client’s concession timing strategy as either immediate or gradual, holding the outcome constant. A total of 34 auditors (primarily managers) resolve an audit difference with the client. Findings The client’s concession timing strategy during the negotiation of an audit difference spills over to affect auditors’ severity assessment of a related ICD. Auditors judged the ICD severity to be higher (lower) in the immediate (gradual) condition. Client retention risk inferences mediate this effect. Research limitations/implications The effect on auditors’ ICD severity assessments may not ultimately affect the audit report. Participants did not control their negotiation strategy, allowing the client’s negotiation strategy and the outcome to be held constant; it is possible that interactive effects between the client and auditor’s strategy might affect the study’s implications. Practical implications Features of the auditor–client negotiation process may influence auditors’ downstream, post-negotiation judgments and may therefore help to explain empirical evidence and Public Company Accounting Oversight Board inspection findings that show auditors often fail to identify an internal control material weakness after identifying a financial statement misstatement. Originality/value This paper expands current negotiation research by exploring the impact of inferences made based on counterparty concession strategy for downstream, non-negotiated judgments and current integrated audit research by identifying client retention perceptions as a driving factor of lower ICD severity assessments.
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Hossain, Md Tofazzal, Shingo Mabu, and Kotaro Hirasawa. "An Evolutionary Negotiation Model Using Genetic Network Programming." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 14, no. 2 (March 20, 2010): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2010.p0215.
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In a common two-party price negotiation, the buyer and the seller try to maximize inherently conflicting objectives regarding the price of a product. Generating an intelligent solution for both the buyer and the seller is often difficult, time-consuming and inefficient under such conditions. In this work, we therefore devise an intelligent solution for such complex situations in Business-to-Business E-business activities. The main contribution of this paper is the design of an intelligent decision support mechanism for an intelligent and automated negotiation solution based on a newly developed evolutionary computing technique called Genetic Network Programming (GNP). In addition, we devise a new Negotiation Protocol aiming to develop a set of rules for agents’ behavior during the negotiation process. Moreover, to reach a negotiation solution, concession that is usually predetermined in the conventional system is needed. To the contrary, in this research, concession is determined automatically by evolution that makes our system intelligent, automated, and efficient. Extensive simulations are emphasized to study the characteristics and behaviors of agents obtained by evolution.
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SHAHRARA, Neda, Tahir ÇELIK, and Amir H. GANDOMI. "Risk analysis of BOT contracts using soft computing." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1068844.
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Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) contracts have been widely implemented in developing countries facing budget constraints. Analysing the expected variability in project viability requires extensive risk analysis. An objective analysis of various risk variables and their influence on a BOT project evaluation requires study and integration of many scenarios into the concession terms, which is complicated and time-consuming. If the process of negotiating the financial parameters and uncertainties of a BOT project could be automated, this would be a milestone in objective decision-making from various stakeholders’ points of view. A soft computing model would let the user incorporate as many scenarios as could be provided. Extensive risk analysis could then be easily performed, leading to more accurate and dependable results. In this research, an artificial neural network model with correlation coefficient of 0.9064 has been used to model the relationship between important project parameters and risk variables. This information was extracted from sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation results obtained from conventional spreadsheet data. The resulting consensus would yield to fair contractual agreements for both the government and the concession company.
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Xu, Jiang-Wei, Li Jiang, and Sungwoo Moon. "Determination of the Optimal Concession Period for BOT Contract Projects Based on a Discrete Stochastic Process Model." Journal of Construction Engineering and Management 143, no. 4 (April 2017): 04016119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)co.1943-7862.0001231.
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Ritchi, Hamzah, and Dini Rosdini. "Review on Process Representation in Accounting Information System." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 3, no. 1 (January 15, 2015): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2015.3.1(1).
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Objective - Understanding business processes is becoming increasingly critical. In light of the understanding of business process, the notion of understandability has received much attention in accounting information system (AIS). The current study focuses on the comparison of different representation format, namely diagram-oriented and textual-oriented. Type the brief purpose of the paper and illustrate the direction that is taken, whether it is empirical or theoretical testing in analyzing the research subject. Methodology/Technique - The paper looks at, through systematic approach the collection of prior research papers relevant to the use of representation format depicting business processes and/or other information artifacts. Findings - Observable differences have been studied between different representation modes in which understandability serves as part of a dimension of interest. Experimental works It appeared that here is also inconclusive concession with regard to the review. Such a comparison is highly relevant, as business process is attributed with risks that may affect the organization at different level of exposures. This paper strives to contribute to the body of knowledge by focusing on the current state of the relationship between different process representation formats with a user utilizes in relation with a process perspective of accounting and information system. Type of Paper - Conceptual Keywords: Business Process; Accounting information system; Diagrammatic; Textual; Process Representation; Experimental.
