Relevant bibliographies by topics / Concept of tensile testing device

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Concept of tensile testing device'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 28 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Concept of tensile testing device"

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Vieira, A. C., Ricardo Medeiros, R. M. Guedes, A. T. Marques, and V. Tita. "Visco-Elastic-Plastic Properties of Suture Fibers Made of PLA-PCL." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.56.

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Aliphatic polyesters, like PGA, PLA, PCL and PDO, among others, are biodegradable materials that find applications in many biomedical devices, from fibers for subcutaneous sutures to other regenerative surgery implants. The main concept among these applications is to use a biodegradable device that temporarily replace the biomechanical functions, avoiding this way the chirurgical procedures to remove the device. However, the dimensioning of these devices is complex, not only because the mechanical properties evolve during degradation, but also because these biodegradable materials cannot be assumed as elastic materials. In more precise terms, the response of an elastic material implies that the loading and unloading paths coincide, the material responds instantaneously to an applied load, its behavior is time-independent and the material returns to its former unloaded configuration upon the removal of external loads. In this work, fibers of non-degraded PLA-PCL were submitted to tensile testing at different rates, to load-unloading cycles at different load levels and with or without delay before reloading, creep and fatigue tests at different levels of load. These results elucidate the viscoelastic/viscoplastic nature of this class of materials. The load-unloading cyclic test results allow determining the different components of the strain: elastic, plastic and viscous. The visco-plastic nature was also reflected on the creep and fatigue results. The findings discussed in this work must be taken into account when designing biomedical devices, to avoid common causes of failure such as laxity or premature rupture.
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Gueninchault, N., H. Proudhon, and W. Ludwig. "Nanox: a miniature mechanical stress rig designed for near-field X-ray diffraction imaging techniques." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 23, no. 6 (October 18, 2016): 1474–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577516013850.

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Multi-modal characterization of polycrystalline materials by combined use of three-dimensional (3D) X-ray diffraction and imaging techniques may be considered as the 3D equivalent of surface studies in the electron microscope combining diffraction and other imaging modalities. Since acquisition times at synchrotron sources are nowadays compatible with four-dimensional (time lapse) studies, suitable mechanical testing devices are needed which enable switching between these different imaging modalities over the course of a mechanical test. Here a specifically designed tensile device, fulfilling severe space constraints and permitting to switch between X-ray (holo)tomography, diffraction contrast tomography and topotomography, is presented. As a proof of concept the 3D characterization of an Al–Li alloy multicrystal by means of diffraction contrast tomography is presented, followed by repeated topotomography characterization of one selected grain at increasing levels of deformation. Signatures of slip bands and sudden lattice rotations inside the grain have been shown by means ofin situtopography carried out during the load ramps, and diffraction spot peak broadening has been monitored throughout the experiment.
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Melnykowycz, Mark, Michael Tschudin, Rebecca Selle, Kelley R. Maynard, Rebecca R. Richards-Kortum, Z. Maria Oden, and Frank J. Clemens. "Soft Condensed Matter Hybrid Fiber Sensors for Vital Function Monitoring." Advances in Science and Technology 100 (October 2016): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.100.79.

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Textile band structures with integrated soft condensed matter sensor (SCMS) can be used as a vital function monitor device to detect pulse wave and breathing on the human body. A textile an elastic band was used as a support material and the U-shaped SCMS fiber sensor was bonded on the surface with elastic band with a liquid rubber bonding material. The sensor signal and gauge factor of the textile sensor structure was investigated using tensile testing experiments. The resistivity of the sensor structure increased linearly within a strain of 10 to 50%, and a slope of 8 (kOhm/% strain) could be detected. The sensor had a gauge factor of 4-5 from 10 to 50% between strain. Using the integrated SCMS sensor textile band around the chest, it was possible to detect talking, normal breathing and coughing. In collaboration with Rice University the textile sensor was tested for proof-of-concept for use in a battery-powered monitor for apnea of premature infants.
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Lee, Candice Y., Joshua K. Wong, Jude S. Sauer, Heather R. Gorea, Angelo J. Martellaro, Andrew R. Sifain, and Peter A. Knight. "An Automated Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene Suturing and Coaxial Fastener System for Mitral Chordae Replacement: Strength, Feasibility, and Healing." Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 11, no. 6 (November 2016): 400–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000316.

