Relevant bibliographies by topics / Concession contrat

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
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Academic literature on the topic 'Concession contrat'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 13 April 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Concession contrat"

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Samson, Claude. "Le contrat de concession commerciale et le libre marché." Les Cahiers de droit 21, no. 3-4 (April 12, 2005): 787–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042411ar.

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This paper deals with the exclusive sale contract or solus agreement. Its first part identifies some characteristic features of this type of agreement, which quite often is not only aimed at regulating the exercise of trade, but also serves as a technique of market organization and economic power concentration. The impact of the increasing currency of such commercial practices on the free market justifies consideration of the various forms of control that can be exercised by public authorities in order to preserve free competition. Control can be achieved through the judiciary applying concepts such as public order in civil law or public policy at common law. However, in view of the courts' reluctance to interfere with such instances of private economic power and their indifference towards the economic inequities inherent in such agreements for the distributor, legislative intervention has become necessary to protect the free market. Thus the Combines Investigation Act was amended in 1976 to allow regulation of commercial practices such as refusal to deal, consignment selling, exclusive dealing, market restriction and tied selling.
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Giacuzzo, Jean-François. "Le critère organique du contrat administratif et l’« amphibologique » notion française de concession." Droit et Ville N° 77, no. 1 (September 1, 2014): 279–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/dv.077.0279.

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Lenglart, Elie. "La qualification du contrat de concession exclusive pour l’identification du juge compétent sur le fondement du droit commun (sous l’influence du droit européen)." Revue critique de droit international privé N° 3, no. 3 (February 2, 2024): 685–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/rcdip.233.0685.

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Il résulte de l’article 46 du code de procédure civile que, lorsqu’il n’y a ni convention internationale ni règlement européen relatif à la compétence judiciaire, la compétence internationale se détermine par extension des règles de compétence territoriale interne, de sorte que le demandeur peut, en matière contractuelle, saisir à son choix, outre la juridiction du lieu où demeure le défendeur, la juridiction du lieu de la livraison effective de la chose ou du lieu de l’exécution de la prestation de services. Une cour d’appel, qui constate qu’une société demeurait en dehors de l’Union européenne, que les livraisons successives de ses produits étaient régies par un contrat-cadre qui faisait participer une autre société à sa stratégie commerciale et imposait à celle-ci des objectifs de vente contraignants, qu’elle consentait en contrepartie à cette autre société un droit personnel exclusif de distribution concernant le marché de l’Union européenne et de la Suisse, qu’elle s’interdisait de concurrencer cette société sur ce marché, qu’elle s’engageait à participer aux coûts de promotion et à transmettre à celle-ci toutes les commandes ou demandes de renseignements qu’elle recevait d’acheteurs des territoires concernés et que ces avantages avaient une valeur économique pouvant être considérée comme constitutive d’une rémunération, en déduit exactement que le contrat portait sur une prestation de services et que le lieu de son exécution se situait en France, de sorte que les juridictions françaises étaient compétentes.
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Štemberger, Katja. "Legal Dilemmas in the Field of Granting Concessions in Slovenian Law and Some Solutions in Comparative Law." Hrvatska i komparativna javna uprava 22, no. 1 (May 2, 2022): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31297/hkju.22.1.5.

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In Slovenian law, the granting of concessions is governed by a number of (general and special) laws, which are supplemented by the Public-Private Partnership Act (PPPA) as a systemic law for the granting of concession to public-private partnerships regardless of the value of the concession, as well as the Act on Certain Concession Contracts (CCCA), which is the basic regulation for the award of construction concession and service concession contracts falling within the scope of the Directive 2014/23/EU. The CCCA is primarily used in relation to other regulations. Regardless of special law provisions, the provisions of the CCCA should be applied in the procedure of granting concessions that simultaneously meet the criteria for concession contracts from the scope of the Directive 2014/23/EU, and special law provisions should be applied only if they do not contradict the CCCA (reverse rule lex specialis). The complexity of the procedure for granting concessions in Slovenian law is thus reflected in the need to combine the use of different regulations, which frequently regulate the same issues in completely different ways, introducing confusion into the legal order. As an example, the author highlights differences in the legal nature of the act on concessionaire selection and, as a result, legal protection against decisions in concessionaire selection procedures, and discusses some specifics that apply to concessions for social and other special services. In addition to the provisions relating to the concession award procedure, there are other inconsistencies between the CCCA and sectoral regulations concerning the implementation of the concession contract. In view of all the shortcomings, the author implies that the Slovenian legislator should either adjust the sectoral regulations to the CCCA regulations or adopt a single procedural law that would apply to all concessions, with specific (stricter) rules applicable to concessions above the relevant value threshold.
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Pivatto, Douglas, Rodrigo Nobre Fernandez, Helton Saulo, and Andre Carraro. "Estimating the Optimal Time for a Road Concession Contract in Brazil." International Journal of Economics and Finance 9, no. 12 (November 2, 2017): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v9n12p44.

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Brazil has one of the largest road networks managed under concession contracts in the world. The concessions of the Federal Concession Program are divided into three stages. The main aim of this research was to identify critical successful contracts from the Third Stage of the Concession Program. The methodology adopted follows the model proposed by Ng et al. (2007). This model verifies the probability at which the project will be successfully run within the term contract. The results showed a discrepancy between the time contractually agreed and the one simulated by the model for two of the seven contracts signed in the Third Stage of the Concession Program.
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Carbonneau, Real, Rustam Vahidov, and Bo Yu. "Concession crossover in electronic negotiations." Control and Cybernetics 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/candc-2021-0004.

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Abstract Negotiation is a joint decision making process involving making concessions by the parties. Concession-making may involve giving up negotiator’s utility and is an essential activity in the negotiation process. In the past it has been suggested by some authors that negotiators utility functions over the issues may not be linear. In this case, a phenomenon called “concession crossover” takes place, in which a negotiator may switch issues on which they choose to make concessions at some point in negotiations. This work sets to investigate the validity of such claims. To this end we introduce several concession-making models and use them for testing hypotheses. We have used a dataset from online negotiation experiments featuring a contract-signing case. The results support the claim that concession crossover does indeed occur.
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Galkina, Natalia P. "Experience of linguistic research of the word правда as a syntactic word in the Russian language." Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, no. 1 (April 20, 2022): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-1-134-138.