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Gowthamghosh, B., Rosenara Huidrom, Visvanathan Arumugam, Neeraj Pathak, Neetu Purohit, Hemant Deepak Shewade, Anoop Khanna, and Poonam Ramesh Naik. "Implementation of social protection schemes for people living with HIV in three districts of Rajasthan state, India – a mixed methods study." F1000Research 9 (April 9, 2020): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22285.1.
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Background: In India, public social protection schemes for marginalized populations are extended to people living with HIV (PLHIV) and their households. Care and Support Centres (CSCs) linked to antiretroviral therapy (ART) centres play a key role in linking PLHIV to the schemes. In three districts of Rajasthan, India, we assessed the linkage of PLHIV registered at CSCs (2016–18) to social protection schemes and explored PLHIV and provider perspectives into barriers and suggested solutions for improving linkage. Methods: This was an explanatory mixed method study involving a descriptive quantitative phase using secondary data, followed by a descriptive qualitative phase involving face-to-face in-depth (five PLHIV) and key informant (three CSC staff) interviews. Results: Of 1123 registered PLHIV at CSCs, 1026 (91%) expressed willingness to avail social protection schemes. Of 1026, 94% were linked to any one scheme; 52% to Palanhar, 51% to bus fare concession and 42% to widow pension schemes. The perceived barriers were: authenticating Aadhaar number (unique identification number provided to all Indians using their registered mobile phone number), cumbersome application processes for each scheme, limited utility of travel concession, delayed and/or irregular disbursement of benefits and non-availability of comprehensive information, education and communication material with details of all schemes and their application processes. Reaching out to all PLHIV in the designated district was a huge task for outreach workers. Another important barrier was the potential disclosure of positive status to various stakeholders in order to avail the schemes. Suggested solutions were a single window default application process at ART centres with a smart card and a single pamphlet at ART centres with all the required details. Conclusions: Bus fare concession, Palanhar and widow pension schemes were the most widely accepted and linked schemes by PLHIV. Implementation barriers were identified that need to be addressed to improve the linkage.
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Kupryashina, Elena A., Oksana S. Stepanyuk, Irina V. Savelieva, Vyacheslav E. Tonkov, and Evgeniy E. Tonkov. "Jury Trial as the Atavism of History." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 4 (August 30, 2017): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n4p212.
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Based on comparative-legal analysis of the jury trials development in Russia and foreign countries, the authors have shown, that broadening of jury trials powers, resulted in remoteness from finding the truth in criminal cases. Concession of the jury's opinion priority over the professionalism of the judge and the evidences, received in the process of investigation, put in jeopardy the fairness and objectivity of the court's decision. As a result, the court, based on the avesty of justicejury's conclusions, is forced, in some cases, to make a travesty of justice.
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Aydin, Yunus Emre. "The projects of railway construction in Crimea and government policy in the late 1850s-1860s." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 2 (February 2021): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2021.2.35641.
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This article examines the projects of railway construction of the southern railroad, which was intended to connect the central European governorates with the Black Sea ports. After the Crimean War, the government faced a pressing need for modernizing the country; and the primary role in this process was assigned to railway construction. Inconsistency in implementation of the plan for the construction of railway network, frequent adjustments in directions, changes in construction schedule were due to the shortage of financing and well-established strategy for organization of railway construction process in Russia. The Russian media paid close attention to the construction of railways in the south, stirring up interest in the problem. The article employs a wide array of archival material that allows following the steps taken by the government in implementation of the railway construction plan. Critical analysis of the publicistic articles demonstrated the public response to the changes in the direction of the southern railroad or its priority section. The novelty of this research consists in application of comprehensive approach towards examination of railway construction in Crimea. Changes in financing policy of railway construction, as well as the attraction of Russian banking and private capital, influenced the construction pace and the choice of priority section of the railway. Competition in the bureaucratic circles for receiving concessions and participation in profitable financial activities impeded the implementation of the construction plan in Crimea. Moreover, the disunity of administration along with the absence systematic policy of granting concession led to postponement of construction of the connecting section with the Sevastopol port for almost a decade.
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Cysneiros, Vinicius Costa, Sebastião do Amaral Machado, Allan Libanio Pelissari, Afonso Figueiredo Filho, and Edilson Urbano. "MODELING OF THE COMMERCIAL VOLUME STOCK IN AN OMBROPHILOUS FOREST IN THE SOUTHWEST OF THE AMAZON." CERNE 22, no. 4 (December 2016): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201622032204.
