Academic literature on the topic 'Concept of criminal-legal counteraction'

The term “delinquency counteraction” is now often found on the pages of regulatory legal acts, scientific and educational publications, without having an unambiguous definition. Combining the activities of identifying, preventing, suppressing and investigating criminal acts committed in various spheres of society, minimizing harm caused by criminal activity, as well as prosecuting persons guilty of committing crimes, delinquency counteraction has indeed become a systemic concept in research of a separate type of law enforcement activity. In this regard the activities of officials of law enforcement and judicial bodies related to the preliminary investigation of crimes, criminal proceedings are considered as criminal procedural delinquency counteraction. Based on the analysis of the legal and empirical base, the existing theoretical views, the article substantiates the allocation of criminal procedural crime as a separate direction, identifies problematic issues of the beginning of its implementation, and also formulates conclusions and proposals for improving criminal procedural legislation from the standpoint of protecting rights and legal interests of participants in criminal procedural legal relations.

The criminal-law component is the most important element of the state-legal mechanism for combating separatism. The existing system of criminal-law protection of state sovereignty and territorial integrity and inviolability should be aimed at protecting against all existing and possible manifestations of separatism, taking into account current trends of its development. The methodological basis of the proposed article is traditional. In particular, used system-structural and formal-logical methods, which are covered by the general method of dialectical cognition. Criminal responsibility for separatism can only occur for specific crimes in which separatism is manifested as a phenomenon. In this regard, it is inappropriate to accept proposals for the legislative definition of the composition of the crime of “separatism” because of the particular complexity of this concept, because separatism is a complex of actions, and the article usually assumes responsibility for a specific action. At the present stage, it is advisable to adopt a special law to counteract separatism in order to systematically counteract this negative phenomenon. Criminal responsibility for separatist activity comes mainly under Art. 110 “Attack on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine” of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The so-called “separatist” acts may also be crimes under Article 109 “Actions aimed at violent alteration or overthrow of the constitutional order or seizure of state power”, 1102 “Financing actions taken for the purpose of violent alteration or overthrow of the constitutional order or seizure of state power, changes of borders of the territory or state border of Ukraine”, 111 “State treason”. The so-called “separatist” can be attributed to other crimes in certain cases. The so-called “separatist” can be attributed to other crimes in certain cases. It should be borne in mind that separatist activities may be accompanied by the commission of crimes under Articles 258 “Terrorist Act”, 2583 “Creation of terrorist group or terrorist organization”, 260 “Creation of non-statutory paramilitary or armed formations”, 341 “Capture of state or civil structures” etc.

The analysis of the researched scientific problems on counteraction to crimes, committed by organized groups and criminal organizations, which are formed on an ethnic basis, now necessitates further research of ethnic crime in Ukraine and the world in general. Formation by the Ukrainian state of a multi-vector mechanism of counteraction to organized groups and criminal organizations, formed on an ethnic basis, is impossible without understanding the essence of this problem, relevant legal concepts and classification and identification of features of organized ethnic crime that are important for law enforcement and the state. The main effective factor in such activities is to guarantee the security of citizens and the integrity of the state from criminal encroachments of organized groups and criminal organizations that are formed on an ethnic basis. Thus, for the effective interaction of law enforcement agencies in combating crimes, committed by organized groups and criminal organizations that are formed on an ethnic basis, a sound concept of such cooperation is needed, which is currently lacking. Accordingly, in the long run, such a concept needs to be adopted immediately, which will start streamlining law enforcement relations on the exchange and realization of information concerning the activities of both domestic criminal groups and organized criminal groups of foreign nationals or those formed on ethnic grounds. Theoretical principles of law enforcement interaction in combating crimes, committed by organized groups and criminal organizations, which are formed on an ethnic basis by generalizing, analyzing and systematizing the concept of interaction, its forms, methods and types, are analyzed. An author's definition of the concept of interaction among police during counteraction to crimes, committed by organized groups and criminal organizations, formed on ethnic basi, is given

The author presents his views on the definition of the concept of «crime» in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation because this concept is of primary importance to the whole structure of criminal law and the practice of crime counteraction. He provides a consistent analysis of the socio-legal nature and the feasibility of each constituent element included in the definition of crime: 1) action; 2) public danger; 3) guilt; 4) unlawfulness (criminal); 5) threat of punishability. When defining the concept of «crime», the author starts from the premise that, according to the methodology of formulating fundamental law concepts, their definitions should include only the most important, constant and universal characteristics (attributes) that are not disputable and that support the ontological essence of the concept and never, under any circumstances, refute it. The author concludes that the action and its prohibition in the criminal law are independent and constant elements of crime. Guilt and threat are not always such elements. The indication of guilt is included in the necessity of establishing the constituent elements of a crime to prosecute a person. Public danger, according to contemporary research, is an element of all offenses, besides, it is inherent to criminal unlawfulness. That is why the definition of the formal concept of «crime» should be presented as following: «A crime is an action prohibited in the present Code». This definition, according to the author, fully corresponds to the language of law, is laconic and substantial, excludes contradictory interpretations and fully agrees with the principle of inevitability of criminal punishment, which is of great importance for the effective implementation of criminal law measures of crime counteraction.

The article focuses on counteraction to corruption offences in Ukraine and the EU. To this end, the authors conducted a consistent analysis of international legal acts in the field of combating corruption, in particular the United Nations Convention against Corruption of 10/31/2003; Council of Europe Criminal Convention for the Suppression of Corruption (ETS 173) No. ETS173 of 01/27/1999; Resolutions (97)24 of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the Twenty Guiding Principles for the Fight against Corruption, etc. The study provides a systemic analysis of individual cases of experience in counteraction to corruption offences in EU countries. Experience of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Sweden, etc. is explored. The authors proved that all EU countries provide criminal liability for committing corruption offences. In different countries, criminal laws differ in the different levels of detailing of crime, as well as in the different content of the concept of corruption offence. It is proven that corruption must always be considered as criminal offence only. Today, such unambiguity is advisable in the fight against corruption in Ukraine, where the criminalization of a number of blatantly corrupt practices, such as unjust enrichment, lasts for a long period and is ambiguously effective. The article also concludes that the most effective approach of legal support for combating corruption is one that covers criminal prosecution, disclosure of information about public authorities and private entities, their income levels, their wealth, etc., as well as the interaction of law enforcement agencies with the fiscal authorities. On the example of EU countries, we showed that monitoring of financial information of public officials under the private and public laws with the proper level of analytical support for its processing provides the necessary basis for law enforcement agencies to initiate criminal proceedings for such crimes. Special attention is also paid to expanding the scope of administrative services provided by public officials as being covered by the attributes of corruption and lacking legislative support. This will significantly increase the level of transparency of the activity of public authorities, while reducing the level of corruption manifestations. An important conclusion of the article is that the effectiveness of criminal prosecution for committing corruption offences depends on the level of legal culture and the level of legal awareness of both the public and public servants.

The article compares the important organizational and legal trends and prospects of antiterrorist activity, as well as the associated conceptual apparatus and the essence of terrorism. In the theory of criminal law, terrorism is defined as a threat to public security, in contrast to other areas of knowledge. This criminal phenomenon is implemented through the impact on a third party to the conflict (primarily ordinary citizens), that is, to encourage them to transform the foundations of statehood. In this regard, the system of management of information counteraction to terrorism, extremist activity and other forms of encroachment on the constitutional system, as well as other spheres of state functioning is gaining momentum.

Abstract. The concept of financial monitoring as a set of measures carried out by the entities of primary and state financial monitoring in the field of prevention and counteraction to separatist funding (article 110-2 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), legalization (laundering) of criminally obtained property (article 209 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine), and terrorism funding (article 258-5 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine) is developed and proved. The relationship between the categories of «terrorism» and «finance» is determined in the following areas: money paid to terrorists for refusing to commit violence acts; covert funding of terrorist organizations by certain states, non-governmental organizations, and criminal groups; «money laundering» and its introduction into legal circulation; creation of own groups in commercial, credit and financial institutions by terrorist organizations; ‘launderingof money’ obtained as a result of criminal activity. The risks in the system of prevention of terrorism and counteraction to legalization of criminally obtained proceedsare outlined. They were defined as the following: non-transparent funding of political parties; the share of cash resources addressed to the mentioned criminal activity; «outflow» of capital; absence of a clearly defined sectoral risk assessment of the entities of primary financial monitoring in the field of prevention and counteraction to legalization (laundering) of criminally obtained proceeds. It is offered to include the risk of terrorism and separatism funding through deposit-taking corporations tobanking risks. An attempt has been made to accumulate the majority of the latest achievements (as legislative, theoretical and research aswell as applied ones) on the issues of legal regulation of the studied procedural, financial and legal relations, on the basis of which scientific views are proved and proposals for improving regulations in this area are worked out. Keywords: monitoring, banks, covert investigative actions, bank accounts monitoring, terrorism funding, banking risks, financial and legal relations. JEL Classification E42, E52, G28, K13, K14 Formulas: 0; fig.: 1; tabl.: 0; bibl.: 16.

