Journal articles: 'Computers and women'

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Kerner, Janet T., and Kathy Vargas. "Women and computers." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin 26, no. 2 (June 1994): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/181648.181664.

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Bradley, Gunilla. "Women, Work and Computers." Women & Health 13, no. 3-4 (August 12, 1988): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j013v13n03_08.

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Light, Jennifer S. "When Computers Were Women." Technology and Culture 40, no. 3 (1999): 455–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.1999.0128.

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Eastman, Beva. "Women, Computers, and Social Change." Computers in Human Services 8, no. 1 (April 5, 1991): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j407v08n01_04.

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Burke, Catherine. "Women, Guilt, and Home Computers." CyberPsychology & Behavior 4, no. 5 (October 2001): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/109493101753235205.

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Perry, Ruth, and Lisa Greber. "Women and Computers: An Introduction." Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 16, no. 1 (October 1990): 74–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/494646.

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K. R. S., Sivapriya, Pankaj B. Shah, and Sathiyasekaran B. W. C. "Evaluation of visual problems among women IT employees in Chennai." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 5, no. 10 (September 24, 2018): 4327. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20183968.

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Background: In modern era of civilization, computers have become integral part of day to day life. Software professionals who work on computers for long hours in a day are prone for various health hazards, of which vision is of primary importance. This study was carried out to assess the burden of visual problems among women IT professionals.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out among 609 women IT professionals working in an IT company in Chennai. Women with over one year of work experience with computers were included. Symptoms of vision problems were elicited. Visual acuity was measured using Snellen’s chart. Colour vision was evaluated using Ishihara Chart.Results: Computer vision syndrome was present in 62.6% of the study participants. Blurring of vision was present in 26.6% and irritation in the eyes was present in 25.3%. Prolonged duration of work was significantly associated with visual problems (p<0.05).Conclusions: Unavoidable exposure to computer at workplace needs to be managed effectively by way of implementing preventive and rehabilitative measures at individual and organizational level.

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Barua, Archana, and Ananya Barua. "Gendering the digital body: women and computers." AI & SOCIETY 27, no. 4 (March 2, 2012): 465–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00146-012-0371-9.

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Cohen, Brett A., and Gordon W. Waugh. "Assessing Computer Anxiety." Psychological Reports 65, no. 3 (December 1989): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3.735.

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A study was conducted to develop a scale for assessing computer anxiety. The scale was administered to 152 psychology students. The responses were then subjected to both item and principal components analysis. Computer anxiety was significantly and negatively correlated –.48 with the total amount of experience individuals had had with computers. Graduate and undergraduate students did not differ significantly in anxiety. When controlling for amount of experience with computers, clinical psychology students reported more anxiety than industrial-organizational psychology students, but men and women did not differ significantly in anxiety.

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Green, Francis, Alan Felstead, Duncan Gallie, and Ying Zhou. "Computers and Pay." National Institute Economic Review 201 (July 2007): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950107083051.

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This paper describes the diffusion of computer use among jobs in Britain, and shows that the technology is having notable effects on the labour market. By 2006 three in four jobs entailed job-holders using computers, while for two in four jobs computer use was essential. Computing skills have a significant impact on pay but, in 2006, much of this effect is interactive with what we term ‘influence skills’. The average effect of a unit increase in the Computing Skills index (which ranges from 0 to 4) is to raise pay by an estimated 5.3 per cent and 6.0 per cent for men and women respectively. For men there is an additional 19.2 per cent boost to pay in establishments where at least three quarters of workers are working with computers, compared to establishments where no one uses computers. These effects are greater for those people in jobs with above-average influence skills requirements. Our estimates allow for education, a large number of other generic skills and other conventional controls, which makes them more robust to the critique that they are overestimates because they might suffer from omitted skill bias. IV estimates show only small differences from the OLS estimates. We also find that the direct and interactive effects of computer skills and influence skills have risen over the decade, indicating increased scarcity.

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Mor, Dalit, Hagar Laks, and Arnon Hershkovitz. "Computer Skills Training and Readiness to Work with Computers." Interdisciplinary Journal of e-Skills and Lifelong Learning 12 (2016): 095–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3451.

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In today’s job market, computer skills are part of the prerequisites for many jobs. In this paper, we report on a study of readiness to work with computers (the dependent variable) among unemployed women (N=54) after participating in a unique, web-supported training focused on computer skills and empowerment. Overall, the level of participants’ readiness to work with computers was much higher at the end of the course than it was at its begin-ning. During the analysis, we explored associations between this variable and variables from four categories: log-based (describing the online activity); computer literacy and experience; job-seeking motivation and practice; and training satisfaction. Only two variables were associated with the dependent variable: knowledge post-test duration and satisfaction with content. After building a prediction model for the dependent variable, another log-based variable was highlighted: total number of actions in the course website along the course. Overall, our analyses shed light on the predominance of log-based variables over variables from other categories. These findings might hint at the need of developing new assessment tools for learners and trainees that take into consideration human-computer interaction when measuring self-efficacy variables.

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Cussó-Calabuig, Roser, Xavier Carrera Farran, and Xavier Bosch-Capblanch. "Are Boys and Girls still Digitally Differentiated? The Case of Catalonian Teenagers." Journal of Information Technology Education: Research 16 (2017): 411–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3879.

