Academic literature on the topic 'Concepts weighting'
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Journal articles on the topic "Concepts weighting"
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Ain, Qurat Ul, Mohamed Amine Chatti, Komlan Gluck Charles Bakar, Shoeb Joarder, and Rawaa Alatrash. "Automatic Construction of Educational Knowledge Graphs: A Word Embedding-Based Approach." Information 14, no. 10 (September 27, 2023): 526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info14100526.
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Knowledge graphs (KGs) are widely used in the education domain to offer learners a semantic representation of domain concepts from educational content and their relations, termed as educational knowledge graphs (EduKGs). Previous studies on EduKGs have incorporated concept extraction and weighting modules. However, these studies face limitations in terms of accuracy and performance. To address these challenges, this work aims to improve the concept extraction and weighting mechanisms by leveraging state-of-the-art word and sentence embedding techniques. Concretely, we enhance the SIFRank keyphrase extraction method by using SqueezeBERT and we propose a concept-weighting strategy based on SBERT. Furthermore, we conduct extensive experiments on different datasets, demonstrating significant improvements over several state-of-the-art keyphrase extraction and concept-weighting techniques.
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S, Florence Vijila, and Nirmala K. "Quantification of Portrayal Concepts using tf-idf Weighting." International Journal of Information Sciences and Techniques 3, no. 5 (September 30, 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijist.2013.3501.
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Klinkenberg, Ralf. "Learning drifting concepts: Example selection vs. example weighting." Intelligent Data Analysis 8, no. 3 (August 13, 2004): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ida-2004-8305.
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Buatoom, Uraiwan, Waree Kongprawechnon, and Thanaruk Theeramunkong. "Document Clustering Using K-Means with Term Weighting as Similarity-Based Constraints." Symmetry 12, no. 6 (June 6, 2020): 967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12060967.
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In similarity-based constrained clustering, there have been various approaches on how to define the similarity between documents to guide the grouping of similar documents together. This paper presents an approach to use term-distribution statistics extracted from a small number of cue instances with their known classes, for term weightings as indirect distance constraint. As for distribution-based term weighting, three types of term-oriented standard deviations are exploited: distribution of a term in a collection (SD), average distribution of a term in a class (ACSD), and average distribution of a term among classes (CSD). These term weightings are explored with the consideration of symmetry concepts by varying the magnitude to positive and negative for promoting and demoting effects of three standard deviations. In k-means, followed the symmetry concept, both seeded and unseeded centroid initializations are investigated and compared to the centroid-based classification. Our experiment is conducted using five English text collections and one Thai text collection, i.e., Amazon, DI, WebKB1, WebKB2, and 20Newsgroup, as well as TR, a collection of Thai reform-related opinions. Compared to the conventional TFIDF, the distribution-based term weighting improves the centroid-based method, seeded k-means, and k-means with the error reduction rate of 22.45%, 31.13%, and 58.96%.
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Gan, Keng Hoon, and Keat Keong Phang. "Finding target and constraint concepts for XML query construction." International Journal of Web Information Systems 11, no. 4 (November 16, 2015): 468–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-04-2015-0017.
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Purpose – This paper aims to focus on automatic selection of two important structural concepts required in an XML query, namely, target and constraint concepts, when given a keywords query. Due to the diversities of concepts used in XML resources, it is not easy to select a correct concept when constructing an XML query. Design/methodology/approach – In this paper, a Context-based Term Weighting model that performs term weighting based on part of documents. Each part represents a specific context, thus offering better capturing of concept and term relationship. For query time analysis, a Query Context Graph and two algorithms, namely, Select Target and Constraint (QC) and Select Target and Constraint (QCAS) are proposed to find the concepts for constructing XML query. Findings – Evaluations were performed using structured document for conference domain. For constraint concept selection, the approach CTX+TW achieved better result than its baseline, NCTX, when search term has ambiguous meanings by using context-based scoring for the concepts. CTX+TW also shows its stability on various scoring models like BM25, TFIEF and LM. For target concept selection, CTX+TW outperforms the standard baseline, SLCA, whereas it also records higher coverage than FCA, when structural keywords are used in query. Originality/value – The idea behind this approach is to capture the concepts required for term interpretation based on parts of the collections rather than the entire collection. This allows better selection of concepts, especially when a structured XML document consists many different types of information.
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Schellenberg, Florian, William R. Taylor, Ilse Jonkers, and Silvio Lorenzetti. "Robustness of kinematic weighting and scaling concepts for musculoskeletal simulation." Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering 20, no. 7 (March 1, 2017): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2017.1295305.
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Kellerer, A. M. "Weighting factors for radiation quality: how to unite the two current concepts." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 110, no. 1-4 (August 1, 2004): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch164.
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SAIF, ABDULGABBAR, UMMI ZAKIAH ZAINODIN, NAZLIA OMAR, and ABDULLAH SAEED GHAREB. "Weighting-based semantic similarity measure based on topological parameters in semantic taxonomy." Natural Language Engineering 24, no. 6 (June 4, 2018): 861–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000190.
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AbstractSemantic measures are used in handling different issues in several research areas, such as artificial intelligence, natural language processing, knowledge engineering, bioinformatics, and information retrieval. Hierarchical feature-based semantic measures have been proposed to estimate the semantic similarity between two concepts/words depending on the features extracted from a semantic taxonomy (hierarchy) of a given lexical source. The central issue in these measures is the constant weighting assumption that all elements in the semantic representation of the concept possess the same relevance. In this paper, a new weighting-based semantic similarity measure is proposed to address the issues in hierarchical feature-based measures. Four mechanisms are introduced to weigh the degree of relevance of features in the semantic representation of a concept by using topological parameters (edge, depth, descendants, and density) in a semantic taxonomy. With the semantic taxonomy of WordNet, the proposed semantic measure is evaluated for word semantic similarity in four gold-standard datasets. Experimental results show that the proposed measure outperforms hierarchical feature-based semantic measures in all the datasets. Comparison results also imply that the proposed measure is more effective than information-content measures in measuring semantic similarity.