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The article analyses syntactic constructions in which the word правда functions as a service word. The constructions under consideration include this word either as a word-conjunction, a conjunction combination in a complex sentence, or as an introductory word in a simple or parceled sentence, indicating different shades of the meaning of concession. The structural component, which includes the word правда as part of a complex sentence, in addition to self-concessive relations, can express comparative, concessive-restrictive, adjunctive-restrictive relations, which are the constituents of the semantic field of concession. On various examples it is shown that the syntactic qualification of the word правда is not stable and can vary with a preponderance either towards that of a linking word or an introductory word, however, also indicating the concessive semantics of the construction. The syntactic conditions of the word правда such as the combination with a contrast conjunction or particle, as well as the contact location of this word between the parts of a complex sentence or a separate sentence, when parceling occurs, indicate its syntactic function as a marker of concessive relations. An attempt of transforming the syntactic structure of the sentences under analysis in order to achieve their equivalent machine translation has been made.
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Musi, Elena. "How did you change my view? A corpus-based study of concessions’ argumentative role." Discourse Studies 20, no. 2 (November 13, 2017): 270–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461445617734955.

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In everyday communicative arenas, we engage in critical discussions to persuade others to change their views about issues of personal as well as public interest. Discourse analysts have deemed concessions as privileged strategies to manage disagreement and reach consensus. However, a coherent and comprehensive account of the argumentative functions played by different concessive relations is lacking: do concessions always bear an argumentative role? By which semantic and pragmatic properties? What type of argumentative moves do they instantiate? To answer these questions, we propose a corpus-based study of lexical markers of concessions in the subreddit Changemyview. Drawing from a multilevel semantic and pragmatic annotation, polysemous markers with contrast are disambiguated, and an empirically motivated typology of concessive relations is proposed. The results of the analysis highlight two types of concessions that are specialized in introducing and/or preventing counterarguments.
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Siu Lam, Carlos, and Dulce Lopes. "Macao Gaming Concession System: Present and Future Direction." Journal of Gambling Business and Economics 13, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/jgbe.v13i2.1812.

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Macao gaming concession is about to expire in June 2022, and such issues as the number of concessions and contract period have attracted much attention. This article introduces the evolution of Macao gaming system with emphasis on its concession duration, legal limit on the number of concessions, asset disposal and tax rate. As a result of its gaming liberalization, Macao has developed into the world’s casino capital. The gaming situation in Macao and in the gaming jurisdictions nearby is different from what it was twenty years ago. Although the current law requires a new public tender for awarding concessions, the increased number of gaming jurisdictions to target Macao would entail adjustment in its public policies to keep its gaming industry competitive. Additionally, the evolution of the relevant public policies and their interactions with touristic, infrastructural, environmental and urban planning policies would likely lead to some changes in the core of the current Macao gaming legislation. The authors indicated that the emergence of subconcessions and satellite casinos, the fractioning of spaces and utilities by different entities regarding asset reversion to the government, and the relationship between concessionaires and junket operators are some major issues, which require an improved legal framework designed to react expeditiously and effectively to the fast-moving industry for a sustained and consistent upward regulatory trajectory. Following this, revising and improving the current concession model would be crucial, even though it implies changes to the core of the current Macao gaming legislation.
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Mezak, Vlado, Alen Jugović, Donald Schiozzi, and Filip Vice Lapov. "Issues in Determining the Real Value of Concession Fees When Granting Concession for Commercial Use of Maritime Domain." Pomorstvo 33, no. 2 (December 19, 2019): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31217/p.33.2.17.

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This paper analyzes the legislation related to concessions on maritime domains and indicates the need to adjust certain legal provisions to improve the quality of the concession granting procedure. The object of this paper is to indicate the issues in determining the real value of a concession fee in the process of preparing a feasibility study for granting the concession, and to give a scientific contribution by proposing procedures and measures, which can enable setting more precise concession fee values. Using the methods of comparison, analysis, and synthesis, authors prove that in the process of preparing a feasibility study for granting the concession it is not possible to assess the real value of the concession and concession fee with certainty, as it is necessary to estimate economic sizes in the long term. Each concession contract, lasting longer than five years, should be subject to a peer review owing to changes in economic, political, demographic, and other indicators, and if necessary, the value of concession fee should be adjusted accordingly. The authors explain the stated imprecision in the estimate of economic indicators by the index of uncertainty of economic policies, and with the inability of long-term forecasting of potential economic crises.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Concession contrat"

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Waked, Rita. "La notion de contrat administratif international à travers l'exemple du contrat BOT (Build, Operate, Transfer) : étude comparée Droit français-Droit libanais." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020005.

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Becqué, Philippe. "Le contrat de concession exclusive en droit interne." Montpellier 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985MON10054.

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Samir, Mohamed. "L'exclusivité territoriale dans le contrat de concession exclusive : étude comparée de droit français et égyptien." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON10043.

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L'exclusivite territoriale caracterise l'accord de distribution exclusive. La these en entreprend l'etude comparative en droit francais et en droit egyptien, tant sur le plan du droit des obligations que sur celui du droit de la concurrence et traite de l'organisation de l'exclusivite et de ses effets. La partie consacree a l'organisation de l'exclusivite tend a definir l'objet de l'exclusivite et sa portee. L'objet est constitue par le produit et la marque sur lesquels porte l'exclusivite. La portee est limitee par un territoire et une duree determines. L'exclusivite fait naitre des effets inter partes et vis-a-vis des tiers. Elle oblige le concedant a communiquer au concessionnaire une information precontractuelle sincere et a respecter son exclusivite de fourniture. En contrepartie, leconcessionnaire est tenu de concentrer ses efforts commerciaux sur son territoire. Il est parfois tenu d'une obligation d'achat exclusif au profit du concedant ainsi que d'une obligation de non-concurrence. Le terme << tiers >> a ete interprete de facon extensive pour couvrir les concessionnaires du reseau et les tiers revendeurs qui n'ont aucun lien contractuel avec le reseau. Il est indispensablepour l'aboutissement du reseau que les tiers respectent l'exclusivite du concessionnaire. L'etude des dispositions francaises et egyptiennes montre de grandes similitudes dans le regime de l'exclusivite territoriale mais aussi quelques differences fortes notamment dans le domaine de la revision judiciaire du contrat.
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Khater, Chérif. "Le contrat de concession de service public ou B. O. T. En droits français et égyptien : étude comparée de l'évolution contemporaine." Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010269.

