Books on the topic 'Concern refinement'
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1
Eichberger, Jürgen. Refinements of the Nash equilibrium concept. Parkville, Vic: Dept. ofEconomics, University of Melbourne, 1991.
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2
Damme, E. van. Refinements of the Nash Equilibrium Concept. Springer London, Limited, 2012.
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Martin, Finbarr. Service models. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199689644.003.0004.
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Key points• There is increasing concern about quality of care received by older people in our health services.• Real progress over recent decades in overcoming ignorance and ageism is at risk if these services cannot become age-attuned.• Today’s older people are older, more numerous, and present complex challenges of multimorbidity and frailty.• Traditional divisions of staff and skills between primary and secondary care, and between clinical specialties, are an obstacle to meeting the challenge.• Promising innovative new models of care are emerging and will need refinement through research and experience.• Skills and attitudes needed to recognize and manage the geriatric syndromes must be mainstreamed through education, training, and dissemination of good practice.• Specialists in old-age medicine and mental health cannot do it all, but must champion this transformation.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Artifacts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0009.
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This chapter continues the examination of the special features of artifacts by discussing their place within existing essentialist and anti-essentialist frameworks. It will be argued that prominent essentialist treatments of artifacts, such as those proposed by Amie Thomasson, Simon Evnine, and Lynne Rudder Baker, are susceptible to the concern that they exaggerate the creative and discriminating power of human intentions. Existing anti-essentialist frameworks, however, tend to trace the ascriptions of modal features to objects back to our semantic, inferential, or explanatory practices and are therefore also not particularly well suited to capture the primarily practical and action-based orientation of our engagement with the realm of artifacts. For the time being, the special case of artifacts eludes an entirely satisfactory treatment and must await the further development and refinement of suitable essentialist and anti-essentialist frameworks before the status of artifacts within a hylomorphic ontology can be fully resolved.
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Spears, Russell. Deindividuation. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.25.
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Deindividuation is among the classic phenomena researched by the early pioneers of social psychology. Building on the theorizing of LeBon (1895/1985), deindividuation provided an explanation for aggression in the crowd, a concern as relevant today as it was in the previous two centuries. The theory predicts that behavior becomes more antinormative and aggressive under conditions of anonymity, associated with group immersion, and that this occurs because of reduced self-awareness and deregulated behavior. However, close scrutiny of the deindividuation literature provides scant evidence for the deindividuation process. Revisiting the primary literature reveals at best mixed support for the original claims and many contradictions, often belied by accounts in secondary sources and textbooks. Reformulation and refinement of the theory has not helped. I present a reinterpretation, in terms of social influence by group norms, in line with social identity principles, supported by experimental evidence and a meta-analysis of the original deindividuation literature.
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Janssen, Ted, Gervais Chapuis, and Marc de Boissieu. Structure. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824442.003.0004.
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This chapter discusses the X-ray and neutron diffraction methods used to study the atomic structures of aperiodic crystals, addressing indexing diffraction patterns, superspace, ab initio methods, the structure factor of incommensurate structures; and diffuse scattering. The structure solution methods based on the dual space refinements are described, as they are very often applied for the resolution of aperiodic crystal structures. Modulation functions which are used for the refinement of modulated structures and composite structures are presented and illustrated with examples of structure models covering a large spectrum of structures from organic to inorganic compounds, including metals, alloys, and minerals. For a better understanding of the concept of quasicrystalline structures, one-dimensional structure examples are presented first. Further examples of quasicrystals, including decagonal quasicrystals and icosahedral quasicrystals, are analysed in terms of increasing shells of a selected number of polyhedra. The notion of the approximant is compared with classical forms of structures.
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Roca-Royes, Sònia. Rethinking the Epistemology of Modality for Abstracta. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792161.003.0012.