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ABSTRACT The abundance of tree species in tropical rainforests with different shapes and dimensions, as well as the great structural diversity, makes difficult the employment of form factors or equations to estimate individual volumes. However, the employment of equations at the population level makes possible to predict the volumetric stock per unit of area from forest attributes, excluding the necessity of individual tree volume evaluation. Thereby, the aim of this study was to select variables, fit statistical models and propose stand equations to estimate total and exploitable commercial volumes in an Amazon forest under concession regime. For this, variables commonly measured, like density and basal area, were inserted on traditional commercial volume models; besides the application of variables that considered the diversity and forest structure on models generated by the Stepwise process. After analysis, it was observed that the models obtained through Stepwise propitiated more precise estimation of the volumetric stock, reducing estimation errors and reducing problems with heteroscedasticity of residuals. The insertion of variables that express diversity and forest structure on the equations, like Shannon’s and diametric variation indices and the commercial trees ratio, contribute to predictions’ improvement, especially for the exploitable commercial volume, being recommended for the precise evaluation of timber potential of areas under Amazon forest concession.
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Kavčič, Matic, and Majda Pahor. "Public and Private Healthcare in Slovenia in Relation to Choice and Accessibility of Services." International Journal of Public and Private Healthcare Management and Economics 3, no. 3 (July 2013): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpphme.2013070101.
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This article starts with background information on the Slovenian healthcare system and the description of the evolutionary process and privatisation reforms that bring a mix of public and private healthcare services. The authors' aim is to conceptualise existing modes of public and private healthcare provision and discuss possible implications for user choice and accessibility of services. A descriptive and exploratory case study approach was employed. Literature and document analysis was complemented by secondary data and semi-structured interviews. The results demonstrate four modes of healthcare services in relation to public-private delivery. The ‘public non-profit' type refers to publicly financed and delivered services. The ‘private within public' type addresses services provided within and by the public sector for patients who pay out-of-pocket. The ‘private for public' type deals with services provided by private entities with concessions. The ‘private for-profit' type refers to completely private provision (without concession) of self-pay services. The strengths and weaknesses of each mode with respect to choice, space-time accessibility, financial accessibility and quality of services are critically discussed. The results of the study show that private healthcare services significantly complement and compete with public sector. In addition, there is a risk that uncontrolled mixing of public and private modes of practice may bring about unethical behaviour and corruption.
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Lukmanova, Inessa, and Natalia Yaskova. "Mechanisms for accelerating the process of the infrastructure renewal." MATEC Web of Conferences 212 (2018): 09003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201821209003.
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Critical deterioration of infrastructure increasingly becomes an obstacle for the development of modern Russia. Large projects in virtually all sectors of the national economy cannot be implemented without accelerating the resource turnover and reducing the delivery time of finished products to the consumer. Meanwhile, infrastructure projects are not only capital-intensive, but also pay back slowly due to objective economic and natural-climatic reasons. In addition, the current stage of the country development is characterized by the inability to achieve growth in budget expenditures for these purposes, which requires the creation of special mechanisms for investing in infrastructure projects. The practice has developed a number of approaches to solving infrastructure issues, such as the public-private partnership in the terms of concession, syndicated lending, etc. Meanwhile, the investment activity of these mechanisms is insufficient for the scale of implementation of demanded projects. The infrastructure mortgage mechanism proposed by the Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation may be a solution of this problem. Debatable character of the model of implementation of infrastructure projects using mortgage instruments, the analysis of approaches and points of view of the problem and the ways of its solution allowed the authors suggesting the key measures that make it possible to give the infrastructure mortgage mechanisms a justified character in the operational mode of time.
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Piscopo, Jennifer M., and Peter M. Siavelis. "Chile’s Constitutional Moment." Current History 120, no. 823 (February 1, 2021): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2021.120.823.43.
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In an October 2020 referendum, nearly 80 percent of Chileans voted to start a process to write a new constitution. A special assembly with equal representation of men and women will now attempt to replace the 1980 dictatorship-era constitution. Getting to this point was a major win for workers, students, leftists, feminists, Indigenous peoples, and the poor, all of whom were involved in leading 2019’s widespread protests over social and economic inequality. The demonstrations forced the conservative government to make the concession of holding the referendum. Chile now embarks on the fraught process of writing a new constitution that must satisfy diverse stakeholders while reforming political and economic systems that have preserved the legacy of the Pinochet dictatorship.
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Naser-Najjab, Nadia. "Between Myth and Reality: The Palestinian Political Elite and the Two-State Solution." Holy Land Studies 13, no. 2 (November 2014): 139–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hls.2014.0087.
