Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Concentric exercise'
To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Concentric exercise.
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 36 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Concentric exercise.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Gault, Mandy Lucinda. "Adaptations of older adults to concentric and eccentric endurance exercise." Thesis, University of Chichester, 2010. http://eprints.chi.ac.uk/813/.
Full textAbstract:
The first aim was to examine in older adults the acute physiological effects of eccentric exercise (i.e. downhill treadmill walking, DW: -10% gradient, 30-min) at a self-selected walking speed. The secondary aim was to examine in older adults the effects of a 12-week concentric (level treadmill walking, LW: 0% gradient) and eccentric (downhill treadmill walking, DW: -10% gradient) endurance exercise intervention (30-min, 3x week) at a self-selected walking speed (SSWS, re-evaluated every 4-weeks) on the functional and physiological adaptations. Participants were randomly assigned to an exercise group (LW: 0=13 or DW: n=IS). Eighteen participants (8 LWand 10 DW) completed the 12-week intervention. Wearing the Cosmed K4b2 portable metabolic system had no effect on performance and physiological responses during the I-mile Rockport Fitness Walking Test (Study I).
2
Fischer, Stephen Michael. "METABOLIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A BOUT OF ECCENTRIC, CONCENTRIC, AND TRADITIONAL RESISTANCE EXERCISE." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1479465117642973.
Full text
3
Kellis, Eleftherios. "Muscle activation and joint loading during isokinetic eccentric and concentric exercise." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321116.
Full text
4
Pelka, Edward Zachary. "Relationship between Muscle Architecture and Concentric Movement Velocity during Resistance Exercise." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1619878216536701.
Full text
5
Mizuguchi, Satoshi, P. Cormie, Andrew S. Layne, Mark A. South, G. Gregory Haff, William A. Sands, J. M. McBride, Michael W. Ramsey, and Michael H. Stone. "Comparison of Concentric Impulse Determination Methods in Counter-movement Jump." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2009. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4111.
Full text
6
Niesen-Vertommen, Sherri. "The effect of an eccentric-type exercise versus a concentric-type exercise in the management of chronic Achilles tendonitis." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28144.
Full textAbstract:
The main purpose of this study was to determine which method of tendon rehabilitation - the "eccentric ankle drop" exercise or the universal gym "concentric plantarflexion/dorsiflexion" exercise - produced a more effective result in terms of recovery in the treatment of chronic Achilles tendonitis.
Seventeen subjects with chronic Achilles tendonitis were studied. They were selected on the basis that they had a history of athletic participation, and have had the symptoms of Achilles tendonitis greater than three weeks.
Subjects were assigned to either of two groups: training using the "eccentric ankle drop" exercise or training using the "concentric plantarflexion/ dorsiflexion" exercise. Subjects were clinically examined by a physician and referred to the study, then placed on a twelve week exercise program. They were examined and tested at 0, 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Testing included the following variables: average and peak torque measured on the KIN/COM Isokinetic Dynamometer at 3 0 and 50 degrees per second, and for plantarflexor concentric and eccentric muscle contractions, a subjective evaluation of pain and return to activity rated on a scale from 1 to 10.
The results showed the "eccentric ankle drop" exercise did not significantly increase in average or peak torque values at either velocity of 3 0 or 50 degrees per second more so than the "concentric plantarflexion/dorsiflexion" exercise. However, the eccentric group did demonstrate larger gains in both torque value compared to the concentric group. The plantarflexor torque values on the whole increased in a linear fashion at both velocities for both groups similarly, as indicated by the highly significant trend analysis (p<.001). There was a significant difference seen in pain ratings between the groups averaged over the four testing sessions (p<.01) with the eccentric group decreasing in pain more than the concentric group. Also, the eccentric exercise group produced three times as many "pain free" subjects at the end of the program than the concentric group. There was not a significant difference observed between the eccentric exercise group and the concentric exercise group with the return to activity effect. However the eccentric group over the twelve week period demonstrated a quicker return to preinjury activity than did the concentric group. The eccentric group also produced four times as many full return to preinjury activity level subjects by the end of the program than did the concentric group. Also the return to activity effect increased in a linear fashion for both groups similarly, as indicated by the highly significant trend analysis (P<.001).
Although no statistical significance was found between the two exercise groups (except for pain levels), the subjective measures favor the use of the eccentric exercise. Thus from a clinical standpoint, the eccentric exercise can be recommended as a more positive approach toward the conservative management of chronic Achilles tendonitis.Education, Faculty of
Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of
Graduate
7
Kudiarasu, Christine. "Effects of eccentric versus concentric resistance training in adults with Type 2 Diabetes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2020. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2297.
Full textAbstract:
The benefits of resistance training for people with Type 2 diabetes (T2D) are well documented; however, the effects of different muscle contraction types (e.g. eccentric, concentric) on physiological outcomes for this population are still unclear. This study investigated the effects of eccentric (ECC) versus concentric (CON) resistance training on blood markers, muscle strength, physical functional performance and body composition. Eighteen adults with T2D (Age: 64.8 ± 9.0 y; BMI: 30.3 ± 4.1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to either an ECC (n = 9) or a CON (n = 9) group. Participants performed 2 or 3 sets of 10 eccentric (5-s) or concentric (2-s) contractions of eight upper and lower body resistance exercises, twice a week for 12 weeks. Training intensity gradually increased from 10 to 100% of 1-repetition maximum concentric strength (1-RM) for the ECC group and from 50 to 100% of 1-RM strength for the CON group, based on the 1-RM at baseline. Blood markers (glucose, insulin, HbA1c, HOMA2-IR, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL), muscle strength (1- RM), body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), and physical functional performance tests consisting of 6-min walk (6MWT), chair rise (CR), timed up-and-go (TUG), and balance were measured before and after the intervention, and the changes were compared between groups. Significant differences in the improvement between the ECC and CON group were found for 1-RM strength for bicep curl (ECC: 11%, CON: 27%), calf raise (ECC: 37%, CON: 68%) and abdominal crunch (ECC: 22%, CON: 42%) exercises, hip circumference (ECC: -1%, CON: -5%) and SF-36 pain measures (ECC: 6%, CON: -1%). Muscle strength significantly increased more for the CON group (27–68%) than the ECC group (12–37%) which was likely due to greater combined total load lifted in the CON (143,262 ± 57,972 kg) than the ECC group (111,678 ± 51,225 kg). Significant improvements (p < 0.05) were also found in the ECC group for the 6MWT (56.8 ± 2.2 m), TUG (-0.8 ± 0.3 s) and CR (-1.8 ± 1.4 s), while the CON group significantly improved the 6MWT (63.4 ± 12.0 m) and CR (-2.3 ± 1.6 s). Total equilibrium balance increased by 7.0% in the ECC group and 4.3% in the CON group. Body composition improved similarly for both groups including significant reductions in total fat mass (ECC: -2.0 ± 1.3 kg, CON: -2.2 ± 1.2 kg) and significant increase in total lean mass (ECC: 1.8 ± 0.7 kg, CON: 2.0 ± 0.2 kg). No significant changes were found in blood markers for both groups. These results showed that ECC training performed at lower intensities (RPE: 4.1 ± 2.1) was as effective as CON training for improving physical functional performance, strength and body composition. These findings suggest that focusing on eccentric contractions in resistance training is beneficial and well-tolerated in adults with T2D.
8
Carroll, Kevin M., Josh D. Christovich, Caleb D. Bazyler, Nicholas J. Fiolo, George K. Beckham, and Kimitake Sato. "An Exploratory Study on the Use of Concentric Velocities in the Back Squat as a Monitoring Tool." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3842.
