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Journal articles on the topic 'Computer networks – Europe'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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1

Walden, Ian. "Harmonising Computer Crime Laws in Europe." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 12, no. 4 (2004): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1571817042523095.

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AbstractAs the ‘Information Society’ emerges, the European economy and its citizens have become dependent on computers and communication networks. However, with the ravages of the viruses MyDoom and MS Blaster still being felt around the world, the vulnerability of computer systems and networks to criminal crime, as well as potentially terrorist activity, is still fresh in our minds. There is no agreed definition of what constitutes a ‘computer crime’. A computer may constitute the instrument of the crime, such as in murder and fraud; the object of the crime, such as the theft of processor chips; or the subject of the crime, such as ‘hacking’ or ‘cracking’. The involvement of computers may challenge traditional criminal concepts, such as fraud, as well as facilitating particular types of crime, such as child pornography. This article is concerned with the computer as the subject of the crime and with laws that have been established to specifically address activities that attack the integrity of computer and communications networks, such as the distribution of computer viruses. This article examines various initiatives to harmonise substantive criminal law to address the threat of computer integrity crimes, focusing specifically on a draft Council Framework Decision on ‘attacks against information systems’. Consideration is given to the impact the Decision may have when transposed into UK law, through an amendment of existing legislation, the Computer Misuse Act 1990.

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Everett, Cath. "Lancope networks into Europe." Infosecurity Today 3, no. 1 (January 2006): 42–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1742-6847(06)70367-6.

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3

Malighetti, Paolo, Gianmaria Martini, Renato Redondi, and Davide Scotti. "Integrators’ Air Transport Networks in Europe." Networks and Spatial Economics 19, no. 2 (February 15, 2018): 557–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11067-018-9390-5.

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4

MAIXÉ-ALTÉS, J. CARLES. "The Digitalization of Banking: A New Perspective from the European Savings Banks Industry before the Internet." Enterprise & Society 20, no. 1 (September 4, 2018): 159–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2018.18.

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This work is a contribution to the study of the adoption and use of computers in the savings bank industry in western Europe before the arrival of the Internet. It documents the presence of a pan-European network of IT users and analyzes the role of their industry associations in the processes of adopting and disseminating technology. It describes and analyzes their situation as late technology users, indicating certain specific and original patterns in the adoption of computers. Special attention is given to the implementation of shared computer centers throughout Europe and the results in the area of online accounting systems and teleprocessing systems as steps before the development of savings bank electronic funds transfer networks. It documents that in the savings banks industry, a reciprocal influence between technology and its uses was in play over long period of time and throughout the technological changes.

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5

Kruit, Dirk, and Paul A. Cooper. "SHINE: Strategic health informatics networks for Europe." Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 45, no. 1-2 (October 1994): 155–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-2607(94)90039-6.

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6

Cherkaoui, Soumaya. "Research Landscape – 6G Networks Research in Europe." IEEE Network 35, no. 6 (November 2021): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mnet.2021.9687530.

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7

Chadwick, Andrew. "Applications of neural networks for industry in Europe." Neurocomputing 1, no. 1 (January 1989): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-2312(89)80016-5.

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8

Gródek-Szostak, Zofia, Marcin Suder, Rafał Kusa, Anna Szeląg-Sikora, Joanna Duda, and Marcin Niemiec. "Renewable Energy Promotion Instruments Used by Innovation Brokers in a Technology Transfer Network. Case Study of the Enterprise Europe Network." Energies 13, no. 21 (November 3, 2020): 5752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215752.

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Stable and sustainable economic development—including that of renewable energy resources (RES)—requires institutional support of an environment that would enable market operations, and support them in case they are ineffective. Innovation brokers, including structured technology transfer networks, play a key role in promoting, disseminating, and liaising between the parties in the RES sector. The aim of the paper is to present the structure of events used to promote RES in Europe by the Enterprise Europe Network in the years 2017–2018; to verify whether the type of promotion instrument used is significantly related to the location of the events organized; to research whether the selection of the supporting partner is determined by the organized event’s geographical location. The analysis is carried out by means of an empirical study of the network of innovation brokers, i.e., the Enterprise Europe Network. Additionally, the available data are analyzed in terms of the type of the partner supporting individual events. It has been shown that there is a significant variation in the structure of the types of events for individual regions of Europe. This could mean that the organizers’ decisions as to the type of events organized in particular regions of Europe are deliberate and in some way adjusted to the region in which they take place.

