Relevant bibliographies by topics / Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language

Academic literature on the topic 'Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language"

1

Bruce, Kim B. "A paradigmatic object-oriented programming language: Design, static typing and semantics." Journal of Functional Programming 4, no. 2 (April 1994): 127–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800001039.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractTo illuminate the fundamental concepts involved in object-oriented programming languages, we describe the design of TOOPL, a paradigmatic, statically-typed, functional, object-oriented programming language which supports classes, objects, methods, hidden instance variables, subtypes and inheritance.It has proven to be quite difficult to design such a language which has a secure type system. A particular problem with statically type checking object-oriented languages is designing typechecking rules which ensure that methods provided in a superclass will continue to be type correct when inherited in a subclass. The type-checking rules for TOOPL have this feature, enabling library suppliers to provide only the interfaces of classes with actual executable code, while still allowing users to safely create subclasses. To achieve greater expressibility while retaining type-safety, we choose to separate the inheritance and subtyping hierarchy in the language.The design of TOOPL has been guided by an analysis of the semantics of the language, which is given in terms of a model of the F-bounded second-order lambda calculus with fixed points at both the element and type level. This semantics supports the language design by providing a means to prove that the type-checking rules are sound, thus guaranteeing that the language is type-safe.While the semantics of our language is rather complex, involving fixed points at both the element and type level, we believe that this reflects the inherent complexity of the basic features of object-oriented programming languages. Particularly complex features include the implicit recursion inherent in the use of the keyword, self, to refer to the current object, and its corresponding type, MyType. The notions of subclass and inheritance introduce the greatest semantic complexities, whereas the notion of subtype is more straightforward to deal with. Our semantic investigations lead us to recommend caution in the use of inheritance, since small changes to method definitions in subclasses can result in major changes to the meanings of the other methods of the class.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Tang, Juan, Yong Fang, and Jian-Gang Tang. "The Lattice-Valued Turing Machines and the Lattice-Valued Type 0 Grammars." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/291870.

Full text
Abstract:
Purpose.The purpose of this paper is to study a class of the natural languages called the lattice-valued phrase structure languages, which can be generated by the lattice-valued type 0 grammars and recognized by the lattice-valued Turing machines.Design/Methodology/Approach.From the characteristic of natural language, this paper puts forward a new concept of the l-valued Turing machine. It can be used to characterize recognition, natural language processing, and dynamic characteristics.Findings.The mechanisms of both the generation of grammars for the lattice-valued type 0 grammar and the dynamic transformation of the lattice-valued Turing machines were given.Originality/Value.This paper gives a new approach to study a class of natural languages by using lattice-valued logic theory.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Mammino, Liliana. "Clarifying chemistry concepts through language analysis." Lumat: International Journal of Math, Science and Technology Education 3, no. 4 (September 30, 2015): 483–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.31129/lumat.v3i4.1018.

Full text
Abstract:
Chemistry concepts often pose considerable challenges to students at all levels of instruction, from secondary school to all the university courses. The search for options to facilitate clear and complete understanding is a major commitment of chemistry education research. Teaching and learning depend on communication effectiveness. Language is the most fundamental communication tool. Its communication effectiveness in education depends on the degree of rigour and clarity with which sentences are built and assembled to form a text, and on the learners’ ability to identify all the information conveyed by the text. Language analysis proves a powerful tool to facilitate full identification of the information in a text. It is also optimal to stimulate further reflection on the various features of a concept through the analysis of frequently occurring errors or of errors in learners’ work. After an introduction on the reasons making language analysis a powerful clarification tool, this paper considers illustrative examples from different tertiary-level chemistry courses, to highlight the practical implementation aspects and emphasise the integration between the analysis of chemistry concepts and the language-type analysis of the sentences expressing them. Because of its nature, the approach relies on in-class interactions. It has proved beneficial and rich of potentials for further explorations. The design of options for close collaboration between chemistry teachers and language teachers is expected to become the key for more generalised application.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Kalichkin, V. K., R. A. Koryakin, K. Yu Maksimovich, A. A. Sigitov, and R. R. Galimov. "Conceptual model of land agroecological properties." Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 50, no. 1 (March 27, 2020): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2020-1-9.