Full text
9
Grigg, Nicole Lorraine. "The acute adaptations of normal and pathological human Achilles tendons to eccentric and concentric exercise." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/47048/1/Nicole_Grigg_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Eccentric exercise is the conservative treatment of choice for mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy. While there is a growing body of evidence supporting the medium to long term efficacy of eccentric exercise in Achilles tendinopathy treatment, very few studies have investigated the short term response of the tendon to eccentric exercise. Moreover, the mechanisms through which tendinopathy symptom resolution occurs remain to be established. The primary purpose of this thesis was to investigate the acute adaptations of the Achilles tendon to, and the biomechanical characteristics of, the eccentric exercise protocol used for Achilles tendinopathy rehabilitation and a concentric equivalent. The research was conducted with an orientation towards exploring potential mechanisms through which eccentric exercise may bring about a resolution of tendinopathy symptoms. Specifically, the morphology of tendinopathic and normal Achilles tendons was monitored using high resolution sonography prior to and following eccentric and concentric exercise, to facilitate comparison between the treatment of choice and a similar alternative. To date, the only proposed mechanism through which eccentric exercise is thought to result in symptom resolution is the increased variability in motor output force observed during eccentric exercise. This thesis expanded upon prior work by investigating the variability in motor output force recorded during eccentric and concentric exercises, when performed at two different knee joint angles, by limbs with and without symptomatic tendinopathy. The methodological phase of the research focused on establishing the reliability of measures of tendon thickness, tendon echogenicity, electromyography (EMG) of the Triceps Surae and the standard deviation (SD) and power spectral density (PSD) of the vertical ground reaction force (VGRF). These analyses facilitated comparison between the error in the measurements and experimental differences identified as statistically significant, so that the importance and meaning of the experimental differences could be established. One potential limitation of monitoring the morphological response of the Achilles tendon to exercise loading is that the Achilles tendon is continually exposed to additional loading as participants complete the walking required to carry out their necessary daily tasks. The specific purpose of the last experiment in the methodological phase was to evaluate the effect of incidental walking activity on Achilles tendon morphology. The results of this study indicated that walking activity could decrease Achilles tendon thickness (negative diametral strain) and that the decrease in thickness was dependent on both the amount of walking completed and the proximity of walking activity to the sonographic examination. Thus, incidental walking activity was identified as a potentially confounding factor for future experiments which endeavoured to monitor changes in tendon thickness with exercise loading. In the experimental phase of this thesis the thickness of Achilles tendons was monitored prior to and following isolated eccentric and concentric exercise. The initial pilot study demonstrated that eccentric exercise resulted in a greater acute decrease in Achilles tendon thickness (greater diametral strain) compared to an equivalent concentric exercise, in participants with no history of Achilles tendon pain. This experiment was then expanded to incorporate participants with unilateral Achilles tendinopathy. The major finding of this experiment was that the acute decrease in Achilles tendon thickness observed following eccentric exercise was modified by the presence of tendinopathy, with a smaller decrease (less diametral strain) noted for tendinopathic compared to healthy control tendon. Based on in vitro evidence a decrease in tendon thickness is believed to reflect extrusion of fluid from the tendon with loading. This process would appear to be limited by the presence of pathology and is hypothesised to be a result of the changes in tendon structure associated with tendinopathy. Load induced fluid movement may be important to the maintenance of tendon homeostasis and structure as it has the potential to enhance molecular movement and stimulate tendon remodelling. On this basis eccentric exercise may be more beneficial to the tendon than concentric exercise. Finally, EMG and motor output force variability (SD and PSD of VGRF) were investigated while participants with and without tendinopathy performed the eccentric and concentric exercises. Although between condition differences were identified as statistically significant for a number of force variability parameters, the differences were not greater than the limits of agreement for repeated measures. Consequently the meaning and importance of these findings were questioned. Interestingly, the EMG amplitude of all three Triceps Surae muscles did not vary with knee joint angle during the performance of eccentric exercise. This raises questions pertaining to the functional importance of performing the eccentric exercise protocol at each of the two knee joint angles as it is currently prescribed. EMG amplitude was significantly greater during concentric compared to eccentric muscle actions. Differences in the muscle activation patterns may result in different stress distributions within the tendon and be related to the different diametral strain responses observed for eccentric and concentric muscle actions.
10
Raue, Ulrika. "Effects of concentric vs eccentric resistance training on skeletal muscle adaptations in humans." Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1221284.
Full textAbstract:
The Beothuk Indians were an extinct group of Amerinds who were among the earliest founders of Newfoundland. In literature, the Beothuk were described as perhaps being phenotypically more similar to Europeans than Asians (Gatschet 1890, Lloyd 1875, 1876a, Marshall 1996). In this research, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis was performed on a Beothuk individual in order to determine his haplotype and, perhaps, shed light on the origins of the Beothuk.For this analysis, a tooth of Nonosabasut, a Beothuk chief who died in 1819 was loaned from the Royal Museum of Scotland. Ancient DNA was extracted from 172 mg of dentin from the tooth. The DNA was cut with two blunt-end restriction enzymes, RsaI and HaeIII. Double-stranded DNA adapters were ligated to the blunt ends. A single adapter was used to amplify the resulting fragments using PCR. In this manner, two libraries of the DNA were created that could be readily reamplified using a small amount of the PCR product. mtDNA type was determined by amplifying specific regions and performing Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism analysis and sequencing. It was determined that the Beothuk individual had a 9-bp deletion at nucleotide position (np) 8272, an Alul restriction site at np 5176, and heteroplasmy for a HincII restriction site at np 13,259, indicating that the Beothuk individual falls into the Native American Haplogroup B. Haplogroup B is not present in modern Siberian populations, whereas the remaining Native American mtDNA haplogroups are. It has been hypothesized that Haplogroup B arrived in the Americas at a different time than haplogroups A, C, D, and X, about 16,000-13,000 YBP (Years Before Present) (Starikovskaya et al. 1998). Haplogroup B can be found in some modern Taiwanese, Japanese, Korean, Evenk, and other Asian populations.Sequencing of the D-Loop region revealed a G to A transition at np 16303. To our knowledge, this transition was never previously reported in a Native American. This transition has been reported in Tibetans, Koreans, Hans, and Japanese, all considered to be southeast Asian Causacoids (Torroni et al. 1993b, 1994b). This transition, also frequently described in the Caucasian Haplogroup H, is especially prevalent in Spain and among the Basque. It is described as a root haplotype of Haplogroup H whose expansion was estimated to be between 12,300-13,200 YBP (Torroni et al. 1998). This time estimate coincides with the expansion of Haplogroup B. One possible explanation for this transition may be some admixture of the Beothuk with a Caucasian population.School of Physical Education
11
LEE, SEUNGYONG. "THE EFFECT OF ACUTE BEETROOT JUICE SUPPLEMENTATION ON MUSCLE FATIGUE IN KNEE EXTENSOR EXERCISE." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/khp_etds/11.
Full textAbstract:
To examine the effect of acute beetroot juice supplementation on the rate of fatigue as measured by changes in peak torque.
Placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study, 35 recreationally active subjects consumed beetroot (BR) juice or black currant juice (PL) 12 and 2.5 hours before the exercise procedure. Peak torque was measured on the BIODEX dynamometer by performing 50, maximal effort, concentric knee extensions at 90°/s. Blood pressure (BP) was recorded before and after exercise.
No significant difference between BR and PL in the rate of fatigue measured by change in peak torque. By stage 3, subjects retained 87.6±6.9% of strength with BR and 86.7±6.3% with PL (p= 0.363). Stages 10 was as follows: BR 47.9±12.6 vs. PL 46.9±12.9% (p= 0.419). The rate of work fatigue showed no significant differences. By stage 4, mean percent work fatigue showed 20.6±9% with BR and 21.8±10.1% with PL (p= 0.224). Stage 10 was as follows: BR 52.5±12.6% vs. PL 53.2±13% (p= 0.571). Post-exercise diastolic BP (BR: 67.2±9.8 vs. PL: 64.5±7.9mmHg, p= 0.039) and MAP (BR: 91.6±9.3 vs. PL: 88.8±8.2mmHg, p= 0.011) were higher with BR supplementation.