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Aim/Purpose: This article presents a study of ICT use and attitudes related to the computer use of girls and boys from Catalonia in order to detect which gender differences may explain the low presence of women in the ICT field and to design a proposal of actions in schools to help reduce these differences. Background: Since the number of women in the field of ICT remains very low, this study looks into the factors that influence girls’ lack of interest in ICT field. Methodology: The study collected data from 29 randomly selected public secondary schools in Catalonia with a total of 1,920 students (972 boys and 815 girls aged between 11 and 13 years old); it analyzes socio-demographic data, frequency and type of computers use and attitudes and self-efficacy on ICT use. Contribution: The study concludes there is a prevalence of stereotypes about the differences of skills and professional vocation among the teenagers and a gender difference when we focus on attitudes toward computers or self-efficacy. Findings: Boys and girls face computer use in different ways and both have a stereotyped image of their mothers’ and fathers’ digital skills and ICT jobs. Girls present higher levels of anxiety than boys when using a computer and lower self-confidence. Boys have higher self-efficacy than girls when asked for their perception about doing tasks with computers. Impact on Society: Policy makers must design strategies to minimize these gender differences in order to engage more girls in technological studies and minimize this imbalance. Future Research: Future research is needed, in the Catalan context, about whether the intensive use of computers in schools can influence the reduction of the gender-gap and identify which interventions must be made to maximize its effect.

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Ketchum, Alex. "Kitchen Bytes." Gastronomica 23, no. 1 (2023): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2023.23.1.83.

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This article discusses the history of kitchen computers and robots in the United States in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Kitchen computers are programmable devices located in kitchens that perform logical operations and are often equipped with software to aid in cooking. However, as discussed in this article, marketers and journalists tend to anthropomorphize kitchen computers in descriptions and discuss these kitchen computers as if they are robots. Robots are machines that are programmable by a computer, which can carry out a complex series of actions automatically. Kitchen robots, therefore, are related to kitchen computers yet are not the same thing. In the cultural imaginary, including in movies, television, and advertisements, kitchen robots represent the desire for leisure, luxury, and a reprieve from the burdens of cooking. However, the development of these technologies and their surrounding discourse were more complicated than films and computer magazines made them out to be. Kitchen robots and computers are typically coded as white and female. Their marketing promotes a retrofuturist vision in which outdated gender models are projected onto contemporary—or even emerging—technologies that reinscribe sexist, racist, and heterosexist stereotypes. While the promise of kitchen computers and robots seems progressive, these technologies do not threaten the gendered division of household cooking. Instead, these devices offered women a reprieve from the drudgery of kitchen tasks through a capitalist solution: a product buys a woman’s reprieve rather than upending the nuclear heterosexual family and redefining household roles that create a more equitable division of housework.

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Brunet, Jean, and Serge Proulx. "Formal versus Grass-Roots Training: Women, Work, and Computers." Journal of Communication 39, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1989.tb01041.x.

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Goh, Debbie, Christine Ogan, Manju Ahuja, Susan C. Herring, and Jean C. Robinson. "Being the Same Isn't Enough: Impact of Male and Female Mentors on Computer Self-Efficacy of College Students in It-Related Fields." Journal of Educational Computing Research 37, no. 1 (July 2007): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/3705-4405-1g74-24t1.

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This study investigates the relationship between computer self-efficacy, mentoring, and the gender of mentors and students. The decline of women in IT-related programs of U.S. universities has led scholars to suggest that making more female faculty mentors available could raise female students' computer self-efficacy. This could address women's computational reticence and encourage more women to enter and remain in the programs. A survey of students from IT-related programs in five U.S. universities shows that extent of mentoring received, gender of students, and time students spent on computers as teenagers were significant predictors of computer self-efficacy. Extent of mentoring, gender of students, and gender of mentors have significant main effects on computer self-efficacy. Students with male mentors reported significantly higher computer self-efficacy while students with female mentors reported lower computer self-efficacy. Female students with no mentors reported the lowest level of computer self-efficacy.

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Ribelles, Alfredo, Carmen Galbis-Estrada, Maria A. Parras, Bárbara Vivar-Llopis, Carla Marco-Ramírez, and Manuel Diaz-Llopis. "Ocular Surface and Tear Film Changes in Older Women Working with Computers." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/467039.

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The aim of this work is to investigate changes in the ocular surface (OS) and tear film (TF) by means of questionnaire-based subjective symptoms, TF break-up time, Schirmer test, and TF analysis in women working with computers and to analyze the effects of the oral supplementation with antioxidants/omega 3 fatty acids (A/ω3) in the OS outcomes. Women aged 40–65 years (n=148) were recruited at the Administrative Offices of Valencia (Spain) and distributed into two age groups, 40–52 years (AGE1;n=87) and 53–65 years (AGE2;n=61), and then subdivided according to being (or not) computer users (CUG; NCUG) during the workday. Homogeneous subgroups were randomly assigned (or not) to the daily intake of three pills of A/ω3 for three months. At baseline and at the end of follow-up, personalized interviews and ocular examination were done. Reflex tear samples were collected from the inferior meniscus and processed for a multiplexed particle-based flow cytometry assay to measure proinflammatory molecules. Statistics were performed using the SPSS 15.0 program. The OS pathology was clinically evident in the AGE1-CUG (33%) versus the AGE2-CUG (64%) of women. Significantly higher interleukins-1βand -6 tear levels were found in the AGE1 versus the AGE2 women employees (P=0.006andP=0.001, resp.), as well as in the CUG versus the NCUG (P=0.001andP=0.000, resp.). Supplementation with A/ω3 positively influenced the OS pathology as manifested by the amelioration of the clinical signs/symptoms related to computer uses. Strategies involving a safe environment and oral micronutrient supplements may be managed within eye-care standards in older women.