Full text
Abstract:
In order to solve the problem of the land agroecological estimation (natural resources potential) automation and artificial information system development, it is necessary to make the domain knowledge (DK) conceptualization, or conceptual modelling. The unified modelling language (UML) was chosen as a descriptive system. Three abstract objects (class, attribute and relationship) were selected to describe 33 concepts for land plot basic natural characteristics and 13 significant nature process aspects regulating changes of those characteristics. For 6 DK concepts abstract object “class” was chosen, for 27 DK concepts – “attribute”, for 13 nature process aspects – “relationship”. Class “land plot” is a central one interacting with the other 5 classes: “relief”, “agrometeorological resource”, “soil”, “erosion”, “vegetation”. All classes and attributes interdependencies are described by relationship classification of 3 types. The first type is dependency relationship showing on UML diagrams a directed connection between two classes towards the main class, which means that changing the main class properties implies changing the dependant class properties; the second type is association relationship, which is any relationship showing connection characterized by almost any verb of the Russian language; the third type is composition relationship showing connection between composite and its part and is always directed to the composite, where deletion of the composite class implies deletion of all parts. Optimization of the DK conceptual model described by means of UML diagram is a permanent process, thus new classes and concepts can be added to the model throughout the time.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Bilytska, Viktoriya M., Oksana R. Andriiashyk, Yaroslav V. Tsekhmister, Olha V. Pavlenko, and Iryna V. Savka. "Multimodal Interaction in a Foreign Language Class at Higher Education Institutions of Ukraine." Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 11, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jct.v11n1p218.

Full text
Abstract:
Multimodality is implemented to the modern learning environment in line with trends towards multidisciplinarity. In the current study, multimodal interaction is based on the mutual integration of understanding of multimodality in philological and pedagogical perspectives. The purpose of the article was to analyze and compare the results of learning a foreign language (German) for professional purposes (German for Economists) with an emphasis on multimodal interaction and without it (in a way of traditional language learning with a predominance of classical methods of classroom and extracurricular activities). There were universal scientific and specific methods used: a controlled-type educational experiment; Likert-scale type questionnaire; reliability test: Cronbach’s alpha using IBM SPSS Statistics 28.0.0.0; qualitative-quantitative interpretation and contrastive-comparative analysis of the obtained experimental data; statistical-mathematical interpretation of empirical data; comparative analysis; the functional analysis. Respondents of empirical intelligence were students of the Faculty of Management and Marketing, specialty 073 “Management”. Averagely in the experimental group, almost all the assessing criteria of the effectiveness of multimodal interaction outreached 4 points. These data were also confirmed by the results of self-reflection-questionnaire. The novelty of the research is in the principle of theoretical substantiation and practical application of the content of multimodal interaction as an umbrella term that integrates the most fundamental concepts of modern pedagogy in general and, in particular, methods of teaching a foreign language.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Herwandi, Herwandi, and Andi Kaharuddin. "Exploration of the Influence of Learning ELPSA (Experiences, Language, Pictures, Symbols, and Applications) on the Understanding of Mathematical Concepts." Indonesian Journal of Instructional Media and Model 2, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32585/ijimm.v2i2.926.