Acute bouts of beetroot juice supplementation had no significant effect on knee extensor muscle fatigue measured during isokinetic contractions
12
Bakkum, Amanda. "A randomised control trial for the restoration of functional ability in patients post total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of eccentric versus concentric cycling ergometry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16477.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical referencesPurpose: The predominant impairment to function following a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a distinctive reduction in quadriceps muscle strength. It has been suggested that eccentric rehabilitation may be more beneficial than traditional concentric only rehabilitation at improving muscle strength, physical functioning and quality of life in this population. The aim of this study was therefore to determine if an eccentric cycling ergometry rehabilitation intervention (a) was feasible in participant's early after TKA surgery (Study 1), (b) resulted in greater improvements in muscle strength and endurance, as well as muscle activity and muscle volume (Study 2) and, (c)resulted in greater knee functional ability, health related quality of life and physical activity levels (Study 3), when compared to an concentric cycling ergometry rehabilitation intervention. Finally, knee and hip kinematics, ground reaction force and muscle activity was described during the sit-to-stand transfer within this population (Study 4). Methods: Eighteen age- and sex-matched participants', three to nine month's post-TKA were recruited and randomly divided into either an eccentric or concentric cycling rehabilitation intervention. The participants were required to perform three exercise sessions a week, over a period of eight weeks. Isokinetic strength and muscle activity of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, sit-to-stand motion capture analysis and knee functional ability and health related quality of life questionnaires (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, SF-36Health Survey and Tegner Activity Scale) were assessed pre and post- rehabilitation intervention. Data Analysis: Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to analyse the effects of time and the ECC and CON intervention groups and the group/time interaction for each of the dependent variables. Results: The eccentric rehabilitation intervention was well tolerated with regards to pain levels in participants' as early as three months post-TKA, the peak level of pain perceived per session, never exceeding a "mild" classification. The eccentric intervention resulted in greater power (P= 0.029) and work output (P ≤ 0.001) with a reduced overall heart rate (P= 0.014) ; moderate decreases in biceps femoris (BF) muscle activity (-3.2%) and increases in the lean thigh volume (+807.32) of the uninvolved limb; as well as improvements in the physical fun ctioning (+12.2%) and physical role functioning SF-36 scores (+22.2%) and the level of physical activity (+0.9) (Tegner activity scale). The concentric intervention resulted in decreases in vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activity (-8.17%) and work fatigue (-7.34%) and increases in the lean thigh volume (+677.49) and the hip abduction angle (+ 2.67°) (sit-to-stand) of the involved limb. Conclusion: The eccentric rehabilitation intervention is well tolerated with regards to pain and is characterised by significantly greater power output produced and work performed at significantly lower heart rates. Eccentric cycling ergometry matched in perceived exertion and duration, is associated with greater improvements in physical functioning outcome scores, physical activity level and knee flexion muscle efficiency during concentric contractions, when compared with concentric cycling ergometry. However, knee extensor muscle endurance and efficiency during concentric contractions, as well as muscle volume of the involved limb increased more significantly after concentric training in comparison to eccentric training, Further research is required to establish which training modality is the most feasible and effective in restoring knee function in participant's three months post-TKA.
13
Wong, Hanson. "The Effects of Different Set Configurations on Concentric Velocities in the Barbell Back Squat." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3788.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to determine if concentric velocities of lighter loads of could be augmented if they are performed heavier working sets. Twelve trained males with experience in the barbell back squat performed a 5RM and completed two separate squat training session conditions that consisted of three sets of five repetitions with 85% of their 5RM. Both conditions differed in the placement of a reduced-load set that was either performed after the working sets or during the warm-up period. No significant differences were observed in the working set MCVs in both conditions. Additionally, no significant differences were observed amongst MCVs in the Down Set and equivalent warm-up set loads. The results of this study suggest that postactivation potentiation may not occur using a similar set-load scheme.
14
Crum, Aaron J., Naoki Kawamori, Michael H. Stone, and G. Gregory Haff. "The Acute Effects of Moderately Loaded Concentric-Only Quarter Squats on Vertical Jump Performance." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4600.
Full textAbstract:
Limited research exists examining the effect of moderately loaded conditioning activities that are employed as part of a strength-power potentiating complex (SPPC). Additionally, no studies to date have explored the effects of using a concentric-only quarter back squat protocol as part of an SPPC. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a moderately loaded (50–65% of 1RM) concentric-only quarter back squat protocol on the occurrence of potentiation effects at various time points. Twenty men who could quarter back squat a minimum of 2.4 times their body mass (3.7 ± 0.7 kg·per body mass) participated in this investigation. All subjects participated in 3 conditions: control (CT), a 50% of 1RM trial (50POT), and a 65% of 1RM trial (65POT). One minute before each condition, a maximal countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) was performed. One minute later, the subject performed 1 of 3 conditions: CT condition, 50POT, or 65POT, followed by vertical jumps at 0.5, 3, 5, 10, and 15 minutes after conditioning activity. A force plate was used to quantify displacement, peak power output, peak force, and the rate of force development for each CMJ. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in any of the performance measures quantified during the CMJ trials when comparing the CT, 50POT, and 65POT treatment conditions. However, 48% of the subjects demonstrated some degree of potentiation at the 30 seconds after completing the 65POT trial, but this percent increase was not statistically significant. From a practical perspective, if the goal of the SPPC is to create a maximization of the potentiation effect, moderately loaded activities may not be the best alternative.
15
Ahmadi, Sirous. "Monitoring muscle oxygenation and myoelectric activity after damage-inducing exercise." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2240.
Full textAbstract:
In this thesis, three experiments were conducted to monitor: (i) muscle oxygenation and electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii after exercise-induced muscle damage (ii) muscle oxygenation after downhill walking-induced muscle damage, and, (iii) muscle oxygenation following a bout of vigorous concentric exercise. Maximal eccentric exercise (EE) of biceps brachii resulted in significantly increased mean resting oxygen saturation and decreased deoxyhaemoglobin. During isometric contractions at 50% and 80% of subjects’ maximum voluntary torque (MVT), oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volume were significantly decreased after EE, and these declines were significantly prevalent over the following 6 days. Additionally, a significant shift in median frequency intercept (measured by electromyography; EMG) towards lower frequencies was observed during isometric contractions at both 50% and 80% MVT after EE in the exercised arm. After an exhaustive session of downhill walking, another form of EE, resting total haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin decreased. Furthermore, during isometric contractions at 30%, 50% and 80% of MVT, prolonged and significant increases were observed in oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volumes after ambulatory EE. In contrast to the two EE experiments, concentric contractions did not evoke any prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation. Collectively, the findings of this thesis revealed significant and prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation at rest and during exercise, following sessions of strenuous eccentric exercise. Although not clear, the possible mechanism responsible for the changes in muscle oxygenation after EE could be increased resting muscle oxygen utilization due to probable muscle damage and a subsequent requirement of energy demanding repair processes. Concentric exercise resulted in fatigue, but it did not affect muscle oxygenation. Although a prolonged reduction in EMG median frequency intercept was observed after EE, this was not closely time-associated with the biochemical, anthropometric or functional markers of muscle damage.
16
Ahmadi, Sirous. "Monitoring muscle oxygenation and myoelectric activity after damage-inducing exercise." University of Sydney, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2240.
Full textAbstract:
Doctor of PhilosophyIn this thesis, three experiments were conducted to monitor: (i) muscle oxygenation and electromyographic activity of the biceps brachii after exercise-induced muscle damage (ii) muscle oxygenation after downhill walking-induced muscle damage, and, (iii) muscle oxygenation following a bout of vigorous concentric exercise. Maximal eccentric exercise (EE) of biceps brachii resulted in significantly increased mean resting oxygen saturation and decreased deoxyhaemoglobin. During isometric contractions at 50% and 80% of subjects’ maximum voluntary torque (MVT), oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volume were significantly decreased after EE, and these declines were significantly prevalent over the following 6 days. Additionally, a significant shift in median frequency intercept (measured by electromyography; EMG) towards lower frequencies was observed during isometric contractions at both 50% and 80% MVT after EE in the exercised arm. After an exhaustive session of downhill walking, another form of EE, resting total haemoglobin and oxyhaemoglobin decreased. Furthermore, during isometric contractions at 30%, 50% and 80% of MVT, prolonged and significant increases were observed in oxygen desaturation and resaturation kinetics and volumes after ambulatory EE. In contrast to the two EE experiments, concentric contractions did not evoke any prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation. Collectively, the findings of this thesis revealed significant and prolonged changes in muscle oxygenation at rest and during exercise, following sessions of strenuous eccentric exercise. Although not clear, the possible mechanism responsible for the changes in muscle oxygenation after EE could be increased resting muscle oxygen utilization due to probable muscle damage and a subsequent requirement of energy demanding repair processes. Concentric exercise resulted in fatigue, but it did not affect muscle oxygenation. Although a prolonged reduction in EMG median frequency intercept was observed after EE, this was not closely time-associated with the biochemical, anthropometric or functional markers of muscle damage.
17
Carroll, Kevin M., Kimitake Sato, George K. Beckham, N. Travis Triplett, Cameron V. Griggs, and Michael H. Stone. "Relationship Between Concentric Velocities at Varying Intensity in the Back Squat Using a Wireless Inertial Sensor." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4647.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of velocities in the back squat between one repetition maximum (1RM) and submaximally loaded repetition maximum (RM) conditions, specifically in regard to what has been described as the minimal velocity threshold (MVT). The MVT describes a minimum concentric velocity that an individual must reach or surpass in order to successfully complete a repetition. Design: To test the presence of a MVT, participants were tested for 1RM and RM back squat ability. The mean concentric veloci ties (MCV) of the last successful repetition of each condition were then compared. Methods: Fourteen male participants familiar with the back squat volunteered to participate in the current study (age = 25.0 y ± 2.6, height = 178.9 cm ± 8.1, body mass = 88.2 kg ± 15.8). The mean concentric velocity (MCV) during the last successful repetition from each testing condition was considered for the comparison. Results: Results indicated a non-significant negative relationship of MCV between the 1RM and RM conditions (r = -0.135), no statistical difference between testing conditions (p = 0.266), with a small-to-moderate effect size (d = 0.468). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that MVT should be further investigated to enhance its use in the practical setting. Additionally, coaches considering using a velocity-based approach for testing athletes should use data from either 1RM or RM conditions, but not both interchangeably. Coaches should be cautious when considering group averages or comparing velocity data between athletes, which may not be appropriate based on our results.