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This chapter is an exploration of the sort of epistemology available to explain our de re modal knowledge about abstract entities. The thesis suggested—in a first approximation to the issue—is somewhat provocative: as modal epistemologists, we don’t have much work to do; instead, the work is down to ontologists. The chapter first motivates the thesis by relying on a conception of abstract objects that makes the thesis a rather plausible one. The chapter then goes on to consider some potential concerns and it concludes that, while their treatment imposes some refinements and qualifications, the thesis stands as it is.
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Osawa, Yoshimi. “We Can Taste but Others Cannot”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190240400.003.0007.
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This chapter addresses the concept of umami—the fifth “savory” taste recently recognized alongside sweet, sour, salty, and bitter—as a symbol of Japanese culinary, and thus cultural, distinctiveness. It studies earlier usages of said term and its more recent promotion as a key element of Japan's culinary brand in state-sponsored pavilions at international food exhibitions and trade shows. The chapter also reveals the popular, nationalistic belief that the Japanese have a superior ability to discern this taste and contextualizes this belief in a larger discourse of national chauvinism that claims, among other things, that the Japanese sensitivity to aesthetic refinement exceeds that of other nations.
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Benedict, Barbara M. ‘Male’ and ‘Female’ Novels? Gendered Fictions and the Reading Public, 1770–1832. Edited by Alan Downie. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566747.013.015.
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The fiction from 1770 to 1830 shows the strains of a society that increasingly identified cultural consumption with gender. Whereas the sentimental novels of the 1770s used epistolary narrators to relate stories of love and feeling from the perspective of both men and women, by the 1790s the new, Gothic novels were centred on women besieged by tyranny from without and uncertainty from within. This genre fiction contributed to the derogation of the novel and its association with an undiscriminating female audience. Throughout the period, women were held up as the quintessential novel-readers because more women were visibly writing and reading novels than ever before, and because the popular marriage plot, female hero, thematic focus on etiquette, and emphasis on delicacy and refinement all seemed to speak to feminine concerns. In fact, most novel-writers and novel-readers were men because men wrote and read more than women.
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Chesters, Timothy. The Lingering of the Literal in Some Poems of Emily Dickinson. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794776.003.0009.
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Dickinson is known for her adventurous metaphors (‘Risk is the hair that holds the tun’, ‘Hope is the thing with feathers’), but also—and one might think paradoxically—for her attachment to the literal, to the thing that remains stubbornly itself (in this refusal of transcendence critics sometimes contrast her with Emerson, for whom the whole world is ‘emblematic’). This chapter seeks to account for this apparent paradox from the perspective of relevance theory’s so-called ‘deflationary’ account of metaphors. That account is briefly introduced, along with Robyn Carston’s recent refinement of it, according to which under certain circumstances the literal or encyclopaedic component used to produce an ad hoc concept ‘lingers’ beyond its interpretive resolution. A close reading of four Dickinson poems reveals them to be rich in ‘the lingering of the literal’, though in each case the literal vestige takes a different—and sometimes surprising—form.
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Shapiro, Alan E. Newton’s Optics. Edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and Robert Fox. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199696253.013.7.
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This article examines Isaac Newton’s contributions to the development of optics. Newton’s Opticks: Or, a Treatise of the Reflexions, Refractions, Inflexions and Colours of Light (1704) dominated the science of optics for more than a century. His theory of colour and the compound nature of sunlight was central to modern optics. This article first considers Newton’s reflecting telescope before discussing the fundamental elements of his theory of the nature of white light and colour. It then evaluates the reception toward Newton’s ‘new theory about light and colour’ and his refinement of the theory, along with his corpuscular optics, with emphasis on his explanation regarding refraction and dispersion. It also explores Newton’s ideas about the colours of natural bodies and of thick plates, his theory of fits, and the delayed publication of the Opticks. Finally, it reflects on Robert Hooke’s influence on Newton’s concept of diffraction.
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Mack, Adam. To Quiet the Roar of the Mob. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039188.003.0004.