Full text
Abstract:
The ability of students to understand the concept of learning varies, it is very necessary to know the level of understanding of students' concepts in learning mathematics, so that it becomes a rationale in determining the appropriate learning approach. This study aims to determine the effect learning approach of the ELPSA eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 6 Makassar. The type of research used is experimental research. The design of this research is the One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The population in this study were students of class VIII SMP Negeri 6 Makassar in the 2019/2020 academic year and the research sample was determined by the Cluster Random Sampling technique. The instrument in this study was an essay test on understanding mathematical concepts. The data analysis used was descriptive and inferential. The descriptive research results show that there is an increase in understanding of the mathematical concept after the application of the ELPSA learning approach; the score of concept understanding after the application of the ELPSA learning approach met the completeness criteria, namely more than 80; and completeness of students' conceptual understanding after being applied classical ELPSA learning approach is 97% complete. The inferential hypothesis testing results show that the application of the ELPSA learning approach affects the understanding of mathematical concepts in class VIII students of SMP Negeri 6 Makassar.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Egli, Urs. "Stoic syntax and semantics." Historiographia Linguistica 13, no. 2-3 (January 1, 1986): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.13.2-3.09egl.

Full text
Abstract:
Summary The Stoic theory of loquia (lekta) contained a fairly explicit statement of formation rules. It is argued that one type of rule was called syntaxis (combination or phrase structure rule) by Chrysippus (e.g., “a subject in the nominative case and a complete predicate form a statement”). Two other types of rule were assignments of words to lexical categories (“Dion is a Noun Phrase”) and subsumption rules (“Every elementary statement is a statement”), often formulated in the form of subdivisions of concepts. A fourth type of rule seems to have been the class of transformations (enklisis, e.g., “A statement transformed by the preterite transformation is a statement”). Every syntactic rule was accompanied by a semantic interpretation according to a version of the compositionality principle familiar in modern times since Frege and elaborated by Montague and his followers. Though the concrete example of a syntax was a fairly elaborate version of some sort of Montague type or definite clause grammar, there was no effort to introduce a theory of grammar in the style of Chomsky. But the texts show awareness of the problem of the infinity of structure generated and of the concept of structural ambiguity. The Stoic system has been transformed into the formulation of the Word and Paradigm Grammar of the technical grammarians – “transformation” (enklisis) was the historical antecedent of paragôgê, declinatio, “inflection”, etc. Some formulations have survived into modern times, e.g., the notion of government, for which Stoic type formulations like “a deficient predicate can be combined with a subject in the accusative case to form a complete predicate” are a historical antecedent.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Zhang, Weixin, Yaozhu Sun, and Bruno C. D. S. Oliveira. "Compositional Programming." ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems 43, no. 3 (September 30, 2021): 1–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3460228.

Full text
Abstract:
Modularity is a key concern in programming. However, programming languages remain limited in terms of modularity and extensibility. Small canonical problems, such as the Expression Problem (EP), illustrate some of the basic issues: the dilemma between choosing one kind of extensibility over another one in most programming languages. Other problems, such as how to express dependencies in a modular way, add up to the basic issues and remain a significant challenge. This article presents a new statically typed modular programming style called Compositional Programming . In Compositional Programming, there is no EP: It is easy to get extensibility in multiple dimensions (i.e., it is easy to add new variants as well as new operations). Compositional Programming offers an alternative way to model data structures that differs from both algebraic datatypes in functional programming and conventional OOP class hierarchies. We introduce four key concepts for Compositional Programming: compositional interfaces , compositional traits , method patterns , and nested trait composition . Altogether, these concepts allow us to naturally solve challenges such as the Expression Problem, model attribute-grammar-like programs, and generally deal with modular programs with complex dependencies . We present a language design, called CP , which is proved to be type-safe, together with several examples and three case studies.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Aarts, Bas. "Modelling linguistic gradience." Studies in Language 28, no. 1 (May 5, 2004): 1–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.28.1.02aar.