Crimes and crime-counteraction activities are among the key problems that any country faces in the modern world. Features typical only of crime — its mass character, irregularity and variability — make it necessary to constantly improve countermeasures that should be dynamic and proactive, should contain a considerable humanitarian potential, and contribute to the minimization of social consequences of crime. Russian legislators established a triad of key directions of counteracting criminality in general, its specific types, and individual crimes. Applying this concept of crime counteraction to intentional and fraudulent bankruptcy, the liability for which is provided for in Art. 196, 197 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the authors single out and examine the following directions: criminal law counteraction to intentional and fraudulent bankruptcy; prevention of intentional and fraudulent bankruptcy; minimization of negative consequences of intentional and fraudulent bankruptcy. Criminal law counteraction includes the detection, prevention, suppression, investigation and solving of criminal bankruptcy cases, as well as the prosecution of perpetrators. Talking about the criminal law counteraction to these crimes, the authors conclude that the effectiveness and productivity of the work of law enforcement bodies to suppress, investigate and solve crimes under Art. Art. 196, 197 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation directly depends on their close cooperation with various state control bodies, primarily, tax authorities, and on the quality of feedback. They present a list of specific measures of general, special and individual prevention of intentional and fraudulent bankruptcy, and offer a brief description of minimizing the negative consequences of these crimes. It is noted that the courts can use the following mechanisms to protect the violated rights of creditors: subsidiary liability of persons controlling the debtor, compensation of some part of damages by the controlling persons, all of which will contribute to the minimization of negative consequences of their unlawful actions.

The authors analyze the history of the emergence and development of the corresponding criminological research and special criminalistic theory of overcoming the counteraction to criminal prosecution (preliminary investigation) to research its present condition, examine its potential for improving the effectiveness of fighting crime while strictly observing the rights and lawful interests of citizens. The authors use systemic, interdisciplinary and situational approaches, the methods of comparative jurisprudence and a number of sociology methods to update the current (to speak conventionally, accusatory) paradigm of the theory. The essence of this update (the new concept) is to ensure the adversarial nature of the judicial process, as well as in other types of court procedures, for the prosecution and the defense. The presented theory concept includes the idea that counteraction to prosecution could be not only unlawful and amoral, but also lawful and ethically admissible. The motives of persons involved in this counteraction could include their subjective confidence in their total or partial innocence, as well as the unlawful and (or) amoral, in that persons opinion, actions of some law enforcement employees. These clauses are developed through the authors own definition of counteraction and the classification of its acts. They have formulated six theses that form the basis of the updated paradigm of the theory. The authors conclude that the presented research approach, the concept reflected in the didactics of university law schools, could instill in students and practitioners a deep and stable personal motivation to study not only the corresponding academic disciplines, but the whole criminalistics and criminology as well as other theories and disciplines of the anti-criminal cycle. The suggested approach and the practical recommendations based on it could be used in the conceptually new syllabus (and subjects) already taught in the leading Russian universities, like «Counteracting Crime», «Criminalistic Support of Business Security», «Tactics of Protection against Unlawful Actions of Government Employees», «Tactics of Interaction between Business Structures and Controlling Bodies».

The problem of counteraction to investigation has recently gained particular topicality. . This is due to the fact that the activities of organized criminality are gaining and larger range, an essential reason of which, in its turn, are the processes of the personnel corruptibility of the power structures and law enforcement institutions.The basis of the people’s lifestyle of the adherent to the criminal environment is to put obstacles in the way of law enforcement institutions in general; and during their lifetime, because of specific mentality, criminals always and willingly put into practice various forms and methods of counteractions. As investigative practice shows, counteraction to investigation may go on during the lifetime of the counteraction performer; it may begin also in the preparation phase of a crime, or may begin or continue during investigation, trial, and even during the time of serving sentence.The purpose of this study is to clarify the essence of the counteraction concept to investigation.As a result of the study and based on the theoretical knowledge, the most important conclusion has been drawn, namely: the counteraction to investigation is an action or inaction executed on premeditated purpose to hinder or even to stop the full, objective and comprehensive clarification of the offense circumstances by the investigating authorities and courts. In the course of the study, the problems were also identified, and the means and methods of overcoming the counteraction to investigation were offered.The prevention of counteraction to investigations, identification of its motives, forecasting of counteraction forms and methods of its implementation both – at the initial period of the investigation and during the implementation of investigation activities are a part of the necessary provisions for successful neutralization of counteraction, for unmasking of counteraction performers’ activities. It is also a compulsory provision for objective, detailed and complete clarifications of all circumstances of offence, providing in this way a fair punishment for guilty persons.The application of countermeasures requires an understanding of the methods and techniques used by law enforcement authorities in investigation of criminal networks. Insufficient prevention and overcoming of counteractions to investigations is one of the reasons of qualitative and quantitative aggravation of the performance parameters of law enforcement authorities.

In the contemporary world, the fight against impunity has become a fundamental political claim, a social goal and a main concern for human rights movements. However, it is unclear how we can delimit this fight, what are its aims and, ultimately, the remedies it proposes to overcome impunity. The academic studies and human rights mechanisms referring to this issue are not sufficiently clarifying. They often lack clear theoretical distinctions and stable empirical observations. Moreover, in social discourses impunity is employed with extremely vague connotations. This research addresses this lacuna, offering a conceptualization and characterization of impunity from a socio-legal perspective. With this purpose in mind, this work develops an analysis of impunity through the study of a particular kind of criminality. The study of state crime provides a prolific perspective for the analysis of the phenomenon of impunity, allowing to visualize the constitution of different blockages against the autonomous operation of the criminal justice. Particularly, this research studies an event of enforced disappearance initiated at the siege of the Colombian Palace of Justice in 1985, through a reconstruction focused on the perspective of the victims using a combination of qualitative methods. This field work, alongside different explorations of the sociological, human rights and criminological state of art of impunity, provides a sociological reflection on the concept of impunity. In the end, taking into account the problematization of the concept and its uses in social discourses, this work proposes a conceptualization apt for overcoming the vagueness of the definition of impunity as well as allowing a delimitation of the fight against it, leaving space for possible innovations on the penal rationality and possibly reinforcing a human rights agenda, concerned with the escalation of repression through punishment and committed with the restoration of social links and the victims’ rights.

