Journal articles: 'Concentration-discharge relationships'

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Lohani, A. K., N. K. Goel, and K. K. S. Bhatia. "Deriving stage–discharge–sediment concentration relationships using fuzzy logic." Hydrological Sciences Journal 52, no. 4 (August 2007): 793–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1623/hysj.52.4.793.

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Anderson, Suzanne Prestrud, William E. Dietrich, Raymond Torres, David R. Montgomery, and Keith Loague. "A case for geochemical control of concentration-discharge relationships." Chemical Geology 107, no. 3-4 (July 1993): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(93)90211-z.

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Duncan, Jonathan M., Lawrence E. Band, and Peter M. Groffman. "Variable nitrate concentration-discharge relationships in a forested watershed." Hydrological Processes 31, no. 9 (March 13, 2017): 1817–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.11136.

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Godsey, Sarah E., James W. Kirchner, and David W. Clow. "Concentration-discharge relationships reflect chemostatic characteristics of US catchments." Hydrological Processes 23, no. 13 (June 30, 2009): 1844–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7315.

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Anderson, Suzanne Prestrud, William E. Dietrich, Raymond Torres, David R. Montgomery, and Keith Loague. "Concentration-discharge relationships in runoff from a steep, unchanneled catchment." Water Resources Research 33, no. 1 (January 1997): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/96wr02715.

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Tunqui Neira, José Manuel, Gaëlle Tallec, Vazken Andréassian, and Jean-Marie Mouchel. "A combined mixing model for high-frequency concentration–discharge relationships." Journal of Hydrology 591 (December 2020): 125559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125559.

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Herndon, E. M., A. L. Dere, P. L. Sullivan, D. Norris, B. Reynolds, and S. L. Brantley. "Landscape heterogeneity drives contrasting concentration–discharge relationships in shale headwater catchments." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 19, no. 8 (August 3, 2015): 3333–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-3333-2015.

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Abstract. Solute concentrations in stream water vary with discharge in patterns that record complex feedbacks between hydrologic and biogeochemical processes. In a comparison of three shale-underlain headwater catchments located in Pennsylvania, USA (the forested Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory), and Wales, UK (the peatland-dominated Upper Hafren and forest-dominated Upper Hore catchments in the Plynlimon forest), dissimilar concentration–discharge (C–Q) behaviors are best explained by contrasting landscape distributions of soil solution chemistry – especially dissolved organic carbon (DOC) – that have been established by patterns of vegetation and soil organic matter (SOM). Specifically, elements that are concentrated in organic-rich soils due to biotic cycling (Mn, Ca, K) or that form strong complexes with DOC (Fe, Al) are spatially heterogeneous in pore waters because organic matter is heterogeneously distributed across the catchments. These solutes exhibit non-chemostatic behavior in the streams, and solute concentrations either decrease (Shale Hills) or increase (Plynlimon) with increasing discharge. In contrast, solutes that are concentrated in soil minerals and form only weak complexes with DOC (Na, Mg, Si) are spatially homogeneous in pore waters across each catchment. These solutes are chemostatic in that their stream concentrations vary little with stream discharge, likely because these solutes are released quickly from exchange sites in the soils during rainfall events. Furthermore, concentration–discharge relationships of non-chemostatic solutes changed following tree harvest in the Upper Hore catchment in Plynlimon, while no changes were observed for chemostatic solutes, underscoring the role of vegetation in regulating the concentrations of certain elements in the stream. These results indicate that differences in the hydrologic connectivity of organic-rich soils to the stream drive differences in concentration behavior between catchments. As such, in catchments where SOM is dominantly in lowlands (e.g., Shale Hills), we infer that non-chemostatic elements associated with organic matter are released to the stream early during rainfall events, whereas in catchments where SOM is dominantly in uplands (e.g., Plynlimon), these non-chemostatic elements are released later during rainfall events. The distribution of SOM across the landscape is thus a key component for predictive models of solute transport in headwater catchments.

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Guzman, C. D., S. A. Tilahun, A. D. Zegeye, and T. S. Steenhuis. "Suspended sediment concentration–discharge relationships in the (sub-) humid Ethiopian highlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 3 (March 11, 2013): 1067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-1067-2013.

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Abstract. Loss of top soil and subsequent filling up of reservoirs in much of the lands with variable relief in developing countries degrades environmental resources necessary for subsistence. In the Ethiopia highlands, sediment mobilization from rain-fed agricultural fields is one of the leading factors causing land degradation. Sediment rating curves, produced from long-term sediment concentration and discharge data, attempt to predict suspended sediment concentration variations, which exhibit a distinct shift with the progression of the rainy season. In this paper, we calculate sediment rating curves and examine this shift in concentration for three watersheds in which rain-fed agriculture is practiced to differing extents. High sediment concentrations with low flows are found at the beginning of the rainy season of the semi-monsoonal climate, while high flows and low sediment concentrations occur at the end of the rainy season. Results show that a reasonably unique set of rating curves were obtained by separating biweekly data into early, mid, and late rainfall periods and by making adjustments for the ratio of plowed cropland. The shift from high to low concentrations suggests that diminishing sediment supply and dilution from greater base flow during the end of the rainfall period play important roles in characterizing changing sediment concentrations during the rainy season.

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Guzman, C. D., S. A. Tilahun, A. D. Zegeye, and T. S. Steenhuis. "Suspended sediment concentration – discharge relationships in the (sub) humid Ethiopian highlands." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 7 (July 30, 2012): 9011–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-9011-2012.