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Rajini, G., and M. Krithika. "Risk Factors Discriminating Online Metropolitan Women Shoppers." International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology and Learning 7, no. 1 (January 2017): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcbpl.2017010104.

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Online shopping has been really male - oriented as the product categories were limited to software, computers, music and computer accessories. As the product category expanded to clothing, food, home care and toys, women started to adopt online shopping. Nowadays there is a massive surge in online shopping particularly among metropolitan women, as they tend to purchase both necessary and discretionary products. According to the report by Associate Chamber of Trade and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), over 80% of the online shopping is done by metropolitan women shoppers.The present study investigates the prominent perceived risks of employed women in online shopping through a consumer survey and by applying multiple discriminant analysis .The results of the empirical analysis demonstrated that perceived physical risk and product risk were found vital in discriminating the respondents as intermediate or experts in online shopping .Whereas perceived psychological risk, quality risk, Information Security Risk, Time Risk, Delivery Risk, Social Risk, Source Risk and financial risk perception during online purchase adoption contributes comparatively lesser for discrimination. The findings elucidate how marketers can formulate and implement risk-reducing strategies during online purchasing.

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Mullen, Kane. "Temporary Measures: Women Computers at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, 1890–1895." Journal for the History of Astronomy 51, no. 1 (February 2020): 88–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021828620901358.

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Between 1890 and 1895, five women “computers” were hired to work at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, one of the world’s leading observatories at the time. Caroline Herschel notwithstanding, these women were the very first in Britain to be paid for astronomical observation. They were hired as supernumerary computers – normally a temporary position reserved for young schoolboys. Instead of adhering to the usual strict regimen of astronomical calculations, the women at Greenwich functioned much more as astronomers. They observed with telescopes, engaged in original research, and even published their findings. This paper examines how exactly this occurred at a time when women remained excluded from professional observation elsewhere. It engages original archival research in combination with the Greenwich published literature to shed light on a little-known story that reveals how women in Britain first came to be paid as professional astronomers.

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Lockheed, Marlaine E. "Women, girls, and computers: A first look at the evidence." Sex Roles 13, no. 3-4 (August 1985): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00287904.

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Bozionelos, Nicholas. "Psychology of Computer Use: XXXIX. Prevalence of Computer Anxiety in British Managers and Professionals." Psychological Reports 78, no. 3 (June 1996): 995–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.3.995.

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The prevalence of computer anxiety among British managers and professionals was investigated. Questionnaire data were obtained from a sample of 235 British managers and professionals. Prevalence was defined as the percentage of individuals in the sample with scores above the midpoint on the computer-anxiety scale. A prevalence rate of 21.3% was found. The prevalence among women was double that among men. This rate is considered very high and may have significant negative effects on productivity or ability to adapt to new computer-based technology Further, the results imply that scales assessing constructs relevant to rapidly changing issues such as computers need to be constantly updated.

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Kersteen, Zoe A., Marcia C. Linn, Michael Clancy, and Curtis Hardyck. "Previous Experience and the Learning of Computer Programming: The Computer Helps Those Who Help Themselves." Journal of Educational Computing Research 4, no. 3 (August 1988): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/9le6-mbxa-jdpg-ug90.

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Recent developments in mathematics education indicate that previous experience is the best predictor of high school math achievement scores. Given this information we hypothesized that previous experience with computers would serve as a predictor of performance in college computer science courses. Also of interest was the possible interaction of gender, prior computing experience and computer science course performance. To examine these issues, we designed and administered a questionnaire to students across two semesters of the first year Pascal programming course at the university level. Roughly one-quarter of the students enrolled across the two semesters were female. Results show that males have more prior experience, especially in advanced computer science topics, than females, and that much of this prior experience is gained outside of school through “hacking” and unguided exploration. Amount of prior computing experience was found to predict course performance for males. For females very little prior experience was reported and this limited amount of experience was not predictive of course performance. The question of why women have so little prior experience with computers and are so sparsely represented in computer science courses is addressed.

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Dengler, Katharina, and Anita Tisch. "Examining the Relationship Between Digital Transformation and Work Quality: Substitution Potential and Work Exposure in Gender-Specific Occupations." KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie 72, S1 (July 13, 2020): 427–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11577-020-00674-3.

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Abstract Computers can substitute for many tasks currently performed by humans and are likely to change occupations in the near future. However, it is not likely that entire occupations will disappear. In this context, little attention has been paid to possible impacts of digital transformation on aspects of work quality. It would be desirable for changes to ease occupations with high work exposure. In this article, we assume that digital technologies may replace physically demanding jobs mainly performed by men, but not psychosocially demanding jobs mainly performed by women. Thus, the question arises whether social inequality between men and women may increase in the course of digital transformation. Using large-scale administrative and survey data from Germany, we analyse the relationship between digital transformation and work exposure for male- and female-dominated occupations. We measure the degree of digital transformation by occupation-specific substitution potential, that is the extent to which occupational tasks can be replaced by computers or computer-controlled machines. The results imply that digital technologies could relieve men of physically demanding jobs. However, we cannot find any evidence that digital technologies have already caused employment to decline in occupations with physical work exposure.