Full text
Abstract:
Many schools of modern linguistics generally adopt a rigid approach to categorisation by not allowing degrees of form class membership, degrees of resemblance to a prototype or overlaps between categories. This all-or-none conception of categorisation (Bolinger 1961) goes back to Aristotle, and has been pervasive and influential, especially in formal linguistics. The alternative view, prevalent amongst descriptive and cognitive linguists, is to posit grammars which pervasively display categorial vagueness, more usually called gradience. In this article I will begin by briefly tracing some of the ideas on gradience in linguistics and philosophy. I will then argue, firstly, that gradience should have a role to play in language studies (both descriptive and theoretical). Secondly, I will show that two types of category fluidity should be distinguished. One type I will call Subsective Gradience (SG). It is intra-categorial in nature, and allows for members of a class to display the properties of that class to varying degrees. The other type is called Intersective Gradience (IG). This is an inter-categorial phenomenon which is characterised by two form classes ‘converging’ on each other. Thirdly, I will argue that while the two types of gradience are grammatically real, IG is not as widespread as is often claimed. Finally, in this article I will attempt to be more precise about the vague phenomenon of gradience. To this end I will devise a formalisation of SG and IG, using a number of case studies mainly from English. The formalism makes use of morphosyntactic tests to establish whether an item belongs to a particular class or to a ‘bordering’ one by weighing up the form class features that apply to the item in question. This article can be seen to argue for a midway position between the Aristotelian and the cognitivist conceptions of categorisation in that I will defend a position that allows for gradience, but nevertheless maintains sharp boundaries between categories. The ideas put forward in this article have wider implications for the study of language, in that they address the problem posed by the existence of a tension between generally rigidly conceived linguistic concepts and the continuous phenomena they describe.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Kozlowska-Heuchin, Renata. "Méthode D'analyse des Connecteurs du Français en Vue D'un Traitement Automatique." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 20, no. 2 (January 1, 1996): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.20.2.05koz.

Full text
Abstract:
The subject of this article is the analysis of clauses of aim, cause, consequence and condition in French in view to the automatic processing. Our theoretical framework is that of lexicon-grammar. This study differs from the usual grammatical analyses. Here, the complex sentence is studied on the model of the simple sentence, defined as an operator accompanied by its arguments. The conjunctive phrase is our starting point for this study, and it is then shown that the noun around which it is formed, is of predicative type and has the main clause and the subordinate as arguments. This is a predicate «of second order». Automatic processing requires extremely accurate notation of syntactic and semantic properties if ambiguity and polysemy are to be correctly handled. Those descriptions based on syntactico-semantic features are insufficient, which is why the concept of « class of objects » is brought in. There are as many types of relations as there are semantic types of predicate. This is the reason why a semantic typology of predicates is sketched out, integrating lexical, syntactic and semantic components. It is shown that each semantic type can have its own appropriate lexical means of expression and specific syntactic behaviour.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language"

1

Дубова, О. А., and O. A. Dubova. "Кваліфікація структурно-типологічних змін іменникової системи." Thesis, 2017. http://eir.nuos.edu.ua/xmlui/handle/123456789/4377.

Full text
Abstract:
Дубова, О. А. Кваліфікація структурно-типологічних змін іменникової системи = Qualification of structural-typological changes noun system / О. А. Дубова // Матеріали IV міжнар. наук. конф. “Світ мови – світ у мові”. – Київ : Вид-во НПУ ім. М. П. Драгоманова, 2017. – С. 54–57.
За умови політипологізму мов світу методологія вивчення еволюційно-типологічних змін у мовах має враховувати необхідність концептуального розмежування понять тип (клас) мови і тип у мові. Якщо тип у мові розуміємо як «виявлену в кількох мовах властивість мовної структури», то тип мови як клас мов, в яких переважає певна типологічна властивість (тип у мові).
Given the polypologism of the world's languages, the methodology for studying evolutionary and typological changes in languages must take into account the need for a conceptual distinction between the concepts of type (class) of language and type in language. If the type in language is understood as "a property of language structure discovered in several languages", then the type of language as a class of languages in which a certain typological property predominates (type in language).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language"