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Yıldırım, Yıldız, and Melek Gülşah Şahin. "How Do Different Weighting Methods Affect the Overall Effect Size in Meta-Analysis? : An Example of Science Attitude in Türkiye Sample." International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies 10, no. 3 (August 29, 2023): 744–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52380/ijpes.2023.10.3.1049.
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There is increasing interest in meta-analysis in different fields due to the need to combine the results of primary research. One of the crucial concepts in combining results is weighting. This study examines how Hunter and Schmidt's method, weighting by sample size; Hedges and Vevea's method, weighting by inverse variance; and Osburn and Callender's method, unweighting, affect the overall effect size in meta-analysis. In this context, for meta-analysis, the search was done for studies examining the effects of alternative measurement and assessment techniques and methods in science education on science attitudes. The databases of the HEI National Thesis Center, Web of Science, ERIC, EBSCO, Google Scholar, and DergiPark were searched between 2010 and 2021. Eleven studies (with 14 effect sizes) that met the criteria were included in the meta-analysis. In line with the study's findings, it was observed that the overall effect sizes were significant and did not change much in the weighting methods. Besides, it was found that the method with the lowest standard error was unweighted. The weighting methods of Hunter and Schmidt and Hedges and Vevea gave similar results in terms of standard error. When the correlation coefficient between the weighting methods was examined, it was seen that all correlation coefficients were greater than 0.90.
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Azizah, Nuril Lutvi, Vevy Liansari, and Alfan Indra Kusuma. "SPACED REPETITION CONCEPT DESIGN WITH FUZZY MULTI CRITERIA ANALYSIS AS A MEDIA TO IMPROVE NUMERACY LEARNING FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 17, no. 2 (June 11, 2023): 1049–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol17iss2pp1049-1056.
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Numeracy Learning activities after the Covid-19 Pandemic has been decline in the quality of learning in a number of elementary school students. This research is limited to learning numeracy for low grade students, namely grade 1,2, and 3, because the basic concept of numeration begins with low grades There are several factors that make difficult for students to understand numeracy, the students often forget about the concepts that have been taught before. An Effective way of memorizing with the conventional way is memorizing with repeat pronunciations. To improve the quality of education, learning concepts that were previously carried out conventionally must be developed in a modern way using application. The purpose of this research is to improve the numeracy learning concept of low-grade students in primary school after Covid-19 pandemic which is more fun and modern by using the concept of spaced repetition based on android flashcards. The analysis of 135 student’s assessment is based on criteria such as tangible, reliability, empathy, responsive, and assurance. The decision support system using Fuzzy Multi Criteria Methods (MCDM) is also used to determine the weighting of the criteria and the effectiveness of learning using spaced repetition concept and it’s application. The result of the weighting using fuzzy multi criteria is obtained defuzzification that tangible 65.18, reliability 56.54, responsive 46.17, assurance 49.13, and empathy 29.62. Tangible has the highest results in this test, it means that the students prefer modern learning with android application with an attractive experienced. The correlation test obtained the result 0.76 which is a high value in decision making and could be accepted.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Concepts weighting"
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Tao, Congwu. "Development of a Knowledge Assessment System Based on Concept Maps and Differential Weighting Approaches." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56982.
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This study explored the feasibility and practicability of designing and developing a Knowledge Assessment System (KAS) for assessing different types of knowledge as defined in the revision of Bloom's Taxonomy (Anderson et al., 2001). The KAS created as a result of this study is based on concept maps and employs two differential weighting approaches. It is a developmental study, which includes the design phase, development phase and evaluation phase. The general software system design model (Sommerville, 2009) was adopted to guide the design of the Knowledge Assessment System based on its procedures, including system requirements analysis, architecture design, component design, interface design, and database design. The assessment criteria in this system are designed to be proposition-based and consist of either a non-weighting approach or a weighting approach, which can help provide instructors with flexible assessing methods as well as help them obtain a whole picture of what kinds of knowledge their students have grasped and to what extent the students have mastered that knowledge, based on the student-created concept maps. The two differential weighting approaches initially compare student-created concept maps with expert maps stored in the system. Because some correct propositions in student concept maps may be not included in the initial expert concept maps, the system is designed to continually refine the assessment criterion by inspecting and evaluating the correctness of the propositions in the student-created concept maps and adding the results to the system's database.
The current system is able to assess three types of knowledge: factual, conceptual, and procedural, all of which are defined in the revision of Bloom's Taxonomy (Anderson et al., 2001). The assessment process begins with the assignment of different types of concept map tasks entered and stored in the Knowledge Assessment System. Following by student completion of the tasks and submission of a concept map, the submitted concept map is compared to the criteria stored in the system and a performance report is generated.
The research results show that the Knowledge Assessment System based on concept maps and two differential weighting approaches can act as a useful tool for assessing students' factual, conceptual and procedural knowledge based on their concept maps.Ph. D.
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Zakos, John, and n/a. "A Novel Concept and Context-Based Approach for Web Information Retrieval." Griffith University. School of Information and Communication Technology, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060303.104937.
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Web information retrieval is a relatively new research area that has attracted a significant amount of interest from researchers around the world since the emergence of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s. The problems facing successful web information retrieval are a combination of challenges that stem from traditional information retrieval and challenges characterised by the nature of the World Wide Web. The goal of any information retrieval system is to provide an information need fulfilment in response to an information need. In a web setting, this means retrieving as many relevant web documents as possible in response to an inputted query that is typically limited to only containing a few terms expressive of the user's information need. This thesis is primarily concerned with firstly reviewing pertinent literature related to various aspects of web information retrieval research and secondly proposing and investigating a novel concept and context-based approach. The approach consists of techniques that can be used together or independently and aim to provide an improvement in retrieval accuracy over other approaches. A novel concept-based term weighting technique is proposed as a new method of deriving query term significance from ontologies that can be used for the weighting of inputted queries. A technique that dynamically determines the significance of terms occurring in documents based on the matching of contexts is also proposed. Other contributions of this research include techniques for the combination of document and query term weights for the ranking of retrieved documents. All techniques were implemented and tested on benchmark data. This provides a basis for performing comparison with previous top performing web information retrieval systems. High retrieval accuracy is reported as a result of utilising the proposed approach. This is supported through comprehensive experimental evidence and favourable comparisons against previously published results.