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Lesauskaitė, Vita, Gytė Damulevičienė, Jurgita Knašienė, Egidijus Kazanavičius, Agnius Liutkevičius, and Audronė Janavičiūtė. "Older Adults—Potential Users of Technologies." Medicina 55, no. 6 (June 7, 2019): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55060253.

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Background and objective: The successful adoption of technology is becoming increasingly important to functional independence and successful ageing in place. A better understanding of technology usage amongst older people may help to direct future interventions aimed at improving their healthcare. We aimed to obtain the first data regarding technology use, including gerontechnologies, represented by fall detectors, from older adults in Lithuania. Material and methods: The research was carried out in the framework of the project Smart Gerontechnology for Healthy Ageing, which involved assessing the use of technologies and the readiness to use gerontechnologies, as represented by fall detectors. A total of 375 individuals that were more than 60 years of age were enrolled in the study. The self-reporting questionnaires were completed by geriatric in-patients, hospitalized in the geriatric department, and also by community-dwelling older adults. Results: Geriatric in-patients’ use of computers and the internet was associated with age (every year of age decreased the probability of computer and internet use by 0.9-times) and a positive attitude towards new technologies—this predictor increased the use of a computer by six-times in comparison with people who did not have such an attitude. Sex and education had no influence on computer use for geriatric in-patients. For community-dwelling older adults, the use of computers and internet was associated with age, education (a university education increased the use of computers and the internet by four times), and a positive attitude towards technologies. Conclusions: Lithuanian older women in the study used computers, the internet, and cell phones equally with men. Increasing age was a strong negative predictor of technology use. A positive attitude to new technologies was a strong positive predictor of technology use. Most geriatric patients and community-dwelling older adults were ready to use technologies that permit ageing in place.

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November, Joseph. "When Women Were Computers: LeAnn Erickson, Top Secret Rosies." Technology and Culture 52, no. 4 (2011): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tech.2011.0154.

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Koch, Sabine C., Stephanie M. Müller, and Monika Sieverding. "Women and computers. Effects of stereotype threat on attribution of failure." Computers & Education 51, no. 4 (December 2008): 1795–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2008.05.007.

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Pope-Davis, Donald B., and Walter P. Vispoel. "How instruction influences attitudes of college men and women towards computers." Computers in Human Behavior 9, no. 1 (March 1993): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(93)90023-l.

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Bollen, Katalien N. L., Alain-Laurent Verbeke, and Martin C. Euwema. "Computers work for women: Gender differences in e-supported divorce mediation." Computers in Human Behavior 30 (January 2014): 230–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.09.006.

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Stevenson, Toner. "MELBOURNE OBSERVATORY’S ASTROGRAPHIC WOMEN: STAR MEASURERS AND COMPUTERS." Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage 26, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1440-2807.2023.06.28.

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Fedorova, Anna I., Anna V. Kazakova, Svetlana M. Chechko, Gennadiy S. Kozupitsa, and Irina E. Dufinets. "Factors influencing the sexual drive of Russian women of reproductive age in the digital age." Gynecology 25, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 389–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442//20795696.2023.4.202128.

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Aim. To assess the impact of age, number of sexual partners, having children, family income, and time spent with a smartphone or computer on the sexual drive of women of reproductive age in the era of information technology. Materials and methods. A study of the sexual drive of 79 women aged 18–35 in family (partner) relationships was conducted. The well-established international Female Sexual Function Index was used. Respondents also answered questions about some aspects of personality and social status. The results were evaluated using the methods of mathematical statistics: descriptive statistics, correlation, determination, and logit-regression analyses. Results. The intensity of sexual drive correlates with a woman's age, the number of sexual partners, and the family income. There was no correlation between the level of a woman's sexual drive and having children and the time women and their partners spend with computers and smartphones.

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Brosnan, Mark J. "The Impact of Psychological Gender, Gender-Related Perceptions, Significant Others, and the Introducer of Technology upon Computer Anxiety in Students." Journal of Educational Computing Research 18, no. 1 (January 1998): 63–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lvhh-epgb-ae7j-wev8.

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The gender-related effects of masculinity, femininity, and perceiving technology to be masculinized upon computer anxiety in undergraduates is investigated in addition to the effect of significant others who use computers and the introducer of the technology. The results demonstrate a sex difference, females reporting higher levels of computer anxiety than males. For females, computer anxiety negatively correlated with masculinity, while femininity positively correlated with computer anxiety for males. Sixty-four percent of females agreed that computing was a male activity and that men were better at computing than women. Females who agreed with this latter statement were significantly less computer anxious than females who did not agree with this statement. Additionally, over 40 percent of the variance in female computer anxiety was accounted for by age and having a male friend who used a computer, suggesting that females use males for computer-related support as a strategy to reduce anxiety.

