Journal articles: 'Computer Generated Forces (CGF)'

1

Archer, Rick, Brett Walters, and Amy Yow. "Modeling Training Effects in Computer Generated Forces." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 44, no. 11 (July 2000): 402–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120004401119.

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The use of Computer Generated Forces (CGF) in simulations ranges from small human performance models to large scale Advanced Distributed Simulations (ADS). CGF have been used to assess human performance aspects of system designs and to augment man-in-the-loop simulators with friendly and opposing forces to make simulated battlefield training exercises realistic. However, the current human performance models and ADS available to system designers, trainers, and resource allocation analysts do not include the effects of training on the performance of the CGF. For the most part, the CGF entities in these simulations reflect a constant level of training. This paper discusses a methodology for modeling the effects of training in CGF and other human performance models

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Chen, Jian, Yan Li Yang, and Zhi Guo Liu. "Research on Method of Property Verification of Multi-Agent System CGF Architecture Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 344 (July 2013): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.344.294.

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When Multi-agent system theory is used to the research of CGF(Computer Generated Forces), making up a correct and believable model is critical. In this article, we deal with the foundation,exit and update of Agent as well as the reconfiguration of system framework of CGF aiming at the problem of model evolvement caused by many Agent in CGF system always changing and show the validity of the model using INA.

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Hutton, Robert J. B., Walter Warwick, Terry Stanard, Patricia L. McDermott, and Stacey McIlwaine. "Computational Model of Recognition-Primed Decisions (RPD): Improving Realism in Computer-Generated Forces (CGF)." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 45, no. 26 (October 2001): 1833–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120104502607.

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Park, Daekuk, and Namsuk Cho. "A Study on Reinforcement Learning Method for the Deception Behavior : Focusing on Marine Corps Amphibious Demonstrations." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 25, no. 4 (August 5, 2022): 390–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2022.25.4.390.

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Military deception is an action executed to deliberately mislead enemy’s decision by deceiving friendly forces intention. In the lessons learned from war history, deception appears to be a critical factor in the battlefield for successful operations. As training using war-game simulation is growing more important, it is become necessary to implement military deception in war-game model. However, there is no logics or rules proven to be effective for CGF(Computer Generated Forces) to conduct deception behavior automatically. In this study, we investigate methodologies for CGF to learn and conduct military deception using Reinforcement Learning. The key idea of the research is to define a new criterion called a “deception index” which defines how agent learn the action of deception considering both their own combat objectives and deception objectives. We choose Korea Marine Corps Amphibious Demonstrations to show applicability of our methods. The study has an unique contribution as the first research that describes method of implementing deception behavior.

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Verdesca, Marlo, Jaeson Munro, Michael Hoffman, Maria Bauer, and Dinesh Manocha. "Using Graphics Processor Units to Accelerate OneSAF: A Case Study in Technology Transition." Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology 3, no. 3 (July 2006): 177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154851290600300305.

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Ongoing research aims to accelerate the runtime processing speed of the One Semi-Automated Forces (OneSAF) Computer Generated Forces (CGF) simulation by converting and migrating some of the core algorithms from the host central processing unit (CPU) to an onboard auxiliary graphics processor unit (GPU). In this research the GPU chip is regarded as a surrogate stream processor, and appropriate algorithms are designed to map to the GPU architecture. Processing speed gains are realized both through computational capabilities of the GPU as well as through offloading of the host CPU. Technology transfer of this research into the OneSAF baseline is a key requirement of this research. The OneSAF development program focuses on the same issues of scalability and runtime performance that will be directly affected by use of GPUs. As program architects are marshalling conventional approaches for resolving these challenges, the introduction of GPU-based solutions is being realized. This paper examines the challenges, planned approaches, and benchmarked results for using GPUs to accelerate OneSAF simulation.

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Yao, Jian, Qiwang Huang, and Weiping Wang. "Adaptive CGFs Based on Grammatical Evolution." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/197306.