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Abstract. Loss of top soil and subsequent filling up of reservoirs in much of the lands with variable relief in developing countries degrades environmental resources necessary for subsistence. In the Ethiopia highlands, sediment mobilization from rain-fed agricultural fields is one of the leading factors causing land degradation. Sediment rating curves, produced from long-term sediment concentration and discharge data, attempt to predict suspended sediment concentration variations that exhibit a distinct shift with the progression of the rainy season. In this paper, we calculate sediment rating curves and examine this shift in concentration for three watersheds in which rain-fed agriculture is practiced to differing extents. High sediment concentrations with low flows are found in the beginning of the rainy season of the semi-monsoonal climate, while high flows and low sediment concentrations occur at the end of the rainy season. Results show that a reasonable unique set of rating curves were obtained by separating biweekly data into early, mid, and late rainfall periods and by making adjustments for the ratio of plowed cropland. The shift from high to low concentrations suggests that diminishing sediment supply and dilution from greater base flow during the end of the rainfall period play important roles in characterizing changing sediment concentrations during the rainy season.

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Ibarra, Daniel E., Jeremy K. Caves, Seulgi Moon, Dana L. Thomas, Jens Hartmann, C. Page Chamberlain, and Kate Maher. "Differential weathering of basaltic and granitic catchments from concentration–discharge relationships." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 190 (October 2016): 265–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.07.006.

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Hunsaker, Carolyn T., and Dale W. Johnson. "Concentration-discharge relationships in headwater streams of the Sierra Nevada, California." Water Resources Research 53, no. 9 (September 2017): 7869–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019693.

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Knapp, Julia L. A., Jana von Freyberg, Bjørn Studer, Leonie Kiewiet, and James W. Kirchner. "Concentration–discharge relationships vary among hydrological events, reflecting differences in event characteristics." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 5 (May 15, 2020): 2561–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-2561-2020.

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Abstract. Studying the response of streamwater chemistry to changes in discharge can provide valuable insights into how catchments store and release water and solutes. Previous studies have determined concentration–discharge (cQ) relationships from long-term, low-frequency data of a wide range of solutes. These analyses, however, provide little insight into the coupling of solute concentrations and flow during individual hydrologic events. Event-scale cQ relationships have rarely been investigated across a wide range of solutes and over extended periods of time, and thus little is known about differences and similarities between event-scale and long-term cQ relationships. Differences between event-scale and long-term cQ behavior may provide useful information about the processes regulating their transport through the landscape. Here we analyze cQ relationships of 14 different solutes, ranging from major ions to trace metals, as well as electrical conductivity, in the Swiss Erlenbach catchment. From a 2-year time series of sub-hourly solute concentration data, we determined 2-year cQ relationships for each solute and compared them to cQ relationships of 30 individual events. The 2-year cQ behavior of groundwater-sourced solutes was representative of their cQ behavior during hydrologic events. Other solutes, however, exhibited very different cQ patterns at the event scale and across 2 consecutive years. This was particularly true for trace metals and atmospheric and/or biologically active solutes, many of which exhibited highly variable cQ behavior from one event to the next. Most of this inter-event variability in cQ behavior could be explained by factors such as catchment wetness, season, event size, input concentrations, and event-water contributions. We present an overview of the processes regulating different groups of solutes, depending on their origin in and pathways through the catchment. Our analysis thus provides insight into controls on solute variations at the hydrologic event scale.

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Haygarth, P., B. L. Turner, A. Fraser, S. Jarvis, T. Harrod, D. Nash, D. Halliwell, T. Page, and K. Beven. "Temporal variability in phosphorus transfers: classifying concentration–discharge event dynamics." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 1 (February 29, 2004): 88–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-8-88-2004.

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Abstract. The importance of temporal variability in relationships between phosphorus (P) concentration (Cp) and discharge (Q) is linked to a simple means of classifying the circumstances of Cp–Q relationships in terms of functional types of response. New experimental data at the upstream interface of grassland soil and catchment systems at a range of scales (lysimeters to headwaters) in England and Australia are used to demonstrate the potential of such an approach. Three types of event are defined as Types 1–3, depending on whether the relative change in Q exceeds the relative change in Cp (Type 1), whether Cp and Q are positively inter-related (Type 2) and whether Cp varies yet Q is unchanged (Type 3). The classification helps to characterise circumstances that can be explained mechanistically in relation to (i) the scale of the study (with a tendency towards Type 1 in small scale lysimeters), (ii) the form of P with a tendency for Type 1 for soluble (i.e., <0.45 μm P forms) and (iii) the sources of P with Type 3 dominant where P availability overrides transport controls. This simple framework provides a basis for development of a more complex and quantitative classification of Cp–Q relationships that can be developed further to contribute to future models of P transfer and delivery from slope to stream. Studies that evaluate the temporal dynamics of the transfer of P are currently grossly under-represented in comparison with models based on static/spatial factors. Keywords: phosphorus, concentration, discharge, lysimeters, temporal dynamics, overland flow

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Bouchez, Julien, Jean-Sébastien Moquet, Jhan Carlo Espinoza, Jean-Michel Martinez, Jean-Loup Guyot, Christelle Lagane, Naziano Filizola, Luis Noriega, Liz Hidalgo Sanchez, and Rodrigo Pombosa. "River Mixing in the Amazon as a Driver of Concentration-Discharge Relationships." Water Resources Research 53, no. 11 (November 2017): 8660–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017wr020591.

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Hoagland, Beth, Tess A. Russo, Xin Gu, Lillian Hill, Jason Kaye, Brandon Forsythe, and Susan L. Brantley. "Hyporheic zone influences on concentration‐discharge relationships in a headwater sandstone stream." Water Resources Research 53, no. 6 (June 2017): 4643–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019717.

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Dehaspe, Joni, Fanny Sarrazin, Rohini Kumar, Jan H. Fleckenstein, and Andreas Musolff. "Bending of the concentration discharge relationship can inform about in-stream nitrate removal." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 12 (December 20, 2021): 6437–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6437-2021.

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Abstract. Nitrate (NO3-) excess in rivers harms aquatic ecosystems and can induce detrimental algae growths in coastal areas. Riverine NO3- uptake is a crucial element of the catchment-scale nitrogen balance and can be measured at small spatiotemporal scales, while at the scale of entire river networks, uptake measurements are rarely available. Concurrent, low-frequency NO3- concentration and streamflow (Q) observations at a basin outlet, however, are commonly monitored and can be analyzed in terms of concentration discharge (C–Q) relationships. Previous studies suggest that steeper positive log (C)–log (Q) slopes under low flow conditions (than under high flows) are linked to biological NO3- uptake, creating a bent rather than linear log (C)–log (Q) relationship. Here we explore if network-scale NO3- uptake creates bent log (C)–log (Q) relationships and when in turn uptake can be quantified from observed low-frequency C–Q data. To this end we apply a parsimonious mass-balance-based river network uptake model in 13 mesoscale German catchments (21–1450 km2) and explore the linkages between log (C)–log (Q) bending and different model parameter combinations. The modeling results show that uptake and transport in the river network can create bent log (C)–log (Q) relationships at the basin outlet from log–log linear C–Q relationships describing the NO3- land-to-stream transfer. We find that within the chosen parameter range the bending is mainly shaped by geomorphological parameters that control the channel reactive surface area rather than by the biological uptake velocity itself. Further we show that in this exploratory modeling environment, bending is positively correlated to percentage of NO3- load removed in the network (Lr.perc) but that network-wide flow velocities should be taken into account when interpreting log (C)–log (Q) bending. Classification trees, finally, can successfully predict classes of low (∼4 %), intermediate (∼32 %) and high (∼68 %) Lr.perc using information on water velocity and log (C)–log (Q) bending. These results can help to identify stream networks that efficiently attenuate NO3- loads based on low-frequency NO3- and Q observations and generally show the importance of the channel geomorphology on the emerging log (C)–log (Q) bending at network scales.

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Tunqui Neira, José Manuel, Vazken Andréassian, Gaëlle Tallec, and Jean-Marie Mouchel. "Technical note: A two-sided affine power scaling relationship to represent the concentration–discharge relationship." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 24, no. 4 (April 14, 2020): 1823–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-24-1823-2020.

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Abstract. This technical note deals with the mathematical representation of concentration–discharge relationships. We propose a two-sided affine power scaling relationship (2S-APS) as an alternative to the classic one-sided power scaling relationship (commonly known as “power law”). We also discuss the identification of the parameters of the proposed relationship, using an appropriate numerical criterion. The application of 2S-APS to the high-frequency chemical time series of the Orgeval-ORACLE observatory is presented here (in calibration and validation mode): it yields better results for several solutes and for electrical conductivity in comparison with the power law relationship.

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Saavedra, Felipe A., Andreas Musolff, Jana von Freyberg, Ralf Merz, Stefano Basso, and Larisa Tarasova. "Disentangling scatter in long-term concentration–discharge relationships: the role of event types." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 23 (December 12, 2022): 6227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-6227-2022.

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Abstract. Relationships between nitrate concentrations and discharge rates (C–Q) at the catchment outlet can provide insights into sources, mobilization and biogeochemical transformations of nitrate within the catchment. Nitrate C–Q relationships often exhibit considerable scatter that might be related to variable hydrologic conditions during runoff events at sampling time, corresponding to variable sources and flow paths despite similar discharge (Q) rates. Although previous studies investigated the origins of this scatter in individual or in a few catchments, the role of different runoff event types across a large set of catchments is not yet fully understood. This study combines a hydrological runoff event classification framework with low-frequency nitrate samples in 184 catchments to explore the role of different runoff events in shaping long-term C–Q relationships and their variability across contrasting catchments. In most of the catchments, snow-impacted events produce positive deviations of concentrations, indicating an increased nitrate mobilization compared to the long-term pattern. In contrast, negative deviations occur mostly for rainfall-induced events with dry antecedent conditions, indicating the occurrence of lower nitrate concentrations (C) in river flows than their long-term pattern values during this type of event. Pronounced differences in event runoff coefficients among different event types indicate their contrasting levels of hydrologic connectivity that in turn might play a key role in controlling nitrate transport due to the activation of faster flow paths between sources and streams. Using long-term, low-frequency nitrate data, we demonstrate that runoff event types shape observed scatter in long-term C–Q relationships according to their level of hydrologic connectivity. In addition, we hypothesize that the level of biogeochemical attenuation of catchments can partially explain the spatial variability of the scatter during different event types.

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Zheng, Haiyan, Chiyuan Miao, Juying Jiao, and Alistair G. L. Borthwick. "Complex relationships between water discharge and sediment concentration across the Loess Plateau, China." Journal of Hydrology 596 (May 2021): 126078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2021.126078.

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O'Donnell, B., and E. R. Hotchkiss. "Coupling Concentration‐ and Process‐Discharge Relationships Integrates Water Chemistry and Metabolism in Streams." Water Resources Research 55, no. 12 (December 2019): 10179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019wr025025.

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McDiffett, Wayne F., Andrew W. Beidler, Thomas F. Dominick, and Kenneth D. McCrea. "Nutrient concentration-stream discharge relationships during storm events in a first-order stream." Hydrobiologia 179, no. 2 (July 1989): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00007596.

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Burt, Tim P., Fred Worrall, Nicholas J. K. Howden, and Malcolm G. Anderson. "Shifts in discharge-concentration relationships as a small catchment recover from severe drought." Hydrological Processes 29, no. 4 (March 1, 2014): 498–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10169.

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23

Yang, Na, Jianyun Zhang, Jiufu Liu, Guodong Liu, Elizabeth W. Boyer, Li Guo, and Guoqing Wang. "Concentration–Discharge Relationships in Runoff Components during Rainfall Events at the Hydrohill Experimental Catchment in Chuzhou, China." Water 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2020): 3033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113033.

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Concentration–discharge (C-Q) relationships are a convenient and increasingly popular tool for interpreting the episodic hydrochemical response to the varying discharge in small basins, providing insights into solute transport and streamflow generation. While most studies are focused on total runoff, this study quantified C-Q relationships in four runoff components during precipitation events at the Hydrohill experimental catchment in Chuzhou, China. This unique artificial catchment is carefully engineered, allowing observations of the interacting runoff components that collectively determine total flow issuing from the catchment. The four runoff components, or flow paths, include surface runoff (SR), shallow interflow at 0–30 cm depth (SSR30), deeper interflow at 30–60 cm depth (SSR60), and groundwater flow at 60–100 cm depth (SSR100). Water samples were collected during three consecutive precipitation events to study how the concentrations of primary solutes vary with flow. Analysis of C-Q relationships reveals that concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and HCO3− in the four runoff components had a negative relationship with discharge, while the concentration of K+ and Cl− were negatively correlated with discharge in SR and SSR30 but positively correlated in SSR60 and SSR100. Further insights were gained from principal component analysis. Three eigenvectors explained 92% of the variability in hydrochemistry in surface runoff, while two eigenvectors explained most of the variability in the hydrochemistry of subsurface flows observed at various depths in the soil profile (73% for SSR30, 79% for SSR60, and 76% for SSR100). PC1 (the first Principal Component) can be interpreted as a salinity factor, deriving from carbonate minerals such as dolomites and limestone minerals. Results indicated that leaching and dilution processes, water–soil interaction, and macropore flows in soils are the primary factors controlling the C-Q relationships. Our work sheds light on the coupled processes and streamflow generation mechanisms that control water quality at the catchment scale.

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Antonopoulos, V. Z., D. M. Papamichail, and K. A. Mitsiou. "Statistical and trend analysis of water quality and quantity data for the Strymon River in Greece." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 4 (December 31, 2001): 679–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-679-2001.

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Abstract. Strymon is a transboundary river of Greece, Bulgaria and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) in southeastern Europe. Water quality parameters and the discharge have been monitored each month just 10 km downstream of the river’s entry into Greece. The data of nine water quality variables (T, ECw, DO, SO42-, Na++K+, Mg2+ , Ca2+, NO3‾, TP) and the discharge for the period 1980-1997 were selected for this analysis. In this paper a) the time series of monthly values of water quality parameters and the discharge were analysed using statistical methods, b) the existence of trends and the evaluation of the best fitted models were performed and c) the relationships between concentration and loads of constituents both with the discharge were also examined. Boxplots for summarising the distribution of a data set were used. The &#9672-test and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test were used to select the theoretical distribution which best fitted the data. Simple regression was used to examine the concentration-discharge and the load-discharge relationships. According to the correlation coefficient (r) values the relation between concentrations and discharge is weak (r< 0.592) while the relation between loads and discharge is very strong (r > 0.902). Trends were detected using the nonparametric Spearman’s criterion upon the data for the variables: Q, ECw, DO, SO42-, Na++K+ and NO3‾ on which temporal trend analysis was performed. Keywords: Strymon river, water quality, discharge, concentration, load, statistics, trends

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Allafta, Hadi, and Christian Opp. "Understanding the Combined Effects of Land Cover, Precipitation and Catchment Size on Nitrogen and Discharge—A Case Study of the Mississippi River Basin." Water 14, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14060865.

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Biological processes of rivers are strongly influenced by concentration and fluxes of nitrogen (N) levels. In order to restrain eutrophication, which is typically caused by urbanisation and agricultural expansion, nitrogen levels must be carefully controlled. Data from 2013 to 2017 were gathered from 26 sub-catchments in the Mississippi River basin to assess the effects that catchment size, land cover, and precipitation can have on the discharge and total nitrogen (TN) and how TN yields deviate from a generalised local trend. The findings indicated that land cover and precipitation had a determinative effect on area-weighted discharge (Qarea). More specifically, Qarea had significant positive (directly proportional) relationships with precipitation, forest, and urbanised land cover, and significant negative (inversely proportional) relationships with grassland/pasture and scrub/shrub land covers. Concurrently, the TN concentration significantly increased in the presence of agricultural land cover, but significantly decreased in forest land cover. The TN yield (TN concentration × Qarea) was largely determined by Qarea because the latter was observed to fluctuate more dramatically than concentration levels. Consequently, the TN yield exhibited the same relationships that Qarea had with precipitation and land covers. The TN yield changed significantly (p < 0.05) and positively with instantaneous discharge across all sites. Nevertheless, the rate of TN yield variations with discharge displayed a significant (p < 0.0001) negative (r2 = 0.80) relation with the catchment size. Ultimately, this study used discharge readings to facilitate the prediction of TN concentrations and yields across various catchment areas in the Mississippi River basin and provided a robust model for future research in this area.

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Lana-Renault, N., D. Regüés, C. Martí-Bono, S. Beguería, J. Latron, E. Nadal, P. Serrano, and J. M. García-Ruiz. "Temporal variability in the relationships between precipitation, discharge and suspended sediment concentration in a small Mediterranean mountain catchment." Hydrology Research 38, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2007.003.

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Relationships between discharge and suspended sediment are very complex in most Mediterranean catchments. In the case of the Arnás catchment (Central Spanish Pyrenees), with a long history of human activity, the main factors that explain the variability of suspended sediment concentration (SCC) during floods are the peak flow and the intensity of precipitation. A cluster analysis distinguishes four types of floods according to different characteristics of precipitation, discharge, suspended sediment transport and antecedent moisture conditions. G1 and G2 floods occur under dry conditions (which prevail most of the year), with moderate rainfall and low precipitation intensity; the discharge and suspended sediment response are very fast but limited in intensity. This suggests that the origin of water and sediment is restricted to areas located very close to the channel. G3 floods also occur under dry conditions, although during intense rainfall events; then the response in both discharge and suspended sediment is very high, showing an enlargement of the contributing areas. Under very wet conditions (G4 floods) relatively moderate precipitation produces a very high response in discharge, but suspended sediment concentration records moderate values due to the effect of dilution when the entire catchment is contributing.

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Pourfallah Koushali, Hassan, Reza Mastouri, and Mohammad Reza Khaledian. "Impact of Precipitation and Flow Rate Changes on the Water Quality of a Coastal River." Shock and Vibration 2021 (September 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6557689.

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This paper aims to investigate the effects of natural variables, including precipitation and flow rate, on the quality of the Zarjoub River in Guilan province, Iran. The new hydrological insight in this study is a lack of national research focused on the dual effects of rainfall and flow rate on river water quality in coastal areas along the Anzali Wetland. To investigate the effect of precipitation and flow rate on river water quality, nine water quality variables were monitored during the 10-year period. In this article, (a) the existence of trends and the best fitted models of water quality parameters and the discharge and precipitation were analysed using statistical techniques and (b) the relationships between concentration of constituents with the discharge and precipitation on the up-stream and middle station were also examined. Box plots, for explaining the distribution of a data collection, were used. The results showed the existence of trend of water quality parameters with river flow and rainfall. As presented in Section 3, with increasing precipitation and flow rate, concentration of all constituents, except pH and SO₄2, decreased. On the contrary, the maximum amount of water quality elements was observed in low precipitations; therefore, the maximum concentration occurred in less than 15 mm precipitation. Simple regression was used to evaluate the discharge concentration and precipitation concentration. According to the correlation coefficient (r), the relationship between concentration and precipitation is weaker than (0.238) discharge concentration (0.699). The results further showed climate change and river water quality to be related.

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Heryani, Nani, Hidayat Pawitan, Mohamad Yanuar Jarwadi Purwanto, and Kasdi Subagyono. "Relationship between Concentration and Discharge on Storm Events: Case Study at Cakardipa Catchment, Cisukabirus Subwatershed, Upper Ciliwung Watershed, Bogor, West Java." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 17, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2012.v17i1.85-95.

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River nutrient loadings rates are frequently determined from discharge and hydrochemistry relationships using regression techniques. Unfortunately such methods as a conventional technique are inadequate for dealing with the problem such as differences in shape and direction of loop forming in individual and seasonal storms. Besides the relationships are nonlinear and time-dependent, they also varies from site to site. There is a currently method to study hysteresis between discharge and concentration of hydrochemistry. The relationship between discharge and solute concentration was investigated at Cakardipa catchment, Upper Ciliwung watershed, between the years of 2009-2010. The characteristics of the hysteresis loops were used to evaluate the temporal variation of the relative contribution to stream flow of source waters at Cakardipa Catchment including groundwater (CG), soil water (CSO), and rain water (CR). Chemical water analysis was carried out on 497 water samples on storm event. The chemical analysis of storm event of Februari 14, 2010 was carried out for the concentrations of K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, SiO2, SO42-NO3-, Cl-, and HCO3-. Results of the experiment showed that concentrations displayed circular hysteresis loops during the events, highlighting the complex relation among solutes and discharge during storm hydrographs. The solutes of K, Na, and Ca produced concave curvature, anti-clockwise hysteresis loops, and positive trend, so that classified as A2 loops with components ranking were CR> CG> CSO. .The solutes of Mg, SO4, NO3 assumed to come from groundwater produced convex curvature, clockwise hysteresis loops, and positive trend, indicating a concentration component ranking of CG > CR > CSO (C2 model). While Si and Cl produced clockwise hysteresis loops, indicating a concentration component ranking of CG> CSO> CR which was C1 model.

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Moravcová, J., T. Pavlíček, P. Ondr, M. Koupilová, and T. Kvítek. "Comparison of parameters influencing the behavior of concentration of nitrates and phosphates during different extreme rainfall-runoff events in small watersheds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 7, 2013): 12105–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-12105-2013.

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Abstract. The behavior of solute concentrations during storm events is completely different from their behaviour under normal conditions, and very often results in hysteresis. This study aim is to explore the relationship between the biogeochemical and hydrological parameters describing natural conditions and the reciprocal interactions between changes in concentration of selected indicators of water quality in water and the discharge dynamics during different types of extreme rainfall-runoff events in the Jenínský stream and the Kopaninský stream catchment (Czech Republic). The relationship between concentrations and runoffs is explained by concentration-discharge hysteretic loops. As the statistical method used for cross analyzing the impact of the parameters there was chosen the RDA analysis. The relationships between the particular parameters were examined separately by conditions of spring snow melt and summer storm events. The results than confirmed the very strong relationship between parameters describing water quality and percentage of stable parts of the catchment and also of infiltration vulnerable sites.

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Xu, Zuxin, Lijun Xiong, Huaizheng Li, Zhengliang Liao, Hailong Yin, Jun Wu, Jin Xu, and Hao Chen. "Influences of rainfall variables and antecedent discharge on urban effluent concentrations and loads in wet weather." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 7 (January 23, 2017): 1584–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.020.

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For storm drainages inappropriately connected with sewage, wet weather discharge is a major factor that adversely affects receiving waters. A study of the wet weather influences of rainfall-discharge variables on storm drainages connected with sewage was conducted in the downtown Shanghai area (374 ha). Two indicators, event mean concentration (EMC) and event pollutant load per unit area (EPL), were used to describe the pollution discharge during 20 rain events. The study showed that the total rainfall and discharge volume were important factors that affect the EMCs and EPLs of the chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and especially those of NH4+-N. The pollutant concentrations at the beginning of the discharge and the discharge period were also major factors that influence the EMCs of these three pollutants. Regression relationships between the rainfall-discharge variables and discharge volume/ EPLs (R2 = 0.824–0.981) were stronger than the relationships between the rainfall-discharge variables and EMCs. These regression equations can be considered reliable in the system, with a relative validation error of less than ±10% for the discharge volume, and less than ±20% for the EPLs. The results presented in this paper provide guidance for effectively controlling pollution in similar storm drainages.

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Osterholz, William R., Brittany R. Hanrahan, and Kevin W. King. "Legacy phosphorus concentration–discharge relationships in surface runoff and tile drainage from Ohio crop fields." Journal of Environmental Quality 49, no. 3 (April 27, 2020): 675–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jeq2.20070.

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Minaudo, Camille, Rémi Dupas, Chantal Gascuel-Odoux, Vincent Roubeix, Pierre-Alain Danis, and Florentina Moatar. "Seasonal and event-based concentration-discharge relationships to identify catchment controls on nutrient export regimes." Advances in Water Resources 131 (September 2019): 103379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2019.103379.

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Wymore, Adam S., Richard L. Brereton, Daniel E. Ibarra, Kate Maher, and William H. McDowell. "Critical zone structure controls concentration-discharge relationships and solute generation in forested tropical montane watersheds." Water Resources Research 53, no. 7 (July 2017): 6279–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr020016.

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Noor, H., S. Fazli, and S. M. Alibakhshi. "Evaluation of the relationships between runoff-rainfall-sediment related nutrient loss (A case study: Kojour Watershed, Iran)." Soil and Water Research 8, No. 4 (October 31, 2013): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10/2013-swr.

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Suspended sediment (SS) resulted from distributed soil erosions facilitates soil organic matter and phosphorus (P) transportation and influences soil depletion and water quality. Organic matter (OM) in soil is the most important indicator of soil quality and productivity. P is one of the major nutrients controlling eutrophication of surface water. Irregular contaminant load pulsed by heavy rainfall may damage the ecological quality of downstream waters. Evaluation of OM and P, depleted by erosion processes in watershed scale, is necessary for better understanding the watershed system and should lead to appropriate management approaches. On the other hand, different behaviours of soil erosion as well as the necessity of regional studies have been proved. The present study was conducted in the Kojour watershed, Iran in order to (1) get some ideas about the storm-wise OM and P load in river, (2) evaluate the relationship between the peak of OM and P concentration and discharge during individual rainfall events, and (3) assess the applicability of rainfall and runoff variables of ten storm events in the prediction of storm-wise OM and P loss. The results showed that most of the OM and P peaks preceded the peak discharge, following a clockwise hysteretic loop that exhibited hysteresis with a greater OM and P concentration for a given discharge occurring on the rising limb rather than on the falling limb. The results also showed that regression models had good efficiency in estimation of storm-wise OM and P loss with coefficient of determination of 0.96 and 0.93, respectively.

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Sukhenko, SA. "Relation between mercury concentration and water discharge in the Katun River, Siberia." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9950245.

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Some results of a study of the pattern of mercury (Hg) occurrence in the Katun River were used to identify the main origin of Hg in the water. A relatively simple method based on statistical analysis of concentration-discharge and load-discharge relationships was applied. The behaviour of these curves is quite different for flows polluted by sources of different origins, making it possible to separate the loads caused by point and diffuse sources. The results do not show a clear prevalence of point Hg sources, at least for hydrological periods when the water discharges are close to annual average values or higher. The results do reveal that, for the Katun River, a particular mining activity (i.e. an Hg smelter) on a tributary is not the dominant Hg source and that the contribution to the river load of surface runoff washing off Hg from the whole drainage basin may be significant.

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Zhou, Jialu, Xiaoqiang Li, Wenfeng Wang, and Xi Chen. "Analysis of Environmental Controls on the Quasi-Ocean and Ocean CO2 Concentration by Two Intelligent Algorithms." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 28, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6666139.

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Previous studies have demonstrated CO2 absorption by soils in arid regions, where the absorbed CO2 is conjectured to be finally sequestrated in the “subterranean ocean”—groundwater. This study compares environmental controls of ocean CO2 concentration (surface ocean pCO2) and quasi-ocean CO2 concentration (deep-soil pCO2). We aim to explore the latent relationship, both linear and nonlinear between the environmental variables, and CO2 concentration, utilizing two intelligent algorithms—the partial least linear regression (PLSR) algorithm and the artificial neural network (ANN) algorithm. For quasi-ocean CO2 concentration, RPD <1.4 and R2 <40%. While for ocean CO2 concentration, RPD >1.4 and R2 is 99.7%. Linear relationships between the considered environmental controls and ocean CO2 concentration are proved; however, there is no evident relationship between most of the considered environmental controls and quasi-ocean CO2 concentration. Groundwater level is proved to be a relatively important environmental control on the quasi-ocean CO2 concentration, suggesting groundwater discharge/recharge as a significant modulator of soil CO2 absorption in arid regions.

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Rose, Lucy A., Diana L. Karwan, and Sarah E. Godsey. "Concentration-discharge relationships describe solute and sediment mobilization, reaction, and transport at event and longer timescales." Hydrological Processes 32, no. 18 (July 30, 2018): 2829–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13235.

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Trostle, Kyle D., J. Ray Runyon, Michael A. Pohlmann, Shelby E. Redfield, Jon Pelletier, Jennifer McIntosh, and Jon Chorover. "Colloids and organic matter complexation control trace metal concentration-discharge relationships in Marshall Gulch stream waters." Water Resources Research 52, no. 10 (October 2016): 7931–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016wr019072.

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Du, Xinzhong, Xuyong Li, Shaonan Hao, Huiliang Wang, and Xiao Shen. "Contrasting patterns of nutrient dynamics during different storm events in a semi-arid catchment of northern China." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 12 (April 12, 2014): 2533–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.181.

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Nutrient discharge during storm events is a critical pathway for nutrient export in semi-arid catchments. We investigated nutrient dynamics during three summer storms characterized by different rainfall magnitude in 2012 in a semi-arid catchment of northern China. The results showed that, in response to storm events, nutrient dynamics displayed big variation in temporal trends of nutrient concentration and in nutrient concentration-flow discharge relationships. Nutrient concentrations had broader fluctuations during an extreme storm than during lesser storms, whereas the concentration ranges of the a moderate storm were no broader than those of a smaller one. The different concentration fluctuations were caused by storm magnitude and intensity coupled with the antecedent rainfall amount and cumulative nutrients. Correlation coefficients between nutrient concentrations and flow discharge varied from positive to negative for the three different events. There were no consistent hysteresis effects for the three different events, and no hysteresis effects were observed for any of the variables during the moderate storm (E2). Our findings provide useful information for better understanding nutrient loss mechanisms during storm events in semi-arid areas of a monsoon climate region.

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Tranter, Martyn, and Robert Raiswell. "The composition of the englacial and subglacial component in bulk meltwaters draining the Gornergletscher, Switzerland." Journal of Glaciology 37, no. 125 (1991): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000042805.

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AbstractA new method of hydrograph separation for bulk meltwaters draining Alpine glaciers is proposed. It is based on the two-component (subglacial and englacial) mixing model of Collins (1978), but allows the composition of the subglacial component to vary between ascending and descending lines of the hydrograph. The mean englacial component can be derived from linear relationships between sulphate concentrations and other ions in bulk meltwaters. On certain occasions during the ablation season, the maximum concentration of ions in the subglacial component can be determined from the linear relationship between bulk meltwater sulphate concentrations and discharge. The bulk discharge is then a direct measure of the mass fraction of the englacial component. At maximum discharge, the contribution of the subglacial component approaches zero, which has implications for the storage and mixing of waters in subglacial reservoirs. Further, the subglacial component is not of constant composition, and may itself be a mixture of dilute supraglacial and concentrated subglacial water.

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Tranter, Martyn, and Robert Raiswell. "The composition of the englacial and subglacial component in bulk meltwaters draining the Gornergletscher, Switzerland." Journal of Glaciology 37, no. 125 (1991): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000042805.

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AbstractA new method of hydrograph separation for bulk meltwaters draining Alpine glaciers is proposed. It is based on the two-component (subglacial and englacial) mixing model of Collins (1978), but allows the composition of the subglacial component to vary between ascending and descending lines of the hydrograph. The mean englacial component can be derived from linear relationships between sulphate concentrations and other ions in bulk meltwaters. On certain occasions during the ablation season, the maximum concentration of ions in the subglacial component can be determined from the linear relationship between bulk meltwater sulphate concentrations and discharge. The bulk discharge is then a direct measure of the mass fraction of the englacial component. At maximum discharge, the contribution of the subglacial component approaches zero, which has implications for the storage and mixing of waters in subglacial reservoirs. Further, the subglacial component is not of constant composition, and may itself be a mixture of dilute supraglacial and concentrated subglacial water.

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Balerna, Jessica A., Jacob C. Melone, and Karen L. Knee. "Using Concentration–Discharge Relationships to Identify Influences on Surface and Subsurface Water Chemistry along a Watershed Urbanization Gradient." Water 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2021): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050662.

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Urban development within watersheds impacts the hydrology and water quality of streams, but changes to groundwater–surface water interactions in this “urban stream syndrome” are not yet well understood. This study focused on three stream systems in a northern Virginia (USA) protected area with 14.2, 31.7, and 66.1% developed land in their watersheds. Surface water was sampled weekly for nutrients, dissolved metals, sulfate, ancillary water quality parameters, and discharge over two non-consecutive years with the hyporheic zone sampled during the second year. Concentration–discharge relationships revealed largely chemostatic behavior in surface water solutes in the least urbanized stream, while in the two more urbanized streams, these relationships tended to have significant positive and negative slopes, indicating diverse delivery pathways depending on the constituent. In the least urbanized stream, linear regressions between discharge and solute concentrations in hyporheic water had exclusively negative slopes, indicating source-limited delivery, while the other two urbanized streams maintained largely chemostatic behavior. Average specific conductance and nitrate + nitrite concentrations in stream surface water reflected an urbanization gradient, while sulfate, Ca, K and Sr concentrations suggested a threshold effect: the stream with a mostly forested watershed had the lowest concentrations, while the other two were higher and similar. Specific conductance indicated salinization of both surface and groundwater at the two more urban streams, possibly threatening aquatic organisms. Metal concentrations in surface and subsurface water were often positively correlated with specific conductance and negatively correlated with pH, suggesting that they may originate from road salt and/or be mobilized by acid precipitation. These results indicate the importance of monitoring both baseflow and stormflow as pathways for pollution.

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Lawrence, G. B., and C. T. Driscoll. "Longitudinal patterns of concentration-discharge relationships in stream water draining the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire." Journal of Hydrology 116, no. 1-4 (August 1990): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(90)90120-m.

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Underwood, Kristen L., Donna M. Rizzo, Andrew W. Schroth, and Mandar M. Dewoolkar. "Evaluating Spatial Variability in Sediment and Phosphorus Concentration-Discharge Relationships Using Bayesian Inference and Self-Organizing Maps." Water Resources Research 53, no. 12 (December 2017): 10293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017wr021353.

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Xu, Jiongxin. "Implication of relationships among suspended sediment size, water discharge and suspended sediment concentration: the Yellow River basin, China." CATENA 49, no. 4 (November 2002): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0341-8162(02)00064-4.

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Markewitz, Daniel, E. Conrad Lamon, Mercedes C. Bustamante, Joaquin Chaves, Ricardo O. Figueiredo, Mark S. Johnson, Alex Krusche, Christopher Neill, and José S. O. Silva. "Discharge–calcium concentration relationships in streams of the Amazon and Cerrado of Brazil: soil or land use controlled." Biogeochemistry 105, no. 1-3 (February 23, 2011): 19–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10533-011-9574-2.

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Zhang, Qian, Ciaran J. Harman, and William P. Ball. "An improved method for interpretation of riverine concentration-discharge relationships indicates long-term shifts in reservoir sediment trapping." Geophysical Research Letters 43, no. 19 (October 5, 2016): 10,215–10,224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016gl069945.

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Evans, C., T. D. Davies, and P. S. Murdoch. "Component flow processes at four streams in the Catskill Mountains, New York, analysed using episodic concentration/discharge relationships." Hydrological Processes 13, no. 4 (March 1999): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1085(199903)13:4<563::aid-hyp711>3.0.co;2-n.

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Ayes Rivera, Irma, Ana Claudia Callau Poduje, Jorge Molina-Carpio, José Max Ayala, Elisa Armijos Cardenas, Raúl Espinoza-Villar, Jhan Carlo Espinoza, Omar Gutierrez-Cori, and Naziano Filizola. "On the Relationship between Suspended Sediment Concentration, Rainfall Variability and Groundwater: An Empirical and Probabilistic Analysis for the Andean Beni River, Bolivia (2003–2016)." Water 11, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 2497. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11122497.

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Fluvial sediment dynamics plays a key role in the Amazonian environment, with most of the sediments originating in the Andes. The Madeira River, the second largest tributary of the Amazon River, contributes up to 50% of its sediment discharge to the Atlantic Ocean, most of it provided by the Andean part of the Madeira basin, in particular the Beni River. In this study, we assessed the rainfall (R)-surface suspended sediment concentration (SSSC) and discharge (Q)-SSSC relationship at the Rurrenabaque station (200 m a.s.l.) in the Beni Andean piedmont (Bolivia). We started by showing how the R and Q relationship varies throughout the hydrological year (September to August), describing a counter-clockwise hysteresis, and went on to evaluate the R–SSSC and Q–SSSC relationships. Although no marked hysteresis is observed in the first case, a clockwise hysteresis is described in the second. In spite of this, the rating curve normally used ( SSSC = aQ b ) shows a satisfactory R2 = 0.73 (p < 0.05). With regard to water discharge components, a linear function relates the direct surface flow Qs–SSSC, and a hysteresis is observed in the relationship between the base flow Qb and SSSC. A higher base flow index (Qb/Q) is related to lower SSSC and vice versa. This article highlights the role of base flow on sediment dynamics and provides a method to analyze it through a seasonal empirical model combining the influence of both Qb and Qs, which could be employed in other watersheds. A probabilistic method to examine the SSSC relationship with R and Q is also proposed.

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Townsend, S. A. "Discharge-driven seasonal pattern of ionic solutes, suspended sediment and water clarity for a tropical savanna river in northern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 11 (2019): 1585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19017.

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River water quality is driven primarily by discharge and a catchment’s natural and anthropogenic features. In this study, the underpinning role of discharge in driving water quality is examined for an Australian tropical savanna river. The seventh-order Daly River has a near-natural discharge regime and catchment that is highly weathered, and has low topographic relief, with most of its natural vegetation retained. Four discharge periods are defined according to surface and groundwater water source, and the magnitude and frequency of run-off events. On a seasonal scale, the river’s water quality reflected the mix of water sources. These comprised extremes of high surface water-driven discharge, high suspended sediment concentrations and low water clarity during the wet season, and low groundwater-fed discharge during the dry season with high water clarity. The suspended sediment concentration of run-off events during the dry-to-wet transition and the wet season were directly and inversely related to event maximum discharge respectively, suggesting the exhaustion of sediment supply to the river during the wet season. Variability associated with the discharge–water quality relationships was attributed to water source, hysteresis and event magnitude and timing. Suspended sediment yields and concentrations were relatively low compared with more anthropogenically affected Australian savanna catchments.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Concentration-discharge relationships'

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