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Emanuele, Susan, J. Alexander Dale, and Herbert L. Klions. "Psychology of Computer Use: XLII. Problem Solving and Humor as a Function of Computer Anxiety." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 1 (February 1997): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.1.147.

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From a pool of 115 undergraduate women, 20 were placed in a Computer-anxious group and 20 in a Computer-nonanxious group based on their scores on the Computer Anxiety Scale. Half of the subjects were randomly assigned to a group to which the computer presented the problems first and half to a group to whom the computer presented the jokes first. Electromyograms from subjects' zygomatic muscles were monitored as well as palmar skin conductance. Behavioral measures were collected prior to and following the computer interaction. Although the electromyogram for zygomatic tension (smiles) was higher in the jokes condition, indicating that subjects responded to jokes as humorous, Computer-anxious subjects showed increased scores on anxiety and depression and relatively high skin conductance on the initial joke. Subjects with high computer-anxiety had less experience with computers, had lower scores on the Rosenberg Self-esteem test, and, likely not being familiar with computer humor, reacted anxiously.

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Spairani, Luisa. "Measure by Measure, they touched the heaven." ACTA IMEKO 10, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v10i1.833.

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The measure of distances is a recurring theme in astrophysics. The interpretation of the light coming from a luminous object in the sky can be very different depending on the distance of the object. Two stars or galaxies may each have a different real brightness, although they may look similar. The correct measures were determined by women computers a century ago. Special mention is due to Williamina Fleming, who supervised an observatory for 30 years and worked on the first system to classify stars by spectrum. Antonia Maury helped locate the first double star and developed a new star classification system. Henrietta Leavitt determined a law to calculate stellar distances. The most famous of the Harvard computers was Annie Jump Cannon. An expert in photography, she catalogued over 350,000 stars and expanded the classification system used today, but it was Henrietta Leavitt who left an indelible mark by discovering a law for the determination of stellar distances. In the same period, Italian women computers began to collaborate in observatories, but their tracks are obfuscated.

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Yang, Bijou, Simon James, and David Lester. "The PC Anxiety Scale: A Cross-Cultural Replication." Psychological Reports 94, no. 3_suppl (June 2004): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.94.3c.1312-1312.

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A brief 6-item scale to measure anxiety about computers, developed using American students, showed good internal consistency, reliability and construct validity for British students (77 men, 65 women).

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Riedl, René, Harald Kindermann, Andreas Auinger, and Andrija Javor. "Computer Breakdown as a Stress Factor during Task Completion under Time Pressure: Identifying Gender Differences Based on Skin Conductance." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/420169.

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In today’s society, as computers, the Internet, and mobile phones pervade almost every corner of life, the impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on humans is dramatic. The use of ICT, however, may also have a negative side. Human interaction with technology may lead to notable stress perceptions, a phenomenon referred to as technostress. An investigation of the literature reveals that computer users’ gender has largely been ignored in technostress research, treating users as “gender-neutral.” To close this significant research gap, we conducted a laboratory experiment in which we investigated users’ physiological reaction to the malfunctioning of technology. Based on theories which explain that men, in contrast to women, are more sensitive to “achievement stress,” we predicted that male users would exhibit higher levels of stress than women in cases of system breakdown during the execution of a human-computer interaction task under time pressure, if compared to a breakdown situation without time pressure. Using skin conductance as a stress indicator, the hypothesis was confirmed. Thus, this study shows that user gender is crucial to better understanding the influence of stress factors such as computer malfunctions on physiological stress reactions.

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Carrigan, Coleen. "‘Different isn’t free’: Gender @ work in a digital world." Ethnography 19, no. 3 (September 11, 2017): 336–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138117728737.

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US society is thoroughly computerized and the majority of its population engages in activities involving computers. Why, then, does computer science and engineering (CSE) remain highly male-dominated and seemingly impervious to desegregation? This study explores how CSE professionals in corporations and universities navigate and subvert male hegemony to persist. I document practices in CSE that reproduce the ideological union between masculinity and competency, including hazing, bragging, and bullying. These practices, much like rites of passage, also serve to indoctrinate CSE workers to the core values in computing knowledge production, including constant observation, combative work styles, and male hegemony, all of which differentially impact women. Women who persist in CSE describe their experiences as wearisome, constrained by a fear of being different, and thus further marginalized. I argue that processes and value systems by which people become computing professionals reflect a gendered, technocratic culture, one that reproduces labor segregation in CSE.

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Abbey, L. "Informatics in Dental Education: A Horizon of Opportunity." Methods of Information in Medicine 28, no. 04 (October 1989): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1636793.

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Abstract:Computers have presented society with the largest array of opportunities since the printing press. More specifically in dental education they represent the path to freedom from the memory-based curriculum. Computers allow us to be constantly in touch with the entire scope of knowledge necessary for decision making in every aspect of the process of preparing young men and women to practice dentistry. No longer is it necessary to spend the energy or time previously used to memorize facts, test for retention of facts or be concerned with remembering facts when dealing with our patients. Modern information management systems can assume that task allowing dentists to concentrate on understanding, skill, judgement and wisdom while helping patients deal with their problems within a health care system that is simultaneously baffling in its complexity and overflowing with options. This paper presents a summary of the choices facing dental educators as computers continue to afford us the freedom to look differently at teaching, research and practice. The discussion will elaborate some of the ways dental educators must think differently about the educational process in order to utilize fully the power of computers in curriculum development and tracking, integration of basic and clinical teaching, problem solving, patient management, record keeping and research. Some alternative strategies will be discussed that may facilitate the transition from the memory-based to the computer-based curriculum and practice.