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Depuis 1993, en France, le contrat de concession de service public est soumis aux procédures de publicité et de mise en concurrence. De même, en Egypte, le contrat de concession B. O. T. Doit être soumis aux procédures de publicité et de mise en concurrence. Au contraire, le contrat de concession de service public, qui est soumis à la loi no 129 de 1947, n'est pas soumis aux procédures de publicité et de mise en concurrence. Sauf ces dispositions législatives, l'éxécution des contrats de concession de service public est soumise tant en France qu'en Egypte aux règles générales dégagées par le juge administratif soit pour tous les contrats administratifs, soit spécifiquement pour le contrat de concession. Les litiges entre les parties au contrat ou entre les parties et les usagers sont en principe de la compétence de la juridiction administrative. Il existe une possibilité de recourir à l'arbitrage pour régler les litiges administratifs.
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Seurot, Laurent. "L'autorisation administrative." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0144.

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Le régime d'autorisation est traditionnellement présenté comme un instrument depolice institué dans le but d'éviter que l'exercice de certaines libertés ne trouble l'ordre public. De cette fonction du régime d'autorisation se déduisent les principaux caractères de l'acte d'autorisation, acte unilatéral de police, précaire et incessible. Chacun de ces caractères se trouve cependant partiellement démenti par certaines évolutions du droit positif, en particulier par le phénomène de patrimonialisation qui touche un nombre croissant d'autorisations. Jusqu'à présent, ces évolutions n'ont été appréhendées que comme des exceptions à des principes dont la prétention à la généralité valait encore. L'ampleur de ces évolutions invite cependant à douter de la pérennité d'une telle présentation. L'objet de cette recherche est de montrer que ces évolutions sont la conséquence de ladiversité fonctionnelle du régime d'autorisation. En effet, le régime d'autorisation n'est pas nécessairement un instrument de police. Il est également utilisé comme un moyen soit de répartir l'accès à une ressource rare, soit d'organiser l'exercice d'une activité d'intérêt général. Cette diversité fonctionnelle du régime d'autorisation donne naissance à des catégories d'autorisations, catégories qui, une fois ordonnées, forment une typologie. Cette approche plurielle permet de comprendre pourquoi les autorisations répondent à des régimes juridiquesdifférents
The authorisation scheme is traditionally presented as a policing system. From thisfunction of the authorisation scheme one can deduce the principal characteristics of the authorisation, unilateral police decision, precarious and untransferable. However, each of these characteristics is refuted by certain developments of substantive law, particularly by the phenomenon of patrimonialisation which affects an increasing number of authorisations. Until now, these developments have only been understood as exceptions to well-established principles. However, the scope of these developments casts doubt on the durability of such a way of seeing.The objective of this research is to show that these developments are the consequence of the functional diversity of the authorisation scheme. The authorisation scheme is not necessarily a policing system. It is also used as a means to allocate resources or to organise an activity of general interest. The functional diversity of the authorisation scheme gives rise to several categories of authorisations, categories that once organised form a typology. This pluralapproach makes it possible to understand why the authorisations operate under different legal frameworks
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Chambord, Olivier. "Nouveau droit de l'aménagement : contribution à l'étude des rapports entre acte unilatéral et contrat." Thesis, Bordeaux 4, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR40045.

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La nouveauté du droit de l’aménagement résulte du renouveau de son objet et de ses enjeux. L’élargissement des finalités d’urbanisme et les restrictions budgétaires des collectivités locales ont rendu nécessaire l’établissement d’un partenariat avec le secteur privé en matière d’aménagement. La logique induite de la réalisation d’une action ou opération d’aménagement s’est dès lors diffusée au sein de l’urbanisme réglementaire et relègue au second plan son origine policière. La mise de la règle au service du projet d’aménagement et la négociation du financement privé des équipements publics par la conclusion d’un projet urbain partenarial rendent floue la frontière des catégories de l’acte unilatéral et du contrat. Une gouvernance horizontale des rapports entre l’administration compétente et les pétitionnaires tend ainsi à se substituer à une logique de commandement. Toutefois, le régime juridique des concessions d’aménagement est actuellement déterminé, sous l’influence du droit communautaire, par ses procédures de dévolution liées à l’existence d’un risque économique à la charge du concessionnaire. Or, cet état du droit est inadapté à la pratique de l’aménagement d’initiative publique. Le risque est inhérent à l’activité économique d’aménagement et ne peut donc constituer un critère d’identification des « concessions publiques » et des « marchés publics » d’aménagement. La complexité et la flexibilité de l’objet d’aménagement nécessitent une appréhension globale que n’autorise pas l’encadrement jurisprudentiel des modifications des contrats de la commande publique. Cependant, l’assimilation de l’objet de la concession à un service d’intérêt économique général permettrait d’élaborer un régime juridique adéquat. Son enjeu économique et sa procédure de dévolution dépendraient étroitement des obligations de service public mises à la charge de l’aménageur. La dimension économique du traité permettrait d’élaborer un régime juridique d’exécution contractuelle fondé sur les risques d’aménagement
Because of the renewal of its object and purposes, public planning law has been under some changes. Both the enlargement of town-planning public order’s purposes and the constrictions of local municipalities budgets have rendered compelling the development of partnerships with the private sector. The very logic of planning’s action or operation subsequently infused town-planning law and contributed to the relegation of its regulatory origin. The boundary between unilateral act and contract is getting blurred both by a public norm serving planning project and the negotiation of private funding for public amenities by the conclusion of an urban partnership project. The hierarchical logic pertaining to the relationship between the administrative body and its petitioners progressively shifted as horizontal governance. However, the legal regime of public planning concessions – under the influence of E.U. law – is currently organized by awarding proceedings triggered by the existence of an economical risk. Yet this regime does not suit publicly initiated planning activities. The risk is inherent in every economical planning activity, and, as a consequence, cannot thus discriminate between “planning public concessions” and “planning public contracts”. Both complexity and flexibility of planning projects advocate for a compulsory global understanding that is not permitted by a jurisprudential regulation of the changes in the public procurement agreement. Nevertheless, the legal assimilation of the object of a concession to a service of general economic interest would permit the elaboration of a more suitable legal regime. Its economical purpose and awarding proceeding would strictly rely on the developer’s public service requirements. The economical dimension of the treaty would permit the elaboration of a legal regime of contractual performance based on the risks of planning
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Aboudou, Amanda Djamiou. "Le contrat de concession exclusive de vente au regard de la réglementation de la concurrence en droit interne français et dans la communauté économique européenne." Orléans, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ORLE0001.

