Journal articles on the topic 'Conceptions of human life'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Conceptions of human life.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Conceptions of human life.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Burley, Mikel. "Eating Human Beings: Varieties of Cannibalism and the Heterogeneity of Human Life." Philosophy 91, no. 4 (August 30, 2016): 483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819116000322.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractPhilosophy as well as anthropology is a discipline concerned with what it means to be human, and hence with investigating the multiple ways of making sense of human life. An important task in this process is to remain open to diverse conceptions of human beings, not least conceptions that may on the face of it appear to be morally alien. A case in point are conceptions that are bound up with cannibalism, a practice sometimes assumed to be so morally scandalous that it probably never happens, at least in a culturally sanctioned form. Questioning this assumption, along with Cora Diamond's contention that the very concept of a human being involves a prohibition against consuming human flesh, the present article explores how cannibalism can have an intelligible place in a human society – exemplified by the Wari’ of western Brazil. By coming to see this, we are enabled to enlarge our conception of the heterogeneity of possible ways of being human.
2
Schweiker, William. "Global Responsibility and the Enhancement of Life." De Ethica 3, no. 1 (May 9, 2016): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/de-ethica.2001-8819.163133.
Full textAbstract:
This article advances a conception of global ethics in terms of the centrality of responsibility to the moral life and also the moral good of the enhancement of life. In contrast to some forms of global ethics, the article also seeks to warrant the use of religious sources in developing such an ethics. Specifically, the article seeks to demonstrate the greater adequacy of a global ethics of responsibility for the enhancement of life against rival conceptions developed in terms of Human Rights discourse or the so-called Capabilities Approach. The article ends with a conception of ‘conscience’ as the mode of human moral being and the experience of religious transcendence within the domains of human social and historical life. From this idea, conscience is specified a human right and capacity to determine the humane use of religious resources and also the norm for the rejection of inhumane expressions of religion within global ethics.
3
Berglund Snodgrass, Lina. "Safety and agonistic conceptions of public life." plaNext–Next Generation Planning 1 (July 1, 2015): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24306/plnxt.2015.01.005.
Full textAbstract:
This paper seeks to enable for conceptual resistance towards a desirable urban order of ‘safe public realms’, to which the ‘planning for safety’ directly contributes. One way of engaging in that kind of resistance is by contributing to politicising the system of beliefs informing planning for safety. Planning for safety is primarily legitimised morally as the ethically right thing to do given the identified violation of a human right in the public realm, the right to freely move about in the public environment. By drawing from Mouffean agonistic political theory (2005), there is no given interpretation nor implementation of ethical principles such as human rights, but rather different interpretations given what point of reference one is departing from, and should hence be subjected to political struggle. To conceptually set the arena for choice contributes to politicising phenomena which previously have been legitimised as the right or the (only) natural thing to do. ‘Planning for safety’ should therefore be interpreted resting on specific ideological assumptions of public life which frames both how ‘the human right’ is conceptualised as well as what planning solutions are considered possible. This article seeks to establish alternative conceptualisations of public life, with an aim to make visible how there is not one notion of public life and thereby re-politicise the ideolo-gical premises underpinning ‘safety planning’ and thereby allow for conceptual resistance. This is carried out by establishing a discursive field of public life, a kind of conceptual arena for choice making. The discursive field is represented by four different discourses of public life centred around different ideals such as rational, dramaturgical, conflictual and consensual public life. In this conceptual context, lines of conflict have been discerned based on a thematic of purpose, character, criteria for participation and conception of identities, which have taken the form of agonistic dimensions, from which planning discursively can position itself. This paper argues that we first must agonistically agree on what notion of public life should govern the development of our cities, and thereafter discuss what the consequences would be for planning.
4
Jakubovská, Viera, and Jana Waldnerová. "Reflections on happiness and a happy life." Ars Aeterna 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aa-2020-0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The main objective of the following text is to focus on and exemplify the basic axioms of theories of happiness that come from historical and philosophical tradition and are still, at least in some cases, relevant nowadays. As philosophers claim, the longing for happiness is a naturally human desire that has taken various forms in their thinking: happiness was connected with beatitude (Aristotle), with self-preservation (Spinoza), social helpfulness (Hume), living in the present moment without expostulations or false illusions (Comte-Sponville), and others. The desire for happiness means the main aim of a human life drives particular life goals and the values of individuals. Concepts of happiness have accrued in diachronic and synchronic cross-sections. The Aristotelian/Spinozan conception or Kantian, modern and postmodern traditions formed in a diachronic cross-section. Those that accrued in a synchronic cross-section segregated themselves on the basis of an individual’s spiritual and bodily aspect. Spiritual happiness (spiritual bliss, and inner equilibrium, ataraxis) was preferred by the eudaimonic (ευδαιμονία) tradition (Democritus, Socrates, Aristotle, Hellenism, French materialism and others); bodily pleasures were accentuated by the hedonistic traditions (Lipovetsky, Bauman, Keller). Some conceptions examined the problem of happiness through the optics of society and the individual, stressing general goodness and helpfulness (Plato, Aristotle, Kant); or personal goodness, pleasure and benefit – the contemporary hedonistic concepts (Lipovetsky, Maffesoli, Comte-Sponville) All these conceptions of happiness are united by the common desire of people to live happily; however, their means and ways to reach such a goal are different.
5
Banda, Fareda, and John Eekelaar. "INTERNATIONAL CONCEPTIONS OF THE FAMILY." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 66, no. 4 (August 22, 2017): 833–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589317000288.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article examines the evolving way the ‘family’ and ‘family life’ have been understood in international and regional human rights instruments, and in the case law of the relevant institutions. It shows how the various structural components which are considered to constitute those concepts operate both between relevant adults and between adults and children. But it also shows that important normative elements, in particular, anti-discrimination norms, operate both to undermine the perception of some structures as constituting ‘family’, and to modify those structures themselves. This raises the question how far human rights norms should be seen as protecting family units in themselves or the individual members that constitute them.
6
Germain, Carel B. "Emerging Conceptions of Family Development over the Life Course." Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, no. 5 (May 1994): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500501.
Full textAbstract:
Life-cycle models assume universal, fixed, sequential stages of individual and family development and thus ignore the diversity of people, social and physical environments, and culture. The author proposes a new, interdisciplinary life-course model of development based on the concept of nonuniform pathways of development. This model incorporates new family forms, human diversity (race, ethnicity, culture, gender, sexual orientation, and physical/mental states), and environmental diversity (economic, political, social). The model includes temporal orientations (historic, individual, and social time) to examine the influence of life transitions, life events, and other life issues on family development and transformations over time. A case example is provided.
7
Amirkhanov, Abdul. "The triad of postmodern philosophy: "the death of God" - "the death of the author" - "death of the subject"." KANT 35, no. 2 (June 2020): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2222-243x.2020-35.19.