18
Divljak, Gordan. "Acute effect of continuous running or cycling exercise on subsequent strength performance : A Concurrent training study." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4526.
Full textAbstract:
Aim Aerobic exercise may interfere with subsequent responses to strength training. The aim of this research was to examine the acute effects of cycling or running on subsequent leg strength performance. It was hypothesized that eccentric contractions induced by running would impair strength performance more than the cycling mode of exercise, which consist mainly of concentric muscle actions. Method In order to investigate if continuous running or cycling affected following strength performance, 6 healthy individuals (5 males, 1 female) were subjected to a randomized cross-over design. Subject characteristics were age (year) 25,5 ± 2,1, height (cm) 180,5 ± 6,4, and body weight (kg) 83 ± 3,4. The experimental sessions included three protocols: strength protocol (S) which included 3 repetitions measuring peak power followed by 3 sets to muscular failure at 80% of 1RM in the squat exercise; and continuous running (RS) and cycling (CS) conditions (40 minutes at 80% of maximal heart rate), followed by the S protocol. Peak power performance and total work volume was measured. Results Average peak power attained between the three protocols were CS = 1639± 444Watts (W), RS = 1633± 422 and S = 1565 ± 349. No significant differences were observed between the three conditions (P = 0,817). No differences across the three protocols was observed for highest peak power attained by each subject (P = 0,619). Total work volume performed (main effect P = 0,027) revealed a significant difference between CS = 2559 kg and S = 3715 kg (P=0,037), and CS and RS = 3345 kg (P=0,037) due to the lower loads lifted in CS. Conclusions There were no differences observed between the three training protocols regarding peak power performance. When cycling exercise was performed prior to the strength session, the total volume lifted was lower than when performing the strength test alone. Thus, it is concluded that cycling exercise, but not running, interferes with subsequent strength training performance.Syfte och frågeställningar Uthållighetsträning kan leda till försämrad styrkeprestation. Syftet med denna forskning var att undersöka de akuta effekterna från cykling eller löpning på efterföljande benstyrka. Hypotesen var att löpning, som omfattar excentriska muskelaktioner, skulle leda till en större försämring av efterföljande styrkeprestation jämfört med cyking, som främst omfattar koncentriska muskelaktioner. Metod För att undersöka om kontinuerlig cykling och löpning påverkade efterföljande benprestation, undersöktes 6 deltagare (5 män, 1 kvinna) i en randomiserad cross-over design. Försökspersonernas karakteristika var ålder (år) 25,5 ± 2,1, längd (cm) 180,5 ± 6,4, vikt (kg) 83 ± 3,4. Försökspersonerna utförde tre experimentella protokoll: styrka (S), vilket bestod av 3 repetitioner av maximal kraftutveckling efterföljt av 3 set till muskulär utmattning på 80% av 1RM i benböj; och löpning (RS) samt cykling (CS) protokoll (40-minuter på 80% av maximal hjärtfrekvens), efterföljt av S protokollet. Data för maximal kraftutveckling och total arbetsvolym samlades in. Resultat Den genomsnittliga maximala effekten som uppnåddes mellan de tre protokollen var: CS = 1639 ± 444 Watt (W), RS = 1633 ± 422W och S = 1565 ± 349W. Inga signifikanta skillnader observerades mellan de tre förhållandena (P=0,817). Högst uppnådda effekten för varje deltagare mellan de tre förhållandena visade ingen skillnad (P=0,619). Totala arbetsvolymen (tidseffekt: P=0,027) visade signifikanta skillnader mellan CS = 2559 kg och S = 3715 kg (P=0,037), och CS och RS = 3345 kg (P=0,037) på grund av lägre vikt lyft vid CS. Slutsats Ingen skillnad observerades mellan de tre förhållandena angående maximal styrkeprestation. Den totala vikt volymen som kunde lyftas var dock lägre när cykling utfördes innan styrketestet. Slutsatsen är därför att cykling, men inte löpning, hindrar maximal träningsprestation vid ett efterföljande styrkepass.
19
Baranauskienė, Neringa. "The residual effect of eccentric concentric prior exercise on pulmonary gas exchange and muscle electrical activity during cycling of different intensity." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20131014_105852-02810.
Full textAbstract:
It is well established that unaccustomed eccentric concentric exercise evokes delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) (MacIntyre et al., 2001; Dannecker et al., 2005, 2008; Fredsted et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012), muscle fibre disarrangement (Hortobagyi et., al., 1998; Stupka et al., 2001; Carlsson et al., 2007), inflammatory cell emission into blood (Stupka et al., 2001; Laaksonen et al., 2006), increase of the activity of blood plasma creatinkinasis (Stupka et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2010; Skurvydas et al., 2010), decrease of muscle force production (Chen et al., 2010; Semmler et al., 2007; Skurvydas et al., 2010) and decrease of aerobic work capacity (Black, Dobson, 2012). The aforementioned functional, sensory, biochemical and structural changes independently from each other are displayed immediately after eccentric exercise and stay for up to 7 days, dependence on the level of damage (Clarkson et al., 1992; Skurvydas et al., 2000; Stupka et al., 2000, 2001; MacIntyre, 2001; Totsuka et al., 2002; Nottle, Nosaka, 2007; Tofas et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012; Paulsen et al., 2012).
It is still not clear what acute and residual effect of eccentric exercise on the pulmonary gas exchange is had during different intensity work. It was determined that one hour after eccentric concentric exercise, there increases absolute VO2 during moderate (Zaičenkovienė, Stasiulis, 2010) and heavy intensity loads (Ratkevičius et al., 2006). 48 hours after eccentric exercise, when the... [to full text]Atlikta daug tyrimų, kuriais nustatyta, kad neįprasti ekscentriniai koncentriniai fiziniai pratimai sukelia vėluojantį raumenų skausmą (MacIntyre et al., 2001; Dannecker et al., 2005, 2008; Fredsted et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012), raumeninių skaidulų pažaidą (Hortobagyi et al., 1998; Stupka et al., 2001; Carlsson et al., 2007), uždegiminių ląstelių išskyrimą į kraują (Stupka et al., 2001; Laaksonen et al., 2006), kraujo plazmos kreatinkinazės aktyvumo padidėjimą (Stupka et al., 2000; Chen et al., 2010; Skurvydas et al., 2010), raumenų jėgos sumažėjimą (Chen et al., 2010; Semmler et al., 2007; Skurvydas et al., 2010) bei aerobinio darbo galingumo sumažėjimą (Black, Dobson, 2012). Minėti funkciniai, sensoriniai, biocheminiai ir struktūriniai pakitimai nepriklausomai vienas nuo kito pasireiškia iš karto po ekscentrinių krūvių ir išlieka iki 7 parų, priklausomai nuo pažaidos dydžio (Clarkson et al., 1992; Skurvydas et al., 2000; Stupka et al., 2000, 2001; MacIntyre, 2001; Totsuka et al., 2002; Nottle, Nosaka, 2007; Tofas et al., 2008; Lewis et al., 2012; Paulsen et al., 2012). Vis dar nėra aišku, koks yra ūminis ir liekamasis ekscentrinio krūvio poveikis kvėpavimo dujų apykaitos rodiklių kaitai įvairaus intensyvumo darbo metu. Nustatyta, kad, praėjus vienai valandai po ekscentrinio koncentrinio krūvio, padidėjo absoliučios VO2 reikšmės vidutinio (Zaičenkovienė, Stasiulis, 2010) ir didelio intensyvumo krūvių metu (Ratkevičius et al., 2006). Praėjus 48 val. po ekscentrinio... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
20
Vejarano, Maria Eugenia. "Effect of a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug (Indocin) on selected parameters of muscular function following concentric and eccentric work." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45648.