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Although the two-state solution originated as a concession to preponderant political realities (specifically Israeli military superiority and international political pressures), it has subsequently become detached from any semblance of reality. While the two-state framework remains an article of faith for the Palestinian leadership, the day-to-day existence of West Bank Palestinians approximates more closely with an apartheid (one-state) reality. In interrogating this Janus-faced construction, the subsequent article seeks to establish whether the peace process should be re-interpreted as a manifestation of deeper divides and splits within the Palestinian body politic
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Valipour, Alireza, Nordin Yahaya, Norhazilan Md Noor, Simona Kildienė, Hadi Sarvari, and Abbas Mardani. "A FUZZY ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS METHOD FOR RISK PRIORITIZATION IN FREEWAY PPP PROJECTS: AN IRANIAN CASE STUDY." Journal of Civil Engineering and Management 21, no. 7 (July 10, 2015): 933–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2015.1051104.
Full textAbstract:
Risk assessment is one of the most important factors in achieving success in public-private partnership (PPP) projects. Some relationships between risks in freeway projects have been established. The occurrence of each risk can worsen the effects of others such as a negative impact of financial risks on construction risks. This paper is aimed at prioritizing significant risks in freeway PPP projects applying a fuzzy analytic network process (FANP) method for overcoming the problems of interdependencies and feedback among different risk-ranking alternatives. Data on the study have been collected through a literature review, an interview and a questionnaire survey distributed to experts in the field of freeway PPP projects. The obtained results have shown that financial, legal and political risks are the most significant groups, although improper design, changes in the value of granted lands and the termination of concession are the most important risks. The findings help with strengthening the capabilities of developing countries for risk management in freeway PPP projects.
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ARRUS, KATIA, GREG BLANK, RANDALL CLEAR, RICHARD A. HOLLEY, and DAVID ABRAMSON. "Microbiological and Aflatoxin Evaluation of Brazil Nut Pods and the Effects of Unit Processing Operations." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 5 (May 1, 2005): 1060–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.5.1060.
Full textAbstract:
Harvesting of Brazil nuts not only helps to preserve the Amazon rainforest but also provides income to individuals who would otherwise have little means of making a livelihood. Recently, the European Community has tightened the quality requirements for Brazil nuts, particularly with regard to aflatoxin levels and microbiological contamination. The objectives of this research were to gain a better understanding of the origin of aflatoxins on Brazil nuts and to microbiologically evaluate some of the operations involved in processing. In this regard, five Brazil nut pods were aseptically picked from trees located in each of three concessions of the Peruvian Amazon rainforest (Madre de Dios province). The exteriors of the pods and the nuts were examined for yeast and molds, including Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, and for bacteria, including Salmonella and Escherichia coli. Brazil nuts obtained from various commercial process operations located in Peru were similarly evaluated. Exteriors of all Brazil nut pods did not contain A. parasiticus, and only pods from one concession yielded A. flavus isolates. All isolates tested were aflatoxigenic (630 to 915 ppb total aflatoxin). Coliforms, E. coli, and salmonellae were not recovered from any of the pods. Whole, in-shell nuts obtained after opening the pods yielded no A. flavus or A. parasiticus. Aflatoxins were not detected (detection limit 1.75 ppb) in any of the nuts. Whole, in-shell and shelled nuts from various process operations were all positive for A. flavus but negative for E. coli and salmonellae. Soaking of whole, in-shell nuts before cracking or shelling increased coliform numbers, whereas levels of A. flavus decreased. In order to gain a better understanding of the sanitary performance of the unit process operations, additional evaluations should be conducted on product lots processed on different days. Also, the microbiology of product processed from common lots should be followed through the various unit operations and compared.
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Premier, Tim. "Concession and Containment: The Establishment of Women in the Queensland Police, 1931–1965." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 31, no. 2 (August 1998): 119–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589803100202.
Full textAbstract:
From the consolidation of the Queensland Police in 1864 until 1931 there were no women in the force, despite the appointment of policewomen in all other Australian states during World War One. The election of a woman MP gave leverage to the action taken by women's groups, and two policewomen were eventually appointed in the face of union opposition and a resistant police administration. Social upheaval in Brisbane during World War Two allowed for an increase in numbers and formal organisation into a Police Women Section. Full powers were achieved in 1965, although women remained in an extremely restricted role. In terms of the aspirations of the women police movement, the establishment of women in the Queensland Police was a pyrrhic victory. Their limited numbers and separate establishment confirmed their marginal and inferior status. This study highlights the contradictory effects of the employment of women police, including the problematic nature of the use of women to police their own gender. At the policy level, the study demonstrates the need for strong anti-discrimination legislation to curb the destructive effects of discretionary decision making in employment, particularly in male dominated fields such as policing. It also confirms dominant themes identified in the development of women police in other countries. Dogged resistance forced women to resort to a variety of adaptive strategies, and made for a slow and complex process of infiltration of police ranks.