Пилипенко Є. В. Перешкоджання діяльності у кримінальному праві України: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08 – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право / Пилипенко Євген Вікторович. – Сєвєродонецьк: Луганський державний університет внутрішніх справ імені Е. О. Дідоренка МВС України, 2018. - 228 с.
Дисертацію присвячено перешкоджанню діяльності у кримінальному праві України. Розкрито стан дослідження перешкоджання діяльності у кримінальному праві України. Констатовано, що на монографічному рівні в Україні здебільшого немає комплексних системних напрацювань із зазначеної проблематики. Фахівці зосереджуються лише на окремих складах злочинів, що полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності. Установлено, що чимало питань, які стосуються відповідальності за такі злочини, є дискусійними, а окремі з них – або взагалі не розглядались на науковому рівні, або їхньому вивченню приділяється недостатньо уваги. На основі узагальнення різноманітних джерел із досліджуваної проблематики зауважено, що злочини, які полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, можуть розглядатись і у широкому (злочини, що безпосередньо посягають на право здійснювати законну діяльність), і вузькому (злочини, об’єктивна сторона яких вичерпується діянням у формі перешкоджання законній діяльності) значеннях. Під перешкоджанням діяльності як ознакою, що об’єднує відповідні склади злочинів, пропонується розуміти створення перешкод у реалізації права іншої особи на певну діяльність, не заборонену законом, тобто дію або бездіяльність (фізичну чи інтелектуальну), спрямовану на недопущення, припинення або ускладнення такої діяльності. У роботі з’ясовується, як були враховані принципи та передумови криміналізації при встановленні кримінальної відповідальності за перешкоджання діяльності. Доводиться, що перешкоджання діяльності є суспільно небезпечним діянням, щодо окремих виявів якого існували й існують передумови криміналізації. Водночас, здійснюючи криміналізацію, законодавець не додержав усіх принципів криміналізації, що зумовлює необхідність внесення змін до кримінального законодавства. Під час розгляду ґенези становлення та розвитку законодавства в частині відповідальності за перешкоджання діяльності зазначено, що відповідні норми на території України формувалися поступово, разом із розвитком суспільних відносин та їхнім правовим унормуванням. Кримінально-правові заборони в цій сфері виникають там, де законодавство детально регламентує порядок законної діяльності й її забезпечення потребує правового захисту. З огляду на це, зроблено висновок, що в державі, де абсолютна влада не обмежена правовими нормами і забезпечується потужним апаратом примусу, немає необхідності в таких нормах. Вивчено зарубіжний досвід регламентації відповідальності за перешкоджання діяльності. Акцентовано, що система таких злочинів залежить від соціально-економічних, культурних, політичних, історичних й інших чинників, які впливали на формування кримінального законодавства в тій чи іншій країні, поширеності таких діянь. Законодавець кожної країни вибірково підходить до вирішення питання стосовно того, перешкоджання якій діяльності має підлягати кримінальній відповідальності. Законодавство низки країн містить загальну норму, яка передбачає відповідальність за перешкоджання реалізації громадянських прав і свобод. Незважаючи на широкий спектр законної діяльності, що є предметом кримінально-правової охорони, в Україні перешкоджання не всім видам діяльності підлягає кримінальній відповідальності. Досвід законодавства зарубіжних країн свідчить, що цей спектр може бути розширено. Проаналізовано юридичний склад злочинів, що полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності за КК України (об’єкти складів цих злочинів, об’єктивні сторони, суб’єкти складів злочинів та їхні суб’єктивні сторони). Зроблено висновок, що видовим об’єктом злочинів, які полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, є право відповідного суб’єкта здійснювати певну діяльність, не заборонену законом. Такі об’єкти, як основи національної безпеки або авторитет органів державної влади, місцевого самоврядування чи об’єднання громадян можуть бути додатковими. Цей видовий об’єкт входить до родового об’єкта – особистих прав і свобод людини та громадянина. Безпосередніми об’єктами злочинів, що полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, визначено право відповідних суб’єктів здійснювати певну діяльність, не заборонену законом. Зауважено, що під час характеристики перешкоджання діяльності ознака законності/незаконності має враховуватись двічі. По-перше, для позначення законності діяльності. Кримінально караним має бути тільки перешкоджання такому виду діяльності, що не заборонений законом, а перешкоджання незаконній діяльності не становить суспільної небезпеки і не може бути кримінально караним. По-друге, ознака незаконності має стосуватись перешкоджання, адже не завжди перешкоджання певній законній діяльності суперечить вимогам закону. Доведено, що вказівка на незаконність у тексті КК України виправдана лише стосовно діяння у формі перешкоджання. Наголошено, що злочин, який полягає в перешкоджанні діяльності, є закінченим із моменту вчинення певних дій (бездіяльності), спрямованих на перешкоджання реалізації права іншої особи здійснювати певну діяльність, незалежно від того, чи вдалося винному завадити потерпілому здійснити відповідну діяльність. Аналіз юридичної літератури, судової практики дав змогу зробити висновок, що суб’єктом більшості злочинів, які полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, є фізична осудна особа, яка досягла 16-річного віку. Встановлена відсутність підстав для визнання суб’єктом злочину «колективних» суб’єктів (юридичних осіб, держави, злочинних угруповань тощо), а також для зниження віку кримінальної відповідальності за відповідну категорію злочинів. Особа, яка є носієм права на певну діяльність, не заборонену законом, не може бути суб’єктом злочину, що полягає в перешкоджанні такій діяльності. Перешкоджання – це певний вплив «ззовні», тому не можна перешкоджати самому собі або певному об’єднанню, членом якого є особа. Зроблено висновок, що стосовно злочинів, які полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, суть вини полягає в негативному психічному ставленні (відсутності належної поваги, нехтуванні, бажанні порушити, обмежити) до права іншої особи на здійснення певного виду діяльності. Вивчення характеру діяння, яке полягає в перешкоджанні законній діяльності, дало змогу зробити висновок, що воно може бути вчинене лише умисно. Загальними ознаками для всіх злочинів, які полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, є усвідомлення власного незаконного характеру перешкоджання, а також того, що винний перешкоджає саме законній діяльності потерпілого. Мотив і мета злочинів, що полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, можуть бути різними. Спроби визначити мету таких злочинів призводять до обмеженого тлумачення відповідних положень КК України, ускладнення правозастосовної діяльності, конкуренції з іншими кримінально-правовими нормами. З’ясовано проблеми заходів кримінально-правового впливу, які застосовуються за вчинення злочинів, що полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності. Зазначено, що з усіх проаналізованих санкцій лише санкції норм, описаних у ст. 114-1 КК України, є безальтернативними. Санкція норми, описаної у ст. 170 КК України, є альтернативною кумулятивною, в якій додаткове покарання у виді позбавлення права обіймати певні посади чи займатися певною діяльністю на строк до трьох років має обов’язковий характер. Санкції норм, описаних у чч. 1, 2 ст. 171 КК України, ч. 1 ст. 180 КК України, ст. 340 КК України, належать до альтернативних. Санкція норми, описаної в ч. 3 ст. 171 КК України, належить до альтернативних кумулятивних, оскільки містить додаткове факультативне покарання у виді позбавлення права обіймати певні посади чи займатися певною діяльністю на строк до трьох років або без такого. Установлено, що за вчинення злочинів, які полягають у перешкоджанні діяльності, особа може бути звільнена від кримінальної відповідальності на основі більшості загальних підстав: імперативних і факультативних, умовних і безумовних. Спеціальних видів звільнення від кримінальної відповідальності за вчинення таких злочинів кримінальне законодавство не передбачає. The dissertation is devoted to obstruction of activities in the criminal law of Ukraine. The state of the research of obstruction of activities in the criminal law of Ukraine is revealed. It is stated, therefore, that at the monographic level in Ukraine, for the most part, there are no systematic researches from the mentioned problem. Specialists focus only on individual departments of crime, which consists in obstruction of activities. It has been established that many issues concerning the responsibility for such crimes are debatable, and some of them – or are not considered at the scientific level, or their study is not given enough attention. The generalization of various sources of the studied problem has made it possible to determine that offenses consisting in obstruction of activities can be considered as broad (crimes that directly violate the right to exercise legal activity) and narrow (crimes whose objective side is exhausted in the form of action interference with legal activities) values. By obstruction of activities as a sign that unites the relevant components of crime, it is proposed to understand the creation of obstacles to the realization of the right of another person to certain activities not prohibited by law, that is, action or omission (physical or intellectual) aimed at preventing, terminating or complicating such activities. The paper clarifies how the principles and preconditions of criminalization were taken into account when establishing criminal responsibility for obstruction of activities. It has been argued that the obstruction of the activities is a socially dangerous action regarding the individual manifestations of which there exist and continue to exist the preconditions of criminalization. At the same time, in carrying out criminalization, the legislator did not comply with all the principles of criminalization, which necessitates the introduction of amendments to the criminal law. When considering the genesis of the formation and development of legislation in terms of responsibility for obstruction of activities, it is indicated that the relevant norms in the territory of Ukraine were formed gradually along with the development of social relations and their legal norm. Criminal prohibitions in this area arise where the legislation regulates in detail the procedure of legal activity and its provision requires legal protection. In view of this, it is concluded that in a state where absolute power is not limited by legal norms and is provided by a powerful apparatus of coercion, there is no need for the existence of such norms. The foreign experience of regulation of responsibility for obstruction of activities is studied. It is emphasized that the system of such crimes depends on the prevalence of such acts on the basis of socio-economic, cultural, political, historical and other factors that influenced the formation of criminal legislation in one or another country. The legislator of each country selectively approaches to the decision on the question of which obstruction of activities should lead to criminal liability. Legislation in a number of countries contains a general rule that implies responsibility for preventing the realization of civil rights and freedoms. Despite the wide range of legal activities that are the subject of criminal law enforcement, in Ukraine, the impediment to not all types of activities involves criminal liability. The experience of the legislation of foreign countries shows that this spectrum can be expanded. The legal structure of crimes, which consists of obstruction of activities of the Criminal Code of Ukraine (objects of syllables of these crimes, objective parties, subjects of crimes and their subjective parties) is analyzed. It is concluded that the specific object of the crimes consisting in the obstruction of activities is the right of the relevant subject to carry out certain activities, not prohibited by law. Such objects as the basis of national security or the authority of public authorities, local self-government or citizens' associations may be additional. This species object is part of the generic object – the personal rights and freedoms of man and citizen. The immediate objects of the crimes, consisting in obstruction of activities, determined the right of the relevant subjects to carry out certain activities not prohibited by law. It is noted that when characterizing the obstruction of activities, the sign of legality/illegality should be taken into account twice. First, to indicate the legality of the activity itself. Criminal punishment should be only obstruction of such activities, which is not prohibited by law, and the obstruction of illegal activities does not constitute a public danger and can not be criminalized. Secondly, the sign of unlawfulness should relate to the obstacle itself, as not always the obstruction of a certain legal activities is contrary to the requirements of the law. It is proved that the indication of illegality in the text of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is justified only with regard to the act in the form of interference. It is emphasized that the crime, which consists in obstruction of activities, is terminated from the moment of certain actions (inaction) aimed at interfering with the realization of the right of another person to carry out a certain activity, regardless of whether the guilty person managed to prevent the victim from carrying out the corresponding activity. An analysis of legal literature and jurisprudence has made it possible to conclude that the subject of most offenses consisting in obstruction of activities is a physical, convicted person who has reached the age of 16. The absence of grounds for the recognition of the subject of the crime of «collective» subjects (legal persons, state, criminal groups, etc.), as well as to reduce the age of criminal responsibility for the relevant category of crimes. A person who is the bearer of the right to certain activities, not prohibited by law, can not act as a subject of crime, which is to obstruction of such activities. Obstruction is a certain influence «from the outside»; it is excluded to interfere with itself or a certain association, the member of which acts a person. It is concluded that in relation to offenses consisting in obstruction of activities, the essence of the guilt lies in the negative mental attitude (lack of due respect, neglect, desire to violate, limit) the right of another person to exercise a particular type of activity. The study of the nature of the act, which is to obstruction of legal activities, has allowed us to conclude that it can only be committed intentionally. The general features of all crimes that obstruction of activities are the awareness of their own unlawful nature of the interference, as well as the fact that the culprit interferes precisely with the legitimate activities of the victim. The motive and purpose of obstruction of activities may be different. Attempts to determine the purpose of such crimes lead to a restrictive interpretation of the relevant provisions of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, the complication of law enforcement activities, competition with other criminal-law standards. The problems of measures of criminal-law influence, which are used for committing offenses consisting in obstruction of activities, are revealed. It is noted that from all the sanctions analyzed only sanctions of the norms described in Article 114-1 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine are without alternative. The sanction of the norm described in Article 170 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine is an alternative cumulative, in which additional punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term up to three years is mandatory. Sanctions of the norms described in paragraphs 1 and 2 of article 171 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, Part 1 of Article 180 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and Article 340 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, belong to alternatives. The sanction of the norm described in Article 171, paragraph 3, of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, refers to alternative cumulative ones, since it contains additional optional punishment in the form of deprivation of the right to occupy certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term up to three years or without such. It has been established that for the commission of crimes consisting of obstruction of activities, a person may be released from criminal liability on the basis of the majority of general grounds: imperative and optional, conditional and unconditional. Special types of release from criminal liability for committing such crimes are not provided by criminal law.