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Denner, Jill, and Linda Werner. "Computer Programming in Middle School: How Pairs Respond to Challenges." Journal of Educational Computing Research 37, no. 2 (September 2007): 131–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/12t6-41l2-6765-g3t2.

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Many believe that girls lack the confidence and motivation to persist with computers when they face a challenge. In order to increase the number of girls and women in information technology careers, we need a better understanding of how they think about and solve problems while working on the computer. In this article, we describe a qualitative study of 126 middle school girls who designed and programmed computer games in an after-school and summer program. Using data from electronic notebooks, we describe how girls thought about the problems they had while programming their games and the strategies they used in their efforts to solve them. Audiotape transcripts were also coded to show how girls talk about challenges and the steps they take to address them when programming a game on the computer. The findings are interpreted in terms of how to promote information technology fluency starting in middle school.

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Ware, Mark E., and Jeffrey D. Chastain. "Computer-Assisted Statistical Analysis: A Teaching Innovation?" Teaching of Psychology 16, no. 4 (December 1989): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1604_16.

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Our study assessed college students' skills and attitudes associated with different approaches to teaching statistics, including classes in which students conducted arithmetic computations with and without computer-assisted statistical analysis. A comparison group consisted of students who had not taken statistics. Students were also subdivided by gender, grade point average (GPA), and math competency. Pre- and postcourse measures consisted of statistical interpretation and selection skills and attitudes toward statistics and computers. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) indicated inferior selection and interpretation skills among those who had not taken statistics. Students in the computer-assisted statistical analysis group had significantly more favorable attitudes toward statistics than did those who did not use the computer and those who had not taken statistics. Men had higher interpretation scores than women, and students with higher GPAs had higher interpretation scores than did those with lower GPAs. We provide suggestions for additional research.

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Prives, Leslie. "Like Mother, Like Daughter: Januarys Share a Love of Computers [Women to Watch]." IEEE Women in Engineering Magazine 6, no. 2 (December 2012): 12–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mwie.2012.2215251.

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Radulović, Bojana, and Azra Huršidić-Radulović. "Frequency of Musculoskeletal and Eye Symptoms among Computer Users at Work." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 63, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/10004-1254-63-2012-2197.

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Frequency of Musculoskeletal and Eye Symptoms among Computer Users at WorkComputer users most often complain of the eye and locomotor system disorders. The goal of this paper was to find out the frequency and relation between musculoskeletal and eye symptoms among computer workers.The data on musculoskeletal and eye symptoms were provided by two questionnaires. Forty-nine workers were included in the study. Their mean age was 41 years and average length of service 16 years. The average amount of time they spent in front of computers was 6.73 hours per day. Women spent more time working at a computer per day than men (P=0.025). The most frequent complaint in the past year referred to the upper back pain (30.6 % of the workers). Every fourth worker, i.e. 24.5 % of them experienced neck pain in the past year; women more often than men (P=0.024). A health problem which reduced the range of motion and prompted the workers to ask for sick leave was lower back pain. The relation between eye symptoms and the upper back pain experienced in the past year (P=0.004), and in the last week (P=0.031) was statistically significant.Proper exercises for stretching musculoskeletal system, ergonomic computer equipment, and artificial tears could decrease muscular and eye problems, which in turn could enhance productivity and reduce sick leaves.

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Fang Hui, Dong, and I. M. Bezkorovayna. "ANALYSIS OF TEAR FILM IN DIFFERENT LENGTHS OF TIME WHEN USING ELECTRONIC DEVICES." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 21, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.21.1.20.

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Introduction. The problem of changing the specific qualitative characteristics of the tear film in computer display users, who operate gadgets, is still little studied that explains the relevance of this investigation. The purpose of the study is to analyze the indicators of the tear film depending on the different durations of using gadgets. Materials and methods. We examined 311 people (622 eyes) aged 18 to 48 years, on average (29 ± 0.56). Among them there were 205 women (65%) and 106 men (35%), who used electronic devices from 1 to 6 hours during the working day. The study had two stages: at I stage we analyzed the tear film without the influence of computer load; at II stage we analyzed the changes in the tear film depending on the time of using gadgets. Results. In the group of people who operated computers for 1 hour, the thinning of the lipid layer of the tear film was found out in 70% of participants, and the stability indicators of the NIBUT tear film were disturbed in 57%. 2 hours of operating computers resulted in thinning of the lipid layer of the tear film by 86%, and the number of cases with a disturbance of the tear films stability also increased to 67%. After 4 hours of operating computers, thinning of the lipid layer of the tear film was diagnosed in 95% of the participants, the number of cases with impaired tear film stability increased significantly up to 91%. More than 6 hours of computer operating caused a thinning of the lipid layer of the tear film in all participants (100%), and severe impairment of the tea film stability was also found out in all participants. Conclusion. Depending on the duration of operating electronic devices, moderate or severe changes in the quality of the lipid layer of the tear film and disturbances in the stability of the tear film have been found out to occur.