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Objective Mitral valve (MV) chordae replacements can be technically challenging. Technology that remotely delivers and accurately secures artificial chordae may reduce the learning curve and improve the reliability of MV repairs. Methods The technology involved two devices: a remote suturing device for delivery of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) suture to the papillary muscle and a Coaxial titanium suture fastener (TF) device with integrated saline infusion for real-time determination of chordae length during fixation. A mechanical model simulating MV chordae tension in a beating heart quantified the durability of 120 coaxially fastened ePTFE sutures using TF over time. Investigation of the technology was performed in ex vivo porcine, ovine, and in situ cadaver hearts, whereas live-tissue testing was conducted in a survivor ovine model. Mitral valve repair procedures involved the iatrogenic induction of mitral regurgitation by the resection of one to two native MV chordae, followed by implantation of ePTFE suture using the technology. Epicardial echocardiography, saline infusion testing, and histologic analysis evaluated MV competence, repair integrity, and long-term healing. Results Durability testing of ePTFE suture secured with TF demonstrated no degradation of TF pull-apart forces of for 440 million cycles. Mitral valve repairs using the technology were performed in eight sheep; four demonstrating proof of concept and four survived for an average of 6.5 months after completion of the procedure. At reoperation, echocardiography demonstrated trace to no mitral regurgitation with near complete endothelialization of the TF and artificial chordae. Conclusions This technology successfully enabled the implantation of artificial chordae while providing real-time adjustment of chordae length during MV repair. These results encourage further investigation of its use clinically.
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Kaul, Anand, Ahmed Abbas, Gabriel Smith, Sunil Manjila, Jonathan Pace, and Michael Steinmetz. "A revolution in preventing fatal craniovertebral junction injuries: lessons learned from the Head and Neck Support device in professional auto racing." Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 25, no. 6 (December 2016): 756–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.10.spine15337.

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Fatal craniovertebral junction (CVJ) injuries were the most common cause of death in high-speed motor sports prior to 2001. Following the death of a mutual friend and race car driver, Patrick Jacquemart (1946–1981), biomechanical engineer Dr. Robert Hubbard, along with race car driver and brother-in-law Jim Downing, developed the concept for the Head and Neck Support (HANS) device to prevent flexion-distraction injuries during high-velocity impact. Biomechanical testing showed that neck shear and loading forces experienced during collisions were 3 times the required amount for a catastrophic injury. Crash sled testing with and without the HANS device elucidated reductions in neck tension, neck compression, head acceleration, and chest acceleration experienced by dummies during high-energy crashes. Simultaneously, motor sports accidents such as Dale Earnhardt Sr.'s fatal crash in 2001 galvanized public opinion in favor of serious safety reform. Analysis of Earnhardt's accident demonstrated that his car's velocity parallel to the barrier was more than 150 miles per hour (mph), with deceleration upon impact of roughly 43 mph in a total of 0.08 seconds. After careful review, several major racing series such as the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR) and Championship Auto Racing Team (CART) made major changes to ensure the safety of drivers at the turn of the 21st century. Since the rule requiring the HANS device in professional auto racing series was put in place, there has not been a single reported case of a fatal CVJ injury.
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Ilzhöfer, A., H. Schneider, and C. Tsakmakis. "Tensile testing device for microstructured specimens." Microsystem Technologies 4, no. 1 (December 1997): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005420050091.

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Ang, Eng Joo, Hee Kit Wong, J. Goh, and Wai Mey Yuen. "Device for tensile testing of rabbit patellar tendons." Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 27, no. 5 (September 1989): 545–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02441477.

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Habibi, S., A. Ziadi, and A. Megueni. "Modeling a Small Punch Testing Device." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 4, no. 2 (April 17, 2014): 612–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.416.