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Computer generated forces (CGFs) play blue or red units in military simulations for personnel training and weapon systems evaluation. Traditionally, CGFs are controlled through rule-based scripts, despite the doctrine-driven behavior of CGFs being rigid and predictable. Furthermore, CGFs are often tricked by trainees or fail to adapt to new situations (e.g., changes in battle field or update in weapon systems), and, in most cases, the subject matter experts (SMEs) review and redesign a large amount of CGF scripts for new scenarios or training tasks, which is both challenging and time-consuming. In an effort to overcome these limitations and move toward more true-to-life scenarios, a study using grammatical evolution (GE) to generate adaptive CGFs for air combat simulations has been conducted. Expert knowledge is encoded with modular behavior trees (BTs) for compatibility with the operators in genetic algorithm (GA). GE maps CGFs, represented with BTs to binary strings, and uses GA to evolve CGFs with performance feedback from the simulation. Beyond-visual-range air combat experiments between adaptive CGFs and nonadaptive baseline CGFs have been conducted to observe and study this evolutionary process. The experimental results show that the GE is an efficient framework to generate CGFs in BTs formalism and evolve CGFs via GA.

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Massei, Marina, Alberto Tremori, Vera Novak, Simonluca Poggi, Christian Bartolucci, Angelo Ferrando, and Alessandro Chiurco. "Obesity Epidemic Simulation Based on Behavioral Models and Intelligent Agents." International Journal of Privacy and Health Information Management 1, no. 2 (July 2013): 96–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijphim.2013070107.

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This research work is aimed at proposing a simulation model based on Intelligent Agents devoted to reproduce human behavior influence over the evolution and impact of obesity epidemics. Indeed, obesity is a real big problem for both USA and European countries, so it is necessary to take under control this phenomenon and, above all, to support Agencies and Nations with simulation models in order to promote specific actions, to guarantee population healthy and to reduce the related social costs. To this end, taking advantage of previous experiences on Human Behavior Models, a Library including Intelligent Agents for Computer Generated Forces (IA-CGF Libraries) has been developed. This library is conceived to reproduce complex scenarios with particular attention to non-conventional frameworks on the progression of obesity epidemics in the world where human behaviors play a crucial role. As for the simulation models test, calibration and validation, two scenarios with different underlying social and cultural conditions have been considered and compared, namely: Italy (obesity prevalence ~10%) and U.S.A. (obesity prevalence ~35%). This way, it has been possible to gain fruitful insights about how simulation models evolve over different social and cultural conditions in different countries.

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Deng, Jian Jun, Da Wu, and Li Liu. "Research on Modeling in CGF System of Air Defense Missile." Applied Mechanics and Materials 734 (February 2015): 350–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.734.350.

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The Computer Generated Force (CGF) system was introduced and the model structure of CGF system was discussed. The entities' model of missile was designed, it includes operator model and mobile controller and dynamic model of missile, different missile can be simulated by given different parameters of performance with the model. The behavior modeling based on Finite State Machine of CGF was studied, it could generate targeted behavior to the changing situation of combat environment. The simulation results show that the modeling method is reasonable and valid.

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Han, Chang Hee. "Group Behavior Simulation for Computer-generated Forces." Joural of the Korea Entertainment Industry Association 10, no. 1 (February 29, 2016): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.21184/jkeia.2016.02.10.1.323.

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Li, Ni, Min He, Zhi Ming Ren, and Guang Hong Gong. "CGF-SDP: Development of Simulation Scenario and Scenario Editor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 441 (December 2013): 431–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.441.431.

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Military Scenario Definition Language (MSDL) is intended to provide a standard mechanism for loading Military Scenarios independent of the applications. Some customized scenario specifications lack scalability and interoperability with Command and Control (C2) applications. And how to integrate MSDL with simulation models still needs further implementation. This paper extended and modified MSDL to propose a feasible simulation scenario specification based on our existed CGF (Computer Generated Force) model system. A CGF-SDP (Scenario Development tool) was also developed to facilitate generating course of action (COA) of a military scenario graphically based on a GIS system. A simulation scenario was generated by this editor and it was effectively used in a combat simulation system’s execution process.

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Sun, Jing, Nelson Lam, Lihai Zhang, Dong Ruan, and Emad Gad. "Computer Simulation of Contact Forces Generated by Impact." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 17, no. 01 (January 2017): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455417500055.