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Donevant, Sara, Sue P. Heiney, Cassandra Wineglass, Benjamin Schooley, Akanksha Singh, and Jingxi Sheng. "Perceptions of Endocrine Therapy in African-American Breast Cancer Survivors: Mixed Methods Study." JMIR Formative Research 5, no. 6 (June 11, 2021): e23884. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/23884.

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Background Although the incidence of breast cancer is lower in African-American women than in White women, African-American women have a decreased survival rate. The difference in survival rate may stem from poor endocrine therapy adherence, which increases breast cancer recurrence. Therefore, accessible and culturally sensitive interventions to increase endocrine therapy adherence are necessary. Objective The purpose of this concurrent convergent mixed methods study was to provide further data to guide the development of the proposed culturally sensitive mHealth app, STORY+ for African-American women with breast cancer. Methods We recruited 20 African-American women diagnosed with estrogen-positive breast cancer and currently prescribed endocrine therapy. We used a concurrent convergent data collection method to (1) assess the use of smartphones and computers related to health care and (2) identify foundational aspects to support endocrine therapy adherence for incorporation in a mobile health app. Results Overwhelmingly, the participants preferred using smartphones to using computers for health care. Communicating with health care providers and pharmacies was the most frequent health care use of smartphones, followed by exercise tracking, and accessing the patient portal. We identified 4 aspects of adherence to endocrine therapy and smartphone use for incorporation in app development. The factors that emerged from the integrated qualitative and quantitative data were (1) willingness to use, (2) side effects, (3) social connection, and (4) beliefs about endocrine therapy. Conclusions Further research is needed to develop a culturally sensitive app for African-American women with breast cancer to improve adherence to endocrine therapy. Our work strongly suggests that this population would use the app to connect with other African-American breast cancer survivors and manage endocrine therapy.

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Cardoso, Lauren F., and Susan B. Sorenson. "Violence Against Women and Household Ownership of Radios, Computers, and Phones in 20 Countries." American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 7 (July 2017): 1175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2017.303808.

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Mirenda, Pat, Douglas Eicher, and David R. Beukelman. "Synthetic and Natural Speech Preferences of Male and Female Listeners in Four Age Groups." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 32, no. 1 (March 1989): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3201.175.

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The purpose of this investigation was to examine the preferences of listeners of both sexes in four age groups with regard to natural and computer-generated synthetic speech in six different contexts. The subjects (listeners) for this study included 5 males and 5 females in each of four age groups (6–8 year olds, 10–12 year olds, adolescents, and adults). The listeners rated their preferences for 11 different voices (four natural and seven synthetic) on a 5-point Likert scale. Their preferences were rated for six communication contexts dependent on the potential user of the voice (adult male, adult female, child male, child female, computer, and self). The data were analyzed separately for each of the six communication contexts. In general, female listeners across the age range indicated that only natural female voices (adult or child) were acceptable alternatives to their own speech, thus rejecting the natural male voices as well as the synthetic voices. Male listeners appeared to be somewhat more flexible in terms of gender-appropriateness for themselves and other adult men, but selected female-sounding voices for women and female children. Children preferred to have computers produce synthesized speech, while adults preferred computers with more natural-sounding voices. The results of this investigation raise a number of issues related to the combined effects of age and gender-appropriateness of natural and synthetic speech. These are discussed in terms of their implications for the future development of synthetic speech technology used in communication devices.

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Munir, Hamza, Ahmad Ali, Farooq Khan, Ulfat Sultana, Sidra Humayun, and Farzand Iqbal. "Prevalence and Associated Factors Related to Computer Vision Syndrome among Bank Employees in Peshawar." Global Pharmaceutical Sciences Review VIII, no. I (March 30, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpsr.2023(viii-i).01.

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Computers are vital, but in banking, they are essential. Long-term computer screen exposure harms the eyes. This study examined CVS prevalence and associated variables in Peshawar City Bank employees. This descriptive-analytical investigation was done across Peshawar city. Commuter bankers were the study population. This multistage study attracted 289 people. A complete tailored questionnaire using SPSS version 24 analyses collected data. Time exposure and CVS were examined. The chi-square test determined significance. A sample of 289 bank workers (mean age 32.72 ± 7.02 years) included 266 (92.0%) men and 23 (8.0%) women. 24.2% of employees had yes illnesses and 77.2% had CVS. Most of them had simple eye health issues due to computer screen overexposure. These symptoms included eye strain, pain, headache (68.9%), blurriness (67.5%), dryness (49.1%), blinking (46.7%), redness and irritations (44.3%). The prevalence of diagnosed eye diseases was high at 24.2% while CVS was positive in 77.2% for at least one symptom.

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Neto, Maria Leonor, Marília Antunes, Manuel Lopes, Duarte Ferreira, James Rilling, and Diana Prata. "Oxytocin and vasopressin modulation of prisoner’s dilemma strategies." Journal of Psychopharmacology 34, no. 8 (March 24, 2020): 891–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881120913145.