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A small punch test of a sample in miniature is implemented in order to estimate the ultimate load of CrMoV ductile steel. The objective of this study is to model the ultimate tensile strength and ultimate load indentation according to the geometrical parameters of the SPT using experimental data. A comparison of the model obtained with the two models (European code of practice and method of Norris and Parker) allows the design and dimensioning of an indentation device that meets the practical constraints. Implemented as a Matlab program, allows the investigation of new combinations of test variables.
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Bai, Qing-Shun, Kai Cheng, Bin He, and Ying-Chun Liang. "Design of a novel tensile testing device and its application in tensile testing experiments on copper micro wires." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 226, no. 9 (August 6, 2012): 1594–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405412454058.

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Mackenzie, C., C. Rowley-Williams, M. Achour, D. Blumer, M. Joosten, and M. Rowe. "Potential for Measurement of Corrosion-Inhibitor-Micelle Presence as an Indicator of Optimum Dose." SPE Journal 17, no. 02 (January 24, 2012): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/130285-pa.

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Summary This paper discusses the principle and proof of concept of a novel corrosion-management tool based on maintaining optimum corrosion-inhibitor dose in an inhibited environment. Film-forming corrosion inhibitors typically contain active ionic surfactant molecules, which adsorb on surfaces and form a protective barrier against corrosion. Upon saturation of surfaces by the inhibitor, the molecules are found in the aqueous phase as micelles or in the oil phase as reverse micelles. The proposed technique is based on the hypothesis that the presence of these micelles in the water phase could be used to indicate the total surface coverage and, therefore, the optimum dose. The technique has been applied in the laboratory simulating an actual inhibited multiphase production system. Fluorescent markers, which are extremely sensitive to micelle presence, have been developed and used during the laboratory testing. Results were compared with those from standard laboratory techniques, including interfacial tension (IFT) and particle-size analyses (diffraction), in order to determine the efficacy for micelle detection. Corrosion bubble tests were also used to determine any link to inhibitor efficiency. IFT results showed complex events occurring with increasing inhibitor concentration. The IFT vs. inhibitor concentration curve was nonclassical, probably because of the multicomponent nature of inhibitor formulations, but suggested micelle formation at approximately 150 ppm. Fluorescence analysis suggested that micelles formed starting at a 150-ppm dose. Particle-size analysis was consistent with micelle presence beyond this concentration. Separate experiments comparing fluorescence with corrosion rates demonstrated an apparent nonlinear variance with inhibitor concentration, supporting the hypothesis. The analytical comparisons supported the underlying principles of this micelle-detection technology. Development of a portable device is under way and will provide an important new tool for proactive corrosion management in the oil field as well as a useful laboratory qualification method.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Concept of tensile testing device"

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Janiš, Adam. "Mechanické vlastnosti materiálů pro 3D tisk." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442479.

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This thesis focuses on the description of 3D printing technologies using the FDM method, which uses deposition of molten thermoplastics and their subsequent cooling and solidification layer by layer. This unique structure then shows a strong anisotropy of mechanical properties and, as a result, their testing and print settings are very important. Tensile testing of plastic materials, including indicators of mechanical properties, are described in this thesis according to ČSN EN ISO standard. The practical part presents the concept of a device capable of performing these tests. The block diagram indicates the functional elements and the connections among them. Tensile strength test is described together with results processing. Necessary product documentation is also included.
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Book chapters on the topic "Concept of tensile testing device"

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Herkersdorf, Andreas, Michael Engel, Michael Glaß, Jörg Henkel, Veit B. Kleeberger, Johannes M. Kühn, Peter Marwedel, et al. "RAP Model—Enabling Cross-Layer Analysis and Optimization for System-on-Chip Resilience." In Dependable Embedded Systems, 1–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52017-5_1.