Full textAbstract:
The article covers the conception of postmodern philosophers through the triad of "God's death", "Author's death" and "Subject's death" conceptions. Postmodernism had the newest ideas of modern thinkers in its philosophy as ideas that were too critical to Modernism era(emerge). The critique touched the main problems in philosophy such as ontology, gnoseology and axiology and it proposed the newest vision of human problem, human being, his consciousness and meaning of life. The author of the article aims to review the current stage of philosophy and investigate the writings of F. Nietzsche, R. Bart and their vision of human problem in modern society in order to alter that society which will be destroyed and will go into oblivion with this approach to life.
8
Erasmus, Zimitri. "Sylvia Wynter’s Theory of the Human: Counter-, not Post-humanist." Theory, Culture & Society 37, no. 6 (August 5, 2020): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276420936333.
Full textAbstract:
How does Sylvia Wynter’s theory of the human depart from Western bio-centric and teleological accounts of the human? To grapple with this question I clarify five key concepts in her theory: the Third Emergence, auto- and socio-poiesis, the autopoietic overturn, the human as hybrid, and sociogenesis. I draw on parts of Wynter’s oeuvre, texts she works with and my conversations with Anthony Bogues. Wynter invents a Third Emergence of the world to mark the advent of the human as a hybrid being. She challenges Western conceptions that reduce the human to biological properties. In opposition to Western teleology, her counter-cartography of a history of human life offers a relational conception of human existence which pivots around Frantz Fanon’s theory of sociogeny. She draws on Aimé Césaire’s call for a conception of the human made to the measure of the world, not to the measure of ‘Man’. This makes Wynter’s theory counter-, not post-humanist.
9
Farget, Doris. "Defining Roma Identity in the European Court of Human Rights." International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 19, no. 3 (2012): 291–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718115-01903002.
Full textAbstract:
This article is an evaluation based on a selection of the European Court of Human Rights’ case law concerning Roma people, namely the three main decisions dealing with the right to a Gypsy way of life. In those cases, the Court interpreted the right to respect for private and family life as giving rise to a ‘positive obligation to facilitate the Gypsy way of life’. This obligation involves a definition of Roma identity and reveals that the Court’s position, founded on specific perceptions of Romanity is restrictive, distorted and stereotyped. Indeed, regarding this European legal protection, I wonder whether the legal conception of Roma identity conveyed by the Court is relevant, since it does not always accord with sociological or anthropological studies on that topic, taking into account a constructivist approach of identity, nor with the description of a wide range of members of that people. First, this article aims at underlying which stereotypes dealing with Roma identity are involved in the Court’s discourse. Second, it shows how these ‘manipulated conceptions’ are fed by the arguments of Roma applicants and those of the respondent State.
10
Svobodová, Zuzana. "The Life of the Shaken." Forum Pedagogiczne 9, no. 1 (September 4, 2019): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/fp.2019.1.15.
Full textAbstract:
Based on the analysis of texts by Jan Patočka, the author explores two concepts of human existence. The concept of three movements of life and the concept of two basic forms of life are examined in this paper, with the aim to referring to similarities and differences between them and to try to point out the essentials from these conceptions. The motivating question that gives rise to author´s efforts in this paper is: “What kind of agreement can be found between different concepts?”
11
Christmann, Morgana, and Sílvia Maria de Oliveira Pavão. "Health: bioecological analysis of subjective well-being in teaching." Acta Scientiarum. Health Sciences 43 (October 13, 2021): e55912. http://dx.doi.org/10.4025/actascihealthsci.v43i1.55912.
Full textAbstract:
Reflect on the concepts that go through the history of people with disabilities, in the context of their rights, as the processes involving their education is an emerging theme. The objective of this work was to understand the conceptions about health of university professors based on the Bioecological Theory of Human development. This is an exploratory case study research with a mixed approach carried out with professors from a public university in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The method of data collection was the interview and the self-administered questionnaire. 73 professors and 6 interview participants from different fields of knowledge, selected at random participated answering to the questionnaire. It was observed that the systems that constitute the organizational basis of the participants' lives were similar and that their life stories, their culture, the media and the relationships they establish at work are factors that influence their conceptions about health and about the relationship established with people with disabilities in Higher Education. The participants' conception of health, however, still runs through the biomedical model, but has been undergoing a progressive change. It is concluded that the conceptions about health are linked to life history, when then one starts to subjectivity. Combined with the contextual issues of a particular place, the concept of health has been progressively detaching itself from the concept of disease.
12
Fadeev, Victor. "Conceptions and Intentions as a New Focus of Attention in Criminology and Jurisprudence." Russian Journal of Criminology 15, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(3).306-320.
Full textAbstract:
The anatomy of crime, viewed as such in comparison with any form of law and order, is presented as a criminological template developed by the humanity over the centuries of legal practice. This template includes the following: the conception of the action — the intention to commit it — the preparation — committing the action — its direct manifestations — its results and consequences compared with the conception and the size of punishment. Currently, the conception and intention are not yet criminalized. It is connected with the fact that this sphere is not either generally or specifically recognized as an object of science and legal practice, diverse criminal conceptions and intentions stay outside the professional attention and jurisprudence although they are, explicitly or implicitly, perverted in their essence and character. It is worth noting that the «black hole» of uncertainty and the perverted character of the legal environment in which the humanity lives are manifested not only in the sphere of professional interests of criminology as a science of crime counteraction. However, not only philosophy, but practically all the humanities, including psychology and its applications, have not taken seriously the conception and the intentions of its embodiment which, through logos, are included in the essence of the human and the humanity, and in his life on planet Earth. For this reason, it is dominated by lies and deceptions, by criminal conceptions, intentions and acts, wars and homicide involving not only individual persons, by whole countries and nations. Urgent measures need to be developed and implemented to stop this rampage of destructive forces, it is necessary to have a «global rebooting» and to take the path of living in and developing a truly human civilization.
13
Kruks, Sonia. "For a Modest Human Exceptionalism." Simone de Beauvoir Studies 30, no. 2 (August 14, 2020): 252–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25897616-bja10004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The “new materialisms” offer an important critique of “human exceptionalism,” challenging deeply held conceptions of “man” as a “sovereign subject.” However, they tend to overstate their claims by ignoring those qualities of freedom that still remain distinctive to human life. This article turns to Beauvoir to make a case for a more “modest” human exceptionalism: while she also grounds the human inextricably in the material, Beauvoir offers fuller resources than do new materialisms for examining human freedom and human responsibility to resist its oppression.
14
Gruhn, Jennifer R., Agata P. Zielinska, Vallari Shukla, Robert Blanshard, Antonio Capalbo, Danilo Cimadomo, Dmitry Nikiforov, et al. "Chromosome errors in human eggs shape natural fertility over reproductive life span." Science 365, no. 6460 (September 26, 2019): 1466–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7321.