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This chapter examines the saga of George M. Pullman's “model town,” which he originally envisioned as a way to reform the senses of the working classes and achieve a peaceful and sustainable solution to the labor problem. With his construction of a model town, Pullman believed he could tame the sensory values of his workers by promoting “self-restraint” and the refinement of “coarse tastes.” In the end, however, Pullman's effort to regulate workers' sensory lives yielded resentment that culminated in a railroad strike in 1894. This chapter first discusses the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and how it raised concerns about a radical mob bent on stifling—even reversing—Chicago's economic modernization. It then considers Pullman's ambitious plan to build a corporate town south of the city that would retrain workers' senses to ease the conflict between labor and capital without sacrificing the bottomline of his Palace Car Company. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the Pullman Strike of 1894 sparked by suffering and discontent in the model town.
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Fawcett, William J. Anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0061.
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Care of patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery has been revolutionized in the last decade. The widespread adoption of laparoscopic surgery has bought benefits but also new challenges. Anaesthetic techniques, particularly refinements in analgesic regimens and fluid management, have also brought benefits to patients. However, many more elderly and frail patients are undergoing major surgery which is a challenge in both expertise and resources. Anaesthesia for patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery has evolved into a package of perioperative care, with the anaesthetist increasingly viewed as the perioperative physician. Anaesthetists are now involved not only within the operating theatre, but with assessing risk for patients, optimizing them prior to surgery, and supervising postoperative care and in particular early recognition and treatment of complications. Liver surgery has become routine for patients particularly with secondary colorectal metastases. Previously, 5-year survival was very rare in these groups of patients, but now approximately half of patients are alive at 5 years. Colorectal surgery has also been transformed and the enhanced recovery programme has typified the way in which many years of dogma have been challenged, to be replaced by evidence-based pathways. Overall, for major elective surgery, results have improved and in general, morbidity, mortality, complications, and length of hospital stay for patients have reduced. For emergency patients, although there have been improvements too, there is still widespread concern about high mortality and marked variation in care between centres.
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Pennington, Madeleine. Quakers, Christ, and the Enlightenment. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895271.001.0001.
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The Quakers were by far the most successful of the radical religious groups to emerge from the turbulence of the mid-seventeenth century—and their survival into the present day was largely facilitated by the transformation of the movement during its first fifty years. What began as a loose network of charismatic travelling preachers was, by the start of the eighteenth century, a well-organized and international religious machine. This shift is usually explained in terms of a desire to avoid persecution, but Quakers, Christ and the Enlightenment argues instead for the importance of theological factors as the major impetus for change. In the first sustained account of the theological motivations guiding the development of seventeenth-century Quakerism, the volume explores the Quakers’ positive intellectual engagement with those outside the movement to offer a significant reassessment of the causal factors determining the development of early Quakerism. Tracing the Quakers’ engagement with such luminaries as Baruch Spinoza, Henry More, John Locke, and John Norris, the volume unveils the Quakers’ concerted attempts to bolster their theological reputation through the refinement of their central belief in the ‘inward Christ’, or ‘the Light within’. In doing so, the study challenges persistent stereotypes of early modern radicalism as anti-intellectual and ill-educated—and indeed, as defined either by ‘rationalist’ or ‘spiritualist’ excess. Rather, the theological concerns of the Quakers and their interlocutors point to a crisis of Christology weaving through the intellectual milieu of the seventeenth century, which has long been underestimated as significant fuel for the emerging Enlightenment
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Zagare, Frank C., and Branislav L. Slantchev. Game Theory and Other Modeling Approaches. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.401.