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AbstractThe Resilience Articulation Point (RAP) model aims to provision a probabilistic fault abstraction and error propagation concept for various forms of variability related faults in deep sub-micron CMOS technologies at the semiconductor material or device levels. RAP assumes that each of such physical faults will eventually manifest as a single- or multi-bit binary signal inversion or out-of-specification delay in a signal transition between bit values. When probabilistic error functions for specific fault origins are known at the bit or signal level, knowledge about the unit of design and its environment allow the transformation of the bit-related error functions into characteristic higher layer representations, such as error functions for data words, finite state machine (FSM) states, IP macro-interfaces, or software variables. Thus, design concerns can be investigated at higher abstraction layers without the necessity to further consider the full details of lower levels of design. This chapter introduces the ideas of RAP based on examples of particle strike, noise and voltage drop induced bit errors in SRAM cells. Furthermore, we show by different examples how probabilistic bit flips are systematically abstracted and propagated towards instruction and data vulnerability at MPSoC architecture level, and how RAP can be applied for dynamic testing and application-level optimizations in an autonomous robot scenario.
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Covarrubias, Mario, Monica Bordegoni, Umberto Cugini, and Elia Gatti. "Supporting Unskilled People in Manual Tasks through Haptic-Based Guidance." In Information Systems Research and Exploring Social Artifacts, 355–78. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2491-7.ch018.

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This chapter presents a methodology that the authors developed for the evaluation of a novel device based on haptic guidance to support people with disabilities in sketching, hatching, and cutting shapes. The user’s hand movement is assisted by a sort of magnet or spring effect attracting the hand towards an ideal shape. The haptic guidance device has been used as an input system for tracking the sketching movements made by the user according to the visual feedback received from a physical template without haptic assistance. Then the device has been used as an output system that provides force feedback capabilities. The drawn shape can also be physically produced as a piece of polystyrene foam. The evaluation methodology is based on a sequence of tests, aimed at assessing the usability of the device and at meeting the real needs of the unskilled people. In fact, the system has been evaluated by a group of healthy and unskilled people, by comparing the analysis of the tracking results. The authors have used the results of the tests to define guidelines about the device and its applications, switching from the concept of “test the device on unskilled people” to the concept of “testing the device with unskilled people.”
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"Treeing Characteristics in HTV Silicone Rubber." In Electrical Insulation Breakdown and Its Theory, Process, and Prevention, 73–104. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-8885-6.ch003.

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Silicone rubber (SiR) is widely used as the main insulating material in cable accessories and faces high temperature challenges during operation. Pulse overvoltages can threaten working state of the insulation. In order to understand electrical tree degradation process at high temperature under repeated pulse voltages, stress testing was performed in this experiment. The ambient temperature (Tamb) was set to 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 ° C, and the frequencies of the pulses were set to 5, 20, 100, 200, and 1000 Hz, respectively. During operation, it is also threatened by mechanical stress, which is caused by the spring-clamping device and the expanded bundling force of the rubber stress cone, which will affect the electrical properties of the silicone rubber in the cable accessory. In this chapter, the growth characteristics of trees under tensile stress and compressive stress were studied by using the needle plane electrode system.
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Rodger, James A. "Using Continuous Voice Activation Applications in Telemedicine to Transform Mobile Commerce." In Advances in Mobile Commerce Technologies, 258–97. IGI Global, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-052-3.ch012.