Дисертацію присвячено комплексному дослідженню проблем адміністративно-правового забезпечення протидії біотерористичним загрозам в Україні. Здійснено аналіз термінологічного апарату антитерористичного законодавства на предмет визначення суспільно-правової сутності біотероризму, а також подано систематизацію доктринальних положень. Особливу увагу приділено механізму практичної протидії можливим загрозам біотерористичної діяльності з боку вищих органів державної влади. Доведено, що факт існування біологічного тероризму як глобальної проблеми світової спільноти вимагає консолідації зусиль усіх держав, а участь України у цьому процесі здійснюється у відповідності до міжнародних договорів. Обгрунтовано висновки і пропозиції щодо ліквідації юридичних дефектів у законодавчих актах, які регулюють суспільні відносини в сфері боротьби з біотероризмом, й розроблення національних програм з біобезпеки та запобігання проявам біологічних загроз.
Диссертация посвящена комплексному исследованию проблем административно-правового обеспечения противодействия биотеррористически угрозам в Украине. Осуществлен анализ терминологического аппарата антитеррористического законодательства на предмет определения общественно- правовой сущности биотерроризма, а также представлено систематизацию доктринальных положений. Особое внимание уделено механизму практической противодействия возможным угрозам биотеррористической деятельности со стороны высших органов государственной власти. Доказано, что факт существования биологического тероризма как глобальной проблемы мирового сообщества требует консолидации усилий всех государств, а участие Украины в этом процессе осуществляется в соответствии с международными договорами. Обоснованы выводы и предложения по ликвидации юридических дефектов в законодательных актах, регулирующих общественные отношения в сфере борьбы с биотерроризмом, и разработка национальных программ по биобезопасности и проявлений биологических угроз.
The thesis is devoted to the complex study of the problems of administrative and legal support for counteraction to bioterrorist threats in Ukraine. The terminological apparatus of anti-terrorist legislation has been analysed to determine the socio-legal nature of bioterrorism, as well as the systematization of doctrinal provisions declared by the representatives of legal and other social sciences. Biosafety, counteraction to bioterrorism has been found to be an integral part of national security, but any guidance on issues of threat of technogenic, including nuclear and biological, terrorism; the impact of harmful genetic effects in populations of living organisms, genetically modified organisms, biotechnologies, etc., unfortunately, are absent. Moreover, the current national legislation of Ukraine does not contain a clear and justified definition of the term "bioterrorism". In the aspect of consideration of the issue of regulatory acts of counteraction to bioterrorism, it is proposed to amend the Law of Ukraine "On Counteraction to Terrorism" in terms of consolidating the concept of "biological terrorism". The author substantiates the principle of legitimacy of administrative and legal support of counteraction to biological terrorism as a specific element of the complex social-negative category of "terrorism", which will make it possible to draw the attention of the legislator to the need for further detailing at the level of laws and regulations of the system of regulatory legal acts, aimed at preventing and counteraction to bioterrorism. The analysis of international legal acts on the issues of counteraction to bioterrorism is carried out. Indeed, in its complex interaction, the reproduction of norms of national law in the norms of international law, and vice versa, serves to achieve effective results in the field of counteraction to bioterrorism and overcoming its negative consequences. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxic Weapons and on Their Destruction (CBTC), of which Ukraine is a fully legitimate party, has been determined to play a significant role. Special attention is paid to the mechanism of practical counteraction to the possible threats of bioterrorist activity by the higher bodies of state power. The main administrative and legal measures for countering bioterrorism are described, namely: measures of administrative prevention, measures of administrative termination, measures of administrative responsibility. The role of public in the prevention and counteraction of bioterrorism has been noted. The role of the main institutions in the administrative and legal support of counteraction to bioterrorism through the analysis of organizational and legal bases of their activity is clarified. The main institutions of administrative and legal support for counteraction to bioterrorism include: the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the State Emergency Antiepizootic Commission under the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine, the National Security and Defence Council of Ukraine, the Security Service of Ukraine, the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Energy and Environment Protection of Ukraine and the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. These institutions at various levels carry out coordination, control and surveillance activities, law enforcement intelligence operations, covert investigative procedures, etc., in accordance with their competence, in order to counteract to the manifestation of bioterrorism. The role of introduction of administrative and legal regime of emergency ecological situation as an organizational and legal instrument of counteraction to bioterrorism is investigated. It is found that today there are a number of provisions in the current legislation of Ukraine concerning both general measures to counteraction to bioterrorist manifestations and introduction of administrative and legal regime of emergency environmental situation. It is established that in practice the introduction of administrative and legal regime of emergency environmental situation in Ukraine has been carried out in order to neutralize the consequences of catastrophes and accidents of anthropogenic nature. It is determined that the administrative regime of the environmental situation involves the introduction of a complex system of rules aimed at neutralizing the effects of environmental catastrophe, which is caused by both objective and subjective factors. The act of biological terrorism is a subjective factor, although the strains of viruses, used for illegal criminal purposes, occur naturally. It is concluded that the importance of administrative and legal regime in counteraction to biological terrorism is secondary, since its introduction is already a consequence of committing a bioterrorist act. The primary role in counteraction to the manifestation of biological terrorism is played by measures to prevent this phenomenon. It is proved that the existence of threats of biological terrorism as a global problem of the world community requires consolidation of efforts of all states, and Ukraine’s participation in this process is carried out in accordance with international treaties and effective cooperation both at universal and regional (with NATO, CIS, EU) and two-sided levels. There are substantiated conclusions and proposals for the development of national biosafety programs and the prevention of biological terrorism in Ukraine.

Серкевич І.Р. Кримінологічні детермінанти та кримінально- правова протидія тероризму: дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук за спеціальністю 12.00.08 – кримінальне право та кримінологія; кримінально-виконавче право/Серкевич Ірина Ростиславівна. – Львів: ЛьвДУВС, 2015. - 215 с.
У дисертації виконано комплексне наукове дослідження кримінологічних детермінант та кримінально-правової протидії тероризму. Розкрито основні підходи до розуміння феномена тероризму як соціального явища та кримінально-караного діяння, досліджено зміст та обсяг цього поняття, здійснено огляд зарубіжного досвіду кримінально-правової протидії тероризму. Особливу увагу приділено дослідженню детермінант тероризму. Поряд із уже наявними в літературі підходами до розуміння таких детермінант виявлено та описано специфічні для сучасної ситуації причини та умови терористичних проявів в Україні. Проаналізовано КК України на предмет достатності в ньому кримінально-правових засобів протидії терористичним злочинам. Зроблено висновок, що у КК України «центральною» є норма про «терористичний акт», а інші – це криміналізовані у виді самостійних складів злочинів різноманітні прояви співучасті у вчиненні терористичного акту або готування до його вчинення. Доведено, що кримінально-правових засобів протидії тероризму в Україні достатньо, істотного вдосконалення вони не потребують, натомість ефективність їх застосовування є незадовільною.The dissertation covers the complex scientific research on criminological determinants and criminal-legal counteraction of terrorism. The work has developed the main approaches to understanding of the phenomenon of terrorism as a social fact and criminally punishable action, investigated the content and scope of the term, and reviewed international experience of criminal-legal counteraction of terrorism. Particular attention has been paid to the study of determinants of terrorism. Along with the already proposed approaches to understanding of the determinants it has discovered and described reasons and conditions of terrorist acts being specific for current situation in Ukraine. Criminal Code of Ukraine has been analyzed from the viewpoint of adequacy of criminal-legal means therein to counter terrorist offenses. The conclusion has been made that the rule of «terrorist act is «central» in the Criminal Code of Ukraine» and other ones are various manifestations of complicity in the commitment of a terrorist act or its preparation, criminalized in the form of separate offenses. It has also proved that there are enough criminal-legal means of combating terrorism in Ukraine and they don’t need significant improving, while the effectiveness of their application is unsatisfactory.