1

Form-class and task-type effects in learner English: A study of advanced Swedish learners. Lund: University Press, 1999.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Binchy, Maeve. Evening class. New York, N.Y: Delacorte Press, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Binchy, Maeve. Evening class. Thorndike, Me., USA: G.K. Hall, 1997.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Binchy, Maeve. Evening class. Boston: Little, Brown, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Binchy, Maeve. Evening class. London: Orion, 1997.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Binchy, Maeve. Evening class. London: BCA, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Binchy, Maeve. Evening class. New York: Dell, 1997.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Judy, Blume. Blubber. Waterville, ME: Thorndike Press, 2005.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Judy, Blume. Blubber. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Judy, Blume. Blubber. New York: Atheneum Books for Young Readers, 2001.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language"

1

Crary, K. "Programming Language Semantics in Foundational Type Theory." In Programming Concepts and Methods PROCOMET ’98, 107–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35358-6_11.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Gabriel, Peter. "The object-based specification language Π: concepts, syntax, and semantics." In Recent Trends in Data Type Specification, 254–70. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-56379-2_44.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Goldstein, Harrison, John Hughes, Leonidas Lampropoulos, and Benjamin C. Pierce. "Do Judge a Test by its Cover." In Programming Languages and Systems, 264–91. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72019-3_10.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractProperty-based testing uses randomly generated inputs to validate high-level program specifications. It can be shockingly effective at finding bugs, but it often requires generating a very large number of inputs to do so. In this paper, we apply ideas from combinatorial testing, a powerful and widely studied testing methodology, to modify the distributions of our random generators so as to find bugs with fewer tests. The key concept is combinatorial coverage, which measures the degree to which a given set of tests exercises every possible choice of values for every small combination of input features.In its “classical” form, combinatorial coverage only applies to programs whose inputs have a very particular shape—essentially, a Cartesian product of finite sets. We generalize combinatorial coverage to the richer world of algebraic data types by formalizing a class of sparse test descriptions based on regular tree expressions. This new definition of coverage inspires a novel combinatorial thinning algorithm for improving the coverage of random test generators, requiring many fewer tests to catch bugs. We evaluate this algorithm on two case studies, a typed evaluator for System F terms and a Haskell compiler, showing significant improvements in both.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Szyperski, Clemens, Stephen Omohundro, and Stephan Murer. "Engineering a programming language: The type and class system of Sather." In Programming Languages and System Architectures, 208–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-57840-4_33.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Cooper, Robin. "Perception, Types and Frames." In Language, Cognition, and Mind, 165–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_8.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractWe present a view of perception as the classification of objects and events in terms of types in the sense of TTR, a Type Theory with Records. We argue that such types can be used to give a formal model of concepts and cognitive processing involving concepts. This yields a view that natural language semantics is based on our cognitive perceptual ability. The paper provides an overview of some key ideas in TTR including the important notion of record type. We suggest that record types can be used to model frames in a way that relates to the Düsseldorf notion of frame as well as those of Fillmore and Barsalou.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Morzycki, Marcin. "Structure and Ontology in Nonlocal Readings of Adjectives." In Language, Cognition, and Mind, 65–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50200-3_4.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractIn certain uses, adjectives appear to make the semantic contribution normally associated with adverbs. These readings are often thought to be a peripheral phenomenon, restricted to one corner of the grammar and just a handful of lexical items. I’ll argue that it’s actually considerably more general than is often recognized, and that it admits two fundamentally different modes of explanation: in terms of the syntactic machinery that undergirds these structures and in terms of the ontology of the objects manipulated by its semantics. Both modes of explanation have been suggested for some of the puzzles in this domain, and I’ll argue both are necessary. With respect to adjectives including average and occasional, the key insight is that their lexical semantics is fundamentally about kinds. But to arrive at a more general theory of adverbial readings, it is also necessary to further articulate the compositional semantics. In this spirit, I’ll argue that these adjectives actually have the semantic type of quantificational determiners like every. If this way of thinking about adverbial readings is on the right track, it instantiates a means by which these two distinct modes of explanation—and the distinct aspects of cognition they may ultimately be associated with—both play a crucial role in bringing about the apparently aberrant behavior of this class of adjectives.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Hainry, Emmanuel, Bruce M. Kapron, Jean-Yves Marion, and Romain Péchoux. "Complete and tractable machine-independent characterizations of second-order polytime." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 368–88. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99253-8_19.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe class of Basic Feasible Functionals $$\mathtt{BFF}$$ BFF is the second-order counterpart of the class of first-order functions computable in polynomial time. We present several implicit characterizations of $$\mathtt{BFF}$$ BFF based on a typed programming language of terms. These terms may perform calls to imperative procedures, which are not recursive. The type discipline has two layers: the terms follow a standard simply-typed discipline and the procedures follow a standard tier-based type discipline. $$\mathtt{BFF}$$ BFF consists exactly of the second-order functionals that are computed by typable and terminating programs. The completeness of this characterization surprisingly still holds in the absence of lambda-abstraction. Moreover, the termination requirement can be specified as a completeness-preserving instance, which can be decided in time quadratic in the size of the program. As typing is decidable in polynomial time, we obtain the first tractable (i.e., decidable in polynomial time), sound, complete, and implicit characterization of $$\mathtt{BFF}$$ BFF , thus solving a problem opened for more than 20 years.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Very basic R syntax." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 9–12. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0009.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract R is a programming language that has a huge range of inbuilt statistical and graphical functions. Firstly, this chapter shows how R works by talking you through a number of exercises, often producing graphical output, so you will get to know how to write simple code and become familiar with some of the most commonly used R functions for manipulating data and doing simple calculations. For ease, the chapter will firstly use a non-biological type of example. Thereafter, it will enter, display and analyse a number of real biological or medical datasets as might be obtained in student class experiments or fieldwork projects. Further on, it will present an outline of statistical tests appropriate to various types of data that you will come across.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Quicke, Donald L. J., Buntika A. Butcher, and Rachel A. Kruft Welton. "Very basic R syntax." In Practical R for biologists: an introduction, 9–12. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245349.0003a.