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Zakos, John. "A Novel Concept and Context-Based Approach for Web Information Retrieval." Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365878.
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Web information retrieval is a relatively new research area that has attracted a significant amount of interest from researchers around the world since the emergence of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s. The problems facing successful web information retrieval are a combination of challenges that stem from traditional information retrieval and challenges characterised by the nature of the World Wide Web. The goal of any information retrieval system is to provide an information need fulfilment in response to an information need. In a web setting, this means retrieving as many relevant web documents as possible in response to an inputted query that is typically limited to only containing a few terms expressive of the user's information need. This thesis is primarily concerned with firstly reviewing pertinent literature related to various aspects of web information retrieval research and secondly proposing and investigating a novel concept and context-based approach. The approach consists of techniques that can be used together or independently and aim to provide an improvement in retrieval accuracy over other approaches. A novel concept-based term weighting technique is proposed as a new method of deriving query term significance from ontologies that can be used for the weighting of inputted queries. A technique that dynamically determines the significance of terms occurring in documents based on the matching of contexts is also proposed. Other contributions of this research include techniques for the combination of document and query term weights for the ranking of retrieved documents. All techniques were implemented and tested on benchmark data. This provides a basis for performing comparison with previous top performing web information retrieval systems. High retrieval accuracy is reported as a result of utilising the proposed approach. This is supported through comprehensive experimental evidence and favourable comparisons against previously published results.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Information and Communication Technology
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Casas, Orlando de las. "The concept of migratory family unit in the proccess of family call in Peru (about same-sex marriages)." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/109712.
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The concept of family call embraces a migratory alternative that allows a foreigner to stay in another country with his or her spouse. Taking into account Peru’s legal framework, it is possible to ask if a foreigneris able to appeal to the family call if he or she is married to a person of the same sex? Wouldit be legitimate to recognize a foreign law thatallows same sex marriages?In the following paper, the author answers these and other questions, analyzing concepts such as family, public order, collective morality and familiar migratory unit that are acknowledged in our legal system by appealing, furthermore, to the weighting testof principles in collision.El concepto de llamado de familia comprende la alternativa migratoria que permite a unextranjero permanecer en otro país con su cónyuge. Dado el marco normativo peruano, podríamos preguntarnos: ¿Es posible que unextranjero, casado con una persona de su mismo sexo, pueda recurrir al llamado de familia? ¿Podría ser válido reconocer una normaextranjera que permita el matrimonio entre personas de un mismo sexo?En el presente artículo, el autor da respuesta a estas y otras preguntas, analizando los conceptos de familia, orden público, moral colectiva y unidad migratoria familiar recogidos en nuestro ordenamiento, aplicando la ponderación entre estos principios.
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Alqasrawi, Yousef T. N. "Natural scene classification, annotation and retrieval : developing different approaches for semantic scene modelling based on Bag of Visual Words." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5523.
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With the availability of inexpensive hardware and software, digital imaging has become an important medium of communication in our daily lives. A huge amount of digital images are being collected and become available through the internet and stored in various fields such as personal image collections, medical imaging, digital arts etc. Therefore, it is important to make sure that images are stored, searched and accessed in an efficient manner. The use of bag of visual words (BOW) model for modelling images based on local invariant features computed at interest point locations has become a standard choice for many computer vision tasks. Based on this promising model, this thesis investigates three main problems: natural scene classification, annotation and retrieval. Given an image, the task is to design a system that can determine to which class that image belongs to (classification), what semantic concepts it contain (annotation) and what images are most similar to (retrieval). This thesis contributes to scene classification by proposing a weighting approach, named keypoints density-based weighting method (KDW), to control the fusion of colour information and bag of visual words on spatial pyramid layout in a unified framework. Different configurations of BOW, integrated visual vocabularies and multiple image descriptors are investigated and analyzed. The proposed approaches are extensively evaluated over three well-known scene classification datasets with 6, 8 and 15 scene categories using 10-fold cross validation. The second contribution in this thesis, the scene annotation task, is to explore whether the integrated visual vocabularies generated for scene classification can be used to model the local semantic information of natural scenes. In this direction, image annotation is considered as a classification problem where images are partitioned into 10x10 fixed grid and each block, represented by BOW and different image descriptors, is classified into one of predefined semantic classes. An image is then represented by counting the percentage of every semantic concept detected in the image. Experimental results on 6 scene categories demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Finally, this thesis further explores, with an extensive experimental work, the use of different configurations of the BOW for natural scene retrieval.
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Violante, João Luís Mousinho dos Santos Monteiro. "O caso Ellwanger e seu impacto no direito brasileiro." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/5345.
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Previous issue date: 2010-07-20This work is based on the trial of writer and editor Siegfried Ellwanger, indicted by the Public Prosecutor of the State of Rio Grande do Sul from the practice of the crime of racism (article 20 of law n ° 7,716/89, with the redaction given by law n ° 8,081/90), by reason of publishing and marketing books content discriminatory against the Jewish people. The first chapter describes the path travelled by Revisão Editora, founded by the defendant, which specialized in disseminating ideas that contest the occurrence of historical facts related to the second world war, in particular, the existence of the Jewish Holocaust perpetrated by the Nazis, while remained in activity, in the main pole of the entry called "historical revisionism" in Brazil. The chapters 2, 3 and 4 examines the legal way cases for the crime of racism and the key issues raised therein and decided by the various instances of Brazilian criminal justice, limited of constitutional legal concept of racism and weighting values in the face of collision between the fundamental rights of freedom of expression and protecting the dignity of the Jewish people. In the last chapter is the overall analysis of the case, under the approach of the Public International Law, of Constitutional Law, of comparative jurisprudence and specific criminal legislation on the matter
Versa o presente trabalho sobre o julgamento do escritor e editor gaúcho Siegfried Ellwanger, acusado pelo Ministério Público do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul da prática de crime de racismo (artigo 20 da Lei n° 7.716/89, com a redação dada pela Lei n° 8.081/90), em razão da publicação de livros de conteúdo discriminatório contra o povo judeu. O primeiro capítulo descreve a trajetória percorrida pela Revisão Editora, fundada pelo réu, que se especializou em difundir idéias que contestam a ocorrência de fatos históricos relacionados à Segunda Guerra Mundial, em especial, a existência do holocausto judeu perpetrado pelos nazistas, convertendo-se, ao tempo em que permaneceu em atividade, no principal pólo do movimento denominado revisionismo histórico no Brasil. Nos capítulos 2, 3 e 4, examina-se o iter jurídico do processo por crime de racismo e as questões fundamentais nele suscitadas e decididas pelas diversas instâncias da Justiça Penal brasileira, destacando-se a delimitação do conceito jurídico-constitucional de racismo e a ponderação de valores em face da colisão entre os direitos fundamentais da liberdade de expressão e da proteção à dignidade do povo judeu. No último capítulo, procedeu-se à análise global do caso, sob os enfoques do Direito Internacional Público, da Jurisprudência Comparada, do Direito Constitucional e da legislação penal específica sobre a matéria
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Ganem, Bruna Ribeiro. "Incid??ncia do IPTU sobre bens im??veis p??blicos ocupados por empresas privadas: uma an??lise cr??tica da materialidade constitucional do imposto e suas rela????es com a imunidade tribut??ria rec??proca (Tema 437 da Repercuss??o Geral do STF)." Universidade Cat??lica de Bras??lia, 2015. https://bdtd.ucb.br:8443/jspui/handle/tede/2004.