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Spring-connected lumped mass models are well-known tools for simulating the impact actions including forces generated at the point of contact which are responsible for localized damage to the target. However, the stiffness properties of the impactor would need to be known in order that such contact forces can be simulated with good accuracies. For most projectile materials, such information required for modeling is not available. A computational algorithm which forms part of a new modeling technique for simulating the contact forces is introduced in this paper. Cricket ball was used as the example impactor to illustrate the procedure.

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Teng, Teck-Hou, Ah-Hwee Tan, and Loo-Nin Teow. "Adaptive computer-generated forces for simulator-based training." Expert Systems with Applications 40, no. 18 (December 2013): 7341–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2013.07.004.

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Han, Chang-Hee, Jun-Ho Cho, and Sung-Ki Lee. "A Study for Autonomous Intelligence of Computer-Generated Forces." Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.9709/jkss.2011.20.1.069.

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Brodland, G. Wayne, and David A. Clausi. "Cytoskeletal mechanics of neurulation: insights obtained from computer simulations." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 73, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1995): 545–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o95-060.

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The morphogenetic movements associated with the process of neurulation have been the subject of much investigation during the last one hundred years. A plethora of experimental evidence has been generated regarding the forces that drive this seemingly simple process, and many theories about the mechanics of the process have been proposed. Recent computer simulations have proved useful for evaluating these theories from a mechanical perspective. In this work, computer simulations are used to investigate several theories about the forces that drive neurulation. A simplified version of a formulation previously presented by the authors provides the mathematical foundation for these simulations. The simulations confirm that forces generated by circumferential microfilament bundles (CMB's) in conjunction with notochord forces can produce the rolling motions characteristic of amphibian neurulation. They also support the notion that redundancies exist in the systems of forces available to drive neurulation shape changes. The shape changes that occur following a variety of surgical and teratogenic interventions are also simulated. These simulations corroborate the role of circumferential microfilament bundles as a primary force generator.Key words: neurulation, cytomechanics, computer simulations, finite element method.

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15

Petty, Mikel. "Benefits and Consequences of Automated Learning in Computer Generated Forces Systems." Information & Security: An International Journal 12 (2003): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/isij.1203.

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Street, Glenn M., and Edward C. Frederick. "Measurement of Skier-Generated Forces during Roller-Ski Skating." Journal of Applied Biomechanics 11, no. 3 (August 1995): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.11.3.245.

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This paper describes a system that was developed to measure ski pole and roller-ski reaction forces in three dimensions during roller-ski skating. Uni-axial force transducers mounted in the right and left ski poles measure axial loading of the poles. Six transducers in one roller-ski measure biaxial loads beneath the foot. A remote computer stores the amplified transducer signals transmitted from the skier through 100 m cables. Three-dimensional video-graphy determines the orientations of the poles and roller-ski in order to resolve the resultant poling and skating forces into three components. Calibration data suggest that the resolution of the force measurement system is ±3 to 9% of the actual poling and skating forces, respectively. Sample data are presented from a VI skating trial during roller-skiing. These data provide the first glimpse at the major functions of the upper and lower body during roller-ski skating and show how the tool could be used to examine the size and effectiveness of skier-generated forces.

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Wang, Bo, Li Min Zhang, Yan Li, and Guo Zhang. "Research on Modeling Virtual Battlefield Based-On Ontology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 1749–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1749.

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Ontology is applied to agent modeling and reasoning is one approach for research on agents. Modeling virtual battlefield based-on ontology is proposed to support computer generated forces base-on agent technology. Researches of ontology being applied to military modeling and environment modeling are analyzed. The virtual battlefield ontology model is presented. The model includes four domains: nature environment, physical objects, situation and operation plan. Models of the four domain ontology are built. The model provides consistent semantic representation and common understanding for knowledge sharing in military simulation and computer generated forces.

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Kozik, T. J., J. E. Lowell, and A. Ertas. "Upper Ball Joint Force Variations due to Riser Tensioner and Vessel Motions—Part II: Analysis and Computer Simulation." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 112, no. 3 (September 1, 1990): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905758.