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This chapter is designed to relate the rationale used by the Department of Defense (DoD), for the military to adapt the principles of Mobile and Voice Commerce to meet increasing global crises and to find ways to more effectively manage manpower and time. A mobile Telemedicine package has been developed by the Department of Defense to collect and transmit near-real-time, far-forward medical data and to assess how this Web-based capability enhances management of the battlespace. Telemedicine has been successful in resolving uncertain organizational and technological military deficiencies and in improving medical communications and information management. The deployable, mobile teams are the centerpieces of this telemedicine package. These teams have the capability of inserting essential networking and communications capabilities into austere theaters and establishing an immediate means for enhancing health protection, collaborative planning, situational awareness, and strategic decision making through Web-based internet applications. In order to supplement this mobile commerce aspect of telemedicine, U.S. Navy ships have been utilized to integrate voice commerce interactive technologies to improve medical readiness and mobility. An experimental group was tasked to investigate reporting methods in health and environmental surveillance inspections to develop criteria for designing a lightweight, wearable computing device with voice interactive capability. This chapter is also designed to relate the rationale used by the Department of Defense and the Test and Evaluation (T&E) Integrated Product Team, in order to determine the military utility of the Joint Medical Operations—Telemedicine Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (JMO-T ACTD) and continuous voice activation applications. Voice interactive computing devices are used to enhance problem solving, mobility and effectiveness in the battlespace. It improves efficiency through automated user prompts, enhanced data analysis, presentation, and dissemination tools in support of preventive medicine. The device is capable of storing, processing, and forwarding data to a server. The prototype devices have enabled quick, efficient, and accurate environmental surveillance. In addition to reducing the time needed to complete inspections, the device supported local reporting requirements and enhanced command-level intelligence. This chapter further focuses on developing a holistic model of implementing a strategy for mobile telemedicine. The model synthesizes current thinking on transformation into a holistic model and also explains the integrative influence of vision on the other four model components: environment, people, methodology, and IT perspective. The model was tested by Testing and Evaluating (T&E) the JMO-T ACTD. JMO-T ACTD has developed a very successful training program and is very aware of the importance of planned change. Top military officials, such as the Commander in Chief (CINC), are actively involved in change and are committed to people development through learning. The model served an applied purpose by allowing insights into how well the military organization fit current theory. The model also fit a theoretical purpose by organizing a holistic, comprehensive framework. Accordingly, we have organized and synthesized the literature into five interrelated components that act as a fundamental guide for research. The model also helped to identify a theoretical link and apply it to the internal operations of the military and its adaptation of mobile e-commerce principles to more effectively deliver telemedicine benefits to military personnel.
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Conference papers on the topic "Concept of tensile testing device"

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Walsh, William, Sandeep Abotula, and Bharath Konda. "Ring Expansion Testing Innovations: Hydraulic Clamping and Strain Measurement Methods." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9407.

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Abstract Ring expansion testing is one of the three accepted methods in API 5L for the measurement of yield strength for line pipe. The other two are flattened-strap tensile testing and round-bar tensile testing. A novel-concept ring expansion test machine has recently been commissioned which uses hydraulic pressure to clamp the top and bottom pressure-reacting plates rather than a traditional bolting arrangement. The benefit of hydraulic clamping is vastly reduced set-up times. This paper describes the design approach and the pitfalls that were overcome in commissioning the ring expansion test unit. Expansion measurements are taken using two different methods: a chain extensometer and an LVDT with a band wrapping the circumference of the pipe. Both approaches are used simultaneously to generate and compare two stress-strain curves for one pressure test. In addition, a 3-Point contact approach is developed to determine the hoop strain during pipe expansion. The 3-point contact approach is an attempt to infer the full hoop expansion behavior by measuring the radius change over a segment of the circumference. The device has two rollers which contact the pipe surface while a dial indicator midway between measures the radius change. As the pipe expands, the rollers maintain contact with the pipe surface while the dial indicator records the change in radius. Tests are performed on HFI, SAWL, and SAWH pipes ranging in outer diameter from 20-inch (508 mm) to 48-inch (1219 mm) and wall thicknesses from 0.375-inch (9.5 mm) to 0.969-inch (24.4 mm). The differences in the stress-strain behavior of these pipe forms are described and related to the residual-stress profiles generated by their respective manufacturing operations. The comparison to flattened-strap and round-bar tensile results are presented in a companion paper. The results of the 3-Point contact approach show that the radius change during early stages of expansion are not uniform around the pipe circumference and different patterns are observed in the HFI, SAWL, and SAWH pipe forms.
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Foster, Jacob, Reza Ghorbani, and Pierre Garambois. "Development and Testing of a Point Absorber Wave Energy Conversion." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49560.

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Wave energy conversion as a means for small scale energy production is approaching commercial viability. This paper presents the undergoing development of a wave energy conversion device at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. The device is a three part point absorber with two buoys, one floating and absorbing incoming waves; the other maintaining tension on the third mechanism, the submerged power-take-off unit. This design is discussed as three concept configurations for WEC construction. The analytical solution is developed, and the buoys response is computed due to a selected and analyzed sea-state.
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Montazeri, Mahsa, and David R. Huitink. "Development of a Novel Test Setup to Study the Combined Effects of Electromigration and Mechanical Stress in Solder Interconnects." In ASME 2020 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2020-2598.