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This is a critical paper about the incidence of Real State Tax, a municipal tax, in cases where immovable properties and assets held by Federal or States Government are occupied by particular persons, as result of legal use concession contracts or authorized occupation, and its connections with the Mutual Tax Immunity. To achieve these aims, therefore, this study solved the following research problems: in first place, confirmation of the partial unconstitutionality of the National Tax Code in relation to the Constitution of 1946 and its non reception by the current Federal Constitution (1988); construction of the normative matrix rule of the studied tax, since the constitutional level, passing throw the complementary legal settlement, until the local legislation, study that resulted in a doctrinal refinement of the analyzed institute, specially, on its material, personal e quantitative criterions; and, in second place, implications of the Mutual Tax Immunity on the definition of the taxpayer subject, considering the impossibility of transferring the payment responsibility to a non-taxable person, such as the occupant of the public property covered by a concession contract. Furthermore, this research analyzed the Mutual Tax Immunity under the Article 150, VI, ???a???, of the Federal Constitution, in order to identify if it grants a absolute status of protection against the taxation, or if it can be relaxed in cases where the Public Person explore remunerate economic activities. These subjects are under judgment by the Brazilian Supreme Court in the Leading Case number 473 of the general repercussion. Finally, from the theory of the fundamental rights of Robert Alexy, pondering and weighing were developed in order to solve the conflict between the involved constitutional principles: the Free Competition as a key element of an open market economy; and the Mutual Tax Immunity as a guarantor of the Federation Principle.
O objeto de estudo deste trabalho ?? a an??lise da incid??ncia do Imposto Predial e Territorial Urbano (IPTU) sobre os im??veis p??blicos ocupados por particulares por meio de contratos onerosos de concess??o de direito real de uso. No primeiro cap??tulo, a autora fez uma an??lise hist??ria da evolu????o constitucional do estudado imposto e suas rela????es com o C??digo Tribut??rio Nacional (CTN), que resultou no reconhecimento da inconstitucionalidade material de partes dos artigos 32 e 34 do CTN em face da Constitui????o de 1946, bem como a sua n??o recep????o parcial pela Constitui????o Federal de 1988. No cap??tulo subsequente, a norma tribut??ria do IPTU foi estruturada em seus diversos planos normativos, com a constru????o de suas regras-matrizes constitucional, complementar e local, cujos conte??dos se mostraram conflitantes. O terceiro cap??tulo foi direcionado para a constru????o de uma proposta de solu????o para o Tema 437 da Repercuss??o Geral do Supremo Tribunal Federal, que tem como objeto a verifica????o da possibilidade de manuten????o da imunidade tribut??ria rec??proca dos entes p??blicos nas situa????es em que transferem a posse e o uso de seus bens im??veis para particulares mediante o recebimento de contrapresta????o. Nesse contexto, foi necess??rio analisar se a imunidade em quest??o pode ser afastada em raz??o do car??ter oneroso do contrato, bem como se essa atividade de concess??o de bem im??vel p??blico pode ser considerada como h??bil para interferir na livre concorr??ncia do setor imobili??rio local. Para solucionar essas quest??es, utilizou-se a teoria dos direitos fundamentais de Robert Alexy, com a pondera????o e o sopesamento do princ??pio da imunidade tribut??ria rec??proca com o da livre concorr??ncia, a fim de verificar qual deles deve prevalecer no caso concreto. Por fim, foi apresentada uma proposta de solu????o para o leading case que tem a pretens??o tanto de harmonizar o conflito principiol??gico constatado, como de aprimorar a estrutura????o da regra-matriz do IPTU, particularmente no que tange ?? defini????o de seus crit??rios material, pessoal e quantitativo.
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Luan, Fuan, and 欒富安. "A Distributed News Retrieval Model by Integrating Dynamical Clustering with Term Weighting Concepts." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41325913474172862480.
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碩士中原大學
資訊管理研究所
97
The capacity of data storage needed is increasing rapidly due to the increasing availability of information in electronic forms in the information era. A traditional data retrieval system uses a word-form based comparison approach to get the search results. Although this approach is able to handle huge amount of information, it still suffers from the semantic problem. On the other hand, the conceptual retrieval system can get an improvement by using vector space model ( VSM ) but this system is restricted to the curse of dimensionality. In order to handle large amount of data, firstly we develop the conceptual retrieval environment by using a grid computing structure to improve the effectiveness of the search system based on the vector space model. Next, we cluster the results by the x-means dynamical clustering model. The document space vector model and the extended significance vector model ( ESVM ) are used to improve the readability of the system search results. In this research, we evaluate our models for different retrieved types, number of grouping, centralization and decentralization based on time and clustering similarity. According to our experiments, we found that the size of cluster has less impact on the time of text-processing but a great impact on the time of clustering. In other words, the duration of time is significantly reduced when the number of clusters decreases. However, in this case, the clustering similarity between each document in the same group is slightly reduced. Different size of retrieved type has a small effect on time of clustering and similarity. Distributed grouping can greatly enhance processing efficiency.