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Sieng, Pikol. "La contribution des techniques contractuelles à la promotion des investissements internationaux au Cambodge : l'exemple du contrat build-operate-transfer (BOT)." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30092.

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Cette thèse propose une étude globale sur les contrats build-operate-transfer (BOT). Ils sont traités dans leurs aspects financiers, juridiques et contractuels. Les investissements dans les infrastructures publiques telles que les transports, l’eau, l’énergie constituent non seulement un outil de développement économique, mais aussi contribuent à l’amélioration des conditions de vie humaine. Mais, pour réaliser ces projets souvent de taille importante, le financement est un des principaux soucis des décideurs publics. En particulier, le Cambodge figure parmi les États à bas revenus. Les contraintes financières sont telles que l’État recourt de plus en plus au secteur privé, notamment par le biais des contrats BOT. Par cette technique, l’État peut cibler ses besoins spécifiques, tout en évitant le déficit budgétaire. En contrepartie, le secteur privé bénéficie d’un droit d’exploiter une infrastructure en cause pour une durée généralement longue pendant laquelle il rentabilise ses investissements.En se basant sur l’association des intérêts publics et privés, la mise en œuvre des contrats BOT nécessite un cadre juridique adéquate, sans lequel les intérêts publics pourraient être menacés, et cela pourrait être dissuasif pour la décision des investisseurs, notamment étrangers
This thesis suggests a comprehensive study on the build-operate-transfer contracts (BOT). They are analysed in their financial, legal and contractual aspects.Investment in public infrastructure such as transport, water, energy is not only a tool for economic development, but also contributes to the improvement of human life’s conditions. However, to achieve these major projects, funding is a major concern of policy makers. In particular, Cambodia is among the States with low income. Financial constraints are such that the State resorts increasingly to the private sector, including through BOT contracts. By this technique, the State can target their specific needs, while avoiding the budget deficit. In return, the private sector has a right to operate the infrastructure in question for a period generally long during which it recovers its investments.Based on a combination of public and private interests, the implementation of BOT contracts requires a proper legal framework, without which public interests might be threatened, and that could be a deterrent for the decision of investors, especially foreigners
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Marque, Étienne. "L’accès aux énergies fossiles en droit international économique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0118.

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Notre planète recèle dans sous-sol des gisements d’hydrocarbure, à l’origine depuis près d’un siècle, de la puissance de l’homme moderne. La présente étude porte sur les modalités juridiques d’extraction et d’appropriation de ces énergies fossiles. A l’état naturel, ces ressources n’ont pas d’existence juridique propre et leurs régimes suivent celui des territoires dans lesquels elles gisent. Aussi, pour que l’extraction des gisements puise avoir lieu, il convient d’abord d’identifier les titulaires des droits sur les territoires pétrolifères et prendre en compte non seulement la diversité de ces territoires mais également la diversité des acteurs et intérêts en présence. Les détenteurs primaires des droits d’accès aux ressources identifiés, pourront alors se déployer des contrats de prospection et d’exploitation des gisements, adaptées à l’ensemble des spécificités du secteur et des particularismes locaux, aux fins notamment d’une optimalisation de l’accès aux ressources fossiles
Our planet contains underground fossil deposits powering the Modern man, since nearly a century. The present study deals with the legal issue regarding the extraction and appropriation of fossil fuels. In their natural state, these resources have no legal existence and their regimes follow the one of the territories in which they lie. Therefore, in order to extract the deposits, it is first necessary to identify the rights owners of the oil regions and to take into account not only the diversity of these territories but also the diversity of the actors and interests at stake. Once the primary access rights owners identified, deposits may be discovered and developed, through specific mining contracts, adapted to all the specific features of the sector and local particularities for the optimization of the access to fossil fuels
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Losinskas, Paulo Victor Barchi. "Extinção e prorrogação dos contratos de concessão de serviços públicos." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2015. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/1152.