Full textAbstract:
Evidence from various studies indicates that eccentric contractions produce more post-exercise changes in muscular function than do concentric contractions. Delayed muscular soreness, the pain and tenderness present 1 or 2 days after exercise, is negatively correlated with muscular performance and occurs particularly after eccentric work. The action of an analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug (Indocin) on muscular soreness indicates it may be effective in accelerating recovery of muscle function after eccentric work.
In the study reported herein the effects of Indocin on muscular performance, as evaluated on the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer, following prolonged concentric and eccentric work, were evaluated in 48 subjects who were randomly assigned to one of four drug groups. Subjects performed a 30 minute step test during which one limb led the stepping movement throughout (concentric contractions) and the contralateral limb trailed throughout (eccentric contractions). The muscular performance parameters of peak torque (PT), torque acceleration energy (TAE) and average power (AVP), evaluated at slow and high velocities, andthe range of motion (ROM) at the knee joint were assessed prior to the step test and at five intervals thereafter. A nonâ significant decrease in PT and TAE at the contraction speed of 60 deg/sec were present in the eccentric limbs, greater reductions evidenced in the placebo group. Non-significant changes occured in the concentric limbs, Non-significant changes in ROM and in muscular function parameters evaluated at 250 deg/sec were observed.
Master of Science
21
Rosa, Arianna. "Revisione della letteratura sull’efficacia dell’esercizio terapeutico nel trattamento della tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/21892/.
Full textAbstract:
La tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori rappresenta una delle cause più comuni di dolore e impotenza funzionale della spalla. E' uno dei motivi principali di assenza dal lavoro e assume un alto costo socio economico. Ha un’eziologia multifattoriale, tra cui il sovraccarico causato da movimenti ripetuti e il meccanismo di compressione dato dalla riduzione dello spazio sotto acromiale. È più frequente tra la popolazione di età superiore ai 50 anni. Altro fattore che concorre ad aumentare il rischio della sua insorgenza è la presenza di patologie sistemiche, quali il diabete o i disturbi cardiovascolari.
L'obiettivo di questa revisione sistematica della letteratura è quello di verificare l'efficacia di un approccio basato sull’esercizio terapeutico per il trattamento della tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori. Utilizzando le parole chiave appositamente selezionate ho consultato le seguenti banche dati: PubMed, PEDro, Cochrane Library, Cinahl. Ho consultato la bibliografia delle revisioni inerenti all’argomento trattato ed ho selezionato gli articoli più pertinenti.
Risultati: sono stati inclusi nella revisione, 4 studi in forma RCT; i quali hanno messo a confronto varie tipologie di esercizio terapeutico, a resistenza progressiva, contro gravità attraverso l’utilizzo di bande elastiche e manubri. Le tipologie di esercizio e di esecuzione utilizzate all’interno degli studi sono state eterogenee. Ciò che accomuna tutti gli studi è stato l’outcome di valutazione della funzionalità di spalla. Tutte le tipologie di esercizio si sono rivelate efficaci nel trattamento della tendinopatia della cuffia dei rotatori, in termini di recupero della funzionalità e diminuzione del dolore a breve termine. La tipologia di esercizio non si è dimostrata fondamentale, quanto il fatto che il trattamento venisse svolto con un incremento progressivo della resistenza, per rendere possibile l’adattamento delle strutture tendinee e perciò innescare il loro processo di rinnovamento.
22
Peterson, Magnus. "Chronic Tennis Elbow : Aspects on Pathogenesis and Treatment in a Soft Tissue Pain Condition." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Allmänmedicin och klinisk epidemiologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-160051.
Full textAbstract:
Objectives: To study the treatment practice of chronic tennis elbow (TE) among general practitioners (GPs) and physiotherapists (PTs), the effects of a simple, graded home exercise regime versus expectation, the effects of eccentric versus concentric exercise, and the involvement of the substance P – NK1 receptor system in the peripheral, painful tissue of chronic TE patients by positron emission tomography (PET). Materials and methods: A postal survey regarding therapeutic methods used in patients with chronic TE was sent to 129 GPs and 77 PTs, 81 subjects with chronic TE were randomly and blindly assigned to either an exercise group or a wait list group, 120 subjects were randomly assigned to either eccentric or concentric exercise and ten subjects were examined by PET and the NK1 specific radioligand [11C]GR205171. Results: High proportions of GPs and PTs used ergonomic counselling and stretching in the treatment of chronic TE. The majority of GPs prescribed passive anti-inflammatory measures such as sick leave and anti-inflammatory medication. Many PTs prescribed dynamic, particularly eccentric, exercise. Graded dynamic exercise according to a simple low-cost protocol, has better effect on pain than a wait-and-see attitude. Adjusted for outcome affecting variables, eccentric graded exercise has quicker effect than concentric graded exercise. During PET scan with the NK1 specific radioligand [11C]GR205171, voxel volume and signal intensity of this volume was significantly higher in the affected than the unaffected arm in subjects with unilateral chronic TE. Conclusions: GPs and PTs used many treatments to a similar extent but differed regarding the use of exercise. Chronic TE responds favourably to graded dynamic exercise aimed specifically at the painful tissue. The exercise should stress the eccentric work phase. The substance P – NK1 receptor system seems to play a part in the peripheral, painful tissue of a chronic, soft tissue pain condition such as chronic TE.Epi-X
23
Suchomel, Timothy J., Kimitake Sato, Brad H. DeWeese, William P. Ebben, and Michael H. Stone. "Potentiation Effects of Half-Squats Performed in a Ballistic or Nonballistic Manner." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4637.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined and compared the acute effects of ballistic and nonballistic concentric-only half-squats (COHSs) on squat jump performance. Fifteen resistance-trained men performed a squat jump 2 minutes after a control protocol or 2 COHSs at 90% of their 1 repetition maximum (1RM) COHS performed in a ballistic or nonballistic manner. Jump height (JH), peak power (PP), and allometrically scaled peak power (PPa) were compared using three 3 × 2 repeated-measures analyses of variance. Statistically significant condition × time interaction effects existed for JH (p = 0.037), PP (p = 0.041), and PPa (p = 0.031). Post hoc analysis revealed that the ballistic condition produced statistically greater JH (p = 0.017 and p = 0.036), PP (p = 0.031 and p = 0.026), and PPa (p = 0.024 and p = 0.023) than the control and nonballistic conditions, respectively. Small effect sizes for JH, PP, and PPa existed during the ballistic condition (d = 0.28–0.44), whereas trivial effect sizes existed during the control (d = 0.0–0.18) and nonballistic (d = 0.0–0.17) conditions. Large statistically significant relationships existed between the JH potentiation response and the subject's relative back squat 1RM (r = 0.520; p = 0.047) and relative COHS 1RM (r = 0.569; p = 0.027) during the ballistic condition. In addition, large statistically significant relationship existed between JH potentiation response and the subject's relative back squat strength (r = 0.633; p = 0.011), whereas the moderate relationship with the subject's relative COHS strength trended toward significance (r = 0.483; p = 0.068). Ballistic COHS produced superior potentiation effects compared with COHS performed in a nonballistic manner. Relative strength may contribute to the elicited potentiation response after ballistic and nonballistic COHS.
24
Harvey, Travis Willoughby Darryn Scott. "Effects of concentric and eccentric muscle contractions on IL-6 signaling in human skeletal muscle and downstream regulation of HSP-72 gene expression Is IL-6 signaling involved in exercise-induced cytoprotection? /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5284.
Full text
25
Ritter, Ophelie. "Effets périphériques et centraux de l'exercice excentrique aigu sur bicyclette ergométrique chez le sujet sain et le patient atteint de BPCO." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCD024.