Full text
Abstract:
Abstract R is a programming language that has a huge range of inbuilt statistical and graphical functions. Firstly, this chapter shows how R works by talking you through a number of exercises, often producing graphical output, so you will get to know how to write simple code and become familiar with some of the most commonly used R functions for manipulating data and doing simple calculations. For ease, the chapter will firstly use a non-biological type of example. Thereafter, it will enter, display and analyse a number of real biological or medical datasets as might be obtained in student class experiments or fieldwork projects. Further on, it will present an outline of statistical tests appropriate to various types of data that you will come across.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Tarasiuk, Anna, and Bartosz Wojno. "The Notion of “Employee” in the IDD: A Harmonized Interpretation Based on the EU Law." In AIDA Europe Research Series on Insurance Law and Regulation, 139–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52738-9_6.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThe issue of the interpretation of the concept of an “employee of insurance undertaking”, which was used in the Directive on insurance distribution may cause issues from the point of view of the definition of the “employee” in terms of the type of legal relationship and the scope of activities that are allowed to be performed only by such employees. The authors demonstrate that, in accordance with the previous case law of the European Court of Justice/Court of Justice of the European Union, the concepts contained in EU directives should be interpreted in accordance with EU law, taking into account its autonomy and its aim (harmonization of legal systems of Member States). This should be applied even if a simple translation of a particular term used in an EU directive into the language of a Member State may give rise to an incentive for that term to be interpreted in the context of a local legal system.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language"