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9

Sun, Haosen, and Markus H. Schafer. "WHEN CLOSE TIES LIVE FAR AWAY: PATTERNS AND PREDICTORS OF GEOGRAPHIC NETWORK RANGE AMONG OLDER EUROPEANS." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2771.

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Abstract Using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, Wave 6 in 2015), this paper examines the structure of older adults’ core discussion networks in terms of their geographical outreach. We also examine how far respondents live from their friends, and how such a connection is conditioned by the presence of a proximate child in the network. Findings suggest that older adults in Northern Europe are more likely to have a confidant at mid- and long-range (5-25km and >25km, respectively) than seniors in Central Europe, while their counterparts from Eastern and Southern Europe are less likely to identify a discussant out of their 5km radius. This pattern persists when focusing only on non-kin members of one’s network. However, having a nearby child confidant does not affect the probability of being connected to friends at variant distances in North Europe, while it does predict a lower likelihood of having close-by (0-5km) and long-distance (>25km) friends in Eastern and Southern regions. Other significant predictors of one’s geographical network reach, such as education, financial standing, cognitive ability, computer skills, and car ownership are also discussed and compared across European regions.

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10

Dearlove, Marion J. "The adoption of electronic trading in Western Europe." Computer Communications 17, no. 5 (May 1994): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-3664(94)90051-5.

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11

Forrester, C. "Europe embraces HDTV." Communications Engineer 2, no. 5 (October 1, 2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ce:20040511.

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12

Traupmann, Anna, and Thomas Kienberger. "Test Grids for the Integration of RES—A Contribution for the European Context." Energies 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2020): 5431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13205431.

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A long-term sustainable energy transition can only be achieved by technological advancements and new approaches for efficiently integrating renewable energies into the overall energy system. Significantly increasing the share of renewable energy sources (RES) within the overall energy system requires appropriate network models of current transmission and distribution grids, which, as limiting factors of energy infrastructures, confine this share due to capacity constraints. However, especially regarding electrical network models, data (e.g., geographical data, load and generation profiles, etc.) is rarely available since it usually includes user-specific information and is, therefore, subject to data protection. Synthetically obtained electrical networks, on the other hand, may not be representative and may fail to replicate real grid structures due to the heterogeneous properties of currently operated networks. To account for this heterogeneity, this paper offers a contribution for the European electrical energy system and presents the development of four synthetic test networks at different voltage levels which are representative and include non-confidential time-series data. The test network development is based on an extensive literature research on a multitude of different network parameters for grids within the ENTSO-E (European Network of Transmission System Operators for Electricity) interconnected system in Europe. These parameters are then used to design the networks in NEPLAN®. Then, these networks are provided with load and generation profiles for enabling time-series calculations. To validate the representativeness of the test networks, a short-circuit analysis is conducted and the obtained results are compared to short-circuit parameters common for Austrian and German literature values as well as for value ranges for European ENTSO-E grids. The analysis shows that the presented test networks replicate European electrical network behavior accurately and can, therefore, be utilized for various application purposes to assess technological impacts on European ENTSO-E grids.

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13

Heuser, Lutz, and Dan Woods. "Is Europe Leading the Way to the Future Internet?" IEEE Internet Computing 14, no. 5 (September 2010): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mic.2010.120.

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14

Arnold, Naomi A., Benjamin Steer, Imane Hafnaoui, Hugo A. Parada G., Raul J. Mondragón, Félix Cuadrado, and Richard G. Clegg. "Moving with the Times: Investigating the Alt-Right Network Gab with Temporal Interaction Graphs." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 5, CSCW2 (October 13, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3479591.