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Tsai, Chou-Jiu, and 蔡朝治. "A new concept of weighting on schemes for hyperbolic equation with application to channel flows." Thesis, 1993. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64296514883674295592.
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博士國立成功大學
航空太空工程學系
81
Unsteady transonic channel flow solutions have long been recognized as useful in understanding the stability problems of operating aircraft engines. The primary purpose of this thesis is to study unsteady transonic flows in inflexible or flexible channels with various expansion ratios. To accurately calculate transonic flow solutions with shock waves, a fast, high- resolution Total Variation Diminishing (TVD) scheme is considered for flow simulations. To implement the fast TVD scheme, the concept of a correct weighting function on initial data for analyzing numerical schemes used for solving hyperbolic equations is introduced. The concept can be used to understand quantitatively the wave propagation behavior for different schemes. The weighting functions of some basic spatial difference schemes are presented based on the linear convection equation. From the viewpoint of weighting on initial data, the accuracy and stability of a scheme, either implicit or explicit, can be made clear. This weighting concept on initial data is further applied to nonlinear schemes. Thus, the weighting functions of three second-order implicit TVD schemes, including the Harten scheme, the Yee scheme, and the present scheme, are compared, leading to the suggestion of a robust flux limiter for the TVD scheme. To verify the present scheme, several test problems are simulated. The present scheme is found to be efficient and accurate. In this study, quasi-one- dimensional and two-dimensional transonic channel flow problems are simulated to assess the effect of channel expansion ratio using Euler equations model. From the numerical data obtained, the characteristics of flow unsteadiness, such as phase lag, amplitude, and average position of shock oscillation, that are related to flow disturbances, such as frequency and amplitude of back pressure, are investigated. The range of channel expansion ratio is enlarged in the present work rather than limited to a small value as in the assumption of
Books on the topic "Concepts weighting"
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Kesoretskikh, Ivan, and Sergey Zotov. Landscape vulnerability: concept and assessment. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1045820.
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The monograph presents a methodology for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to external influences. A comparative analysis of the concepts of "stability", "sensitivity", "vulnerability" in relation to natural complexes. An overview of existing methods for assessing the vulnerability of natural complexes is presented. The author's method of assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to anthropogenic impacts is described. The methodology is based on: selection and justification of criteria for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes; preparation of a parametric matrix and gradation of assessment criteria in accordance with the developed vulnerability classes; calculation of weighting factors of vulnerability assessment parameters; selection of optimal territorial operational unit for landscape vulnerability assessment. The method is implemented in the GIS environment "Assessment of vulnerability of landscapes of the Kaliningrad region to anthropogenic impacts", created by the authors using modern geoinformation products. The specificity of spatial differentiation of different landscapes in terms of vulnerability to anthropogenic impacts at the regional and local levels is revealed. It is stated that the use of the methodology for assessing the vulnerability of landscapes to anthropogenic impacts and its integration into the system of nature management will ensure a balanced account of geoecological features and environmental priorities in territorial planning.
It is of interest to specialists in the field of rational nature management, environmental protection, spatial planning.
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Freeden, Michael. 4. The morphology of liberalism. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199670437.003.0004.
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‘The morphology of liberalism’ examines the detailed structure of liberalism in order to determine how its durable and more transient features can help us to identify it as a member of a distinctive ideological family. The morphological continuity of liberalism takes into account numerous permutations and decontestations within the liberal family. They allow for considerable internal flexibility among liberalisms and consequently for the resilience and adaptability of this ideology as a whole. That flexibility is attained through two features: first, the spatial arrangements between the concepts in an ideology; and, second, the variable weighting of the ideational components of an ideology.
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Kuenzler, Adrian. Restoring Consumer Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190698577.001.0001.
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For decades, there has been broad consensus within antitrust, intellectual property, and consumer law scholarship that consumers make decisions in their own best interests by consciously weighting the market’s relative prices, quantities, and qualities against each other. That consensus is unraveling in light of novel findings from cognitive and social psychology that explain how individuals’ concepts of what they prefer drive the global economy. At the same time, producers nowadays no longer merely satisfy consumers’ needs but also communicate their values, identities, and aspirations through the sale and marketing of products. As part of the growing interest in observations such as these, a wealth of psychological studies challenge the fundamental teaching of economics that the interplay of demand and supply of goods in a free market economy provides us with material wealth. This book provides a normative defense of that assumption and a theoretical framework for understanding its contradictions. It argues that the erosion of consumer sovereignty through the ability of product manufacturers and sellers to systematically take advantage of individuals’ psychological weaknesses demands a twenty-first-century reconceptualization of the consumer and a modern account of how the law should regulate the digital economy. Such an account is justified to ensure a diverse marketplace in which consumers can influence how our societies are structured and arranged. By examining the role that market manipulation plays, it offers ingredients for a realistic descriptive and normative market regulatory theory that is aware of its political economy, its behavioral suppositions, and its distributional consequences.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part II Commercial Banking, 7 Credit Risk. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0007.
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This chapter discusses the concept of credit risk. Of all the risks that banks are exposed to, credit risk is the most important and the most intuitively obvious. It is important to remember that credit means more than simply loans. At the heart of financial transactions are credit exposures. For an economist, the function of a bank is maturity transformation and intertemporal transfers of resources. But in a world where debts were always repaid, these functions would be as mechanical as the transmission of water or electricity. It is the unpredictability of credit that differentiates banking from other businesses. The remainder of the chapter covers risk weighting of assets, valuation of exposures, and provisioning and expected loss.
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Smithson, Michael. Human Understandings of Probability. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.29.
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In this chapter developments in theories and research on human understandings and judgements of probability are examined. The concept of probability as a degree of belief and the systematic study of human probability judgements have emerged only recently, but have stimulated numerous fruitful debates about the nature of rationality, belief formation, decision-making, and uncertainty itself. The chapter begins with a review of how the connection between probability and degrees of belief was developed and elaborated to form a prescriptive framework, followed by a brief summary of debates concerning rationality and uncertainty. It then surveys models of human probability judgements based on probability weighting functions, ways in which these judgements depend on how relevant information is presented, mental shortcuts (or “heuristics”) underpinning such judgements, the extent to which probability judgements are miscalibrated, fallacies in judgements of probabilities of compound and conditional events, and debates concerning the effective communication of probabilistic information.