1

Zhang, Danfeng, Andrew C. Myers, Dimitrios Vytiniotis, and Simon Peyton-Jones. "Diagnosing type errors with class." In PLDI '15: ACM SIGPLAN Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2737924.2738009.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Emrich, Frank, Sam Lindley, Jan Stolarek, James Cheney, and Jonathan Coates. "FreezeML: complete and easy type inference for first-class polymorphism." In PLDI '20: 41st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3385412.3386003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Zeng, Qingkai, Mengxia Yu, Wenhao Yu, JinJun Xiong, Yiyu Shi, and Meng Jiang. "Faceted Hierarchy: A New Graph Type to Organize Scientific Concepts and a Construction Method." In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Workshop on Graph-Based Methods for Natural Language Processing (TextGraphs-13). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-5317.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Tascon, Maria T., Paula Castro, and Francisco J. Castaño. "Improving the acquisition of English language competencies with international workgroups of university finance students." In Third International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/head17.2017.5344.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper discusses a teaching innovation project that integrates technological communication advances with the small group methodology to improve the English competency of university students of finance. This is a fundamental competency for studies in finance considering the increasingly international framework of financial business and the increasingly required mobility of human resources in all types of financial careers. This methodology requires the cooperation of a foreign university to help students understand the practical implications of using English when applying the theoretical concepts and methodologies studied in class in an international professional setting. As a first approach, we implement and assess the implementation of this methodology and its impact on students’ learning process in an elective module offered in an official degree in finance in Spain.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

LI, MENG-SHUANG. "ANALYSIS OF FAST FASHION CONSUMER BEHAVIOR FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONSUMER SOCIETY RESEARCH." In 2021 International Conference on Education, Humanity and Language, Art. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/dtssehs/ehla2021/35724.

Full text
Abstract:
The advent of the consumer society and mass media era has reconstructed the way people produce and live. Based on this condition, fast fashion as a new clothing industry has been spawned and has become popular rapidly. First of all, this article analyzes the concepts of fast fashion and fast fashion consumption, in order to explore the attribution of the rise of fast fashion consumption, including the rapid development of society and economy, the urgency of stimulating people's domestic demand, the driving role of mass media and advertising, and the psychological needs of the public keep increasing and so on. In addition, Fast-food consumerism represented by fast fashion has become a symbol that distinguishes a certain class or group. This article uses the sociology of consumption as a research perspective to explore the symbolic value of fast fashion consumption. It includes four types of symbolic values, including the value of highlighting differences, the value of distinguishing social classes, the value of belonging to a social group, and the value of resolving identity crises. At last, as a summary part, this article summarizes the benefits of fast fashion consumption, and makes certain reflections and suggestions on the disadvantages of fast fashion consumption.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Johansson, Olof, and Petter Krus. "Configurable Design Matrixes for Systems Engineering Applications." In ASME 2006 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2006-99481.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper presents a formalized approach to specify and implement design matrix support for systems engineering applications that structure large and complex product models. Design matrixes can clearly visualize the relationships between large amounts of hierarchically structured engineering objects and higher level systems engineering design objects like requirements and functions in the product model. Examples of structures that can be lied out along the X and Y axis of a design matrix are stakeholder trees, requirement trees, function-means trees, product concept trees, and implementation trees. The cells of the design matrix visualize how corresponding objects at the axes relate to each other. One benefit with configurable design matrixes is that the information content and layout of a design matrix can be specified by a user, and all software implementation effort is handled automatically by a generic software framework that is included in the engineering application. The paper provides an overview of the theory behind a formal specification language for configurable design matrixes. It gives examples of design matrix specifications and screen shoots of instances of these design matrixes generated by a prototype engineering application called FMDesign. The examples of different types of design matrixes are taken from a aircraft product model of a small business jet. A formal software specification of the design matrix specification language and the example engineering application is provided in UML class diagrams.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Michopoulos, J. G. "Development of the Finite Element Modeling Markup Language." In ASME 2002 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2002/cie-34406.