Full textAbstract:
Chromosome errors, or aneuploidy, affect an exceptionally high number of human conceptions, causing pregnancy loss and congenital disorders. Here, we have followed chromosome segregation in human oocytes from females aged 9 to 43 years and report that aneuploidy follows a U-curve. Specific segregation error types show different age dependencies, providing a quantitative explanation for the U-curve. Whole-chromosome nondisjunction events are preferentially associated with increased aneuploidy in young girls, whereas centromeric and more extensive cohesion loss limit fertility as women age. Our findings suggest that chromosomal errors originating in oocytes determine the curve of natural fertility in humans.
15
Ryff, Carol D. "Beyond Ponce de Leon and Life Satisfaction: New Directions in Quest of Successful Ageing." International Journal of Behavioral Development 12, no. 1 (March 1989): 35–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548901200102.
Full textAbstract:
Previous approaches to the study of successful ageing are reviewed. It is argued that there has been an absence of theory guiding this research; an implicit negativism in the proposed conceptions of well-being; a neglect of the possibility for continued growth and development in old age; and a failure to see conceptions of positive ageing as human constructions that are open to cultural variations and historical change. An alternative approach that draws on the convergence in life-span developmental theories, clinical theories of personal growth, and mental health perspectives is presented. Six criteria of well-being result from this integration: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, purpose in life, and personal growth. These dimensions are defined and their relevance for the study of adulthood and ageing is discussed. New avenues for investigating successful ageing as a human construction are presented with emphasis given to the complementarity between quantitative and qualitative research strategies.
16
Hwang, Eun Young. "Augustine and Xunzi on Human Dignity and Human Rights: The Worth of Being Human and Its Entitlement to Institutional Measures for Protecting the Access to Human Flourishing." Religions 11, no. 5 (May 22, 2020): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11050264.
Full textAbstract:
While some human rights theorists suggest that the universalistic project of human rights can be consistent only with an individualistic conception of dignity aligned with liberal regimes, there have also been some voices of discontent raised from Christian and Confucian thinkers in favor of incompatibility. I refer to the universalistic position of approaching cross-cultural human rights by focusing on Pogge’s contextualistic universalism and Joas’ universalistic emphasis on the sacredness of person. I show how it is possible to ground the religious foundation of human dignity on self-transcendence (Joas) and the institutional foundation on the capacity for the pursuit of a worthwhile life as flourishing (Pogge). This idea of dignity grounds human rights as the entitlement to institutional measures for securing the access to basic goods for human flourishing (Pogge). When reinterpreting Augustine and Xunzi in light of human dignity and human rights, I tackle two questions, following Pogge and Joas. First, I reinterpret Augustine and Xunzi by showing how human dignity rests on the relative worth of pursuing one’s flourishing distinct from animals and the absolute worth of pursuing flourishing open for self-transcendence, which also entails different ranges of social conceptions of flourishing. I also tackle how this sense of dignity leads to the entitlement to institutional measures for protecting the access to basic goods for human flourishing as the issue of human rights.
17
Wessel, Karl-Friedrich, and Andreas Plagemann. "Human Ontogenetics – Toward a New Conception of Humans." human_ontogenetics 1, no. 1 (December 21, 2007): 3–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/huon.200700005.
Full text
18
Frey, Christofer. "Naturrecht und Gebot." Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik 54, no. 1 (February 1, 2010): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14315/zee-2010-0104.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This interpretation of the conditions of the reception of the Decalogue in medieval Christianity and the Reformation period supports the hypothesis that the leading perspectives of ethics are formed by basic assumptions of the reality of human life. This hypothesis is contrary to G.E. Moore’s socalled ›naturalistic fallacy‹, because the ›natural law‹ as an important basic assumption implies a view of nature different from modern times. It is either founded in the eternal divine law (Thomas Aquinas) or in a flexible conception close to history and change (supported by Luther). The Melanchthonian conception, however, relies more or less on a nonhistoric view which implies the notion of human dignity combined with the construction of practical principles appealing to all human persons. In contrast to the Anglosaxon mainstream of ethical thought we find here first indicators of an ethics which combines a transcendental (›transzendental‹ in the Kantian sense) foundation and an examination of everyday’s norms. Thus the Decalogue inspires the search for the conceptions of reality in the background of norms.
19
Romanov, S. V. "Strategies of Human Self-Development in Ancient Philosophy." Siberian Journal of Philosophy 19, no. 2 (October 21, 2021): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2541-7517-2021-19-2-145-157.
Full textAbstract:
The aгticle is devoted to understanding the practices of human self-development in the philosophical and educational conceptions of antiquity. The close connection of self-development and philosophy is aгgued for. А special place is given to the study of the phenomenon of self-knowledge as а necessary foundation for the development and formation of а life stгategy. Self-development as а phenomenon of human existence was not considered as а special object, therefore it has theoretical significance in the philosophy of education.
20
Chirkina, Svetlana E., Alexandra V. Beloborodova, Elena V. Grigorovich, Rosalina V. Shagieva, and Denis G. Shelevoi. "Conceptions of happiness: philosophical and evolutionary considerations." XLinguae 14, no. 3 (June 2021): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.03.10.
Full textAbstract:
This paper offers a critical analysis of the conclusions of the most recent research in the field of social psychology and positive psychology, with a special focus on Jonathan Haidt’s conclusions published in his acclaimed book The Happiness Hypothesis (2006). Various factors contributing to subjective feelings of happiness are considered and assessed on the background of what modern research has come to call a ‘divided self,’ reflecting the dynamic and often conflicting relationship between the human rational ego and his/her emotions and internal (often subconscious) drives. While our individual genetic predispositions have a substantial impact on the way we feel and act, intentional mind-focusing techniques, proper types of psychotherapy or spiritual counselling, and adequate medicine (e.g., Prozac) have a measurable influence on human character development, subjective wellbeing, and feelings of happiness. This paper claims that it might be difficult to answer the question of what constitutes happiness and how one achieves it without answering first the question of meaning in a twofold manner: first, giving adequate consideration to life’s meaning from within, i.e., from the perspective of the personal/moral subject; and second, considering the wider context of the person’s subjective consideration in asking the question ‘what is the meaning of life’ in general. To attempt to answer this second question, one needs to delve into deeper philosophical/spiritual waters.
21
Gershbeyn, Tatiana Sh. "Seven Sketches to the Tree of Life." ICONI, no. 3 (2021): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2021.3.117-125.