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Pruss, Alexander R., and Joshua L. Rasmussen. Arguments against a Necessary Being. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746898.003.0009.
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The chapter surveys the main arguments people give for thinking there is no necessary being. In particular, the following are considered: Hume's argument from conceivability, Swinburne's neo‐Humean argument, the subtraction argument, the problem of causation, and parsimony concerns. Weaknesses are exposed in all these arguments. For many of the arguments, it is shown that there is an equally strong parity argument for an opposite conclusion. It is further shown why the arguments we gave for a necessary being do not suffer similar weaknesses. The concluding assessment suggests that the weightiest of the objections may be no weightier than the parsimony concerns, which the arguments for a necessary being far outweigh.
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Monteiro, Cássia Juliana de Souza. A liberdade religiosa dos professores, na Alemanha - A proibição geral do uso do véu islâmico por professoras de escolas públicas, em especial. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-351-0.
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In this study, we used as a basis the examination of the German Constitutional Court case law of January 27th, 2015, in which the right of two Muslim employees at public schools to use hijab in the workplace was discussed. We cover the protection of religious freedom in Germany, as defined in art. 4th of the German Basic Law; the relevance of abstract risk and concrete risk in the rationale for an eventual restriction on the fundamental right to religious freedom; the difference and the application of “weighting” and “proportionality”, within the scope of the constitutional interpretation principle of “practical agreement”, where the legal assets to be protected must be coordinated with each other, so that each of them, individually, gain reality, being applied in the relationship “positive religious freedom v. negative religious freedom”; and we highlight the importance of the concept of “neutrality” adopted by States, where some of them are based on secularity and others on secularism.
Book chapters on the topic "Concepts weighting"
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Liu, Jiawang, and Peng Ren. "Key Concepts Identification and Weighting in Search Engine Queries." In Web Technologies and Applications, 357–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-20291-9_37.
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Allili, Mohand Saïd, and Djemel Ziou. "A Bayesian Approach for Weighting Boundary and Region Information for Segmentation." In Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, 468–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11558484_59.
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Goumeidane, Aicha Baya, and Nafaa Nacereddine. "Spatially Varying Weighting Function-Based Global and Local Statistical Active Contours. Application to X-Ray Images." In Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems, 181–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48680-2_17.
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Erbe, Christine, Alec Duncan, Lauren Hawkins, John M. Terhune, and Jeanette A. Thomas. "Introduction to Acoustic Terminology and Signal Processing." In Exploring Animal Behavior Through Sound: Volume 1, 111–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97540-1_4.
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AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction to acoustics and explains the basic quantities and concepts relevant to terrestrial and aquatic animal bioacoustics. Specific terminology that is introduced includes sound pressure, sound exposure, particle velocity, sound speed, longitudinal and transverse waves, frequency-modulation, amplitude-modulation, decibel, source level, near-field, far-field, frequency weighting, power spectral density, and one-third octave band level, amongst others. The chapter then introduces basic signal sampling and processing concepts such as sampling frequency, Nyquist frequency, aliasing, windowing, and Fourier transform. The chapter concludes with an introductory treatise of sound localization and tracking, including time difference of arrival and beamforming.
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del Río, M., H. Pretzsch, A. Bončina, A. Avdagić, K. Bielak, F. Binder, L. Coll, et al. "Assessment of Indicators for Climate Smart Management in Mountain Forests." In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 59–105. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2_3.
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AbstractThis chapter addresses the concepts and methods to assess quantitative indicators of Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF) at stand and management unit levels. First, the basic concepts for developing a framework for assessing CSF were reviewed. The suitable properties of indicators and methods for normalization, weighting, and aggregation were summarized. The proposed conceptual approach considers the CSF assessment as an adaptive learning process, which integrates scientific knowledge and participatory approaches. Then, climate smart indicators were applied on long-term experimental plots to assess CSF of spruce-fir-beech mixed mountain forest. Redundancy and trade-offs between indicators, as well as their sensitivity to management regimes, were analyzed with the aim of improving the practicability of indicators. At the management unit level, the roles of indicators in the different phases of forest management planning were reviewed. A set of 56 indicators were used to assess their importance for management planning in four European countries. The results indicated that the most relevant indicators differed from the set of Pan-European indicators of sustainable forest management. Finally, we discussed results obtained and future challenges, including the following: (i) how to strengthen indicator selections and CSF assessment at stand level, (ii) the potential integration of CSF indicators into silvicultural guidelines, and (iii) the main challenges for integrating indicators into climate-smart forest planning.
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da Silva, Omar Ferreira. "Approach of a Risk Weighting Method of Ergonomic Tools Based on the Combination of the Concepts of FMEA, Risk Matrix and Company Specifications." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 98–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94589-7_10.
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Zamri, Nurnadiah, and Lazim Abdullah. "A Linear Assignment Method of Simple Additive Weighting System in Linear Programming Approach Under Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Set Concepts for MCDM Problem." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 833–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07674-4_78.
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Zreik, Alaa, and Zoubida Kedad. "Customised Concept Weighting: A Neural Network Approach." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 109–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-68100-8_5.
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Hahn, Udo, and Manfred Klenner. "Incremental concept evolution based on adaptive feature weighting." In Progress in Artificial Intelligence, 49–60. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bfb0023910.
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Tar, Hmway Hmway, and Myint Myint Khaing. "Text Document Clustering with Ontology Applying Modify Concept Weighting." In Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 431–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23207-2_44.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Concepts weighting"
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Balaneshin-kordan, Saeid, and Alexander Kotov. "Optimization Method for Weighting Explicit and Latent Concepts in Clinical Decision Support Queries." In ICTIR '16: ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2970398.2970418.
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Tsuchi, Hiroyuki, Akihisa Koike, Shoko Sato, and Hideki Kawamura. "Development of Improved Methodology for the Comparative Assessment of Potential Repository Concepts and Locations." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7140.