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This thesis has as an object the study and deepening of the entire legal framework regarding the extinction of public service concession contracts and, also, the possibility of prorogation of these agreements. The goal is to identify the forms of termination, the mechanisms established by law to do so, as well as the consequences that present themselves right after the extinction of the contract. It also intends to present and organize all the possibilities that are available to the Public Administration at the conclusion of a concession pact, in order to maintain the provision of an adequate public service, as defined by constitutional force. Therefore, first it s necessary to verify all the details of the concession contract, defining its purpose and its fundamental clauses, without which it s inconceivable to have complete comprehension of the subject. Afterwards, aware of the contractual assumptions, it s feasible to discriminate the ways that the contract can be extinct and its causes, with the respective reflection in the rights of the service provider, as well as the granting authority. Finally, knowing the forms of contract termination, it´s mandatory to analyze how the provision of public services might continue; from the possibility of extending the same contract already in place, to the transfer of this obligation to agencies or government entities or, even, the event of a new process of selection of a concessionaire, through bidding, which is the instrument able to provide the specific choice of best proposal and best bidder.
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo o estudo e o aprofundamento de todo o arcabouço jurídico pertinente à extinção dos contratos de concessão de serviço público, bem como a viabilidade de prorrogação desses mesmos contratos. Busca-se verificar as formas de extinção, os mecanismos criados por lei para tanto e as consequências que se apresentam no momento posterior a extinção do contrato. Também visa apresentar e organizar todas as alternativas que são postas à Administração Pública quando do encerramento do contrato de concessão como meio de manter a prestação dos serviços públicos de forma adequada, mister definido por força Constitucional. Para tanto primeiro é preciso verificar as minúcias do próprio contrato de concessão, definindo seu objeto e suas cláusulas fundamentais, sem o que não é possível a compreensão completa do tema. Após, já conhecendo das premissas contratuais, é necessário passar à verificação das formas que pode se dar sua extinção e quais as causas delas, com os respectivos reflexos nos direitos do prestador dos serviços, bem como do Poder Concedente. Finalmente, conhecendo as formas de extinção do contrato, é preciso realizar a análise da forma de continuidade da prestação dos serviços públicos, passando pelas hipóteses de prorrogação do próprio contrato já firmado, até o repasse dessa obrigação para órgãos ou entidades da Administração Pública ou através da realização de nova seleção de concessionária por via licitatória, qual o instrumento apto a propiciar a seleção da melhor proposta e a escolha do melhor proponente.
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Books on the topic "Concession contrat"

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Canada. Département des terres de la couronne., ed. Bureau des terres de la couronne: Je suis informé que vous ne vous êtes pas encore conformé aux conditions portées dans le contrat de concession que vous avez obtenu du Département de terre No [10 & 11] située dans la [2eme] concession ... [S.l: s.n., 1985.

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Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, and Bernd Kortmann, eds. Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.

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Elizabeth, Couper-Kuhlen, and Kortmann Bernd 1960-, eds. Cause, condition, concession, contrast: Cognitive and discourse perspectives. Berlin: M. de Gruyter, 2000.

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Estache, Antonio. Concession contract renegotiations: Some efficiency versus equity dilemmas. Washington, D.C: World Bank, World Bank Institute, Governance, Regulation, and Finance Division, 2001.

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Crahay, Paul. Les contrats internationaux d'agence et de concession de vente. Paris: L.G.D.J., 1991.

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Crahay, Paul. Guide des contrats internationaux d'agence et de concession de vente. Bruxelles: E. Story-Scientia, 1989.

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Llobera, Hugo O. H. Contrato de concesión comercial. Ciudad de Buenos Aires: Editorial Astrea, 2006.

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Hocsman, Heriberto S. Contrato de concesión comercial. Buenos Aires: Ediciones La Rocca, 1994.

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Patra, Nusa Data PT. Indonesia Petroleum Contract Area Summaries (IPCAS). Jakarta]: Patra Nusa Data, 2006.

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Leone, Giovanni. Opere pubbliche tra appalto e concessione. 2nd ed. Padova: CEDAM, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Concession contrat"

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Couper-Kuhlen, Elizabeth, and Bernd Kortmann. "Introduction." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 1–8. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.0.1.

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Noordman, Leo G. M., and Femke Blijzer. "On the processing of causal relations." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 35–56. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.1.35.

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Maat, Henk Pander, and Ted Sanders. "Domains of use or subjectivity? The distribution of three Dutch causal connectives explained." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 57–82. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.1.57.

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Gohl, Christine. "Causal relations in spoken discourse: Asyndetic constructions as a means for giving reasons." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 83–110. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.1.83.

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Meyer, Paul Georg. "The relevance of causality." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 9–34. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.1.9.

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Dancygier, Barbara, and Eve Sweetser. "Constructions withif,since, andbecause: Causality, epistemic stance, and clause order." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 111–42. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.2.111.

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Montolio, Estrella. "On affirmative and negative complex conditional connectives." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 143–72. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.2.143.

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Auer, Peter. "Pre- and post-positioning ofwenn-clauses in spoken and written German." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 173–204. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.2.173.

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McCawley Akatsuka, Noriko, and Susan Strauss. "Counterfactual reasoning and desirability." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 205–34. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.2.205.

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Lang, Ewald. "Adversative connectors on distinct levels of discourse: A re-examination of Eve Sweetser's three-level approach." In Cause - Condition - Concession - Contrast, 235–56. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110219043.3.235.

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Conference papers on the topic "Concession contrat"

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Lin, Yu-Li. "Contract Design of Concessions." In 2012 International Joint Conference on Service Sciences (IJCSS). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcss.2012.67.

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Barbosa, Fábio C. "Brazilian Freight Rail Concessions Overview: Current Outcomes and Perspectives." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1237.

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The formerly public owned Brazilian Freight Rail System was under pressure in the middle nineties, mainly due to the revenue insufficiency, resulting from the government rate control policy and the inherent lack of investments, as well as the increasing funding requirements from the public budget. In this context, the system has been denationalized in the mid nineties, following a corridor format, with 11 regionalized concessions, with 30 year term contracts, running under a price-cap rate regime. The denationalization model has set contractual production and safety targets, which ultimately have indirectly set the required investments to comply with the contractual targets. The post denationalization scenario has allowed the rehabilitation of the former freight rail installed capacity, as a result of private investments on both rail network and rolling stock. The acknowledged freight rail system installed capacity recovery, followed by a profit guided management, have fostered the improvement of freight rail system’s performance, which ultimately have been translated into system’s production and safety enhancements. Albeit the huge advances observed during the first half of contract terms, there were some hurdles to be addressed, mainly the low interoperability/interchange rates, as well as the lack of greenfield investments, required for the necessary expansion of the Brazilian rail network. In this context, the regulatory authority has issued, in 2011, a rail regulatory package reform, focused on: i) interoperability improvement; ii) a widespread service coverage along the rail network (stretches production targets) and iii) a compilation of rail stakeholders (shippers and carriers) rights and obligations. The so called 2011 rail regulatory package has brought more transparency and equilibrium among shippers and carriers relationship, but has not addressed the lack of greenfield required rail investments, necessary to expand the freight rail share on Brazilian transport matrix. In this context, the Brazilian Government has proposed in 2012 the Freight Rail System Unbundling (Open Access Model), in which infrastructure managers would be in charge of providing rail capacity (with the guarantee of the demand risk covered by the Brazilian government) and granted rail operators allowed to operate on the network under a fee payment. However, the unbundled freight rail proposal has not evolved, mainly due to the lack of funding required to guarantee rail infrastructure managers return on investments, resulted from a strong fiscal crisis. Currently, the Brazilian Rail Regulatoy Authority is working on a proposal to extend the current (bundled) freight rail contracts, conditioned to contractual adjustments, focused on the imposition of mandatory investments for capacity improvement and interoperability enhancement. This work is supposed to present an overview of Brazilian Freight Rail System’s performance evolution since the denationalization process, followed by an assessment of the 2011 Rail Regulatory Reform, the 2012 Rail Unbunbled initiative attempt and the perspectives associated with the current freight rail bundled contract term extension proposal.
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Suryaningrum, A., C. Utomo, and E. Santoso. "REVIEW OF RESEARCH METHODS IN CONCESSION PERIOD FOR PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP." In 7th International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment. Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/icsbe.vol2.art16.