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An analysis of the variation of forces acting on the upper ball joint of a riser string due to the drill ship motion and riser tensioner dynamic has been conducted. The analysis includes the effect of breakaway torque on the tensioner sheaves while assuming vessel and upper ball joint motion to be independent. General equation for the tensioner cable forces and for the forces exerted on the riser upper ball joint by the ship joint-tensioner system derived in Part I are solved. The variation in the tensioner cable forces is compared to data generated in field operation.

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Bruzzone, Agostino G., Alberto Tremori, Federico Tarone, and Francesca Madeo. "Intelligent agents driving computer generated forces for simulating human behaviour in urban riots." International Journal of Simulation and Process Modelling 6, no. 4 (2011): 308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijspm.2011.048011.

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Pagliara, Eleonora, Alvise Pasinato, Alberto Valazza, Barbara Riccio, Federica Cantatore, Mara Terzini, Giovanni Putame, et al. "Multibody Computer Model of the Entire Equine Forelimb Simulates Forces Causing Catastrophic Fractures of the Carpus during a Traditional Race." Animals 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2022): 737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12060737.

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A catastrophic fracture of the radial carpal bone experienced by a racehorse during a Palio race was analyzed. Computational modelling of the carpal joint at the point of failure informed by live data was generated using a multibody code for dynamics simulation. The circuit design in a turn, the speed of the animal and the surface characteristics were considered in the model. A macroscopic examination of the cartilage, micro-CT and histology were performed on the radio-carpal joint of the limb that sustained the fracture. The model predicted the points of contact forces generated at the level of the radio-carpal joint where the fracture occurred. Articular surfaces of the distal radius, together with the proximal articular surface of small carpal bones, exhibited diffuse wear lines, erosions of the articular cartilage and subchondral bone exposure. Even though the data in this study originated from a single fracture and further work will be required to validate this approach, this study highlights the potential correlation between elevated impact forces generated at the level of contact surfaces of the carpal joint during a turn and cartilage breakdown in the absence of pre-existing pathology. Computer modelling resulted in a useful tool to inversely calculate internal forces generated during specific conditions that cannot be reproduced in-vivo because of ethical concerns.

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GARCIA RODRIGUEZ, CARLOS ALBERTO, PEDRO QUINTO DIEZ, JOSE ALFREDO JIMENEZ BERNAL, and IGNACIO CARVAJAL MARISCAL. "ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATED FROM AN OPERATING DESKTOP COMPUTER THROUGH WASTE HEAT RECOVERY." DYNA 96, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.6036/10150.

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Use of heat recovery systems applied to different industries as a technology to increase energy efficiency [1] is becoming more and more common, one third of the total energy consumption is related to the industrial sector, and of this, about fifty percent is wasted as heat [2]. Increasing use of different types of computers forces us to rethink the possibility of improving their energy efficiency and consequently reducing their energy consumption.

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Zieja, Mirosław. "The Analysis of Computer Systems Dedicated for the Assessment of Flight Safety." Journal of Konbin 7, no. 4 (January 1, 2008): 269–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10040-008-0092-9.

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The Analysis of Computer Systems Dedicated for the Assessment of Flight Safety The paper has been intended to present the analysis of computer systems used for the assessment of flight safety of aircraft operated by the aviation of the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. Data collected in these systems allow of analyses of air events that have occurred in the aviation of the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. What has been presented in the paper are exemplary statistical statements generated by the system ‘TURAWA’ intended for the analyses and assessment of flight safety level in the aviation of the armed forces of the Republic of Poland. Further capabilities of developing this system have also been shown.

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De Vincentiis, Sara, Alessandro Falconieri, Vincenzo Scribano, Samuele Ghignoli, and Vittoria Raffa. "Manipulation of Axonal Outgrowth via Exogenous Low Forces." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 28, 2020): 8009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218009.