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NUMO has adopted a volunteering approach to siting a geological repository for high-level radioactive waste (HLW). It is important for this process that the pros and cons of volunteers can be assessed from literature data in a clear and transparent manner, prior to the very careful selection of those sites that will be carried forward for more detailed characterisation. For this purpose, multi-attribute analysis (MAA) methodology has been developed that allows the technical assessment of criteria to be represented as scoring models. The trickier job of weighting different criteria involves expert opinion, which can be solicited by different methods. In particular, weighting of top-level attributes involves balancing a range of technical and socio-economic issues, which can be examined by considering the viewpoint of different stakeholders. The applicability of the MAA tool and its sensitivity to stakeholder viewpoints have been examined by simple case studies.
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Ruschmeyer, Kai, Amit Batra, Marco Harth, and Phil Wasinger. "Innovative Propulsion Gear Solutions for Frigate Surface Combatants." In SNAME 15th Propeller and Shafting Symposium. SNAME, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/pss-2018-04.
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An objective evaluation of different propulsion concepts for naval frigates has been demonstrated. Based on an assumed operation profile and weighting of criteria stated herein, hybrid-propulsion arrangements incorporating electric drives have been observed to optimally meeting the specified requirements commonly observed across most navies. The demonstrated evaluation shows that the resultant propulsion plant configurations may not fully achieve all defined requirements, which are often conflicting, but represent a good compromise to best meet the operation requirements based on defined priorities. Development of innovative propulsion gear systems for these options then become a key step in transforming the developed concept into a feasible tailored design.
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Burnap, Alex, Yi Ren, Panos Y. Papalambros, Richard Gonzalez, and Richard Gerth. "A Simulation Based Estimation of Crowd Ability and its Influence on Crowdsourced Evaluation of Design Concepts." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13020.
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Crowdsourced evaluation is a promising method for evaluating attributes of design concepts that require human input. One factor in obtaining good evaluations is the ratio of high-ability to low-ability participants within the crowd. In this paper we introduce a Bayesian network model capable of finding participants with high design evaluation ability, so that their evaluations may be weighted more than those of the rest of the crowd. The Bayesian network model also estimates a score of how well each design concept performs with respect to a design attribute without knowledge of the true scores. Monte Carlo simulation studies tested the quality of the estimations on a variety of crowds consisting of participants with different evaluation ability. Results suggest that the Bayesian network model estimates design attribute performance scores much closer to their true values than simply weighting the evaluations from all participants in the crowd equally. This finding holds true even when the group of high ability participants is a small percentage of the entire crowd.
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Alizadeh, A., C. Ehmann, U. Scho¨nhoff, and R. Nordmann. "Active Bearing of Rotors Utilizing Robust Controlled Piezo Actuators." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/vib-48850.
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This paper focuses on the active vibration control of flexible rotors by piezo actuators located at the bearings. At first general relations are derived, that allow to specify the required power and dimensions of the actuators from the balance quality factor of the rotor and the stiffness of the system. Second, two control concepts, integral force feedback and robust control, are compared. The design procedure of the robust µ-synthesis controller including uncertainty modelling and selection of weighting functions is described. Experimental results obtained from a simple test rig are shown. Finally, the design is illustrated by an realistic example.
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Lei, Zhendong, and Shaowei Cai. "Solving (Weighted) Partial MaxSAT by Dynamic Local Search for SAT." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/187.
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Partial MaxSAT (PMS) generalizes SAT and MaxSAT by introducing hard clauses and soft clauses. PMS and Weighted PMS (WPMS) have many important real world applications. Local search is one popular method for solving (W)PMS. Recent studies on specialized local search for (W)PMS have led to significant improvements. But such specialized algorithms are complicated with the concepts tailored for hard and soft clauses. In this work, we propose a dynamic local search algorithm, which exploits the structure of (W)PMS by a carefully designed clause weighting scheme. Our solver SATLike adopts a local search framework for SAT and does not need any specialized concept for (W)PMS. Experiments on PMS and WPMS benchmarks from the MaxSAT Evaluations (MSE) 2016 and 2017 show that SATLike significantly outperforms state of the art local search solvers. Also, SATLike significantly narrows the gap between the performance of local search solvers and complete solvers on industrial benchmarks, and performs better than the complete solvers on the MSE2017 benchmarks.
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Pereira, Y. S., N. Lukin, S. S. Rodrigues, and P. R. V. da Costa. "New Method for Evaluating and Managing Reability of Drilling Rigs Critical Systems." In Offshore Technology Conference Brasil. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32714-ms.
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Abstract For the Performance Contract philosophy, evaluating performance is an essential part of aligning interests in contracted relationships. Furthermore, it allows for assessing the effectiveness of contracted initiatives, enhancing efficiency by fostering competitiveness and autonomy. In the offshore drilling industry, NPT (Non-Productive Time) is commonly used as a metric for evaluating asset management performance. However, this indicator has many limitations that impact a robust evaluation of contractor and manufacturer management. To increase the consistency of performance evaluation in drilling management, the initiative sought to expand the currently applied fleet management concepts through the application of Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) and availability concepts. However, for an accurate diagnosis, it is necessary to individualize goals by critical system, so that each system receives a specific target to compare with fleet results. The drilling rigs and operators are then given a rating based on the weighting of system ratings. With structured data, the performance of different operators, manufacturers, and rig classes can be compared, revealing their strengths and improvement opportunities. Additionally, statistical analyses were used to identify significant variables, such as the intrinsic reliability of manufacturers.
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Dombrowski, Dennis, Bernd Hienz, Stefan Aust, and Ludwig Maul. "Customer-Centered Quality Function Deployment - A Framework for the Iterative Involvement of the Voice of the Customer and Derivation of Measurable Product Requirements in Innovation Design." In 5th International Conference on Human Systems Engineering and Design: Future Trends and Applications (IHSED 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004107.