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Public Private Partnership (PPP) needs to be developed, related to the construction of infrastructure projects that require large costs incurred by the government. One of the important variables in preparing PPP contracts is to determine the concession period by taking into account the risks and uncertainties that occur during the concession period. The purpose of the study is to find out the research methods used related to the concession period by analyzing 30 papers related to the concession period. In the collection of research data, there are quantitative and qualitative approaches. The methods used in each study use different methods, based on the analysis of research methods from 30 papers. In the topic of discussion of the concession period, in general, the paper discusses the type of modeling, decision criteria, solutions, cases, research objects, risks and uncertainties and methods used. Previous studies related to the concession period have many different methods and objectives, In quadrant mapping shows that the use of quantitative methods with secondary data is the most dominant. Based on the reviews that have been carried out in this study, it can be concluded that the use of quantitative methods with secondary data is the most dominant.
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D’Alpaos, Chiara, and Michele Moretto. "Optimal Penalty in Concession Contracts: A Dynamic Perspective." In Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering. Global Science & Technology Forum (GSTF), 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2301-394x_ace13.109.

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Sanchez Portales, Silvia, and Elvira Maeso Gonzalez. "PUBLIC BUS SERVICE AND THE CONCESSION CONTRACT IN ANDALUSIA. EFFECT OF TRANSMISSION." In CIT2016. Congreso de Ingeniería del Transporte. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/cit2016.2016.3975.

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The Andalusian sector of regular public passenger transport of general use, has beentraditionally characterized by being configured by a wide variety of operators of small andmedium-scale, where the concession contracts were the only and main economic activity.Over time, new trends have appeared on the market that have led to the evolution of thesector to other models. On the one hand, transformation of the business owner tocorporations, and secondly the penetration of large multinational companies which haveentered the sector through the acquisition and, on many occasions, absorbing existingconcession companies.This paper analyzes the changes experienced in the concession contracts related to theirchange of ownership and its impact on the current structure industry. The analysis showsan overview of the regular public transport system travelers utility road in Andalusia.The results are interesting for the planning and design of new concession contracts,extension approach of the current contracts and general optimization of the system forpromotion of a sustainable transport, which satisfies needs of users, respecting the rule offree market.In short, this paper aims to provide a deeper knowledge of the sector, from the point ofview of the operating companies that intergrates it, showing the evolution in existingbusiness structures.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/CIT2016.2016.3975
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Lopes, Fernando, and Helder Coelho. "Concession Strategies for Negotiating Bilateral Contracts in Multi-agent Electricity Markets." In 2012 23rd International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dexa.2012.24.

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"CONFLICT RESOLUTION FOR FREE FLIGHT CONSIDERING DEGREE OF DANGER AND CONCESSION." In First International Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation and Robotics. SciTePress - Science and and Technology Publications, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0001133501850192.

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Fayzullin, Maksim, Dennis Schmidt, and Marie Deckers. "Applying Machine Learning to Minimize Wireline Formation Testing Failures in Thin Laminated Sands." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 84th EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214390-ms.

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Abstract This paper demonstrates how supervised machine learning (ML) aids planning and acquisition of wireline formation testing (WFT) in thin laminated sands. Available well data was used to train a set of algorithms to identify intervals where tests are likely to fail. The trained model aims to prevent WFT failures what in turn results in reduced rig downtime, increased efficiency of the logging contracts and improved reservoir characterization. Wireline formation testing is essential to acquire rock and fluid characteristics in multilayered reservoirs setting up the base for the upcoming decisions. This becomes significantly complicated in thin laminated sands with a thick hydrocarbon column, requiring hundred(s) of points to meet given objectives. The percentage of failed tests can be much higher than those of being successful. In this context an automated advisory system, based on the abundant historic WFT dataset, can mitigate personal biases of the subsurface team and boost the share of successful tests in future wells. A combined set of wireline logs served as features to predict WFT outcome in two classification approaches. Binary classification predicts likelihood of having a good test or a failure, whereas multi-classification further details failure types into 5 categories. The overall dataset comprised more than 500 points (testing attempts) within the concession to train various ML models, using variety of preprocessing and hyper parameters. Their accuracy and area under curve (AUC) were used as the ranking criteria. The performance mostly depends on the number of classes to be predicted, the number of input features and the number of data points available for training. Less classes to predict and more input features result generally in better model metrics. The final selected model attained a maximum accuracy of 0.75 in two exploration wells in the adjacent concessions, i.e. correctly predicting 75 outcomes out of 100 wireline formation tests. A log interpretation suite accesses the deployed model via a cloud endpoint for the upcoming infill wells. The approach could improve wireline formation testing in other reservoirs or regions prone to WFT failures, where accumulated data is sufficient for machine learning applications. This could result in tangible savings during well operations.
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James, Mendos. "The Contract Regime for Unitisation and the Impact of Production Sharing Contracts on Joint Development in Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208230-ms.