On s’est habitué à adopter du concept d’autonomie une perception qui est celle d’un déclin, largement prophétisé dès le XIXème siècle chez les auteurs critiques du contrat. Tous les arguments ont contribué à cette interprétation et bien des choses semblent aller en ce sens. Ainsi, le concept laisse apparaître un bouleversement des distinctions classiques vérifiable du point de vue du langage définissant les sources ou autorités du droit (autonomie législative, judiciaire…). En réalité, la première autonomie de nature subjective n’a pas été contredite autant qu’on aurait pu le supposer. L’autonomie individuelle ou collective continue de définir la personne juridique en fonction d’une titularité plus ou moins étroite de ses droits, libertés, capacités ou pouvoirs. Elle contribue, en effet, à la promotion d’un cadre primordial et persiste dans une sorte de contrôle moral des volontés et des identités individuelles confrontées à des mécanismes exagérément objectifs. Une résurgence apparente du vocabulaire romaniste, sous prétexte d’équilibre des prestations, permet paradoxalement un déséquilibre entre les parties. C’est donc à une autonomie renouvelée, forte de nouvelles exigences, que l’on fait appel. Un plan moral succède au plan théorique sous l’angle de la protection des volontés. L’autonomie s’adapte tout en demeurant conforme à un sens subjectif originel. Elle pourrait devenir une référence de régulation, y compris pour les contrats internationaux. Le droit français aurait là une occasion de se rétablir, au moins du point de vue de l’interprétation
We became used to adopt some concept of autonomy a perception which is the one of a decline, largely predicted from the XIXth century at the critical authors of the contract. All arguments contributed to this interpretation and many things seem to go this way. Actually, the concept uncovers a classical upheavel of distinctions whiches verifiable from the point of view of sources or authorities defining langage (legislative, judicial autonomy). In fact, the first autonomy of subjective nature was not as contradicted as it was supposed to. The individual or collective autonomy continues to define the legal person according to a more or less narrow tenure of its rights, liberties, capacities or powers. As a matter of fact it contributes to focus on an essential frame and persists in a kind of moral control of the wills and of the individual identities confronted to excessively objective mechanisms. A similar resurgence of the ancient roman law vocabulary, under the pretext of contractual balance, paradoxically allows a destabilization between the parts. So it is to the renewed autonomy strong on new requirements that we appeal. A moral plan succeeds the theoretical plan under the perspective of the protection of the wills. The autonomy adapts itself while remaining in compliance with an original subjective sense. She could become a reference of regulation, including for the international contracts. French law would then have an opportunity to recover, at least from the point of view of the interpretation

La première partie de l’étude est consacrée à l’invocation, intra et extra muros, du droit à un procès équitable. Sont analysés ainsi, dans un premier temps, l’applicabilité directe de l’article 6 et la subsidiarité de la Convention par rapport au droit national et de la Cour Européenne des Droits de l’Homme par rapport aux juridictions nationales. Le droit à un procès équitable étant un droit jurisprudentiel, l’étude se focalise, dans un second temps, sur l’invocabilité des arrêts de la Cour Européenne et plus précisément sur l’invocabilité directe de l’arrêt qui constate une violation du droit à un procès équitable dans une affaire mettant en cause l’Etat et l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme à l’arrêt qui interprète l’article 6 dans une affaire mettant en cause un Etat tiers. L’introduction dans l’ordre juridique français et hellénique de la possibilité de réexamen de la décision pénale définitive rendue en violation de la Convention a fait naitre un nouveau droit d’accès à la Cour de cassation lequel trouve son terrain de prédilection aux violations de l’article 6 et constitue peut-être le pas le plus important pour le respect du droit à un procès équitable après l’acceptation (par la France et la Grèce) du droit de recours individuel. Quant au faible fondement de l’autorité de la chose interprétée par la Cour Européenne, qui est d’ailleurs un concept d’origine communautaire, cela explique pourquoi un dialogue indirect entre la Cour Européenne et la Cour de cassation est possible sans pour autant changer en rien l’invocabilité de l’interprétation conforme et le fait que l’existence d’un précédent oblige la Cour de cassation à motiver l’interprétation divergente qu’elle a adoptée.La seconde partie de l’étude, qui est plus volumineuse, est consacrée aux garanties de bonne administration de la justice (article 6§1), à la présomption d’innocence (article 6§2), aux droits qui trouvent leur fondement conventionnel dans l’article 6§1 mais leur fondement logique dans la présomption d’innocence et aux droits de la défense (article 6§3). Sont ainsi analysés le droit à un tribunal indépendant, impartial et établi par la loi, le délai raisonnable, le principe de l’égalité des armes, le droit à une procédure contradictoire, le droit de la défense d’avoir la parole en dernier, la publicité de l’audience et du prononcé des jugements et arrêts, l’obligation de motivation des décisions, la présomption d’innocence, dans sa dimension procédurale et personnelle, le « droit au mensonge », le droit de l’accusé de se taire et de ne pas contribuer à son auto-incrimination, son droit d’être informé de la nature et de la cause de l’accusation et de la requalification envisagée des faits, son droit au temps et aux facilités nécessaires à la préparation de la défense, y compris notamment la confidentialité de ses communications avec son avocat et le droit d’accès au dossier, son droit de comparaître en personne au procès, le droit de la défense avec ou sans l’assistance d’un avocat, le droit de l’accusé d’être représenté en son absence par son avocat, le droit à l’assistance gratuite d’un avocat lorsque la situation économique de l’accusé ne permet pas le recours à l’assistance d’un avocat mais les intérêts de la justice l’exigent, le droit d’interroger ou faire interroger les témoins à charge et d’obtenir la convocation et l’interrogation des témoins à décharge dans les mêmes conditions que les témoins à charge et le droit à l’interprétation et à la traduction des pièces essentielles du dossier. L’analyse est basée sur la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise et centrée sur la position qu’adoptent la Cour de cassation française et l’Aréopage
The first party of the study is dedicated to the invocation of the right to a fair trial intra and extra muros and, on this basis, it focuses on the direct applicability of Article 6 and the subsidiarity of the Convention and of the European Court of Human Rights. Because of the fact that the right to a fair trial is a ‘‘judge-made law’’, the study also focuses on the invocability of the judgments of the European Court and more precisely on the direct invocability of the European Court’s judgment finding that there has been a violation of the Convention and on the request for an interpretation in accordance with the European Court’s decisions. The possibility of reviewing the criminal judgment made in violation of the Convention has generated a new right of access to the Court of cassation which particularly concerns the violations of the right to a fair trial and is probably the most important step for the respect of the right to a fair trial after enabling the right of individual petition. As for the weak conventional basis of the authority of res interpretata (“autorité de la chose interprétée”), this fact explains why an indirect dialogue between the ECHR and the Court of cassation is possible but doesn’t affect the applicant’s right to request an interpretation in accordance with the Court’s decisions and the duty of the Court of cassation to explain why it has decided to depart from the (non-binding) precedent.The second party of the study is bigger than the first one and is dedicated to the guarantees of the proper administration of justice (Article 6§1), the presumption of innocence (Article 6§2), the rights which find their conventional basis on the Article 6§1 but their logical explanation to the presumption of innocence and the rights of defence (Article 6§3). More precisely, the second party of the study is analyzing the right to an independent and impartial tribunal established by law, the right to a hearing within a reasonable time, the principle of equality of arms, the right to adversarial proceedings, the right of the defence to the last word, the right to a public hearing and a public pronouncement of the judgement, the judge’s duty to state the reasons for his decision, the presumption of innocence, in both its procedural and personal dimensions, the accused’s right to lie, his right to remain silent, his right against self-incrimination, his right to be informed of the nature and the cause of the accusation and the potential re-characterisation of the facts, his right to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of the defence, including in particular the access to the case-file and the free and confidential communication with his lawyer, his right to appear in person at the trial, his right to defend either in person or through legal assistance, his right to be represented by his counsel, his right to free legal aid if he hasn’t sufficient means to pay for legal assistance but the interests of justice so require, his right to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him and his right to the free assistance of an interpreter and to the translation of the key documents. The analysis is based on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights and focuses on the position taken by the French and the Greek Court of Cassation (Areopagus) on each one of the above mentioned rights