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Gab is an online social network often associated with the alt-right political movement and users barred from other networks. It presents an interesting opportunity for research because near-complete data is available from day one of the network's creation. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of the user interaction graph, that is the graph where a link represents a user interacting with another user at a given time. We view this graph both at different times and at different timescales. The latter is achieved by using sliding windows on the graph which gives a novel perspective on social network data. The Gab network is relatively slowly growing over the period of months but subject to large bursts of arrivals over hours and days. We identify plausible events that are of interest to the Gab community associated with the most obvious such bursts. The network is characterised by interactions between 'strangers' rather than by reinforcing links between 'friends'. Gab usage follows the diurnal cycle of the predominantly US and Europe based users. At off-peak hours the Gab interaction network fragments into sub-networks with absolutely no interaction between them. A small group of users are highly influential across larger timescales, but a substantial number of users gain influence for short periods of time. Temporal analysis at different timescales gives new insights above and beyond what could be found on static graphs.

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15

Hart, G., and J. Steinkamp. "A view from Europe." IEEE Communications Magazine 25, no. 2 (February 1987): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1987.1093545.

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16

Marcus, J. S. "Broadband adoption in Europe." IEEE Communications Magazine 43, no. 4 (April 2005): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2005.1421895.

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17

Brocklebank, D., J. Spiller, and T. Tapsell. "Galileo?an organizational challenge for Europe." International Journal of Satellite Communications 18, no. 4-5 (2000): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1099-1247(200007/10)18:4/5<259::aid-sat687>3.0.co;2-c.

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18

van der Pas, Ruud J., and Jan M. van Kats. "Supercomputing Europe '89." Parallel Computing 11, no. 2 (August 1989): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8191(89)90033-1.

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19

Whitehouse, A. C. D. "EMC regulations within Europe." Electronics & Communications Engineering Journal 1, no. 2 (1989): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ecej:19890010.

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20

Munday, Peter. "Cordless Telecommunications in Europe." Electronics & Communications Engineering Journal 4, no. 1 (1992): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ecej:19920003.

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21

Breindl, Yana. "Internet-Based Protest in European Policymaking." International Journal of E-Politics 1, no. 1 (January 2010): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jep.2010102204.

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European Institutions, especially the European Parliament, are venues of access for digital activist networks wishing to influence policymaking on issues of intellectual property rights, internet regulation and the respect of civil rights in digital environments. We refer to these networks as “digital activism”. They are more or less loosely rooted in hacker culture and are intensively making use of online tools to organize and consolidate a collective identity and build a transnational public sphere. This study focuses on the “no software patents” campaign led by this movement that aimed at influencing the directive on the patentability of computer implemented inventions (2002-2005). By discussing the advocacy techniques—both online and offline—that were developed by this digital activist network, we provide an insight into power struggles that are currently taking place in Europe, but also in other regions of the world.

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22

Maireder, Axel, Brian E. Weeks, Homero Gil de Zúñiga, and Stephan Schlögl. "Big Data and Political Social Networks." Social Science Computer Review 35, no. 1 (August 3, 2016): 126–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894439315617262.

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Social media have changed the way citizens, journalists, institutions, and activists communicate about social and political issues. However, questions remain about how information is diffused through these networks and the degree to which each of these actors is influential in communicating information. In this study, we introduce two novel social network measures of connection and information diffusion that help shed light on patterns of political communication online. The Audience Diversity Score assesses the diversity of a particular actor’s followers and identifies which actors reach different publics with their messages. The Communication Connector Bridging Score highlights the most influential actors in the network who are potentially able to connect different spheres of communication through their information diffusion. We apply and discuss these measures using Twitter data from the discussion regarding the Transatlantic Trade Investment Partnership in Europe. Our results provide unique insights into the role various actors play in diffusing political information in online social networks.

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23

Salomon, J., and S. Bull. "VSAT standards, status and applications in europe." International Journal of Satellite Communications 11, no. 4 (July 1993): 181–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.4600110405.

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24

Prasad, R., J. Schwarz Dasilva, and B. Arroyo-Fernandez. "ACTS Mobile Programme in Europe." IEEE Communications Magazine 36, no. 2 (February 1998): 80–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.1998.648768.

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25

Gródek-Szostak, Zofia, Marcin Suder, Rafał Kusa, Jakub Sikora, and Marcin Niemiec. "Effectiveness of Instruments Supporting Inter-Organizational Cooperation in the RES Market in Europe. Case Study of Enterprise Europe Network." Energies 13, no. 23 (December 5, 2020): 6443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13236443.