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In this paper, a new approach for the involvement of the voice of the customer in product innovation projects is discussed by using an example of automotive concept design. Today, a company's competitiveness is directly linked with its ability to innovate. At the same time, many product concepts fail in the market, as they do not satisfy customer requirements. Concurrently, the aim of this paper is to design a process that monitors the customers' needs throughout the product development process and allows to translate those requirements into measurable development targets. A literature review deems the traditional development of specification sheets to be static and superficial. Specification sheets often display a generic customer request, however, fail to convey the subliminal customer needs. On the other hand, customer-centred methods (e.g., Design Thinking) allow a deep understanding of those needs but lack their translation into the tangible language of engineers. Therefore, the target of this paper is to close the gap between the two approaches leveraging an adapted and iterative version of the Quality Function Deployment methodology. For this purpose, a three-step study is conducted. Firstly, requirements for the process are collected with the help of experts from the fields of technology, business, and human values. Secondly, a new process model is developed in workshops with experts. In a third step this new process is evaluated through expert feedback. As a result, a new process is presented for identifying, weighting and quantifying future proof product requirements.
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Wickham, S. M., D. A. Galson, T. W. Hicks, R. V. Kemp, and M. J. White. "Towards a Holistic Risk Management Strategy or Long-Term Interim Storage." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4973.
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Long-term surface storage of intermediate-level radioactive waste (ILW) has become an important issue for regulators and site operators in the UK following deferral of the Nirex deep repository for the disposal of ILW, and the resulting hiatus in Government policy. This paper identifies some key life-cycle issues associated with interim safe storage (ISS) of ILW, and also some of the key features of existing stores. Important risk management issues include store design and environmental controls, conditioning and packaging, package handling and cranes, operation, monitoring of waste packages, package retrieval, external environmental factors, stakeholder issues and costs. All of these issues will need to be addressed during the design, construction and operation of an ILW store. Given the wide and diverse range of issues requiring consideration, it may be difficult to choose between alternative design concepts or risk management strategies. We demonstrate a multi-criteria decision analysis approach to ILW storage in which the various attributes of alternative store designs and management strategies are scored and collectively compared using the program OnBalance. By varying the weighting of the different attributes, the sensitivity of the overall score of the various designs to their attributes may be evaluated. Ultimately, the technical issues related to store design, construction and operation will have to be balanced against the non-technical factors that may influence the development of a store, particularly those related to stakeholder interactions and public concerns. Developing a long-term interim storage strategy requires a holistic approach that embraces all of these factors.
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Ditzler, Gregory, Gail Rosen, and Robi Polikar. "Discounted expert weighting for concept drift." In 2013 IEEE Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Dynamic and Uncertain Environments (CIDUE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cidue.2013.6595773.
Full textReports on the topic "Concepts weighting"
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Cordeiro de Amorim, Renato. A survey on feature weighting based K-Means algorithms. Web of Open Science, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37686/ser.v1i2.79.
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In a real-world data set there is always the possibility, rather high in our opinion, that different features may have different degrees of relevance. Most machine learning algorithms deal with this fact by either selecting or deselecting features in the data preprocessing phase. However, we maintain that even among relevant features there may be different degrees of relevance, and this should be taken into account during the clustering process. With over 50 years of history, K-Means is arguably the most popular partitional clustering algorithm there is. The first K-Means based clustering algorithm to compute feature weights was designed just over 30 years ago. Various such algorithms have been designed since but there has not been, to our knowledge, a survey integrating empirical evidence of cluster recovery ability, common flaws, and possible directions for future research. This paper elaborates on the concept of feature weighting and addresses these issues by critically analysing some of the most popular, or innovative, feature weighting mechanisms based in K-Means
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Rigby, Dan, Michael Burton, Katherine Payne, Zachary Payne-Thompson, Stuart Wright, and Sarah O’Brien. Impacts of Food Hypersensitivities on Quality of Life in the UK and Willingness to Pay (WTP) to remove those impacts. Food Standards Agency, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kij502.
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This project concerns the impacts of food hypersensitivity on people’s quality of life and the monetary value people assign to the removal of those impacts. Food hypersensitivities (FHS) are, in this report, defined as comprising food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance. Estimates of the economic value of removal of food hypersensitivity were generated from a stated preference (SP) survey in which people completed a discrete choice experiment (DCE). The DCE comprised of choices between (i) no change in respondents’ food hypersensitivity and (ii) the condition being removed for a specified period, at a cost. The surveys were conducted between July and December 2021 by adults regarding their own food hypersensitivity or by parents/carers regarding their child’s food hypersensitivity. The samples comprised 1426 adults and 716 parents. The average WTP for the removal of an adult’s FHS for a year, pooled across all conditions was £718. For models estimated separately by condition, the WTP values for food allergy, coeliac disease and food intolerance were £1064, £1342 and £540 respectively. In models estimated on DCE data from parents regarding their children’s food hypersensitivity the average WTP, pooled across all conditions, was £2501. The annual WTP values by condition were: £2766 for food allergy; £1628 for coeliac disease; £1689 for food intolerance. Respondents rated their (child’s) health and the impacts of their (child’s) FHS using several established instruments including the Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire (FAQLQ); Food Intolerance Quality of Life Questionnaire (FIQLQ); Coeliac Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire, (CDQ). In the adult allergy and intolerance models we find robust evidence of effects of the perceived severity of FHS on WTP – the higher people’s FAQLQ and FIQLQ scores, the more they are willing to pay to remove their condition. There was no effect of variation in the CDQ score on WTP to remove coeliac disease. In the child WTP results we find condition-severity effects in the coeliac sample: the worse the child’s CDQ score the higher the parents’ WTP to remove the condition. The WTP values are estimates of the combined annual costs associated with (i) the intangible costs including the pain, anxiety, inconvenience and anxiety caused by FHS and (ii) additional incurred costs (time and money) and lost earnings. The values can be incorporated into the FSA Cost of Illness (COI) model, the Burden of Foodborne disease in the UK (Opens in a new window) which is currently used to measure the annual, social, cost of foodborne disease. A Best Worst Scaling (BWS) exercise was conducted to identify the relative importance of the many and diverse impacts which comprise the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ instruments. The BWS results indicate that people assign very different levels of importance to the impacts comprising the three instruments. This unequal prioritisation contrasts with the equal weighting used in the construction of the FAQLQ, FIQLQ and CDQ measures. Embarrassment and fear related to eating out or social situations feature in the top three impacts for all the conditions. Identifying the effects which most affect quality of life (from the perspective of people living with those conditions) has the potential to inform policy and practice by both regulators and private organisations such as food business operators.