Full textAbstract:
In many ancient cultures the number seven was distinguished with a special type of symbolism. There is also an aureole of mystique surrounding the cycle “Seven Sketches for Piano” by Saratov-based composer Elena Gokhman. In order to line up one of the possible conceptions of the composition the author turned her attention to the universal Kabbalistic model of the human being – the Tree of Life. The seven components of the Tree – the sephiroths – reflect the seven psychological characteristic features of the human being which it is necessary to develop and perfect, harmonizing them with both each other and with the outer world. The analogies between the Tree of Life and the pieces comprising the piano cycle line up the psychological portrait of our contemporary: permeated with contradictions, aspiring towards harmony and conveying clemency to the world.
22
Senkosi, Balyejjusa Moses. "MEANINGS AND UNDERSTANDINGS OF WELLBEING: AN EXPLORATION OF SOMALI REFUGEES’ CONCEPTIONS OF HUMAN WELLBEING." Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 45, no. 2 (June 7, 2016): 72–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/0304-615x/684.
Full textAbstract:
Although there is a substantial body of literature on human wellbeing, there is no universally agreed upon meaning and understanding of the concept. This paper explores the meanings and understandings Somali refugees in Kampala, Uganda attach to the concept. Drawing on 14 in-depth individual interviews and seven focus group discussions with 70 Somali refugee study participants in Kisenyi, I argue that wellbeing is mainly understood in terms of having access to objective elements that result in having a good or comfortable life. The objective elements can be seen to represent human needs with respect to Doyal and Gough’s theory of human need. These objective elements were discussed as prerequisites for having a good life. They include peace and security, health, education, employment and housing. Adequate access to these objective elements is perceived as fundamentally important in promoting and guaranteeing human wellbeing. Â
23
Shevchenko, Luidmyla, Natalia Novoselchuk, and Volodymyr Toporkov. "Linear Landscape Spaces in the Planning Structure of the City." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.2 (June 20, 2018): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.2.14612.
Full textAbstract:
The article is aimed to show up the role of linear landscape spaces in the layout structure of a city. The current urban environment of existence of human shows a mix between nature, urbanized informative space, advanced innovative technologies, design elements. The authors accentuate importance of creation harmonious ecological and esthetically attractive environment of a city for human life and activities basing on the proper compatibility of these constituents. Basing on the selected methodology of research the authors analyze the available historiography material, world analogues of the investigated objects and their project conceptions. The article presents the existing theoretical conceptions of the urban development starting from the treatises of the ancient Greek philosophers up to project urban conceptions of the future cities basing on the linear landscape spaces. Position of the objects under research is outlined in the system of the green space. The system includes the objects under investigation as its integral part. The authors are educed the most widespread varieties of objects. The authors show the most widespread varieties of objects under research in the layout structure of modern cities. Particular attention of the authors is addressed to the linear parks, embankments, boulevards and parkways that play an important role in life and activity of a city and its habitants. Importance of proper implementation of project conceptions for such spaces has been shown by means of different spheres of design - landscape, ecological, ergonomics, urban and graphic.
24
Badhwar, Neera K. "Moral Agency, Commitment, and Impartiality." Social Philosophy and Policy 13, no. 1 (1996): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500001503.
Full textAbstract:
Liberal political philosophy presupposes a moral theory according to which the ability to assess and choose conceptions of the good from a universal and impartial moral standpoint is central to the individual's moral identity. This viewpoint is standardly understood by liberals as that of a rational human (not transcendental) agent. Such an agent is able to reflect on her ends and pursuits, including those she strongly identifies with, and to understand and take into account the basic interests of others. From the perspective of liberalism as a political morality, the most important of these interests is the interest in maximum, equal liberty for each individual, and thus the most important moral principles are the principles of justice that protect individuals' rights to life and liberty.According to the communitarian critics of liberalism, however, the liberal picture of moral agency is unrealistically abstract. Communitarians object that moral agents in the real world neither choose their conceptions of the good nor occupy a universalistically impartial moral standpoint. Rather, their conceptions of the good are determined chiefly by the communities in which they find themselves, and these conceptions are largely “constitutive” of their particular moral identities. Moral agency is thus “situated” and “particularistic,” and an impartial reflection on the conception of the good that constitutes it is undesirable, if not impossible. Further, communitarians contend, the good is “prior” to the right in the sense that moral norms are derived from, and justified in terms of, the good. An adequate moral and political theory must reflect these facts about moral agency and moral norms.
25
ADAMKIEWICZ, Marek, and Arnold WARCHAŁ. "ON THE EXISTENTIAL SECURITY IN VIEW OF THE CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHICAL CONCEPTIONS ON TRANSIENCE." National Security Studies 15, no. 1 (December 13, 2018): 105–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/sbn/132153.
Full textAbstract:
This is the final – fourth article of the series of texts focusing on problems of human transience. Hence, it is the culmination of focus on tribulations considered to be the rudimentary (as basic and commencing) aspects of our sense of security. And is considered to be an essential (fundamental) manifestation of the destruction of human existence. Death – transience of life, as a physical parameter and evolutionary mechanism is defined by the very laws of nature, which does not change and remains an inexhaustible source of human anxiety, and reflective understanding leading to consciousness of very immediate dimension of our mortality. Transience is a sign of ephemerality of existence and, therefore, it makes us realize the irrationality of human existence scattering in the shadow of death and dying. Consequently, the considerations contained in the article relate to the security as projection of being in manifestation of reflective thinking about worldliness, which does not relieve us of a dread of temporariness, when focused on short-lived and temporary life. From this point of view, the authors’ direct attention to philosophical statements and views, that belong to the existential rhetoric. For that reason, among the fascinating authors of the philosophy of life there are thinkers who are interested in the thanatological discourse. In the text authors are presenting the views of contemporary thinkers, with reference to the positions of Friedrich Nietzsche, Erasmus Majewski, Wilhelm Dilthey, Miguel de Unamuno, Nikolai Berdyaev, Lev Shestov, Carl Gustav Jung, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Karl Jaspers, Gabriel Marcel, Martin Heidegger, Albert Camus, Paul Ricoeur, Emmanuel Levinas, Vladimir Jankelevitch, Henryk Elezenberg, Józef Tischner, Jan Szczepański, Józef Bańka, Zygmunt Bauman and others – those who disseminate on the issues of the securitization, in its existential stratum.
26
Mendie, John Gabriel. "The important of Ontology to Public Administration." PINISI Discretion Review 1, no. 1 (May 19, 2020): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/pdr.v1i1.13627.
Full textAbstract:
Metaphysics, as we understand, is a philosophical enterprise that deals with the nature of the ultimate reality. However, this is a sweeping conception; we can say metaphysics, is concerned with the nature of reality as well as problems of existence which is more appropriately considered under ontological discussions. Thus, there have been questions on whether ontology has vital importance in human practical dealings. This paper aims to show the importance of ontology in administration. The work analysis some existing philosophers' postulation on the importance of ontology in public administration. This work agrees with most philosophers on the ontological abstract theories that have some bearing on the ethical and practical issues. It defends this position by analysing unique cases of humane administration; that metaphysical thesis, theories, and conceptions are equally important in resolving real-life cases. The research is carried out with the philosophical method of textual analysis.