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Abstract One key concern that arises from scaling of device interconnects with increasing power density requirements is electromigration (EM). On the other hand, thermal cycling fatigue has always been a reliability challenge in solder interconnects. Variations in device temperature caused by environmental or operating conditions induce stress in solders, as they usually connect two components with different coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). These thermally induced stresses may lead to crack formation within the solders. The combination of EM effects and thermal cycling add to the complexity of the reliability estimation for high current density applications. In this work, a novel test setup has been designed and developed to estimate the reliability of solder interconnects under high current density, while a constant tensile stress is also applied to the solder interconnect. The test set up offers the ability to test up to four samples at the same time. Additionally, the test samples are fabricated with two copper wires connected by Pb/Sn solder to imitate copper UBM in a flip-chip bonding connection. Strain in solder is measured by monitoring the elongation of the wire during testing, while failure of the connection is detected by continuous monitoring of the electrical resistance. The experiment is conducted for conditions including pure tensile stress, pure EM and coupled EM and tensile stress where a significant reduction in life-time is observed for the coupled degradation effects. Comparing the experimental results of different current densities at different stress levels will help in identifying the nature of degradation in solders, which will help inform the drive for miniaturization.
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Ura, Y., K. Sugano, T. Tsuchiya, and O. Tabata. "Tensile testing of fullerene nano wire using electrostatic MEMS device." In TRANSDUCERS 2009 - 2009 International Solid-State Sensors, Actuators and Microsystems Conference. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sensor.2009.5285640.

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Mohammad Shafayet Zamil, Aman Haque, Hojae Yi, and Virendra M Puri. "A Device for Plant Cell Wall Testing in Tensile Loading." In 2012 Dallas, Texas, July 29 - August 1, 2012. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.42174.

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Yong Zhang, Changhai Ru, Xinyu Liu, Yu Zhong, Xueliang Sun, David Hoyle, Ian Cotton, and Yu Sun. "A MEMS tensile testing device for mechanical characterization of individual nanowires." In 2010 Ninth IEEE Sensors Conference (SENSORS 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsens.2010.5690164.

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Han, Jong H., and Taher M. Saif. "Activation Energy Measurement in Thin Gold Film by MEMS-Based Tensile Testing Device." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61385.

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In this paper, we report a methodology to measure activation energy for time-dependent stress-relaxation in a thin free-standing tensile specimen by utilizing a MEMS-based tensile testing device. An analytical model is developed to investigate its stress-relaxation behavior. Along with this analytical model of the MEMS tensile tester, Arrhenius relation is applied to estimate relaxation times for different temperatures of a free-standing sample beam. From the relation between relaxation time and temperature, the activation energy for the stress-relaxation is obtained. For a 200-nm Au film, we obtained the relaxation time of 250, 67, and 40 seconds for the corresponding temperatures of 295, 312, and 323 K, respectively. The activation energy for stress-relaxation was 0.544 eV. The experimental data is fitted with the analytical model to find the relaxation time. The thin film on the MEMS tensile tester is prepared by sputter-deposition. By optical lithography and ICP DRIE Si etching, the MEMS tensile tester with a free standing beam is fabricated.
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Nakata, Kensuke, and Taeko Ando. "Development of novel tensile testing device for SEM observation of thin films under tension." In 2019 International Symposium on Micro-NanoMechatronics and Human Science (MHS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mhs48134.2019.9249346.

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van Arkel, Richard, Laurence Owen, Stuart Allison, Theo Tryfonas, Alexei Winter, Richard Entwistle, Eamonn Keane, and Jonathan Parr. "Design and preliminary testing of a novel concept low depth hydropower device." In OCEANS 2011. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans.2011.6107051.

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Keyes, Joseph T., Stacy Borowicz, Jacob Rader, Urs Utzinger, and Jonathan P. Vande Geest. "Demonstration of a Multiscale Biaxial Tensile Testing Device: Simultaneous Mechanical and Microstructural Response of Porcine Coronary Artery." In ASME 2010 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2010-19488.

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It has been shown that the mechanical properties of tissue change significantly with age and under different disease states [1]. Specifically, blood vessels have shown that modified mechanical properties can be a predictor of impending disease such as advanced atherosclerosis or aneurysm [2].
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