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Abstract Unitisation has evolved globally as the best mechanism for the joint development of hydrocarbon bearing reservoirs that straddle two or more concessions or licenses. The concept of unitisation is underpinned by the need to avoid competitive exploitation of hydrocarbon resources, maximise its economic recovery, eliminate proliferation of production facilities and reduce development and operating cost.1 The practice of unitisation in the Nigerian oil and gas landscape has gained traction over the years with several straddle fields identified as candidates for unitisation and more than ten (10) agreements for joint development (both Pre Unitisation Agreements and Unitisation and Unit Operating Agreements) executed in the industry. This has occurred under a regulatory regime for unitisation that has evolved from the concise provisions of Section 48 of the Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulation 1969 as amended, to the robust Guidelines for Unitisation issued by the Department of Petroleum Resources (DPR) in 2008 (revised in 2019) (Guidelines) in response to the complexities of joint development encountered by parties. While the Guidelines is an excellent attempt at providing a process for unitisation, it does not provide sufficient guidance on the contract regime for unitisation as the bedrock for joint development. A critical look at the contracts governing joint development in the light of global best practices is important to ensure that it meets in an effective manner the objectives of unitisation. A review of the contract regime for unitisation would be incomplete without recognising the impact that underlying contracts governing separate concessions have on unitisation. To this end, the posture of Production Sharing Contracts (PSCs) on gas development in a unit is worth reviewing in the light of the benefits of commercialising gas to the State and the Contractor. This paper reviews the contract regime for unitisation in Nigeria as regulated by the Guidelines and the impact that underlying contracts (particularly PSCs) have on unitisation. The paper will proffer recommendations for inclusion in the Guidelines with a view to improving the process of joint development of shared reservoirs in Nigeria.
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Turan, Taner, Ayse Evrensel, and Halit Yanıkkaya. "Economic Growth Effects of IMF Programs." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02756.

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Using data for 110 countries and GMM estimations, we examine the effects of IMF programs on economic growth. In this context, we focus on the effects of program participation, program type, and the size of IMF loans on growth. Our empirical results indicate that IMF program participation and general conditionality do not have any significant growth effect. Consistent with expectations, inflation rate, government consumption, and fertility rate have negative and statistically significant effects on the growth rate. However, we obtain an interesting result when we divide IMF programs into two as concessional and non-concessional ones. Our results point out that that concessional programs do not have any significant effect, while non-concessional programs exert a negative impact on the growth rate. This finding clearly indicates the importance of making a distinction between program types. Finally, we find a positive effect of IMF credits (as a share of GDP) on economic growth.
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Reports on the topic "Concession contrat"

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Beato, Paulina. Road Concessions: Lessons Learned from the Experience of Four Countries. Inter-American Development Bank, December 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008876.

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The objective of this paper is to analyze some issues and challenges related to private toll road developments in Latin American countries and explore new schemes to mitigate some problems that often appear in road concessions. The paper is illustrated with the regulations of four contries and four concession contracts. The concessions are Acceso Norte to Buenos Aires in Argentina, El Cortijo-el Vino in Colombia, Talca-Chillán in Chile, and Ruta Interbalnearia between Montevideo y Punta del Este in Uruguay. Included is a discussion of the legal framework for private sector involvement in road services, the features of concessionaires, the criteria for selecting proposals, main risks of toll roads, public guarantees and contributions in concession contracts, and financial issues of concessionaire companies.
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Баттахов, П. П. Договоры о передаче исключительных прав на объекты промышленной собственности с участием социальных предприятий. DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1818-1538-2021-55669.

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The article considers contractual designs aimed at transferring exclusive rights to industrial property. The problem of the contractual process was identified when concluding a contract on the transfer of a set of exclusive rights. Based on the study, a number of changes to Russian laws have been proposed. First of all, this applies to a commercial concession contract. The author proposes to amend the Civil Code of the Russian Federation by supplementing the article on commercial concession with the right of organizations that do not conduct commercial activities to conclude the same contracts on a general basis. The appropriateness of applying the classification of transactions into real and consensual ones in relation to this contract is justified. The peculiarities of transfer of the complex of exclusive rights to objects of industrial property with participation of social enterprises under the legislation of the Russian Federation are studied.
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Rosett, Joshua. Do Union Wealth Concessions Explain Takeover Premiums? The Evidence on Contract Wages. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3187.

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Esposito de Souza, Amanda, Flávio Valério Cardoso, Marco Aurélio Lima de Oliveira, Ramon Alkmim Pimenta Ferreira, Welther Alves de Sousa Melo, Denis Austin Gamell, Eber Luciano Santos Silva, et al. Guia prático de estruturaço de projetos de concesso manejo sustentável de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Edited by Pablo Pereira Dos Santos. Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004835.

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Este guia oferece aos gestores públicos e privados diretrizes práticas para a concesso do serviço de manejo de resíduos sólidos urbanos no Brasil. Para tanto, disserta sobre tópicos relevantes a adequada estruturação de uma concesso, como: melhores práticas de gesto de projetos, mecanismos de cobrança de tarifas, alternativas de regionalização do serviço, avaliação jurídico-institucional, estruturação de edital e contrato, arcabouço regulatório, tecnologias de coleta, triagem, tratamento e disposição final ambientalmente adequada de rejeitos, e estratégias de comunicação para envolver as comunidades locais, em especial os catadores, e sedimentar o apoio da população para o desenvolvimento de práticas sustentáveis de manejo de resíduos. Complementam o conteúdo do guia três anexos: minuta de edital de licitação, minuta de contrato de concesso e checklist de informações requeridas para a estruturação dos estudos de viabilidade.
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Sorj, Pablo, André Luiz Freire, Thiago Moreira, Bernardo Môcho, Patrícia Mutti e Mattos, Patricio Abal, Fabricio Longhin, Eduardo Pacheco, and Marcos Siqueira. Os desafios para financiamento de projetos de infraestrutura no Brasil sob a modalidade project finance: Análise a partir de um contrato de concessão rodoviária. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004816.