27
Bikundo, Edwin. "Experimental Norms: Power–Knowledge, Bare Life and Medical Trials." Law, Technology and Humans 2, no. 2 (November 21, 2020): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/lthj.1712.
Full textAbstract:
Humans experimenting on other humans sits precisely at the junction of law, technology and the humanities, synthesising descriptive, normative and creative elements in relation to reality. Experiments describe reality, normalise shared conceptions of reality as well as create their own reality. Human experiments consequently inflect both ‘norm’ and ‘humanity’ as a pattern or as a model, or even a standard to be met or fulfilled. Experiments abound in Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben’s body of work, including where he engages with the capacity for development of Michel Foucault’s opus. This is particularly so when Agamben explicitly addresses questions and criticisms surrounding his own methodology.
28
de Freitas Colombo Rosa, Dayane, and Roseli Gall do Amaral da Silva. "CONCEPÇÕES TEÓRICAS E PESQUISAS EDUCACIONAIS: OS DESAFIOS PARA SUPERAR O SENSO COMUM." COLLOQUIUM HUMANARUM 15, Especial 2 (December 1, 2018): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5747/ch.2018.v15.nesp2.001093.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this research is the theoretical conceptions of research in education, more specifically the positivist and materialist currents of history, the objective is to reflect on the challenges faced by students of educational research programs and / or pedagogy course in overcoming common sense in their productions in order to discuss the marketing objectives that legitimize the non-teaching and / or eclecticism of these theoretical-methodological conceptions. It is assumed that the production of knowledge is a historical process that is woven into the fabric of human existence to meet the needs of the organization of life, and is not a phenomenon constituted in a natural and linear way without connection with the concrete movement of history. Thus, we sought to answer the question: what challenges do we face today in the academic production of the educational area in relation to the method? For this, the methodological method adopted is the bibliographical research, the references of reading are especially Comte (1978), Marx and Engels (1986), Saviani (2003/2002), Nagel (2004) and Pereira (2003). From the theoretical methodological conception adopted, the researches are constituted 173 Colloquium Humanarum, vol. 15, n. Especial 2, Jul–Dez, 2018, p. 172-178. ISSN: 1809-8207. DOI: 10.5747/ch.2018.v15.nesp2.001093 differently, since the conception of what is science, man, education and human development meet the objectives of the social practice of the historical moment to which they belong, and to understand them in addition to the apparent causality that contributes to the process of struggle against alienation and overcoming of common sense. Keywords: Research, Education, Method.
29
Honcharenko, Olha. "Philosophy of education in Lviv-Warsaw School. Twardowski’s and his students’ philosophical conceptions of education." Filozoficzne Problemy Edukacji, no. 3 (2020): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25450948fpe.20.005.12943.
Full textAbstract:
A common feature of Lviv-Warsaw School (hereinafter – LWS) was not only the requirement of clear and precise thinking, but also a set of beliefs on the topic of philosophy and its role in the human and society life. This means that LWS had a certain philosophical conception of education. This is justified by the study of pedagogical aspects of Kazimierz Twardowski’s philosophy and philosophical aspects of pedagogy of his students Bogdan Nawroczyński and Kazimierz Sośnicki, as well as comprehending the idea of university and philosophical education in LWS. However, there is no integrated study of the LWS philosophy of education. This paper aims at reconstruction of LWS’s philosophy of education. Achieving this goal involves clarifying Twardowski’s role in developing philosophy of education at LWS and defining philosophical conceptions of education in his students’ works.
30
Gruber, Helmut. "Sexuality in “Red Vienna”: Socialist Party Conceptions and Programs and Working-Class Life, 1920–34." International Labor and Working-Class History 31 (1987): 37–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547900004105.
Full textAbstract:
The study of the place of sexuality in working-class culture is still in its infancy. The most noteworthy investigations stop short at the threshold of the twentieth century, on the eve of full-fledged industrialization. The sparseness of data on all periods has made sexuality a particularly intractable subject. The reticence of both memoirists and oral history subjects to reveal the most intimate aspects of their private sphere has forced historians to work with very fragmentary evidence and to rely on inference and contextual reconstructions. If this is so, then why study the subject at all? Because our understanding of working-class culture would be very incomplete without some glimpses of intimate life. There, at the core of the workers' private sphere, lie the emotional resources that have made it possible for them to express their selfhood at the workplace and to respond to the most oppressive aspects of wage labor. There, also, are embedded a variety of subcultural forms and associations which, acting both as disabilities and strengths, have made it possible for workers to resist exploitative manipulation and reformist schemes for self-improvement.
31
Hinterberger, Amy. "Investing in Life, Investing in Difference: Nations, Populations and Genomes." Theory, Culture & Society 29, no. 3 (May 2012): 72–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276411427409.
Full textAbstract:
This article explores the contemporary scientific practice of human genome science in light of Michel Foucault’s articulation of the problem of population. Rather than transcending the politics of social categories and identities, human genome research mobilizes many different kinds of populations. How then might we aim to avoid overgeneralized readings of the refiguring of human difference in the life sciences and grapple with the multiple and contradictory logics of population classification? In exploring the study of human variation through the case of the ‘Quebec founder population’ at a private genome research laboratory in Canada, the article argues that the power to define and shape meanings of human variation and to organize vitality is not held by any one institution or form of scientific practice. While molecular genomics may be transforming conceptions of human difference, the laboratory is only one of many places where human genomic variation accrues value, meaning and relevance. Molecular configurations of human difference gain meaning through a traffic in populations that extends beyond the laboratory. In the case explored here this traffic in populations is constituted within a nexus of empire, national census practices and contemporary articulations of multicultural policies.
32
Sagut, Joel, and Norberto Castillo, O.P. "Alasdair MacIntyre on Thomism and The Status of Modern Moral Inquiry." Philippiniana Sacra 50, no. 149 (2015): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/ps1003l149a2.
Full textAbstract:
This paper presents MacIntyre’s reading of the contemporary discourses in moral philosophy where he has argued that modern-day debates appear as if they are interminable and incommensurable. MacIntyre however argues that pluralism is not a unique modern phenomenon. Pluralism has been present also in the classical times. Yet, there is a difference between the pre-modern pluralist conceptions of the good life and the disagreements that dominate the contemporary milieu. While pre-modern cultures accommodate the conception of a human telos that is shared in the concrete practice of the larger polis, contemporary moral discourses no longer have a common framework where discussions on moral issues may be based. It is the repugnance to any form of tradition that makes the modern and contemporary culture inhospitable to any conception of human telos. To initiate dialogue amidst pluralities, MacIntyre proposes a consideration of Aquinas’ approach to moral inquiry. He however warns against a puritan brand of Thomism that will rather lead to isolating Thomism instead of reasserting Aquinas’ relevance in our modern-day discourses on morality.