Full textAbstract:
De nouvelles modalités de réentrainement sont nécessaires pour les patients présentant une sévère limitation à l’exercice tels que les patients souffrant de broncho-pneumopathie chronique obstructive (BPCO). Le pédalage « excentrique », caractérisé par une meilleure efficience, pourrait permettre à ces patients de se réentrainer plus efficacement. Toutefois, les modalités de prescription et les effets du pédalage excentrique méritent d’être étudiés.Chez le sujet sain, nos résultats ont montré un retard de réactivation parasympathique au décours du pédalage excentrique par rapport au concentrique réalisés à même puissance mécanique, avec une influence de la fréquence de pédalage sur les réponses cardio-respiratoires et autonomes. À même puissance métabolique, le pédalage excentrique se caractérise par un stress cardio-vasculaire et respiratoire plus important que lors du pédalage concentrique, et des réponses neuro-végétatives en faveur d’une activité sympathique plus élevée. La fonction vasculaire est altérée à l’issue du pédalage excentrique. Chez le patient atteint de BPCO, comme chez le sujet sain, le pédalage excentrique a un effet tachypnéisant.Nous pensons que la tension musculaire accrue nécessaire en pédalage excentrique à l’atteinte d’une puissance métabolique équivalente à l’exercice concentrique serait à l’origine d’une plus grande activité sympathique et d’une contrainte hémodynamique périphérique, expliquant l’augmentation de la contrainte cardio-vasculaire en pédalage excentriqueNew exercise modalities are required for patients severely limited during exercise such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD). Eccentric “cycling”, characterized by better efficiency, could allow COPD patients to train more effectively. Nonetheless, prescription modalities and effects of eccentric cycling deserve to be more studied.In healthy subjects, our results showed a delayed parasympathetic reactivation after eccentric compared to concentric cycling matched for mechanical power, together with an influence of pedalling frequency on autonomic and cardiorespiratory responses. At similar metabolic power, eccentric cycling is characterized by a greater cardiovascular and respiratory stress than during concentric cycling, and altered autonomic nervous systems responses in favour to greater sympathetic activity. Vascular function is altered after eccentric cycling. In COPD patients, as in healthy subjects, eccentric cycling impose tachypneic breathing pattern.We believe that the higher muscle tension during eccentric cycling necessary to reach metabolic power similar to concentric leads to greater sympathetic activity and peripheral hemodynamic constraint, likely explaining the increased constraints on cardiovascular system during eccentric cycling
26
Spiteri, Tania. "Neuromuscular and biomechanical characteristics of change of direction and agility performance." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1662.
Full textAbstract:
Study 1: The contribution of strength characteristics to change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes
Research has often examined the relationship between one or two measures of strength and change of direction (COD) ability, reporting inconsistent relationships to performance. These inconsistences may be the result of the strength assessment utilized and the assumption that one measure of strength can represent all “types” of strength required during a COD task. Therefore the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between several lower body strength and power measures, COD, and agility performance. Twelve (n=12) female basketball athletes completed a maximal dynamic back squat, isometric mid-thigh pull, eccentric and concentric only back squat, and a counter-movement jump, followed by two COD tests (505 and T-Test) and a reactive agility test. Pearson product moment correlation and stepwise regression analysis were performed on all variables. The percentage contribution of each strength measure to an athlete’s total strength score was also determined. Our results demonstrated that both COD tests were significantly correlated to maximal dynamic, isometric, concentric and eccentric strength (r = -0.79 to -0.89), with eccentric strength identified as the sole predictor of COD performance. Agility performance did not correlate with any measure of strength (r = -0.08 to -0.36), while lower body power demonstrated no correlation to either agility or COD performance (r = -0.19 to -0.46). These findings demonstrate the importance of multiple strength components for COD ability, highlighting eccentric strength as a deterministic factor of COD performance. Coaches should aim to develop a well-rounded strength base in athletes; ensuring eccentric strength is developed as effectively as the often-emphasized concentric or overall dynamic strength capacity.
Study 2: Mechanical determinants of faster change of direction and agility performance in female basketball athletes
Change of direction (COD) and agility require the integration of multiple components to produce a faster performance. However, the mechanisms contributing to a faster performance without the confounding factor of athlete expertise or gender is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess body composition, strength and kinetic profile required for a faster COD and agility performance across multiple directional changes. Six faster and six slower (n=12) elite female basketball athletes completed a maximal dynamic back squat; eccentric and concentric only back squat; isometric mid-thigh pull; whole body scan to determine lean, fat and total mass; 505 COD test; T-Test; and a multidirectional agility test over in-ground force plates to obtain relevant kinetic measures. Group (faster and slower) by test (2x3) MANOVA’s with follow up ANOVA’s were conducted to examine differences between faster and slower groups and each COD and agility test (p ≤ 0.05). Faster athletes during the 505 COD test produced significantly greater vertical force (p = 0.002) and eccentric and isometric strength capacity (p = 0.001). Faster agility and T-Test athletes demonstrated significantly shorter contact times (p = 0.001), greater propulsive impulse (p = 0.02), isometric strength, and relative lean mass compared to slower athletes. Differences between faster athletes across each test appear to be attributed to the mechanical demands of the directional change, increasing force and impulse application as the degree of directional change increased. These findings indicate that different mechanical properties are required to produce a faster COD and agility performances, and the importance of a greater strength capacity to enable greater mechanical adjustment via force production and body control, during different directional changes.
Study 3: Neuromuscular strategies contributing to faster multidirectional agility performance
The aim of this study was to first determine differences in neuromuscular strategy between a faster and slower agility performance, and second compare differences in muscle activation strategy employed when performing two closely executed agility movements. Participants recruited from an elite female basketball team completed an ultrasound to determine quadriceps muscle-cross sectional area; reactive isometric mid-thigh pull to determine the rate of muscle activation, rate of force development, pre-motor time and motor time; and multidirectional agility tests completing two directional changes in response to a visual stimulus. Peak and average relative muscle activation of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and gastrocnemius were measured 100 ms prior to heel strike (pre-heel strike) and across stance phase for both directional changes. Faster agility performance was characterized by greater pre-heel strike muscle activity and greater anterior muscle activation during stance phase resulting in greater hip and knee extension increasing propulsive impulse. Differences between directional changes appear to result from processing speed, where a greater delay in refractory times during the second directional change resulted in greater anterior muscle activation, decelerating the body whilst movement direction was determined
27
Sousa, Andreia Margarida Ferreira de. "Sensação retardada de dor muscular: prevenção e tratamento." Bachelor's thesis, [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/2504.
Full textAbstract:
Trabalho apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciada em FisioterapiaSensação retardada de dor muscular (SRDM) é uma lesão por esforço muscular que se desenvolve após o exercício excêntrico, mas a eficácia do tratamento de fisioterapia ainda não foi sistematicamente avaliado. Esta revisão sistemática teve como objectivo reunir informação sobre as medidas de prevenção e/ou as medidas terapêuticas sobre os efeitos de SRDM. Após a pesquisa computorizada em bases de dados electrónica foram incluídos 17 artigos (exercício concêntrico, n=3; alongamento, n=2; massagem, n=2; crioterapia, n=2; AINE’s, n=2; electroterapia, n=6). Há uma evidência, no entanto limitada, que a massagem, exercício concêntrico, laser, microcorrentes e TENS são mais eficazes do que qualquer tratamento, ainda que a evidência para a terapia com AINE’s era mínima. As evidências não apoiam o uso de alongamento estático, a crioterapia e o uso da terapia interferêncial. Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) is a muscle strain injury that develops after eccentric exercise, but the effectiveness of physiotherapy treatment has not been systematically evaluated. This systematic review aimed to collect the measures that may prevent and/or therapeutic measures on the effects of DOMS. After searching computerized into databases electronics included 17 items (exercise concentric, n=3, stretching, n=2; massage, n=2, cryotherapy, n=2; NSAIDs, n=2 and electrotherapy, n=6). There is evidence, even though is limited, that massage and concentric exercise, lazer, microcurrents and TENS are more effective than either treatment, although the evidence for therapy with NSAIDs was minimal. The evidence does not support the use of static stretching, cryotherapy and interferential therapy.
28
Spinassas, Ioannis. "Etude du comportement d'une poutre métallique sous l'action d'une force concentrée exercée dans le plan de son ame." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ENPC9023.
Full textAbstract:
Lors du lançage d'un pont en ossature mixte, la partie de la poutre métallique située au-dessus de la chaise a galets subit les effets de la réaction d'appui. La sécurité du lancement exige donc une vérification de la stabilité au voilement des ames. Notre contribution à l'étude du problème repose sur une analyse systématique de l'influence des principaux paramètres (géométriques et mécaniques) sur le comportement de la poutre chargée dans son plan. Cette analyse a été conduite à l'aide d'un programme aux éléments finis qui tient compte de la plastification de l'acier et des non linéarites géométriques du problème. Une formule simplifiée regroupant l'ensemble des résultats est proposée pour l'évaluation de la charge ultime. Enfin, la définition d'un mécanisme de ruine, déduit de l'analyse du comportement des panneaux étudiés, a permis une évaluation analytique de la charge ultime basée sur les principes de l'analyse limite
29
Neves, Camila Danielle Cunha. "Efeito do treinamento de vibra??o de corpo inteiro na funcionalidade, na qualidade de vida e nas concentra??es plasm?ticas de marcadores inflamat?rio-oxidativos de pacientes com doen?a pulmonar obstrutiva cr?nica." UFVJM, 2018. http://acervo.ufvjm.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1765.