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Background: The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin have been repeatedly implicated in social decision making by enhancing social salience and, generally, cooperation. The iterated and sequential version of the prisoner’s dilemma (PD) game is a social dilemma paradigm eliciting strategies of cooperation versus competition. Aims: We aimed to characterise the role of PD players’ sex, game partner type (computer vs. human) and oxytocin or vasopressin inhalation on the player’s strategy preference. Methods: Participants (153 men; 151 women) were randomised to intranasal 24 IU oxytocin, 20 IU vasopressin or placebo, double-blind, and played the PD. We examined main and interactive effects of sex, drug and partner type on strategy preference. Results: We found a pervasive preference for a tit-for-tat strategy (i.e. general sensitivity to the partner’s choices) over unconditional cooperation, particularly when against a human rather than a computer partner. Oxytocin doubled this sensitivity in women (i.e. the preference for tit-for-tat over unconditional cooperation strategies) when playing against computers, which suggests a tendency to anthropomorphise them, and doubled women’s unconditional cooperation preference when playing against humans. Vasopressin doubled sensitivity to the partner’s previous choices (i.e. for tit-for-tat over unconditional cooperation) across sexes and partner types. Conclusions: These findings suggest that women may be more sensitive to oxytocin’s social effects of anthropomorphism of non-humans and of unconditional cooperation with humans, which may be consistent with evolutionary pressures for maternal care, and that vasopressin, irrespective of sex and partner type, may be generally sensitising humans to others’ behaviour.

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Matanda, Maona, Vickii B. Jenvey, and James G. Phillips. "Internet Use in Adulthood: Loneliness, Computer Anxiety and Education." Behaviour Change 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2004): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.21.2.103.55424.

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AbstractWith the recent exponential increase in Internet use, there are concerns about obstacles to gaining access to this potentially beneficial technology. To understand the psychological factors that might be offering barriers to Internet use, the present study considered age, attitudes towards computers, gender, education and social isolation as potential predictors of Internet usage. A sample of 158 adults completed questionnaires about computer anxiety, loneliness and Internet use. Time spent in activities associated with entertainment, communication, information searches and commerce, and overall time spent on the Internet were analysed using multiple regression. It was difficult to predict overall Internet use, but possible to predict specific categories of use. Better-educated participants were more likely to use the Internet for communication. Men, the young, and the lonely used the Internet more for entertainment. Those with lower computer anxiety used the Internet for information searches, and men were more likely than women to use the Internet for commercial purposes. It is suggested that computer anxiety and education may constrain the use of specific applications but Internet use otherwise follows pre-existing tendencies or interests.

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Batra, Nikita. "Digital Media and Women: Usage, Challenges and Outcome (A Study of Women in Jaipur)." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 2124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.41078.

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Abstract: The advent of Internet has taken the world in a swirl. Living in a digital age, we treat Internet as our lifesaver and rely on this technology for a broad array of things from paying our bills to finding a life partner, so on and so forth. Technology has made things easier but it has also created many threats for the society and it is constantly increasing. It is a need to be careful all the time while accessing Internet otherwise a person can easily become the victim. Each one of us our connected through technology that let people communicate with each other. The availability of mobiles, personal computers, laptops and ease of access to Internet made things easier but at the same time the risk of being the victim of crime in virtual world has also increased. The more usage also affecting the health of people and women have been seen more affected to it. Cybercriminals keep their eye on various digital media platforms including job and marriage website where women post their personal information. The revealing of such information has made women more a target of cyber crime. It has also been seen that women are less aware about the laws regarding cyber crime and most of the times they shy or have fear of reporting such type of crimes. Keywords: Digital, Digital Media, Social Media, Crime, Cyber Crime, Morphing, Cyberspace, Netizens, Cyber Bullying, Hacking.

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Halloway, Shannon. "Technology in Exercise Interventions for Older Women: Acceptability, Adherence, and Special Considerations." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3091.

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Abstract Women aged 65 years and older participate in less moderate-vigorous physical activity (PA) than men of this age group, which increases the risk for a myriad of chronic health problems. Interventions that utilize a lifestyle approach to increase PA in everyday life are preferred by women compared to structured exercise, but long-term adherence is a challenge. Technology (e.g., wearables, social media, computers) can be efficiently leveraged as motivational tools in lifestyle PA interventions. However, the unique needs of older women must be considered. Thus, the purpose is to examine the: (a) types of technology that were successfully integrated into existing PA intervention studies designed for older women; (b) acceptability and adherence to technological approaches by older women; and (c) additional considerations needed for special populations, including older women with chronic health problems. The efficiency and scalability of technological approaches with clinical and public health implications will also be discussed.

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Janaki, V. "Role of information and communication technology in empowerment of women in Tamil Nadu." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.20 (April 18, 2018): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.20.12791.

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This study examines the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on empowerment of women in Tamil Nadu. Infor-mation and communication technology has brought sweeping changes in the life of women. It has helped to break the shackles of slavery and facilitated greater empowerment of women. The present study has revealed that women using tablets, personal computers, internet con-nectivity, SMS, E-mail, Whats App, Facebook and internet browsing are more empowered socially, psychologically and intellectually than others. It is also found that use of ICT has increased the sense of self-worth and led to more social activism by women. It has also empow-ered women to make their own decisions on important aspects of their personal life such as education, employment, marriage, child birth etc. ICT has facilitated networking which make them aware of the job opportunities worldwide. ICT has increased the awareness about the law of the land which helps them to protect against injustice, discriminations and violence. ICT has integrated women with the society which has led to greater confidence and security.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Computers and women'

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