33
Thompson, Allen. "Adaptation, Transformation, and Development." Environmental Ethics 42, no. 1 (2020): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/enviroethics20204213.
Full textAbstract:
It is widely accepted that we must adapt to climate change. But we sit on the edge of radical, unprecedented, and rapid anthropogenic environmental changes that are driven by many factors in addition to greenhouse gas emissions. In this way, we occupy a unique and precarious position in the history of our species. Many basic conditions of life on Earth are changing at an alarming rate and thus we should begin to transform and broaden our thinking about adaptation. The conceptual history of climate adaptation intersects with conceptions of human development and sustainability, which provides a framework for adaptation in how we think about human flourishing and, subsequently, what it is to be human in the Anthropocene. If sustainability is about maintaining human welfare across generations but we acknowledge that climate change may undercut our ability to deliver as much and as good total or natural capital to subsequent generations, we have a residual duty to otherwise positively affect the welfare of future generations. A subjective, preference-based conception of human welfare is compared to an objective, capabilities-based approach and, while some adaptive preferences are unavoidable, embracing an objective theory of human flourishing provides a superior approach for meeting the residual duty we have to future generations by beginning the process of adapting our conception of human natural goodness, or what it is to be a good human being.
34
ROGAN, TIM. "KARL POLANYI AT THE MARGINS OF ENGLISH SOCIALISM, 1934–1947." Modern Intellectual History 10, no. 2 (July 11, 2013): 317–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244313000036.
Full textAbstract:
Growing interest among historians and social scientists in the work of Karl Polanyi has yet to produce detailed historical studies of how Polanyi's work was received by his contemporaries. This article reconstructs the frustration of Polanyi's attempts to make a name for himself among English socialists between his arrival from Vienna in 1934 and his departure for New York in 1947. The most obvious explanation for Polanyi's failure to find a following was the socialist historians’ rejection of his unorthodox narrative of the rise of capitalism and the Industrial Revolution inThe Great Transformation(1944). But this disappointment was anticipated in earlier exchanges revealing that Polanyi's social theory, specifically his conception of the self and its social relations, differed markedly from the views prevailing among socialists of R. H. Tawney and G. D. H. Cole's generation. As well as casting new light on the intellectual history of English socialism and variegating our understanding of the contexts in which conceptions of the human person were invoked in the interwar period, this article seeks to illuminate by example the importance of deep-seated, often tacit, commitments to particular conceptions of the self and its social relations in structuring mid-century intellectual life.
35
S. O., Opishniak. "Anthropological and legal basis of natural human rights: incipience and current state." Almanac of law: The role of legal doctrine in ensuring of human rights 11, no. 11 (August 2020): 345–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/2524-017x-2020-11-58.
Full textAbstract:
The conceptions of the anthropological bases of natural human rights and current views of scientists, are investigated in this paper. The ideas how to improve the anthropological conception of natural human rights are offered in this paper. Fundamental theories of origin of natural human rights, which contain the anthropological approach to understanding the concept of human rights, and their incipience are analysed. It is ascertained, that every of existing approaches to anthropological understanding the concept of natural human rights has some disadvantages, caused by the multiform of the category ‘human rights’. The purpose of this scientific paper is to investigate the conceptions of the anthropological bases of natural human rights and current views of scientists, to offer the ideas how to improve the anthropological conception of natural human rights. It is offered to determine the anthropological basis of natural human rights on two points: 1) from the position of a single individual and peculiarities, which are inherent to a person regardless of social environment. Anthropological basis consists in aspiration of every single person for keeping the individuality and providing the worthy living conditions; 2) from the position of society, because every individual has an interest in setting up of some legal rules, which would improve the quality of living within society, protect the private life from infringement, establish the boundaries of sphere in which society and state may interfere. It is proved that anthropological and legal basis of natural human rights depends on legal culture, that is formed during the certain historical period in a definite country. It is ascertained, that the assertion that natural human rights are invariable, can be considered as erroneous, because the interpretation of the basic human rights is changing together with the changing of direction of legal conception. The issue that anthropological basis of human rights can be used to restrict some rights is considered. It is reasoned that it is important to take into consideration during the determination the anthropological basis of natural human rights, that definition of human nature does not exist. It is considered that anthropological and legal basis of natural human rights is perspective field for further researches, because scientific discussion about the origin and essence of human rights is not complete. It is proved that it is impossible to make an impartial determination of the essentiality of the human rights only on the base on one scientific approach, due to the versatility of the category human rights. Keywords: anthropological basis, natural human rights, natural legal understanding, essentiality of the human rights.
36
Dimitrova, Nina. "Dorothee Sӧlle: Martha and/or Mary – Vita Activa and/or Vita Contemplativa." Diogenes 30, no. 2 (December 19, 2022): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.54664/bwws7789.
Full textAbstract:
The text traces the ideas of the modern Protestant theologian Dorothee Sӧlle (Mystik und Widerstand) on the relationship between active and contemplative life (represented by the biblical characters Martha and Mary respectively) in relation to her conceptions of a socially oriented Christianity. A parallel is drawn with the famous ideas of Hannah Arendt (The Human Condition). Commonalities are sought in the appreciation of the active, operative aspect of life (in unity with its contemplative aspect).
37
Zheng, Gina. "Reconciling rights-based discourse with Pacific culture and way-of-life: Re-defining our understanding of ‘rights’." Alternative Law Journal 44, no. 3 (April 19, 2019): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1037969x19845693.
Full textAbstract:
There is no denying that human rights play an integral role in our social and legal existence. However, contemporary developments of rights-based discourse have become preclusive to cultural accommodation. Drawing on a case-study of the application of Western conceptions of human rights in Papua New Guinea, this work will illustrate Mutua’s argument that the dissemination of rights-based discourse through hegemonic voices can undermine the universality and effective application of rights-based doctrines in non-Western contexts. This article will thus argue that informing rights-based discourse with local-cultural circumstances and social values is necessary for the genuine achievement of ‘universal’ human rights.
38
V. Simmons, Frederick. "Life in This World and For the Life of the World: Natural Science and the Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church." Theology Today 78, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00405736211048794.