Full text
Abstract:
The finite element modeling Markup Language (femML) effort is addressing the problems of data interpretation and exchange for intra- and inter- application interoperability in the Finite Element Modeling domain. This is achieved through the development of an extensible markup language (XML) variant for finite element model data that will permit the storage, transmission, and processing of finite element modeling data distributed via the World Wide Web and related infrastructure technologies. The focus of this work was to utilize the XML’s power of semantic encapsulation along with the existing and continuously improving associated technology to develop a dialect for exchanging FEM data across various codes with heterogeneous input format syntactic specifications. The main aspects of a finite element definition have been used as archetypes for defining the XML element taxonomy definitions. Namely, the geometry, the material, and the loading aspects of a structural component specification are used to define the first level elements of the associated Document Type Definition (DTD). The element list has been amended with a behavior element specification that represents the solution data to be exchanged or visualized. Various tools have been developed to demonstrate associated concepts along with the ANSYS set of tools.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Furtado, Silas Luiz, and Jauvane de Oliveira. "Computer Vision and Neural Networks for Libras Recognition." In Workshop de Visão Computacional. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wvc.2021.18903.

Full text
Abstract:
In recent years, one can find several efforts to increase the inclusion of people with some type of disability. As a result, the global study of sign language has become an important research area. Therefore, this project aims at developing an information system for the automatic recognition of the Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS). The recognition shall be done through the processing of videos, without relying on support hardware. Given the great difficulty of creating a system for this purpose, an approach was developed by dividing the process into stages. In addition to dynamically identifying signs and context, neural network concepts and tools were used to extract the characteristics of interest and classify them accordingly. In addition, a dataset of signs, referring to the alphabet in LIBRAS, was built as well as a tool to interpret, with the aid of a webcam, the signal executed by a user, transcribing it on the screen.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Blejec, Andrej. "Teaching statistics by using simulations on the Internet." In Statistics and the Internet. International Association for Statistical Education, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.52041/srap.03317.

Full text
Abstract:
Simple probabilistic simulations, such as flipping a coin or rolling a dice, are used for illustration of statistical concepts and stochastic properties of modeled processes. With availability of personal computers in past decade, computer supported statistical simulations were introduced to statistics teaching. Such simulations - usually combined with graphic presentation of results and simulation itself - can be used for more obvious demonstration of statistical phenomena. With the advent of the Internet, new dimensions were introduced to teaching. The simulation software is easily available for those that are connected to the Internet, regardless of physical distance. Internet also brought cross-platform compatibility of teaching material, which was sometimes limited to one or another type of operating system. But there are some cultural and language barriers, usually combined with low availability of computers and Internet in some countries.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Mehdy, A. K. M. Nuhil, and Hoda Mehrpouyan. "A Multi-Input Multi-Output Transformer-Based Hybrid Neural Network for Multi-Class Privacy Disclosure Detection." In 2nd International Conference on Machine Learning Techniques and NLP (MLNLP 2021). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2021.111419.

Full text
Abstract:
The concern regarding users’ data privacy has risen to its highest level due to the massive increase in communication platforms, social networking sites, and greater users’ participation in online public discourse. An increasing number of people exchange private information via emails, text messages, and social media without being aware of the risks and implications. Researchers in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) have concentrated on creating tools and strategies to identify, categorize, and sanitize private information in text data since a substantial amount of data is exchanged in textual form. However, most of the detection methods solely rely on the existence of pre-identified keywords in the text and disregard the inference of underlying meaning of the utterance in a specific context. Hence, in some situations these tools and algorithms fail to detect disclosure, or the produced results are miss classified. In this paper, we propose a multi-input, multi-output hybrid neural network which utilizes transfer-learning, linguistics, and metadata to learn the hidden patterns. Our goal is to better classify disclosure/non-disclosure content in terms of the context of situation. We trained and evaluated our model on a human-annotated ground truth dataset, containing a total of 5,400 tweets. The results show that the proposed model was able to identify privacy disclosure through tweets with an accuracy of 77.4% while classifying the information type of those tweets with an impressive accuracy of 99%, by jointly learning for two separate tasks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Concepts of type (class) of language and type in language' for particular source types:
Journal articles Books
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography