Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comunità microbica'
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BORTOLINI, CRISTIAN. "Caratterizzazione della diversità microbica in fave di cacao fermentate." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/19074.
Full textThe quality of commercial cocoa beans, the principal raw material for chocolate production, depends on several factors including type of plantations, the agricultural practices and the post-harvest processing. Among these, fermentation and drying are generally considered the most relevant, since during these phases cocoa flavors precursors are formed and fixed. Furthermore, they represent crucial steps during which filamentous fungi contamination might occur. Fermentation is characterized by a well-defined succession of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria, so that, the aim of the described studies was to explore total bacterial and fungal communities involved in cocoa bean fermentation and to evaluate if geographical origin and fermentation method might affect their composition. To achieve these results, 16s rRNA gene was used as marker to assess the total bacterial community by using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS), indicating that this approach has the ability to provide a comprehensive view of the cocoa bean microbiota at the species level. In a second approach, Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) and the D1/D2 domain of the Large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA) were screened to assess the total fungal community. Results revealed the ability of these two genomic regions to describe reliably the general composition, even if D1/D2domain was able to go deeper into the fungal composition resulting in a higher resolution. In the last approach the same samples subjected to HTS investigation were analyzed through SPME-GC-MS in order to underline the principal key-aroma compounds formed during the post-harvest processing. Overall, results point out clearly that HTS approach has the ability to provide a comprehensive view of the total bacterial and fungal communities, and statistical analyses have shown how analyses of ITS1 sequences and volatile compounds might be useful for the geographical traceability of the processed cocoa beans samples.
BORTOLINI, CRISTIAN. "Caratterizzazione della diversità microbica in fave di cacao fermentate." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/19074.
Full textThe quality of commercial cocoa beans, the principal raw material for chocolate production, depends on several factors including type of plantations, the agricultural practices and the post-harvest processing. Among these, fermentation and drying are generally considered the most relevant, since during these phases cocoa flavors precursors are formed and fixed. Furthermore, they represent crucial steps during which filamentous fungi contamination might occur. Fermentation is characterized by a well-defined succession of yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria, so that, the aim of the described studies was to explore total bacterial and fungal communities involved in cocoa bean fermentation and to evaluate if geographical origin and fermentation method might affect their composition. To achieve these results, 16s rRNA gene was used as marker to assess the total bacterial community by using High Throughput Sequencing (HTS), indicating that this approach has the ability to provide a comprehensive view of the cocoa bean microbiota at the species level. In a second approach, Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS1) and the D1/D2 domain of the Large subunit (LSU) of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (26S rRNA) were screened to assess the total fungal community. Results revealed the ability of these two genomic regions to describe reliably the general composition, even if D1/D2domain was able to go deeper into the fungal composition resulting in a higher resolution. In the last approach the same samples subjected to HTS investigation were analyzed through SPME-GC-MS in order to underline the principal key-aroma compounds formed during the post-harvest processing. Overall, results point out clearly that HTS approach has the ability to provide a comprehensive view of the total bacterial and fungal communities, and statistical analyses have shown how analyses of ITS1 sequences and volatile compounds might be useful for the geographical traceability of the processed cocoa beans samples.
Morelli, Raffaella. "Degradazione di idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA) in suoli contaminati." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1758.
Full textGli idrocarburi policiclici aromatici (IPA) sono composti complessi derivanti principalmente dal processo di combustione incompleta di qualunque materiale organico in carenza di ossigeno. L’interesse scientifico per questa classe di composti è legato principalmente alla loro riconosciuta azione cancerogena che deriva dalle trasformazioni metaboliche degli IPA in diolo-epossidi, molecole in grado di legarsi al DNA e di indurre mutazioni genetiche e cancerogenicità. La contaminazione di IPA nel suolo sta diventando un problema di grande interesse a causa dell'accumulo nella frazione organo-argillosa, che è attribuibile principalmente al carattere idrofobico di questi contaminanti. La bioremediation è una delle tecniche che può essere utilizzata per bonificare i siti contaminati da IPA. La comunità microbica del suolo, infatti, è in grado di degradare questi contaminanti organici grazie alla capacità di sintetizzare enzimi ligninolitici con una bassa specificità di substrato. Grazie a questa caratteristica e alla somiglianza chimica degli IPA con la lignina, gli enzimi ligninolitici possono utilizzare gli IPA come substrati. Lo scopo di questo progetto è stato quello di studiare la degradazione degli IPA nel suolo in funzione dell’attività microbica. A tale proposito sono stati caratterizzati dieci suoli, uno tra i quali è stato selezionato per l’allestimento di mesocosmi in condizioni controllate. Il suolo prescelto è stato campionato e contaminato con due IPA, il benzo[a]pirene e l’antracene (150 μg/g everyone). I mesocosmi sono stati allestiti in tre diversi trattamenti: il suolo tal quale, il suolo addizionato con compost e il suolo addizionato con funghi (A. mellea, P. eryngii, P. ostreatus, S. ferrei e S. citrinum). I mesocosmi sono stati incubati per 273 giorni, nel corso dei quali sono stati monitorati i seguenti parametri: le concentrazioni degli IPA, le attività enzimatiche coinvolte nel processo di degradazione (attività laccasica, catecolo-ossidasica e perossidasica totale), la biomassa e la struttura della comunità microbica mediante lo studio del profilo dei PLFA ed alcuni parametri chimico-fisici (tenore idrico, contenuto di sostanza organica e pH). In tutti e tre i suoli nel corso dei 273 giorni l'antracene è stato degradato molto velocemente fino a raggiungere una quantità residua intorno al 4%, mentre il benzo[a]pirene si è ridotto circa del 50%, mostrando una dinamica più lenta. La degradazione nei suoli con compost e con funghi è risultata più rapida rispetto al suolo tal quale. L'attività perossidasica totale è l'unica attività enzimatica che ha mostrato valori più alti nei due suoli addizionati rispetto al suolo tal quale. Soltanto l'attività laccasica ha mostrato una relazione con le dinamiche dei due IPA. In tutti e tre i suoli la biomassa microbica e la biomassa fungina si sono ridotte dopo 273 giorni di incubazione. La struttura della comunità a fine esperimento si è modificata in tutti e tre i suoli a favore dei batteri metanotrofi. Questi risultati hanno fornito importanti informazioni sul processo di degradazione degli IPA, sebbene sia necessario approfondire ulteriormente la tematica al fine di poter applicare in campo interventi efficienti di bioremediation. [a cura dell'autore]
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Melita, Marco. "Variazione della comunità microbica in un peculiare ambiente salmastro (lago di Ganzirri)in relazione ai flussi mareali." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/2119/.
Full textPERTILE, GIORGIA. "Potrebbe l'applicazione di pesticidi influenzare l'abbondanza, la struttura, la biodiversità e la funzionalità della comunità microbica del suolo?" Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10801.
Full textIn agriculture, pesticides have been frequently used to protect crops from pest and disease attacks. Many times such pesticides, besides killing the target organisms, hit non-target organisms. Among the non-target organisms, we can find many useful microorganisms that determine fertility and soil quality. The presence of these xenobiotics in soil can influence the main biogeochemical cycles (N, C, S, P) and other metabolic pathways (eg. Β-ketoadipate). In this study, we investigated the effects of isoproturon, tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos on the abundance, the structure and the diversity of the microbial community. We have also studied the effects of these pesticides on the genes involved in the nitrogen cycle. It was observed that the abundance of the bacterial community is significantly affected by the application of the fungicide tebuconazole. As for the studies on the functionality and the diversity of the bacterial population, the application of these pesticides does not seem to induce a clear dose-dependent nor a time effect. On the contrary, with respect to the analysis on microbial diversity, we observed that the application of these three pesticides did influence the number of detected OTU, whereas the diversity index (H') tells us that the use of such pesticides leads to an increase of diversity within the treated samples. Finally, we can conclude that the application of these pesticides affects the abundance and function of the microbial population, but does not lead to lower diversity within the same community.
PERTILE, GIORGIA. "Potrebbe l'applicazione di pesticidi influenzare l'abbondanza, la struttura, la biodiversità e la funzionalità della comunità microbica del suolo?" Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/10801.
Full textIn agriculture, pesticides have been frequently used to protect crops from pest and disease attacks. Many times such pesticides, besides killing the target organisms, hit non-target organisms. Among the non-target organisms, we can find many useful microorganisms that determine fertility and soil quality. The presence of these xenobiotics in soil can influence the main biogeochemical cycles (N, C, S, P) and other metabolic pathways (eg. Β-ketoadipate). In this study, we investigated the effects of isoproturon, tebuconazole and chlorpyrifos on the abundance, the structure and the diversity of the microbial community. We have also studied the effects of these pesticides on the genes involved in the nitrogen cycle. It was observed that the abundance of the bacterial community is significantly affected by the application of the fungicide tebuconazole. As for the studies on the functionality and the diversity of the bacterial population, the application of these pesticides does not seem to induce a clear dose-dependent nor a time effect. On the contrary, with respect to the analysis on microbial diversity, we observed that the application of these three pesticides did influence the number of detected OTU, whereas the diversity index (H') tells us that the use of such pesticides leads to an increase of diversity within the treated samples. Finally, we can conclude that the application of these pesticides affects the abundance and function of the microbial population, but does not lead to lower diversity within the same community.
SPAMPINATO, GLORIA. "Nuove informazioni sulle comunità microbiche rilevanti per la sostenibilità: approcci metagenomici e colture-dipendenti." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1276569.
Full textMicrobial communities are complex associations of microorganisms that coexist and interact with each other, interfering with the composition of the matrix they colonise. The study of microbiota can be conducted with conventional microbiological methods and/or with high-throughput sequencing techniques. In this thesis, the microbiota of different matrices (cooked ham packaged in a protective atmosphere (MAP), larvae of Hermetia illucens, and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa) was characterised by metagenomic analysis and/or classical microbiology techniques. In addition, a physiological and functional characterisation of Leuconostoc carnosum, a frequent colonizer of meat products, species still poorly studied, was performed. Thanks to the disclosure of L. carnosum genome, it was possible to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Leuconostoc through a phylogenomic approach. A combined metagenomic and culture-dependent approach was used to study the evolution of the microbiota of cooked ham in MAP, in order to determine the secondary shelf-life. The quality of the cooked ham after opening, during 12 days of storage at 4 °C, was assessed through microbiological, molecular, sensory, and chemical analyses. The study highlighted a great variability in the composition of the microbiota, mostly associated to the producer, confirming that during the shelf-life the product is already abundantly colonised by a rather complex community. Biochemical, physiological, and functional features of L. carnosum, frequently isolated from cooked ham and other meat matrices, were determined. This species can perform a dual function in meat products, either preserving or deteriorating them. Twelve strains that developed at temperatures between 4 and 37 °C and in the presence of NaCl up to 60 g/L, were analysed. Six strains produced exopolysaccharides responsible for the appearance of mucous exudates. A potential protective role of L. carnosum WC0321 and L. carnosum WC0323 emerged against Listeria monocytogenes. Three selected strains were tested for the ability to colonize a murine model, and their immunomodulatory properties were investigated. Despite the loss of viability during the passage through the gastrointestinal transit, the strains showed different immunomodulatory effects on dendritic cell maturation in vivo, suggesting a positive impact on the host's health. Phylogenomic analysis of the genus Leuconostoc was carried out. 216 deposited genome sequences were subjected to phylogenomic analysis based on the Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and the core genome alignment, resulting in a proposal of phylogenomic reorganization of the genus. Microbiological analysis of two diverse potential ingredients for novel foods/feeds and nutraceutical were carried out on larvae and prepupae of Hermetia illucens, and inflorescences of Cannabis sativa. The microbiota of larvae H. illucens fed with waste from agri-food industries has been determined, in order to develop innovative feed for laying hens. Three rearing temperatures of larvae were assayed to evaluate the influence on the insect microbiota. The higher temperatures favoured faster larval development and resulted in higher final biomass and mortality. The culture-dependent approach showed a high load of total mesophiles (108 cfu/g) and opportunistic pathogens, that can compromise the stability of the biomass and the safety of the product. Inflorescences of 7 varieties of C. sativa for industrial purposes were analysed. They were collected and dried in two Italian locations, with the aim to produce biochemicals for manufacturing and cosmeceutical interest. Overall, the varieties collected in Rovigo showed higher contamination in total aerobes.
PACCIANI, MORI LEONARDO. "Due approcci perfezionati allo studio della competizione in comunità batteriche." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3456230.
Full textLe comunità microbiche sono onnipresenti in natura, e giocano ruoli fondamentali in moltissimi processi naturali (come cicli biogeochimici e processi di produzione industriale). Nonostante la loro importanza, ci sono ancora molti aspetti delle comunità microbiche che non comprendiamo appieno. In questa Tesi vengono proposti due miglioramenti all'approccio nello studio della competizione in comunità microbiche che possono aiutarci in questa direzione. Il framework teorico sul quale si fonda il lavoro di questa Tesi è il modello consumer-resource di MacArthur, comunemente utilizzato per descrivere matematicamente la competizione fra specie microbiche. Il primo miglioramento consiste nell'introduzione di un principio di ottimizzazione nella dinamica di questo tipo di sistemi, di modo tale da includere nei modelli matematici il fatto (ben noto sperimentalmente) che i batteri possono passare da una fonte di energia all'altra a seconda delle condizioni ambientali. In particolare, in questa Tesi si impone che ogni specie faccia ciò con l'obiettivo di massimizzare il proprio tasso di crescita, e si esplorano le conseguenze di questa scelta sulla biodiversità di comunità competitive, confrontando anche il modello con dati sperimentali. Dopodiché, in questa Tesi il consumer-resource framework viene riconsiderato alla luce di evidenze sperimentali che mostrano come l'allocazione delle risorse cellulari interne influenzi la crescita di specie microbiche. Questo nuovo framework descrive le comunità a un livello intermedio di complessità, consentendo di esplorare la relazione fra dinamica delle popolazioni e metabolismo microbico, una relazione che ha attirato l'attenzione della comunità scientifica di recente. Le predizioni di questo nuovo framework vengono confrontate con dati sperimentali in un caso semplice, dopodiché il modello e le sue predizioni vengono studiati analiticamente e numericamente per capire come la biodiversità possa essere mantenuta in comunità competitive.