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In the renewable energy source (RES) market, which is highly atomized, business events play an important role in supporting inter-organizational cooperation. The aim of this paper was to examine the impact of three characteristics of the events, namely, the location of the event, type of event (brokerage event versus company mission), and type of leading partner (public versus private), on the effectiveness of the business events (expressed by the number of meetings during an event and the number of partnerships initiated as a result of these meetings). We analyzed 304 promotional events organized in the European RES market. We employed basic statistical tests to verify our hypotheses. Our findings suggest that (1) the numbers of meetings and partnerships differ depending on the event’s location (country and region of Europe), (2) the type of the event (brokerage event versus company mission) affects the numbers of meetings and partnerships (in particular, during brokerage events (BEs), significantly more meetings take place than during company meetings (CMs)), and (3) the type of an event’s leading partner (public versus private) has no impact on the numbers of meetings and partnerships. With its findings, this paper contributes to RES market development and the theory of inter-organizational relations. It presents meaningful implications and recommendations for enterprises, business networks, and event managers operating in RES markets.

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26

Haupt, H., and O. Hildebrand. "Lasers and Photodetectors in Europe." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 4, no. 4 (1986): 444–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1986.1146341.

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27

Conti, J. P. "Welcome to Europe [i-mode]." Communications Engineer 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2004): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ce:20040102.

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28

Schafer, Markus, and Haosen Sun. "There at Any Distance? Geographic Proximity and the Presence of Adult Children in Older People’s’ Confidant Networks." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1653.

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Abstract Adult children are key members of their aging parents’ close social network, often providing emotional and advisory supports. Still, adult children are not a guaranteed presence in older people’s core discussion networks. Geographical distance is a leading explanation for why some children are excluded from the confidant network, but we hypothesize that certain parent- and dyadic-level factors make these intergenerational ties more resilient to distance. Using wave six of the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe, we identified whether a living adult child was also a member of the parent’s egocentric confidant network. We modeled the effect of the child (Level 1) and parent (Level 2) characteristics on the exclusion of a child from the core network using hierarchical logit models. We found that fifty-eight percent of children were excluded from a parent’s network. Parents were more likely to exclude those who lived more than 25 km compared to children who lived within 5 km. The impact of distance was exacerbated among parents who were older, partnered, or had four or more children. Parents with higher education and good computer skills were less sensitive to longer distances when listing a child as a confidant. Finally, parents who had confidants outside of the nuclear family and who lived in Northern Europe were less likely to exclude a child over 100 km from their confidant network. Together, results indicate that a number of demographic factors and personal and social resources contribute to the elasticity of parent-child ties across long distances.

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29

Huertas Celdrán, Alberto, Manuel Gil Pérez, Izidor Mlakar, Jose M. Alcaraz Calero, Félix J. García Clemente, Gregorio Martínez Pérez, and Zakirul A. Bhuiyan. "PROTECTOR: Towards the protection of sensitive data in Europe and the US." Computer Networks 181 (November 2020): 107448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2020.107448.

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30

Hamilton, J. B., C. Pike, R. C. Reinhart, and J. M. Savoie. "A hybrid satellite/terrestrial network linking Europe and North America." International Journal of Satellite Communications 17, no. 2-3 (March 1999): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(199903/06)17:2/3<155::aid-sat631>3.0.co;2-c.

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31

Tydeman, J. "Direct Broadcast Satellite Systems in Europe." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 3, no. 1 (1985): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1985.1146186.

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32

Wallace, D. J. "HPCN in Europe: A personal perspective." Future Generation Computer Systems 10, no. 2-3 (June 1994): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(94)90013-2.

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33

Etiemble, Daniel, and Jean Claude Syre. "Parallel architecture and language in Europe." Future Generation Computer Systems 10, no. 1 (April 1994): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-739x(94)90046-9.

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34

Dziadul, C. "Europe rebuilds the rules [communications regulation]." Communications Engineer 1, no. 6 (December 1, 2003): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ce:20030602.

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35

Kirilenko, Viktor, and Georgy Alekseev. "The Harmonization of Russian Criminal Legislation on Counteracting Cybercrime with the Legal Standards of the Council of Europe." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 898–913. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(6).898-913.