У дисертації наведено теоретичне узагальнення й запропоновано нове вирішення наукової проблеми, яке полягало у розробленні на основі аналізу існуючих наукових підходів, чинного вітчизняного та зарубіжного законодавства і практики їх реалізації комплексної науково та практично обґрунтованої концепції кримінально-правової протидії корупції в Україні, що спиралася б на галузевий підхід. Об‘єктом дослідження є суспільні відносини, що виникають у процесі протидії корупції в Україні. Предметом дослідження є концепція кримінальноправової протидії корупції в Україні. Висвітлено генезис наукового та легального розвитку поняття «корупція» з античних часів до сьогодення. Проаналізовано окремі ключові наукові праці присвячені корупції, як негативному соціально-економічному явищу, та проблемі протидії корупції на всіх рівнях і напрямах, розслідуванню корупційних діянь. Установлено, що важливим елементом успіху наукового дослідження є вибір правильної методології, що повністю забезпечить комплексність і системність дослідження та дозволить б розробити такі висновки й рекомендації, які дійсно матимуть вагоме значення для наукової та практичної діяльності. Наголошено, що явище корупції є надзвичайно складним, так само як і поняття, що позначає це явище. Виділено основні аспекти формування поняття «корупція»: історичний, міжнародний, зарубіжний, легальний та доктринальний. Обґрунтовано, що поняття «корупція» є міждисциплінарним та широковживаним, оскільки досліджується не лише фахівцями в галузі права, а й соціології, політології, економіки, 3 державного управління та психології. Досліджено передумови появи поняття «кримінальне правопорушення» та наголошено на доцільності доповнення антикорупційного законодавства поняттям «корупційне кримінальне правопорушення». Ґрунтовно проаналізовано ознаки корупційного кримінального правопорушення. Виділено кілька підстав для класифікації корупційних кримінальних правопорушень: за видом родового об‘єкта за організацією групування у тексті примітки до ст. 45 КК України, за повнотою ознак корупційності, за предмет, за суб‘єктом, за метою, за підслідністю. Доведено необхідність криміналізації трьох адміністративних правопорушень, що пов‘язані з корупцією. По-перше, порушення встановлених законом обмежень щодо одержання подарунків. Подруге, порушення вимог щодо запобігання та врегулювання конфлікту інтересів. По-третє, невжиття заходів щодо протидії корупції. З‘ясовано, що з огляду на значущість завдання з протидії корупції держава розробила розгалужену та відносно замкнену систему спеціалізованих антикорупційних органів. Водночас певні стратегічні повноваження у сфері протидії корупції зберегли й органи загальної компетенції (Верховна Рада України, Президент України, Кабінет Міністрів України). Більше того, певні антикорупційні компетентності набули мало не всі органи державної влади та місцевого самоврядування. Надано визначення, названо ознаки та види політичної корупції, а також охарактеризовано сутність економічної корупції. Проаналізовано заходи запобігання корупції у залежності від моделі її розвитку: європейської (Фінляндія, Норвегія), азійської (Японія, Сінгапур), англо-американської (США, Канада). З числа проаналізованих заходів обрано окремі, які можуть бути запозичені у вітчизняне правозастосування. Запропоновано виділити чотири підходи до обрання покарань за корупційні кримінальні правопорушення: м‘який (Швеція, Данія), помірний (Великобританія, ФРН), суворий (Італія) та особливо суворий (США, КНР). Обґрунтовано, що корупція є глобальною проблемою людства. Тому, контроль над рівнем корупції є завданням всієї світової спільноти. Основна акумуляція зусиль у антикорупційній сфері відбувається в рамках міжнародних організацій. З‘ясовано, що міжнародне співробітництво у сфері протидії корупції реалізується Україною шляхом укладання конвенцій та угод, а також реалізації положень які містять рекомендації щодо ефективної протидії корупції. The thesis provides a theoretical generalization and offers a new solution to the scientific problem. This problem is to develop based on existing scientific approaches analysis, current domestic and foreign legislation, and practice of implementing a comprehensive, scientifically, and practically defensible concept of the criminal legal fight against corruption in Ukraine based on a branching approach. The object of the thesis is public relations that arise in the process of combating corruption in Ukraine. The subject of the thes is concept of criminal-legal counteraction of corruption in Ukraine. The genesis of the scientific and legal development of the notion of "corruption" from ancient times to the present is highlighted. Some vital scientific works were analyzed on corruption as a negative socio-economic phenomenon, the problem of combating corruption at all levels and areas, and the investigation of corruption. It was established that an essential element of the success of scientific research is the choice of the correct methodology, which would fully ensure the complexity and systematization of study and would develop such conclusions and recommendations that will be important for scientific and practical activities. It was emphasized that the phenomenon of corruption is highly complex and the notion that denotes this phenomenon. The main aspects of forming the notion of "corruption" were highlighted: historical, international, foreign, legal, and doctrinal. It is substantiated that the concept of "corruption" is interdisciplinary and widely used, as it is studied not only by specialists in the field of law, but also by sociology, political science, economics, public administration and psychology. It was proposed to classify corruption on the following grounds: the pace of development, areas of implementation, frequency, sustainability, level of organization and spread of corruption, sectoral orientation, the form of expression. The essence of the concept of "anti-corruption, " a symbiotic combination of prevention and control, is described. Emphasis is placed on the justification of the position on the identification of combating corruption and anti-corruption policy. The nature of anti-corruption principles has been formed and revealed. It is proposed to divide the principles of anti-corruption into general, i.e. specific to all branches of law, and special, which are specific only to anti-corruption activities and due to its specifics. The preconditions for the emergence of the notion of "criminal offense" were studied. The practicality of supplementing the anti-corruption legislation with the notion of "corruption criminal offense" was emphasized. The signs of a criminal corruption offense are thoroughly analyzed. It was found that, given the importance of the task of combating corruption, the state has developed an extensive and relatively closed system of specialized anticorruption bodies. At the same time, certain strategic powers in the field of anticorruption were retained by bodies of general competence (the Verkhovna Rada of 8 Ukraine, the President of Ukraine, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine). Moreover, almost all state and local government bodies have acquired specific anti-corruption competencies. The legal nature of mass media was described, and the main directions of their anti-corruption activity are named. The critical role of the public in combating corruption is revealed, which is because none of the anti-corruption measures will be successful if there is no public support during its implementation. It was given the definition, peculiarities, and types of political corruption and the essence of economic corruption. It was stressed that ensuring the proper level of combating political and economic corruption is a priority for the state, as it will promote economic growth, strengthen the role of state institutions and local governments, restore confidence in them and improve the country's image at the international level. It has been proven that corruption in the judiciary is a commonplace phenomenon that undermines the principles of the rule of law, the rule of law, equality before the courts, and the independence and impartiality of the administration of justice. Measures to prevent corruption depending on the model of its development were analyzed: European (Finland, Norway), Asian (Japan, Singapore), AngloAmerican (USA, Canada). From the number of analyzed measures, some were selected that can be borrowed from domestic law enforcement. It is proposed to distinguish four approaches to the choice of punishment for corruption offenses: mild (Sweden, Denmark), moderate (UK, Germany), severe (Italy), and particularly authoritarian (USA, PRC). It is substantiated that corruption is a global problem of humankind. Therefore, controlling the level of corruption is the task of the entire world community. The central accumulation of efforts in the anti-corruption sphere takes place within the framework of international organizations. It was found out that international cooperation in the field of anti-corruption is implemented in Ukraine through the conclusion of conventions and agreements and the implementation of provisions that contain recommendations for effective anti-corruption.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Ciências Jurídico-Forenses apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
Hoje em dia, a proteção dos nossos animais é um tema que tem cada vez mais relevância, uma vez que a sociedade está a começar a vê-los de maneira diferente, pelo menos os animais de companhia. Na atual lei portuguesa, a definição de animal de companhia, mencionada no artigo 389º do Código Penal, não é clara sobre quais animais fazem parte dessa definição, na medida em que não estão catalogados na norma legal. Dito isto, as opiniões divergem em relação a quais os animais que devem ser abrangidos pela norma, por isso, vamos tentar entender quais estão incluídos naquela previsão legal, sendo os cães e gatos, mesmo que errantes, os quais todos os autores concordam fazerem parte da definição. De seguida, vamos tentar encontrar qual é o bem jurídico protegido que justifica a proteção penal concedida a esta categoria de animais, dada pelos artigos 387º e 388º do Código Penal, sobre a proibição de matar ou de maltratar animais de companhia desnecessariamente, ou abandoná-los, respetivamente. Existem muitos pontos de vista diferentes no que toca a este assunto, e perguntamo-nos se a proteção concebida por estas normas legais é justificável e necessária, ou se a segurança dos animais de companhia poderia ser coberta por outro ramo do direito que não compreenda a pena de prisão como punição, como o Direito Administrativo, que tem, como sanção, a coima. A maioria da doutrina acha que o direito penal não deveria ser chamado na tutela dos animais, uma vez que não se consegue encontrar, direta ou indiretamente, na Constituição, um bem jurídico protegido.
Nowadays, the protection of our animals is a subject that has increasingly relevance, once society begins to see them in a different way, at least the companion animals. In the current Portuguese law, the definition of companion animal, mentioned in article number 389 of the Penal Code, is not clear about which animals are a part of it, because they are not cataloged in the legal norm. This being said, opinions diverge about which animals are supposed to be covered by it, therefore we are going to try to figure out which ones are included in that legal prevision, being cats and dogs, even the stray ones, the ones which every author agrees that make part of the definition. Then, we are going to try to find what the protected legal good that justifies the penal protection given to this category of animals, by articles number 387 and 388 of the Penal Code, about the prohibition of killing or mistreating animals unnecessarily, or abandoning them, respectively, is. There is, also, a lot of different points of view when it comes to this topic, and we wonder if the protection given by this legal norms is justifiable and necessary, or if the safety of companion animals could be covered by another branch of law that doesn’t comprehend the prison sentence as punishment, like the administrative law, which has, as sanction, the fine. The majority of the doctrine thinks that the criminal law shouldn’t interfere in the protection of companion animals, once we are not able to find, directly or indirectly, the protected legal good in the Constitution.