Full textAbstract:
Na Folha de Rosto da obra, consta o t?tulo: "Efeitos do treinamento de vibra??o de corpo inteiro na funcionalidade, for?a muscular, qualidade de vida e concentra??es plasm?ticas de marcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos de pacientes com doen?a pulmonar obstrutiva cr?nica".Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-09-26T17:48:49Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_danielle_cunha_neves.pdf: 2344806 bytes, checksum: 77c976c7c337e030f1b4c85cc1aa033e (MD5)
Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-10-01T18:27:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_danielle_cunha_neves.pdf: 2344806 bytes, checksum: 77c976c7c337e030f1b4c85cc1aa033e (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-01T18:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) camila_danielle_cunha_neves.pdf: 2344806 bytes, checksum: 77c976c7c337e030f1b4c85cc1aa033e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018
O treinamento de vibra??o de corpo inteiro (VCI) tem sido identificado com uma interven??o alternativa para a melhora da capacidade de exerc?cio e qualidade de vida de pacientes com Doen?a Pulmonar Obstrutiva Cr?nica (DPOC). Entretanto, o efeito do treinamento de VCI nas concentra??es de biomarcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos permanece desconhecido. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento de VCI em par?metros inflamat?rios-oxidativos, na funcionalidade e na qualidade de vida de pacientes com DPOC. Vinte pacientes com DPOC foram igualmente divididos em: 1) grupo interven??o (GI), que realizou o treinamento de VCI; e, 2) grupo controle (GC) que n?o recebeu a interven??o. A interven??o consistiu da realiza??o de agachamento est?tico sobre uma plataforma vibrat?ria, em seis s?ries de 30 segundos, tr?s vezes semanais, durante 12 semanas. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto ? (as): concentra??es plasm?ticas de IL-6, IL-8, IFN-? e receptores sol?veis de TNF-?; contagem de leuc?citos; concentra??es plasm?ticas de marcadores oxidantes e antioxidantes; dist?ncia caminhada no teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6?); consumo pico de oxig?nio (VO2 pico) durante o TC6?; for?a de preens?o manual; qualidade de vida (question?rio Saint George?s); teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira 5 vezes e teste timed get-up and go (TUG). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste-t independente (linha de base) e Anova two-way para medidas repetidas (efeitos do treinamento). Considerou-se significativo p< 0,05. Ap?s o treinamento de VCI, pacientes do GI aumentaram significativamente a dist?ncia caminhada (65 m) no TC6?, o VO2 pico e a for?a de preens?o manual (p< 0,05). Al?m disso, pacientes do GI alcan?aram a diferen?a m?nima clinicamente importante em rela??o ? qualidade de vida. N?o foram observadas diferen?as significativas no teste de sentar e levantar da cadeira, TUG, nas concentra??es dos biomarcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos e na contagem de leuc?citos no GI (p> 0,05). Pacientes do GC n?o apresentaram melhora estatisticamente significante para todas as avalia??es (p> 0,05). Em conjunto, os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o treinamento de VCI induziu benef?cios clinicamente significantes com rela??o ? capacidade de exerc?cio, a for?a muscular e a qualidade de vida de pacientes com DPOC, que n?o foram relacionados com mudan?as nas concentra??es sist?micas dos biomarcadores inflamat?rios-oxidativos analisados.
Tese (Doutorado) ? Programa Multic?ntrico de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias Fisiol?gicas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018.
The whole-body vibration training (WBVT) has been identified as an alternative intervention to improve exercise capacity and quality of life of patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). However, the effect of WBVT on inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers remains unknown. The aim of this trial was to investigate the effects of WBVT on inflammatory-oxidative, functionality and quality of life parameters in patients with COPD. Twenty patients were equally divided into: 1) intervention group (IG) that performed the WBVT, and 2) control group (CG) that did not receive any intervention. Intervention consisted in performing static squatting on vibrating platform, in six series of 30 seconds, 3 day per week, for 12 weeks. Patients were evaluated for: plasma levels of IL-6, IL-8, IFN-?, soluble receptors of TNF-?; white cells count; plasma levels of oxidant and antioxidant markers; walking distance in six-minute walk test (6MWT); peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak) during the 6MWT; handgrip strength; quality of life (Saint George?s); timed 5-chair sit-to-stand (5STS) and timed get-up and go test (TUG). The data were analyzed by unpaired t-test (baseline) and Anova two-way (effects of training). The level of significance was p< 0.05. After WBVT, patients from IG showed significant increase in the 6MWD, VO2 peak and handgrip strength (p< 0.05). Furthermore, patients from IG reached minimal clinically important difference regarding quality of life. No significant differences were found in 5STS, TUG, inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers and white cells count in the IG. CG did not show significant improvement in all assessments (p> 0.05). Taking together, our results demonstrated that the WBVT induced clinically significant benefits regarding exercise capacity, muscle strength and quality of life in patients with COPD, that were not related to systemic changes in the inflammatory-oxidative biomarkers analyzed.
30
"Comparison of Concentric and Eccentric Bench Press." Doctoral diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.18729.
Full textAbstract:
abstract: Eccentric muscle action (ECC) occurs when the force exerted by a working muscle is less than that of an outside resistance. This is characterized by muscle lengthening, despite actin-myosin crossbridge formation. Research has indicated that muscles acting eccentrically are capable of producing more force when compared to muscles acting concentrically. Further, research has shown ECC muscle actions may have different fatigue patterns that CON actions. The purpose of this study was to determine if a) ECC bench press yields greater strength than concentric (CON) as measured by one-repetition maximum (1RM), b) there is a difference between the number of repetitions that can be completed concentrically and eccentrically under the same relative intensities of 1RM (90%, 80%, 70%, 60%), c) a prediction model may be able to predict ECC 1RM from CON 1RM or CON repetitions to fatigue. For this study, 30 healthy males (age = 24.63 + 5.6 years) were tested for 1RM in CON and ECC bench press, as well as the number of repetitions they were able to complete at various intensities of mode-specific 1RM. A mechanical hoist was affixed to a gantry crane and placed over a standard weightlifting bench. The hoist was connected to 45lb plates that were loaded on a standard barbell, which allowed for mechanical raising and lowering of the barbell. For CON repetitions, the weight was mechanically lowered to the chest and the participant pressed it up. For ECC repetitions, the weight was mechanically raised and the participant lowered it. Paired t-tests showed that ECC 1RM was significantly (p < 0.05) greater than CON 1RM (ECC =255.17 + 68.37lbs, CON = 205.83 + 58.43lbs). There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the number of repetitions completed at 90% 1RM (CON = 4.57 + 2.21 repetitions, ECC = 7.67 + 3.24 repetitions). There were no differences in repetitions completed at any other intensity 1RM. CON 1RM and the number of repetitions completed with two different absolute loads (130-150lbs and 155-175lbs) concentrically and eccentrically were valid predictors of ECC 1RM. These data indicate that ECC actions yield increased force capabilities than CON actions, there is no difference in the rate of the fatigue, and ECC 1RM may be predicted from various CON tests.Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Physical Activity, Nutrition and Wellness 2013
31
Kirk, Gregory, Bob Maudie, Patrick McKinnon, Ryan Murray, Sarah Stewart, and Darlene Reid. "Effects of Eccentric vs. Concentric Exercise in Stimulating Muscle Hypertrophy. Strength Gains & Enhanced Performance." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/131.
Full text
32
Huang, Chi Yao, and 黃祺堯. "Effects of Eccentric and Concentric Cycling Exercise Regimens on Hemodynamic and Hemorheologic Properties in Sedentary Male." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5546hk.