Full textAbstract:
For the Life of the World: Toward a Social Ethos of the Orthodox Church (FLOW) is an admirable and important document, not least because it affirms natural scientific insights as valuable resources for Christian theology and social teaching. Given the current Ecumenical Patriarch's extensive engagement with environmental concerns, this affirmation is especially apposite. However, I do not believe FLOW fully recognizes the implications of such insights for its conception of God's creation or its social ethos. In particular, FLOW maintains that scarcity, competition, violence, and death are distortions of God's creation due to human sin and that human beings are commissioned and capacitated by God to strive to overcome them. By contrast, I contend that contemporary scientific understandings of planetary forces and ecological processes—and indeed Christian scripture—give Christians cause to consider scarcity, competition, violence, and death aspects of God's creation. I further claim that striving to overcome scarcity, competition, violence, and death would be environmentally disastrous and spiritually deleterious since it would domesticate the rapidly disappearing wilderness that biblical wisdom literature depicts as delighting and glorifying God. Happily, allowing natural scientific insights to inform Orthodox conceptions of God's creation in this way would render FLOW's injunction that human beings redress the environmental implications of their sin an imperative to reduce and remedy pollution and to minimize and restore anthropogenic habitat degradation and destruction, thereby fostering the ecological sustainability Orthodoxy champions and the respect for wilderness Christians have multiple reasons to commend. Although this abandons FLOW's aspiration that human beings wholly civilize God's creation, such respect for wilderness does not imply acquiescence to human deprivation and distress, for just as it is inappropriate to impose cultural values on all of nature, it is wrong to regard all natural dynamics culturally normative. Similarly, attributing scarcity, competition, violence, and death to God's creation rather than its sin need not undermine Christian hopes for freedom from these and all other maladies, for Christians await not only God's salvation from sin and its effects but God's new creation too. Thus, in addition to honing Orthodoxy's social ethos, heeding FLOW's embrace of natural scientific insights as constructive theological resources foregrounds a commonly neglected dimension of Christians' traditional depiction of the divine economy.
39
Szenberg, Michael. "Philosophical Pattern Comparisons among Eminent Economists." American Economist 37, no. 1 (March 1993): 10–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459303700102.
Full textAbstract:
This paper offers philosophic comparisons based on the autobiographical essays on the life philosophies of twenty-two of the 1930's generation of eminent economists. The contributing economists are examined from the perspective of their conceptions of human nature, society, and justice, and technique which involves normative valuation, the openendedness of economic behavior, and the overmathematization of the discipline.
40
Demchenko, Alexander I. "The Imperishable Johann Sebastian: Dramatik." Problemy Muzykal'noj Nauki / Music Scholarship, no. 4 (2022): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.56620/2782-3598.2022.4.007-021.
Full textAbstract:
That figurative sphere which may be defined by the conception of Dramatik is presented in Johann Sebastian Bach’s music in a very broad range, spanning from elegiac moods to a condensed dramaticism and even certain tragic qualities of world perception. His elegiac qualities have been interpreted in the range from emphatic sadness to emphasized melancholy. Dramatic figurativeness asserts itself with the greatest amount of distinctness in Bach’s music when the motives of depiction of the struggle of lie are depicted. In contrast to the struggles of a proud titanic nature, Bach turned upon numerous times to depicting the perturbed human spirit, which was naturally connected with heightened expression and complex psychologism. The composer elaborated most frequently the idea of the path of life, which was his first artistic discovery. Comprehending perfectly well the entire drama of human existence, Bach brought out in his music a humanistic conception of stirring confrontation with darkness and grief, and also that which according to its semantic essence may be defined by such conceptions as the special tenderness of the soul and deep commiseration to the sufferings of man.
41
Holm, S. "New Danish law: human life begins at conception." Journal of Medical Ethics 14, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.14.2.77.
Full text
42
METZ, THADDEUS. "Fundamental conditions of human existence as the ground of life's meaning: reply to Landau." Religious Studies 51, no. 1 (June 26, 2014): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034412514000225.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractTaking the good (generosity), the true (enquiry), and the beautiful (creativity) as exemplars of what can make a life noticeably meaningful, elsewhere I have advanced a principle that entails and plausibly explains all three. Specifically, I have proffered the view that great meaning in life, at least in so far as it comes from this triad, is a matter of positively orienting one's rational nature towards fundamental conditions of human existence, conditions of human life responsible for much else about it. Iddo Landau has raised important objections to this principle, arguing in particular that contouring one's rationality towards fundamentality is neither necessary nor sufficient for great meaning in life. In this article, I reply to Landau's objections to the fundamentality account of what makes life very meaningful. I thereby aim to enrich reflection about what it is about the lives of Nelson Mandela, Mother Teresa, Albert Einstein, and Pablo Picasso that made them so significant as well as to indicate how fundamentality implicitly plays a key role in theistic conceptions of meaning in life.
43
VOREL, Jan. "From Searching for Cultural Integrity to Symbolism of Temple Building and the Organic Picture of Reality." Bohemistyka, no. 4 (November 3, 2021): 437–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bo.2021.4.1.
Full textAbstract:
The article is focused mainly on aesthetic-philosophical constants of the work of art of Julius Zeyer. The author of the article tries to point out that Zeyer´s conception of art is tightly connected with artistic conceptions of the rising literary symbolistic generation: His aesthetic-philosophical system contains strong protest against rationalism, realism and naturalism in contemporary literature and underlines the way to subconscious roots of human existence; it turns away from rational understanding of the world and the mystical intuition of inner and organic life in modern literature. In the article the motifs of temple building and motifs of creating the organic picture of the world in Zeyer´s work of art are analysed. The article also contains main references to Zeyer´s work of art published by reputable names of the Czech and European literary criticism.
44
DEVIGNE, ROBERT. "Reforming Reformed Religion: J. S. Mill's Critique of the Enlightenment's Natural Religion." American Political Science Review 100, no. 1 (February 2006): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055406061971.
Full textAbstract:
John Stuart Mill's writings on religion, a neglected topic in the secondary literature, deserve careful examination because they challenge the long-standing view that liberalism opposes conceptions of the best life. Mill himself considers religion responsible for perfecting the individual and a crucial dimension of his moral theory. In his view, developing a conception of the best life will be difficult in England because it requires broaching a sensitive issue that the Anglo-Scottish Enlightenment did not comprehend: namely, that the Enlightenment's reformed Christianity is too great a compromise with traditional or revealed Christianity. If English liberalism is to generate a comprehensive morality for the future, argues Mill, reformed Christianity must be further reformed to create a culture that fosters human flourishing. A comparison of Mill's views of Christianity with those of Kant and Hegel provides a window for viewing their different visions of the morality of the future. The contrast provides further evidence that liberalism, in Mill's view, is not nearly as narrow a moral outlook as many commentators on liberalism, whether admirers or critics, believe.
45
Timothy Church, A. "Current Perspectives in the Study of Personality Across Cultures." Perspectives on Psychological Science 5, no. 4 (July 2010): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1745691610375559.