American jurisprudence currently applies two incompatible validity standards to determine which laws are enforceable. The natural law tradition evaluates validity by an uncertain standard of divine law, and its methodology relies on contradictory views of human reason. Legal positivism, on the other hand, relies on a methodology that commits the analytic fallacy, separates law from its application, and produces an incomplete model of law. These incompatible standards have created a schism in American jurisprudence that impairs the delivery of justice. This dissertation therefore formulates a new standard for legal validity. This new standard rejects the uncertainties and inconsistencies inherent in natural law theory. It also rejects the narrow linguistic methodology of legal positivism. In their stead, this dissertation adopts a pragmatic methodology that develops a standard for legal validity based on actual legal experience. This approach focuses on the operations of law and its effects upon ongoing human activities, and it evaluates legal principles by applying the experimental method to the social consequences they produce. Because legal history provides a long record of past experimentation with legal principles, legal history is an essential feature of this method. This new validity standard contains three principles. The principle of reason requires legal systems to respect every subject as a rational creature with a free will. The principle of reason also requires procedural due process to protect against the punishment of the innocent and the tyranny of the majority. Legal systems that respect their subjects' status as rational creatures with free wills permit their subjects to orient their own behavior. The principle of reason therefore requires substantive due process to ensure that laws provide dependable guideposts to individuals in orienting their behavior. The principle of consent recognizes that the legitimacy of law derives from the consent of those subject to its power. Common law custom, the doctrine of stare decisis, and legislation sanctioned by the subjects' legitimate representatives all evidence consent. The principle of autonomy establishes the authority of law. Laws must wield supremacy over political rulers, and political rulers must be subject to the same laws as other citizens. Political rulers may not arbitrarily alter the law to accord to their will. Legal history demonstrates that, in the absence of a validity standard based on these principles, legal systems will not treat their subjects as ends in themselves. They will inevitably treat their subjects as mere means to other ends. Once laws do this, men have no rest from evil.

The publication is devoted to the investigation of the criminal law aspects of countering crimes committed through the use of modern information and communication technologies (computers, information and communication networks, including the Internet). We analyze the current legislation, the theoretical development and practice in cases of information crimes. The manual complies with federal state educational standards of higher professional education in the field of "Law Enforcement", "Legal provision of national security" and "Jurisprudence".

This monograph sums up the results of multidisciplinary scientific research of legal and institutional fundamentals relating to combatting corruption that were obtained within the National plan of combatting corruption for the period 2014–2015. It defines modern concepts of combatting corruption with due account given to new challenges and factors which are conducive to this socially negative phenomenon. The monograph reflects theoretical and methodological rules employed to monitor corruption elements and anticorruption measures, it also provides recommendations relating to the ways and means to liquidating the causes and conditions for corruption. Under consideration are traditional and new technologies of combatting corruption, potentials of legal responsibility for corruption crimes. It also gives recommendations for national anticorruption policy improvements that are based on international law tendencies and positive legal experience of international legislation. The thesis of this paper were broadly discussed at international and national science conferences, including the Fourth and the Fifth Eurasian anticorruption forum (Moscow, 2015 and 2016), and also during the sixth session of the Conference of States — members of the UN Convention on counteracting corruption (Saint Petersburg, 2–6 Nov. 2015). Theoretical conclusions and practical solutions highlighted in this publication can raise the effectiveness of national anticorruption strategies, give a new impetus to multidisciplinary and scientific studies of the legislation and law enforcement cases, and also get a greater number of people interested in this sphere – practicing lawyers, representatives of business community, graduates, and post graduates, legislative bodies, teachers, students, readers who face the problem of overcoming the problem of corruption.

The monograph examines the social and legal nature of the category "national security" as a socially significant good, an object of criminal law protection and a general object of crimes. The existence of a specific "sphere of crimes and crime" in public life is substantiated, its general characteristics are given, and the state of crime is analyzed as one of the most dangerous threats to national security in modern conditions. The problem of ensuring national security by criminal law means, the place and role of criminal policy and criminal law in the policy of combating crime and ensuring the national security of Russia are considered. Defines the concept of criminal law impact as a law-mediated reaction of the state to crime and crime, one of the key directions of the policy of combating crime, a comprehensive criminal law institution and one of the elements of the mechanism for ensuring national security. The publication is intended for students, postgraduates, researchers, teachers of law schools, employees of law enforcement agencies and all persons interested in the problems of law and law enforcement.

For the first time in Russian criminological science, a scientific justification of the private criminological theory of cognition and prevention of crime in the field of sports, designated in the author's interpretation as sports criminology, is proposed. This particular theory is based on the author's own developed theoretical and applied concept of criminological assessment of crimes and their determination, United by a common sphere of public relations, which is formed around the organization of large-scale state and public sports activities and direct participation in it, provided with appropriate ideological, legal, economic, financial, pedagogical, technical and, in part, proper criminological resources. The publication is intended for teachers, postgraduates, adjuncts, students, cadets of law schools and faculties with criminal law specialization, practitioners of sports management and law enforcement agencies.

In Legal Spectatorship Kelli Moore traces the political origins of the concept of domestic violence through visual culture in the United States. Tracing its appearance in Article IV of the Constitution, slave narratives, police notation, cybernetic theories of affect, criminal trials, and the “look” of the battered woman, Moore contends that domestic violence refers to more than violence between intimate partners—it denotes the mechanisms of racial hierarchy and oppression that undergird republican government in the United States. Moore connects the use of photographic evidence of domestic violence in courtrooms, which often stands in for women’s testimony, to slaves’ silent experience and witnessing of domestic abuse. Drawing on Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, abolitionist print culture, courtroom witness testimony, and the work of Hortense Spillers, Moore shows how the logic of slavery and antiblack racism also dictates the silencing techniques of the contemporary domestic violence courtroom. By positioning testimony on contemporary domestic violence prosecution within the archive of slavery, Moore demonstrates that domestic violence and its image are haunted by black bodies, black flesh, and black freedom. Duke University Press Scholars of Color First Book Award recipient

This book examines the concept of individual criminal responsibility for serious violations of international law, i.e., aggression, genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. Such crimes are rarely committed by single individuals. Rather, international crimes generally connote a plurality of offenders, particularly in the execution of the crimes, which are often orchestrated and masterminded by individuals behind the scene of the crimes who can be termed ‘intellectual perpetrators’. For a determination of individual guilt and responsibility, a fair assessment of the mutual relationships between those persons is indispensable. By setting out how to understand and apply concepts such as joint criminal enterprise, superior responsibility, duress, and the defence of superior orders, this work provides a framework for that assessment. It does so by bringing to light the roots of these concepts, which lie not merely in earlier phases of development of international criminal law but also in domestic law and legal doctrine. The book also critically reflects on how criminal responsibility has been developed in the case law of international criminal tribunals and courts. It thus illuminates and analyses the rules on individual responsibility in international law.

Transnational criminal organisations and human rights are in a dialectical relationship. Organisations can be subjected to criminal investigations and criminalization, while at the same time be protected by such rights as the right to association and free speech. While successful criminal prosecution of organisations is rare, as demonstrated by the war-crime tribunals since the Second World War, the criminalizing of organisations such as biker gangs and armed opposition groups is a more common, however questionable, option for governments. To the extent that criminal organisations are considered, first of all, to commit crimes and are investigated and prosecuted within that legal framework, the question what the concept of criminal organisations committing human rights violations would bring is a pertinent one. Crimes and human rights are different legal conceptions and should not be confused in the ‘war against organised crime’.

This chapter introduces the legal concept of the international legal obligation to extradite or prosecute perpetrators of the most serious crimes of international concern, tracing its historical foundation, explaining the codification and progressive development work of the UN International Law Commission on the 1996 Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind that has bearings on the concept, and identifying the gap in the existing treaty regime on this obligation. It succinctly analyses the three intertwined alternatives of extradition, prosecution, both by domestic criminal tribunals, and the third alternative of surrendering the perpetrators of such crimes to international criminal tribunals for the purpose of their prosecution.

AbstractThe increase in cybercrime and the importance of cyberspace for the preparatory stage of crimes led to the redefinition of operational and exploratory activities. It has become desirable to move away from the concept of targeted surveillance and towards prevention systems used on a massive scale. This trend is manifested in using technological achievements like hacking software for legal purposes. The goal of this article is to define the concept of state-run on-line remote search of information systems, including the use of breakthrough security software like spyware, in the context of procedural- and pre-trial guarantees, the presumption of innocence and protection of privacy. The article attempts to verify the following research hypothesis: that the creation of new appropriate guarantees (institutional, substantive and procedural) for the digital environment is required since the existing safeguards appropriate to the actions in the real world cannot be applied by analogy in the digital environment without influencing the effectiveness of the measures. The legal framework for operational activities in the digital world must take into account the requirement of subsidiarity and necessity of maintaining a balance between effective criminal law and respect for privacy.