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Crimes that happen in the virtual environment created by digital technologies inflict considerable economic damage. Mercenary motives of criminals in the information society are giving rise to increasingly more and more sophisticated methods of abusing the trust of computer networks’ users. The harmonization of Russian legislation on counteracting cybercrimes with the legal standards of the Council of Europe is inevitable due to the trans-border character of crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies, and to their high public danger. The methodology of researching cybercrime is based on the comparative analysis of Russian law enforcement practice on crimes in the sphere of computer information and the most progressive practices of counteracting cybercrime in the member states of the Council of Europe. The methods of inclusive observation and discursive analysis make it possible to identify latent delicts in contemporary information space. The analysis of criminal legislation and the practices of criminal behavior in cyberspace are aimed at improving the measures of counteracting the violations of fundamental human rights in the process of the digitization of economy, when fraud based on the abuse of network users’ trust becomes the most typical virtual crime. Internet users are interested in reporting the facts of offences in the information space on the condition that the state protects their fundamental freedoms. The creation of closed social networks by criminal organizations and the widening technical opportunities for extortion result in the creation of universal schemes that enrich criminals, who are not only interested in reducing the state’s influence on public relations, but are also trying to establish their dominance in the economic space of information society. The effective policy of law enforcement bodies on counteracting economic crimes in the global information space requires an international consensus regarding the development of public-private partnership in identifying cybercrimes and suppressing criminal practices connected with the use of information technologies.

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36

Gottesbüren, Lars, Michael Hamann, Tim Niklas Uhl, and Dorothea Wagner. "Faster and Better Nested Dissection Orders for Customizable Contraction Hierarchies." Algorithms 12, no. 9 (September 16, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a12090196.

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Graph partitioning has many applications. We consider the acceleration of shortest path queries in road networks using Customizable Contraction Hierarchies (CCH). It is based on computing a nested dissection order by recursively dividing the road network into parts. Recently, with FlowCutter and Inertial Flow, two flow-based graph bipartitioning algorithms have been proposed for road networks. While FlowCutter achieves high-quality results and thus fast query times, it is rather slow. Inertial Flow is particularly fast due to the use of geographical information while still achieving decent query times. We combine the techniques of both algorithms to achieve more than six times faster preprocessing times than FlowCutter and even faster queries on the Europe road network. We show that, using 16 cores of a shared-memory machine, this preprocessing needs four minutes.

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Mancuso, Vincenzo, Miguel Peón Quirós, Cise Midoglu, Mohamed Moulay, Vincenzo Comite, Andra Lutu, Özgü Alay, et al. "Results from running an experiment as a service platform for mobile broadband networks in Europe." Computer Communications 133 (January 2019): 89–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2018.09.004.

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38

Evans, B. G. "Direct-to-home satellite TV hots up in Europe." International Journal of Satellite Communications 7, no. 1 (January 1989): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.4600070102.

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Br�ten, Lars E. "Satellite visibility in Northern Europe based on digital maps." International Journal of Satellite Communications 18, no. 1 (January 2000): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-1247(200001/02)18:1<47::aid-sat650>3.0.co;2-l.

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40

Kosch, Timo, Ilse Kulp, Marc Bechler, Markus Strassberger, Benjamin Weyl, and Robert Lasowski. "Communication architecture for cooperative systems in Europe." IEEE Communications Magazine 47, no. 5 (May 2009): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2009.4939287.

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41

Pellegrini, Marco, Alessandro Guzzini, and Cesare Saccani. "A Preliminary Assessment of the Potential of Low Percentage Green Hydrogen Blending in the Italian Natural Gas Network." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 5570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215570.