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Game theory is the science of interactive decision making. It has been used in the field of international relations (IR) for over 50 years. Almost all of the early applications of game theory in international relations drew upon the theory of zero-sum games, but the first generation of applications was also developed during the most intense period of the Cold War. The theoretical foundations for the second wave of the game theory literature in international relations were laid by a mathematician, John Nash, a co-recipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in economics. His major achievement was to generalize the minimax solution which emerged from the first wave. The result is the now famous Nash equilibrium—the accepted measure of rational behavior in strategic form games. During the third wave, from roughly the early to mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, there was a distinct move away from static strategic form games toward dynamic games depicted in extensive form. The assumption of complete information also fell by the wayside; games of incomplete information became the norm. Technical refinements of Nash’s equilibrium concept both encouraged and facilitated these important developments. In the fourth and final wave, which can be dated, roughly, from around the middle of the 1990s, extensive form games of incomplete information appeared regularly in the strategic literature. The fourth wave is a period in which game theory was no longer considered a niche methodology, having finally emerged as a mainstream theoretical tool.
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d'Iribarne, Philippe, Sylvie Chevrier, Alain Henry, Jean-Pierre Segal, and Geneviève Tréguer-Felten. Cross-Cultural Management Revisited. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198857471.001.0001.
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The cross-cultural management literature is still dominated by the quantitative approach to cultures which made the research field popular in the early 1980’s. While the hegemony of this approach was being consolidated, a French research group, Gestion & Société, led by Philippe d’Iribarne, was conducting alternative research. Over the past thirty years, the team has carried out investigations in over fifty countries, collecting data from a large sample of companies concerned with making the most of the cultures with which they were dealing. This book provides an overview of the lessons learnt from thirty years of empirical research and of the refinements of a new theoretical approach to national cultures which challenges the mainstream ones. It introduces an interpretative approach to culture considered as a filter through which people understand reality and give it meaning. Throughout the world, employees confer different meanings on the daily situations arising from companies’ operations such as being subject to the authority of a manager, responding to requests from a client, or having one’s work monitored. All interactions within organizational contexts are underpinned by social relations which make sense in different cultural universes of meaning. Drawing upon this interpretative perspective, the book covers the main management issues: leadership, procedures implementation and control, decision-making, industrial relations, customer relations, ethics and corporate social responsibility, interpersonal and corporate communication, multicultural teams, and international transfers of management practices. Finally, the book provides methodological guidelines to enable researchers and practitioners to engage in this alternative approach.
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Pereira, Erlândia Silva, and Rogério de Melo Costa Pinto. Rodas de Conversa Dialógicas: O processo de criação de uma metodologia de investigação e intervenção em saúde. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-198-1.
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The present research constitutes as a research-intervention carried out with Control Agents of Zoonoses (CCZ) - Dengue Control Program. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of the intervention of the Dialogical Conversation Wheels for refinement of the perception of Quality of Life of these workers. In the midst of this, the variations of the perception of the Quality of Life by the participants when inserted in the Wheels are identified. For that, the WHOQOL-bref instrument is used to collect quantitative data related to the Quality of Life of the research subjects, and the Dialogical Conversation Wheels as a tool for collecting qualitative data and also as a mediating space between the questionnaire and the workers. The methodology used thus involves both the quantitative and content analysis of these data, as well as an analysis of the workers' discourse from their speeches in the Dialogical Conversation Wheels, in which the researcher appropriates a Freirean look to carry out the discussion, which presents the speech of the participants of the Wheels itself in an elucidatory and explanatory way. . From the analysis of the four domains evaluated by the WHOQOL-breaf: Physical, Psychological, Social and Environmental, what can be perceived about the differences of scores (percentage) between the moments of the research, is, firstly, that there is a significant change in the perception of QV between at least two of the moments, which is expressed between moments 0 and 1, with the realization of five wheels between them.The main result that can be perceived concerns the fact that the Dialogical Conversation Wheel fulfills its objective, as the aspects related to quality of life are discussed, the return to the questionnaire is carried out in a more reflective way, in which the instrument itself can approach the reality of these people. It is also explicit that it is not any group that allows us to refine the perception about quality of life, since the Wheel of Dialogic Conversation is organized in such a way as to provide reception, encounters / confrontations of the subjects with the other, in a singular way, with himself, facing the stagnation and the massification of his daily life to denaturalize what is constructed as his life.