Full text
33
Kuo, Tai-Yu, and 郭泰佑. "Influence of variable range of motion resistance exercise on strength and concentric work performed in resistance untrained men." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47558595800254755169.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣師範大學
運動科學研究所
101
Background: Most coaches and researchers support the use of full range of motion (ROM) resistance training. However, some research findings indicate the positive results from utilizing limited ROM resistance training. Previous studies have mainly examined the peak force and concentric work during variable range of motion resistance training on bench press exercise. The comparison on squat resistance exercises remains unknown. Purpose: To investigate the differences in strength, peak force and concentric work between full ROM and limited ROM resistance exercises in resistance untrained men. Methods: Twelve male subjects (age 24.2 ± 1.4 years) performed 10RM squat and bench press tests utilizing both full and limited ROM in a counter-balance and repeated measure manner. Performance was recorded by a high-speed camera during exercises. A paired sample t-test was used to determine the differences in loading, peak force and average concentric work between full ROM and limited ROM resistance exercises. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results: In bench press, strength in limited ROM was significantly greater than in full ROM (63.8 ± 8.6 kg vs 48.3 ± 7.5 kg, respectively)(p < .05). In squat, strength in limited ROM was also significantly greater than in full ROM (110.8 ± 20.3 kg vs 67.9 ± 8.4 kg, respectively). In bench press, the peak force was significantly greater in full ROM (1094.3 ± 306 N) when compared to limited ROM (937.4 ± 231 N). However, the peak force in full ROM squat (1254.4 ± 215.9N) was significantly lower when compared to limited ROM (1951.4 ± 569.9N). In both bench press and squat, the average concentric work was significantly higher in full ROM than in limited ROM (191.9 ± 31.8J vs 139.6 ± 19.7J for full and limited ROM in bench press; 286.3 ± 48.9J vs 239.7 ± 44.9J for full and limited ROM in squat). Conclusion: Despite the fact that strength in full ROM was significantly lower than in limited ROM, the average concentric work was significantly greater in full ROM when compared to limited ROM. However, the peak force was significantly greater in full ROM when compared to limited ROM in resistance untrained men when performing bench press. Resistance training experience may influence the peak force performance during variable ROM resistance exercise.
34
Wu, Yi Chen, and 吳苡甄. "Effects of concentric and eccentric cycling exercise on platelets mitochondrial function and left ventricular mechanics in sedentary young men." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/s62666.
Full textAbstract:
碩士長庚大學
物理治療學系
105
Background: According to the World Health Organization, ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in the world. Myocardial ischemia might cause myocardial damage and dysfunction, leading to higher systolic dyssynchrony index (SDI). Hypoxia-induced thrombin generation and coronary stenosis are risk factors of IDH. Platelets are important in the development of thrombotic events on IHD. Mitochondria regulated platelets function and activation, which were associated with thrombin generation. According to several researches, exercise could not only improve cardio fitness but also mitochondria function. However, most results of the past researches were about concentric exercise. Eccentric training can produce high force yet demand low metabolic cost, avoiding some discomfort under hypoxic condition or high intensity exercise, such as chest pain and short of breath. Chronic eccentric training may be the rehabilitation countermeasure with the potential to overcome the deficits of cardiopulmonary limitation. The purpose of this study is using hypoxia as the pathological condition to compare the effects between concentric cycling exercise (CCE) and eccentric cycling exercise (ECC) regimens on platelets mitochondrial capacity and left ventricular function. Method: Thirty four sedentary men were randomized to CCE group (n=17) and ECC group (n=17). The training program consisted in CCE or EEC for 40 minutes/day, 5 days/week for 6 weeks. The measurements included platelets mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity, left ventricular function and muscle strength of lower limbs which are analyzed by high resolution respirometer (Oxygraph-2k), 3D echocardiography and isokinetic dynamometer respectively. Result: Comparing with normoxia and hypoxia in platelets mitochondrial function, there are less OXPHOS and ETS capacities in hypoxia. Comparing with normoxia and hypoxia in left ventricular mechanics, there are less EDV, ESV, SV and higher HR, SDI (Vel.), SDI (Vol.) in hypoxia. Both ECE and CCE groups had improvement in isokinetic dynamometer. Besides, ECE have more improvement in muscle strength and torque. Conclusion: ECE can improve muscle strength, muscle torque and neural adaptions without stressing on cardiopulmonary system. By performing ECE on patients with limited cardiovascular exercise tolerance such as elders or chronic health conditions can produce high force but using lower metabolic cost.
35
Huang, Yu Chieh, and 黃郁潔. "Effects of Eccentric / Concentric Endurance Cycling Training on Exercise Performance, Muscle Strength, Hemodynamics and Erythrocyte Rheology in Sedentary Males." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi/login?o=dnclcdr&s=id=%22107CGU05595006%22.&searchmode=basic.
Full text
36
"A study of the balance of shoulder agonist and antagonist muscle during concentric and eccentric action: a quantifiable isokinetic assessment of the strength ratio." 1996. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5889303.
Full textAbstract:
by Choi Man.Year shown on spine: 1997.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-153).
Abstract --- p.1
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.3
Chapter 1.1 --- Anatomy --- p.4
Chapter 1.2 --- Kinematics of the overhead sports --- p.6
Chapter 1.3 --- Isokinetics assessment of the shoulder rotators --- p.8
Chapter 1.4 --- Objectives of the study --- p.10
Chapter 1.5 --- Method of investigation --- p.11
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Subject --- p.12
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Equipment --- p.13
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Protocol --- p.14
Chapter 1.6 --- Data Management --- p.17
Chapter 1.7 --- Clinical application --- p.18
Chapter 1.8 --- Definition of terms --- p.18
Chapter 2 --- Literture Review --- p.20
Chapter 2.1 --- Anatomy --- p.20
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Ligament --- p.21
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Muscles --- p.24
Chapter 2.2 --- Biomechanics of the overhead movement --- p.30
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Wind up Phase --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Cocking Phase --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Acceleration Phase --- p.36
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Deceleration Phase --- p.38
Chapter 2.3 --- Eccentric contraction --- p.40
Chapter 2.3.1 --- Physiology of eccentric contraction --- p.40
Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mechanical trauma in eccentric contraction & DOMS --- p.41
Chapter 2.3.3 --- Eccentric contraction in Plyometric --- p.43
Chapter 2.3.4 --- Role of eccentric contraction in overhead sports --- p.44
Chapter 2.3.5 --- Comparison with concentric contraction --- p.45
Chapter 2.4 --- Isokinetics --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.1 --- Introduction to isokinetics --- p.46
Chapter 2.4.2 --- Reliability of isokinetic assessment on Shoulder rotator --- p.48
Chapter 2.4.3 --- Agonist / Antagonist Ratio --- p.51
Chapter 2.4.4 --- Variation of torques with testing protocols --- p.52
Chapter 2.4.5 --- Comparison of muscle torques in different groups --- p.56
Chapter 2.4.6 --- Isokinetic eccentric contraction of shoulder Rotators --- p.62
Chapter 3 --- Method of Investigation --- p.63
Chapter 3.1 --- Subject --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Part One --- p.64
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Part Two --- p.65
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Criteria of subject recruitment --- p.65
Chapter 3.2 --- Equipment --- p.66
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Collection of medical history and general informations --- p.66
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Test for general laxity --- p.66
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Test for shoulder impingement --- p.72
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Test for shoulder instability --- p.73
Chapter 3.2.5 --- Joint range measurement --- p.76
Chapter 3.2.6 --- Isokinetic strength of shoulder rotators --- p.78
Chapter 3.3 --- Calibration --- p.79
Chapter 3.4 --- Testing procedure --- p.79
Chapter 3.4.1 --- "Explanation,warning & consent" --- p.79
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Warming up --- p.80
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Screening --- p.81
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Isokinetic testing of the rotational strength of both shoulders --- p.81
Chapter 3.5 --- Operator --- p.87
Chapter 3.6 --- Data Management --- p.88
Chapter 3.6.1 --- Part One --- p.88
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Part Two --- p.89
Chapter 4 --- Result --- p.91
Chapter 4.1 --- Part One --- p.89
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Intra-class correlation coefficient --- p.90
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Correlation between the PTR & the ASMSTR --- p.92
Chapter 4.2 --- Part Two --- p.94
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Comparison between the Members in the Hong Kong Badminton Team with the Non-athlete Subjects --- p.94
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Comparison between the Badminton Players in the Hong Kong Team and the Hong Kong National Junior Team --- p.105
Chapter 5 --- Discussion --- p.111
Chapter 5.1 --- General discussion of the design of the study --- p.111
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Subject --- p.111
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Specific test --- p.112
Chapter 5.1.3 --- Warming up --- p.112
Chapter 5.1.4 --- Testing protocol --- p.113
Chapter 5.2 --- Part One --- p.116
Chapter 5.2.1 --- Test-retest reliability --- p.117
Chapter 5.2.2 --- Correlation between the PTR and the ASMSTR --- p.120
Chapter 5.3 --- Part two --- p.122
Chapter 5.3.1 --- Comparison between the HKT and the non- athletes --- p.123
Chapter 5.3.2 --- Presentation of torque ratio in the HKJ --- p.133
Chapter 5.3.3 --- Performance in those with history of shoulder problem --- p.134
Chapter 5.4 --- Clinical application and suggestion for further study --- p.139
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.144
Chapter 7 --- Reference --- p.146
Chapter 8 --- Appendix