DAGHIO, MATTEO. "Degradazione degli idrocarburi con accettori solidi di elettroni. Caratterizzazione delle comunità microbiche e potenziali applicazioni." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/72473.
Full textAmetrano, Claudio Gennaro <1984>. "Effetto delle North Adriatic Dense Waters (NAdDW) sulla biodiversità ed il metabolismo delle comunità microbiche del Mar Adriatico Meridionale." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/3487.
Full textCANDELIERE, FRANCESCO. "Tecniche genomiche e metagenomiche per la caratterizzazione di batteri e comunità microbiche in nicchie ecologiche rilevanti per la salute umana." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1238973.
Full textThe modern Next Generation Sequencing technologies represent a crucial component in the study of microorganisms and microbial communities thanks to the huge quantity of data they can provide in a short period of time. These technologies allow the identification and characterization of microorganisms exploiting a vast number of bioinformatic tools that can replace the standard in vitro typing techniques, resulting in savings of time and resources. Genomics and metagenomics can be applied in different fields and they can provide information on single microorganism or on entire microbial communities. We focused our studies on two ecological niches: food matrices and human gut microbiome, due to their relevance to human health. The first work of this thesis is a comparative genomic study of 12 Leuconostoc carnosum strains isolated from meat-based products. This bacterium is a known colonizer of meat-based food matrices, it plays a role in spoilage, but preservative effects have also been proposed for some strains. In our study we performed whole genome sequencing for all the strains, and after genome assembly we identified their genomic features, the presence of plasmids, and genes related to antibiotic resistance, bacteriocins production, biogenic amines synthesis. We also reconstructed their metabolic pathways. The comparison revealed that the strains are closely related and share most of the metabolic features, confirming the adaptation to the meat environment due to the presence of 23 peptidase genes in their core genome. With this study we provided a deeper insight into the genomic and metabolic features of this bacterium ubiquitous in meat products. The second project of the thesis aimed to investigate through an inedited metagenomic strategy the presence of beta-glucuronidases (GUS) in the human gut microbiome. Beta-glucuronidases (GUS) produced by gut microbiome bacteria can remove glucuronic acid moieties from a vast range of compounds and metabolites, like drugs and xenobiotics. These molecules are conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver to be excreted in the gastrointestinal tract, so the action of GUS may reactivate them allowing the reabsorption, with unpredictable and different efficacy of drugs and negative effect on health. GUS are classified in classes by the differences in the catalytic site. 60 shotgun sequenced metagenomic samples from healthy subjects, ascribed to five geographically distinct cohorts, have been retrieved. From this dataset, bacterial composition has been defined and a novel pipeline to investigate distribution the different GUS has been developed and utilized. Beta-diversity calculated on Bray-Curtis dissimilarity index has been used to determine the distances among samples and determine the differences among samples in terms of GUS type distribution and abundance of bacteria containing GUS. Since the structural differences in the enzyme involve a different substrate specificity, and taking into account the ratio of bacterial community harbouring GUS genes, we can assess that the microbiota composition can alter the excretion of certain drugs or xenobiotics, and determine a wide interindividual variability in terms of response to drugs. In the third part of the thesis, I present metagenomic analysis carried out in two other different studies, the former aimed to investigate the microbial composition in enriched human faecal samples to identify gut mucin degraders, and the latter focused on the description of the microbiota of Hermetia illucens larvae reared for food or feed consumption.
Cruciata, Ilenia. "ENHANCED BIOREMEDIATION E MONITORAGGIO MICROBIOLOGICO DI ACQUA CONTAMINATA DA SOLVENTI CLORURATI." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Palermo, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10447/576410.