Full textAbstract:
A comprehensive conception of personality would incorporate dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations, and life narratives considered within evolutionary and cultural contexts ( McAdams & Pals, 2006 ). In this article, I review evolutionary, cross-cultural, indigenous, and cultural psychology perspectives as they address these different aspects of personality across cultures. Evolutionary psychologists have focused most on evolved human nature (e.g., species-typical psychological mechanisms) and have recently considered evolutionary bases for heritable variation in dispositional traits. Cross-cultural psychologists have primarily addressed the universality of dispositional traits (e.g., the Five Factor Model) and characteristic adaptations (e.g., values, motives, and beliefs). Indigenous psychologists elaborate salient personality constructs for specific cultural groups, raising the question of whether these constructs represent culture-unique traits or culture-relevant expressions of universal dimensions (i.e., characteristic adaptations). Cultural psychologists de-emphasize dispositional traits, propose cultural differences in characteristic adaptations (e.g., conceptions of personality and self) and life narratives, and investigate dynamic constructivist perspectives on culture. After the review, I consider what an integration of these perspectives might look like and offer suggestions for research.
46
Smith, Thomas W. "The Priority of the Good and the Contrapuntal Character of Aristotle’s Politics I." Polis: The Journal for Ancient Greek and Roman Political Thought 37, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 221–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/20512996-12340273.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Politics I has been the subject of a number of textual questions about the relation of the Ethics to the Politics. These textual questions involve us in theoretical questions about the differences between contemporary and ancient conceptions of political rule. Resolving the exegetical challenges can help us clarify the theoretical differences. A fresh approach to the textual challenges reveals that Politics I has a contrapuntal character with two reinforcing movements. One explores why and how despotic conceptions of politics fail using case studies of despotic power: slavery and money-making. Aristotle shows dialectically how this despotic approach to rule undermines the requirements for political life. The other movement explores the character of natural human associations, culminating in the polis. The two movements converge in Aristotle’s claim about the centrality of the human good for political rule. This claim challenges modern social contract theory’s understanding of the differences between despotic and political rule.
47
Saade, Bashir. "MARTYROLOGY AND CONCEPTIONS OF TIME IN HIZBULLAH'S WRITING PRACTICES." International Journal of Middle East Studies 47, no. 4 (October 14, 2015): 723–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743815000951.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractSoon after its founding in the early 1980s, the Lebanese political organization Hizbullah developed a specific practice of remembering its dead. In this article, I argue that through this practice Hizbullah constructed an elaborate conception of time and history that gave ideological coherence to the movement's main political project,al-muqāwama al-islāmiyya(Islamic Resistance). Examining early writings in the Hizbullah weeklyal-ʿAhdpublished during the organization's formative period, I show how such writings were instrumental in producing ideological templates that have continued to be replicated until today. Through a set of ritualistic practices, Hizbullah-affiliated intellectuals have archived everything related to martyrs and other kinds of human legacies, a process that has fed into the notion of an ever-present, and at times anticipated, era (ʿahd) of resistance. Moreover, the project of Islamic Resistance has gained salience each time the past is relived in the present, producing political action. Hizbullah's efforts at history writing have involved a transmission of ethics through martyrs' act of witnessing and their testimony to a way of life. Analyzing this phenomenon sheds light on the way political Islamic groups such as Hizbullah articulate national imaginaries through specific kinds of ideological production.
48
Abdulwahid Yusuph, Abdulraheem. "Adoption Under Islamic Law: Correcting Misconceptions." ICR Journal 9, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v9i2.121.
Full textAbstract:
Human dignity depends on caring, on the solidarity between a man and another fellow human being. Among the responsibilities owed by a man towards vulnerable children, particularly orphans and abandoned children, is to protect and preserve their human dignity via adoption. Islamic and Western law have different perspectives and conceptions about adoption. There is a misconception that Islamic law prohibits adoption due to an erroneous conception of verse 23:5 of the Quran. This study examines the concept of adoption and the laws regulating it under Islamic law. The study relies on relevant materials, such as Islamic law books, statutes and articles. The study reveals that the case of Zaid ibn Haritha (Prophet Muhammad’s adopted son) is the root cause of many misconceptions about adoption in Islam. The study also points out the nuances of the concept of adoption under both Islamic and Western law, showing how Islamic law preserves the integrity of the biological relationship. It concludes that it is not only permissible in Islamic law to adopt a child but preferable as a means of gaining enormous reward in both this life and the Hereafter.
49
Despot, Kristina Štrakalj, Inna Skrynnikova, and Julia Ostanina Olszewska. "Cross-linguistic Analysis of Metaphorical Conceptions of душа/dusza/duša (ʻsoulʼ) in Slavic Languages (Russian, Polish, and Croatian)." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 38 (September 25, 2012): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v38i0.3347.
Full textAbstract:
<p>The concept of soul serves as a cue to revealing and understanding existential representation of human immaterial nature in different cultures, thus being one of the basic elements which forms the linguistic picture of the world fixed in national mentality. A great body of research is based on the idea that the concept of soul concerns several key issues in human life: the source of life, cognition and emotion, personality traits, social relationships, and human destiny. The concept of soul has been actively studied from mythological, religious, philosophic, cognitive, sociological and psychological perspectives. A number of authors have analyzed the concept of soul from the point of view of its linguistic representation in different languages: Wierzbicka (1989; 1992); Shmelev (1997); Mikheev (1999); Vardanyan (2007); Kolesnikova (2011); Tszin (2010); Uryson (1999); etc. Our research differs from the previous ones in the sense that it is cross-linguistic, corpus-based and cognitive in nature. This paper is an attempt to carry out a cross-linguistic, corpus-based and cognitive analysis of the concept in question in three Slavic languages: Russian (East Slavic), Polish (West Slavic), and Croatian (South Slavic).</p>
50
Baynes-Rock, Marcus. "Life and death in the multispecies commons." Social Science Information 52, no. 2 (May 14, 2013): 210–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018413477521.
Full textAbstract:
The multispecies commons is the kind of place in which human–animal entanglements are made most explicit. It is where social, biological and historical processes are so inextricably entwined with wider ecological processes as to be inseparable. Here I describe one such place: the area outside a gate in the ancient, defensive wall around the historic city of Harar, Ethiopia. It was at this place that a solitary, poisoned hyena set in motion a series of events which culminated in a conflict between two hyena clans; a conflict in which the local humans were participants. To gain an understanding of the events I follow the threads of histories, landscapes, territoriality and social engagement between species to reveal how this place demands interdisciplinary study. It dramatically exemplifies the ways in which humans and non-humans are entangled in more-than-social processes through which they co-shape each others’ worlds. The multispecies commons explicitly deconstructs limited conceptions of the social and weaves them back together with multiple other threads that coalesce to create a greater, tangled web of ecological processes.