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A partir de um Contrato de Concessão rodoviária publicado pela Agencia Nacional de Transportes Terrestres (“ANTT”), este relatório trata de analisar e endereçar questões relacionadas a bancabilidade (“bancability”) que podem afetar a viabilidade e estruturação de uma operação de financiamento de projeto (“Project Finance”) com recursos limitados ou sem recursos por uma empresa do setor privado que busque participar de processo licitatório para uma concessão rodoviária, buscando elucidar seu impacto, bem como propor possíveis soluções.
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Hardner, Jared J., and Richard Rice. Rethinking Forest Resource Use Contracts in Latin America. Inter-American Development Bank, June 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011167.

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This study challenges the current design of forest resource use contracts in Latin America. Radical rethinking of forest resource contracts is imperative, due to the constraints that now face the successful achievement of forest policy objectives of economic development and conservation of forest resources. The constraints identified in this study include: 1) financial incentives that favor selective logging rather than management in tropical forests; 2) lack of a technical basis for silviculture in neo-tropical forests; 3) governments that lack the administrative capacity and political will to impose management; 4) cultural and social norms that fail to recognize local users of forest resources. This study is intended to serve as a turning point in forest concession policy and provide useful guidelines for policy analysts, non-governmental organizations, and multilateral lending institutions interested in facilitating this process. A comprehensive rethinking of forest resource contracts will greatly benefit all those relying on the economic development and conservation of forests in Latin America.
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Coombs, Elizabeth, Orazio J. Bellettini Cedeño, and Paul E. Carrillo. Stay Public or Go Private?: A Comparative Analysis of Water Services between Quito and Guayaquil. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011284.

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This paper computes several indicators of water coverage, quality, and prices in Ecuador's two largest cities: Quito and Guayaquil- both before and after the privatization of water services in Guayaquil. The type of data sources that are used make it possible to specifically control for income and, thus, to evaluate changes in water provision, particularly among the poor. These indicators provide useful information about how certain water-related services have changed over time and facilitate evaluating the performance of each company. It should be emphasized, however, that such estimates cannot be used to identify the causal effects of the privatization of water provision. In particular, differences in a) before-concession water-coverage trends, c) rural-to-urban migration patterns, and c) other idiosyncratic institutional characteristics between these two cities, suggest that Quito may not be a suitable control group for identifying the casual effects of privatization.
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Iunes, Roberto F. Evaluation of the Fund for Special Operations during the Eighth Replenishment (1994-2010): Part I. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010550.

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The Inter-American Development Bank is unique among the multilateral banks in the sense that it has provided concessional funding for its member countries since its inception, with the institution of the Fund for Special Operations (FSO) in the 1959 Agreement that established the Bank. The objective of this evaluation is to provide the Board of Executive Directors, when the Bank is engaging in a new increase of its capital, with an assessment of the performance of the Bank's concessional lending instrument, the FSO loan program during the period of the Eighth Replenishment (IDB-8: 1994-2010). In this sense, it does not discuss the Intermediate Financing Facility (IFF), nor the non-reimbursable technical cooperation financed with FSO resources. This is a timely exercise, for increases in the Bank¿s capital represent critical moments for replenishing the Fund. The concessional nature of the FSO, lower interest rates and longer amortization period, implies that its resources cannot be obtained from the capital markets, but rather have to come (mostly) from the contributions of member countries, and from the income that can be generated from its loans: from investment liquidity and from the interest collected. This evaluation consists of two papers that, given their content and length, are presented separately. This first paper evaluates issues related to FSO allocation, approval and execution. The second document assesses financial and development results.
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Bonomo, Marco, Ricardo Brito, and Bruno Martins. Macroeconomic and Financial Consequences of the Post-Crisis Government-Driven Credit Expansion in Brazil. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011682.

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Government-driven credit played an important role in countervailing the private credit crunch in Brazil during the recent financial crisis. However, government credit concessions continued to expand after the economy recovered. This paper investigates some important features of this expansion using a huge repository of loan contracts between banks and firms, composing an unbalanced panel of almost 1 million firms between 2004 and 2012. The results show that larger, older and less risky firms have benefited most from the government-sponsored credit expansion. Additionally, although higher access to earmarked credit tends to lead to higher leverage, the effect on investment appears to be insignificant for publicly traded firms. Since interest rates on earmarked loans are lower than market interest rates, firms with higher access to this type of loan tend to lower the cost of debt.
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10

Soldano, Miguel, Michelle Fryer, David Rogers, Patricia Sadeghi, Carlos Elías, Salomón García, and Sebastián Vargas. Country Program Evaluation: Nicaragua (2008-2012). Inter-American Development Bank, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010502.

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The 2008-2012 Country Program Evaluation (CPE) concludes that the Bank's program was programmatically aligned with Government's National Plan for Human Development and addressed five areas essential for growth and poverty reduction. The one significant omission in the Bank's program from a development perspective was the lack of attention to governance an area identified as a priority for future strategies by the previous CPE. The Bank played a central role in financing the country's fiscal gap over the CPE period, reflecting increased country demand in the context of the global financial crisis. Nevertheless, time constraints limited the Bank's analytical efforts to identify important policy reforms in the first series of three programmatic policy-based loans, resulting in relatively weak policy content in those loans. Even with significant increases in the level of concessional resources allocated to Nicaragua and greater complexity in programming, the efficiency of program execution improved. In terms of developmental effectiveness, project-level results have generally been poorly documented. Furthermore, the Bank has at times overlooked the issue of recurrent cost financing for services initiated under investment loans, leading to the untimely suspension of programs and undermining the effectiveness of the initial investment. In light of CPE findings, OVE recommends that the Bank: (i) undertake further diagnostic and analytic work to delineate the Bank¿s potential role and value-added; (ii) continue to support improvements in the efficiency of public expenditure, including in the electricity sector; (iii) strengthen the measurement and reporting of results at the project level; (iv) identify potential sources of financing for the continued provision of services beyond project completion; and (v) consider allowing D-2 countries access to emergency lending facilities to meet fiscal needs in times of crisis.
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