The events analysis since the beginning of the aggravation of relations between Ukraine and Russia evidences about the inefficiency of information policy, incoordination of activity of different subjects of ensuring the information security of the state, the weak presence of Ukraine in the world information space etc. At the same time, the problems of ensuring the information security of the state and realization of effective set of counter-propaganda measures, realization of information policy, aimed at consolidating Ukrainian society and the international community for the purpose of suppression of armed aggression are identified by the higher military-political governance of Ukraine as the most priority. Various internal and external factors negatively affect at the ability of Ukraine to adequately respond to challenges and risks in the military sphere. The insufficient and unprofessional efforts of Ukraine’s state authorities in the field of counteraction to the Russian Federation’s propaganda and information-psychological operations are the most important ones. That’s why there’s necessity of development the system of opinions and determination of the plan of the higher military-political governance’s of Ukraine actions regarding the implementation of state information policy and providing of information security of Ukraine and legislative definition of a conceptual document. Besides the importance of this fact consist in that after the restoration of the territorial integrity of Ukraine the main aims of military policy will be prevention the emergence of new armed conflicts, systematic strengthen the state's defense capability and increasing the role and authority of Ukraine in the international area.

The chapter begins with a brief introduction, describing the scope and types of evaluations for juvenile sentencing in criminal court, offering the reader relevant terminology and an introduction to the book’s purpose. The primary focus of the chapter is on the relevant law for these evaluations. It describes relevant U.S. Supreme Court cases, especially Miller v. Alabama, which abolished mandatory life without parole sentences for juveniles and required developmental analysis to inform juvenile sentencing, as well as Montgomery v. Louisiana, which required resentencing for persons previously receiving mandatory life without parole sentences as juveniles. Miller’s definitions for the standards to be applied in juvenile sentencing and resentencing are then introduced and discussed: the legal concept of “irreparable corruption” and the five “Miller factors” defining characteristics of immaturity relevant for sentencing. Finally, the chapter describes the legal process for juvenile sentencing, identifying the role of Miller evaluations within that process.

This chapter lays the conceptual groundwork for the following chapters, and is written in a both philosophical and jurisprudential ink. It starts with a critical analysis of international criminal law as both concept, discipline and placeholder for an anti-impunity agenda. Certain types of crimes are separated into core crimes on the one hand and treaty-based/transnational crimes and supranational crimes on the other hand. The chapter then proceeds along the lines of the jurisprudential foundations of crime, criminal law and punishment. The author advocates for an autonomous punitive power of the international community as the basis of an autonomous international criminal law. Criminalization is based on the protection of fundamental legal interests or the prevention of serious harm. Punishment has an expressive, norm-stabilizing purpose and is intertwined with more general goals of International Criminal Justice. International Criminal Law’s sources range from customary international law over international treaty law to general principles. The DNA of the chapter is thus an amalgamation of comparative legal concepts with the peculiarities of a ius puniendi that lies at the hear of enterprise of international criminal law.

Course-focused and comprehensive, the Textbook on series provides an accessible overview of the key areas on the law curriculum. This chapter explains the concept of actus reus. It discusses the elements of crime, defining an actus reus, proving an actus reus, that conduct must be voluntary, state of affairs offences, omissions liability (situations in which a person will be liable for failing to act), causation (including the principles of factual and legal causation), and coincidence in time of actus reus and mens rea. A revised and updated Law in Context feature analyses critically English law’s approach to liability for causing another person’s suicide.

Course-focused and contextual, Criminal Law provides a succinct overview of the key areas on the law curriculum balanced with thought-provoking contextual discussion. This chapter explains the concept of actus reus. It discusses the elements of crime, defining an actus reus, proving an actus reus, that conduct must be voluntary, state of affairs offences, omissions liability (situations in which a person will be liable for failing to act), causation (including the principles of factual and legal causation), and coincidence in time of actus reus and mens rea. ‘The law in context’ feature analyses critically English law’s approach to liability for causing another person’s suicide.

Mangai Natarajan explores the impact of the influential criminologist Gerhard Mueller on the formation of the concept of transnational crime and its institutionalization in the post-World War II period. She shows how he introduced the term transnational crime in the mid-1970s at the UN Crime Congress in Switzerland as a criminological term to describe cross-border crime, and how it slowly evolved into a legal rather than criminological descriptor and was taken up by the UN criminal justice bureaucracy.

Статья посвящена актуальной проблеме, связанной с попыткой ряда предпринимателей избежать уплаты налогов. В этой связи они прибегают к услугам криминальных лиц, которые за определенный процент осуществляют обналичивание. Подобные злоупотребления наносят колоссальный ущерб экономической системе России, что требует принятия комплекса мер, в том числе, уголовно-правовой направленности. The article is devoted to the actual problem related to the attempt of a number of entrepreneurs to avoid paying taxes. In this regard, they resort to the services of criminal persons who cash out for a certain percentage. Such abuses cause enormous damage to the economic system of Russia, which requires the adoption of a set of measures, including criminal law.

Corruption is a systemic threat of the highest order for the social relations existing in the Russian Federation. The consistency of the caused problem is characterized by the fact that the problem of corruption implies its focus on the destruction of absolutely all social institutions (public associations, movements, parties) and state institutions (legislative executive and judicial bodies).

The concept of punishment represents one of the most difficult legal issues that are related to the concept of human freedom and responsibility. Since Antiquity, the brilliant minds of humanity contemplated about the sense of punishment and the function of this institution. Each epoch analyses this concept from different aspects and some of them are reflected in the actual legislation. The most important principles of contemporary criminal law were expounded by the Ancient, Modern and Contemporary philosophers. The field of research of this article is the philosophy of punishment of criminal law. In this study, we have applied the method of historical research of the proposed topic, which gives us the opportunity to analyze the development of criminal punishment and its goals from a historical perspective. In this paper, we aimed to determine the philosophical base of the legal punishment that legitimizes the application of sanctions to the person who committed the crime. We established the importance of the theories developed by brilliant thinkers for the contemporary concept of penal retribution and legal regulation of this institution. This theme generates several discussions that are formed in the process of comparison and debating of the ideas of influential philosophers regarding the purpose of criminal punishment. Therefore, we consider that the analysis of the theories of great thinkers gives us the possibility to understand the complexity of the phenomenon of criminal punishment, and leads to the more effective application of state constraint towards the offender.

The article is based on legislative acts and literary sources on the problems of corruption activity and provides a criminal-legal characteristic and social-legal assessment of bribery and commercial bribery. The author points out the shortcomings of the criminal law norms regulating bribery and commercial bribery under the current criminal code of the Russian Federation. The author’s definition of the concept criminal-legal characteristics of receiving a bribe and commercial bribery is given.

The author discusses different segments of the institute of euthanasia ("murder out of mercy"), especially the question of the justification of its legalization. The subject of the analysis are the solutions of certain European regulations that have completely or partially decriminalized euthanasia, and then the domestic one, in which there is a collision of the norms of criminal and medical law. According to the positive serbian criminal law, euthanasia is a criminal offense and a privileged form of murder, while the Law on Patients' Rights indirectly allows the so-called passive euthanasia, which is not the optimal solution, which introduces legal uncertainty. Тhe Preliminary Draft of the Civil Code of Serbia, which embodies the proposal for the future civil law of Serbia, proposes the decriminalization of euthanasia, which is a solution that needs to be commented on. The aim of the paper is a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign solutions of this controversial institute - through its concept, types (active and passive euthanasia) and critical analysis of the reasons for and against its introduction into the domestic law. The author evaluates the proposal of the Preliminary Draft as progress, with the idea that euthanasia, despite all the controversies that accompany it, represents the ultimate expression of a personal right to self-determination (subjective civil right sui generis), in both modalities, without distinction.

The concept of “Global Ethics” refers to the analysis and identification of ethical solutions to the challenges of the contemporary world. Among the current global problems we bring to the fore: illegal immigration as a component of human trafficking, but also other global issues interdependent with the two crimes above: violation of human rights and freedoms, poverty, resource scarcity, discrimination, illegal international business and trade, all of which, requesting from the authorities and beyond, legislative and ethical solutions. Legal migration is the widely accepted form globally, since it can be determined over time, but also controlled in terms of the number of people, fields and jobs. Illegal migration is the alternative used by people who cannot use the legal route to go abroad. A component of trafficking in human beings, illegal migration is a global scourge, hard to control, caused by organised criminal groups, but also by the increasing ingenuity of criminals. Although the phenomenon is manifesting itself worldwide, it is accentuated by the fact that there is a lack of appropriate legislation and an effective system of cooperation between government institutions and civil society.Trafficking in human beings must be related to the causes that led to its emergence: discrimination in the labour market revealed by high unemployment rates (women vs. men), poverty combined with low remuneration for work performed, corruption of authorities, poor border control, restriction of legal migration opportunities, internationalization of criminal groups correlated with high profits from human trafficking, poor information of people who want to emigrate about the real effects of the labour market. Knowing this phenomenon, but also of the causes that cause it to occur, determines the process of working for knowledge, resolution and fight against it. The present work is intended to be a source of information that makes available to those interested that information about illegal migration, as well as how state structures can and should be involved in the situation.