Full textMUNDULA, MARTINA. "Studio delle caratteristiche nutraceutiche e salutistiche degli oli di oliva extravergine e delle olive da tavola CV Tonda di Cagliari, possibile utilizzo di comuni cibi da tavola nella modulazione del microbioma orale umano." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266866.
Full textAMALFITANO, STEFANO. "Structure and function of benthic microbial community in highly variable freshwater systems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/576.
Full textCerda, Llanos Alejandra Patricia. "Sustainable carbohydrase production using organic wastes through solid-state fermentation: operational strategies and microbial communities assessment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/403802.
Full textAccording to the solid-state fermentation (SSF) research line of the composting research group GICOM, the main goal of this thesis is to develop a sustainable process for the production of carbohydrases using organic wastes in a representative scale. To achieve this goal, several organic wastes were screened on its potential to produce cellulase at laboratory scale. Also, compost was added as a complex mixture of biomass in order to provide cellulose-degrading microorganisms. After the selection of the two best substrates: orange peels and coffee husk using 0.5 L reactors, the scale up was assessed in 10 and 50 L reactors. All SSF were undertaken in near-adiabatic conditions using thermally isolated reactors with a continuous monitoring of the biological activity reflected as specific oxygen uptake rate (sOUR) and temperature. The main challenges to overcome in SSF using organic wastes is on one hand the possibility to work in a continuous configuration and, on the other hand, the reproducibility of the proposed process. These two aspects were assessed in this thesis. A first approach towards a continuous process was carried out for the production of amylase using bread waste and soy fiber as substrate and adding Thermomyces sp as inoculum. Three different strategies were developed in a sequential batch operation by removing part of the substrate in three diffeerent stages of the process: during maximum sOUR, maximum amylase activity and maximum amylase activity with a posterior enzymatic extraction. An increase of above 200% in amylase activity production was obtained in all the assessed strategies. Due to the success of the amylase production in a continuous configuration, the next step was to use the operational conditions obtained at laboratory scale for cellulase production and develop a sequential batch operation in 4.5L reactors. An initial compost addition as inoculum was considered only at the beginning of the fermentation. After reaching the maximum cellulase production the system started working in cycles, removing one part of the substrate and replacing it for fresh substrate. Two substrate exchange ratios were evaluated: 90% and 50%. Using this configuration, a continuous process was carried out, with a continuous production of cellulase and valorization of organic wastes and eliminating the requirement for fresh inoculum in each cycle. The sequential batch operation resulted in the successful production of cellulase with sustained values around 8-9 filter paper units per grams of dry matter in both configurations. In addition. the microbial communities present at the end of this operation was characterized, identifying several cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose degraders. This fermented solid was described as a specialized inoculum able to colonize the solid matrix of the reactor and provides the opportunity to develop a reproducible process. Finally, the reproducibility and consistency of the process was assessed in triplicates in a 50 L reactor using the specialized inoculum and coffee husk as the substrate. In addition the gaseous emissions were measured in order to fully understand the process and to determine the requirement of a gas treatment unit. Results showed that the process in consistent and robust with minor emissions of pollutants.
Tonissi, Rosa Maria Tóro. "Percepção e caracterização ambientais da área verde da microbacia do córrego da água quente (São Carlos, SP) como etapas de um processo de educação ambiental." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-26012006-100606/.
Full textEnvironmental education with an ethic basis performs a valious way to help citizens comprehension of the importance to invest in integrated and participative municipal environmental management model as an important step to consolidate a fairy and sutainable society. The choosen area to develop this study is located in Água Quente stream watershed (São Carlos, SP) which is distinguished by its landscape and environmental attributes which oppose to the advanced degree of environmental degradation due an anthropic action not planned. Through landscape characterization (with emphasis to water quality and biodiversity) together with environmental perception plus knowledge about this ecossystem from inhabitants of the surround area and students of three public high school located into the watershed, we aim generate subsidies to environmental education programs and projects in schools and with community which seek landscape restoration. Limnological studies of Água Quente stream confirmed the low water quality of water bodies. Avian survey showed that in the region occur a significative number of species despite area impactation. Vegetation studies showed that the area has a high variety of plant species althought few cerrado and forest vegetation sites remained. Environmental perception and people knowledge showed that majority of local dwellers has a topophilic relation based mainly in a belonging feeling, in ecological conscienciounes and valorization of landscape aesthetic. Among community people was mainly indicated that public government is responsible for area management while students believe that community should decide about area destinations. Analysing environmental management sugestions pointed by community and students is clear that everyone understands the importance of restoration and conservation importance for the watershed and notice its great potencial as a laisure place