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The growing rate of electricity generation from renewables is leading to new operational and management issues on the power grid because the electricity generated exceeds local requirements and the transportation or storage capacities are inadequate. An interesting option that is under investigation by several years is the opportunity to use the renewable electricity surplus to power electrolyzers that split water into its component parts, with the hydrogen being directly injected into natural gas pipelines for both storage and transportation. This innovative approach merges together the concepts of (i) renewable power-to-hydrogen (P2H) and of (ii) hydrogen blending into natural gas networks. The combination of renewable P2H and hydrogen blending into natural gas networks has a huge potential in terms of environmental and social benefits, but it is still facing several barriers that are technological, economic, legislative. In the framework of the new hydrogen strategy for a climate-neutral Europe, Member States should design a roadmap moving towards a hydrogen ecosystem by 2050. The blending of “green hydrogen”, that is hydrogen produced by renewable sources, in the natural gas network at a limited percentage is a key element to enable hydrogen production in a preliminary and transitional phase. Therefore, it is urgent to evaluate at the same time (i) the potential of green hydrogen blending at low percentage (up to 10%) and (ii) the maximum P2H capacity compatible with low percentage blending. The paper aims to preliminary assess the green hydrogen blending potential into the Italian natural gas network as a tool for policy makers, grid and networks managers and energy planners.

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42

Kupfer, Thomas. "CMFE – Community Media Forum Europe." Telematics and Informatics 27, no. 2 (May 2010): 187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tele.2009.06.009.

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Napier, Marieke. "Cultivate interactive: Uniting Europe through digital cultural heritage." New Review of Information Networking 7, no. 1 (January 2001): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13614570109516984.

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Luck, Petra, and Bill Norton. "Collaborative management education: an online community in Europe?" International Journal of Web Based Communities 2, no. 1 (2006): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijwbc.2006.008614.

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45

Bartholome, P. "The Future of Satellite Communications in Europe." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 5, no. 4 (May 1987): 615–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.1987.1146572.

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46

PAJU, PETRI, and THOMAS HAIGH. "IBM Rebuilds Europe: The Curious Case of the Transnational Typewriter." Enterprise & Society 17, no. 2 (December 28, 2015): 265–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2015.64.

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In the decade after the Second World War IBM rebuilt its European operations as integrated, wholly owned subsidiaries of its World Trade Corporation, chartered in 1949. Long before the European common market eliminated trade barriers, IBM created its own internal networks of trade, allocating the production of different components and products between its new subsidiaries. Their exchange relationships were managed centrally to ensure that no European subsidiary was a consistent net importer. At the heart of this system were eight national electric typewriter plants, each assembling parts produced by other European countries. IBM promoted these transnational typewriters as symbols of a new and peaceful Europe and its leader, Thomas J. Watson, Sr., was an enthusiastic supporter of early European moves toward economic integration. We argue that IBM’s humble typewriter and its innovative system of distributed manufacturing laid the groundwork for its later domination of the European computer business and provided a model for the development of transnational European institutions.

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47

Plaister, Jean. "Project ION: OSI pilot/demonstration project between library networks in Europe for interlending services." VINE 21, no. 1 (January 1991): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb040448.

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48

Liu, R. "Cable & Satellite Europe Yearbook 1985. Published annually as a supplement to theCable & Satellite Europe magazine, London, U.K. Editor-in-chief: Colin McGhee." International Journal of Satellite Communications 3, no. 3 (July 1985): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sat.4600030309.

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49

Marín, Enrique Caño, Cristina Blanco González-Tejero, María Guijarro García, and F. Javier Sendra García. "Catholic Impact Evolution Through Public Twitter Data During COVID-19." International Journal of Cloud Applications and Computing 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcac.305211.

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Abstract:

During the Covid-19 crisis, many networks have sprung up disseminating information. This study examines the influence of religion during the Covid-19 pandemic. It understands religion as a factor capable of mitigating frustrations and critical situations in society. To this end, a data mining analysis was developed for a set of 107,786 tweets collected from the social platform Twitter in the framework of user-generated content (UGC), linked to the Covid-19 related tweets published by @Pontifex and @Pontifex_es. To achieve this goal, hidden insight data extraction and sentiment analysis are carried out, along with the application of Social Network Analysis (SNA) techniques. The main outcome of the study is the positive correlation between the repercussion of the Pope’s tweets and the evolution of the Covid-19 incidence in Europe. Finally, the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm identifies the relevant topics in the analysis.

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50

Kalinnikov, V. V., and O. G. Khutorova. "Some regularities of gradient parameters of GNSS tropospheric delay in Europe." Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa 16, no. 6 (2019): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21046/2070-7401-2019-16-6-60-71.

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