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Neurons are mechanosensitive cells. The role of mechanical force in the process of neurite initiation, elongation and sprouting; nerve fasciculation; and neuron maturation continues to attract considerable interest among scientists. Force is an endogenous signal that stimulates all these processes in vivo. The axon is able to sense force, generate force and, ultimately, transduce the force in a signal for growth. This opens up fascinating scenarios. How are forces generated and sensed in vivo? Which molecular mechanisms are responsible for this mechanotransduction signal? Can we exploit exogenously applied forces to mimic and control this process? How can these extremely low forces be generated in vivo in a non-invasive manner? Can these methodologies for force generation be used in regenerative therapies? This review addresses these questions, providing a general overview of current knowledge on the applications of exogenous forces to manipulate axonal outgrowth, with a special focus on forces whose magnitude is similar to those generated in vivo. We also review the principal methodologies for applying these forces, providing new inspiration and insights into the potential of this approach for future regenerative therapies.

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Alexa, Octavian, Ticușor Ciobotaru, Lucian Ștefăniță Grigore, Teodor Lucian Grigorie, Amado Ștefan, Ionica Oncioiu, Iustin Priescu, and Cristina Vlădescu. "A Review of Mathematical Models Used to Estimate Wheeled and Tracked Unmanned Ground Vehicle Kinematics and Dynamics." Mathematics 11, no. 17 (August 30, 2023): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11173735.

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This paper presents mathematical models to estimate the kinematics and dynamics of wheeled and tracked robots. The models account for the physical–mechanical characteristics of the ground, the influence of the center of gravity displacement on the cornering moment of resistance, and the influence of the interaction of the crawler with the roadway. The results of the models are characterized by defining computational relationships for a robot’s equations of motion, longitudinal forces, transverse forces, and resistive turning moments generated via longitudinal forces and transverse forces.

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Jung, Sung Hoon. "A Goal Oriented Action Planning and Replanning method of Computer Generated Forces in Wargame." Journal of Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems 23, no. 2 (April 25, 2013): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5391/jkiis.2013.23.2.120.

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Choi, Dae-Hoe, Jun-Ho Cho, Ik-Hyun Kim, Jung-Chan Park, and Sung-Hoon Jung. "An Automated Planning Method for Autonomous Behaviors of Computer Generated Forces in War games." Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information 16, no. 9 (September 30, 2011): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.9708/jksci.2011.16.9.011.

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McAdams, Stephen. "Musical Forces and Melodic Expectations: Comparing Computer Models and Experimental Results." Music Perception 21, no. 4 (June 1, 2004): 457–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2004.21.4.457.

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Recent work on "musical forces" asserts that experienced listeners of tonal music not only talk about music in terms used to describe physical motion, but actually experience musical motion as if it were shaped by quantifiable analogues of physical gravity, magnetism, and inertia. This article presents a theory of melodic expectation based on that assertion, describes two computer models of aspects of that theory, and finds strong support for that theory in comparisons of the behavior of those models with the behavior of participants in several experiments. The following summary statement of the theory is explained and illustrated in the article: Experienced listeners of tonal music expect completions in which the musical forces of gravity, magnetism, and inertia control operations on alphabets in hierarchies of embellishment whose stepwise displacements of auralized traces create simple closed shapes. A "single-level" computer program models the operation of these musical forces on a single level of musical structure. Given a melodic beginning in a certain key, the model not only produces almost the same responses as experimental participants, but it also rates them in a similar way; the computer model gives higher ratings to responses that participants sing more often. In fact, the completions generated by this model match note-for-note the entire completions sung by participants in several psychological studies as often as the completions of any one of those participants matches those of the other participants. A "multilevel" computer program models the operation of these musical forces on multiple hierarchical levels. When the multilevel model is given a melodic beginning and a hierarchical description of its embellishment structure (i.e., a Schenkerian analysis of it), the model produces responses that reflect the operation of musical forces on all the levels of that hierarchical structure. Statistical analyses of the results of a number of experiments test hypotheses arising from the computer models' algorithm (S. Larson, 1993a) for the interaction of musical forces as well as from F. Lerdahl's similar (1996) algorithm. Further statistical analysis contrasts the explanatory power of the theory of musical forces with that of E. Narmour's (1990, 1992) implication-realization model. The striking agreement between computer-generated responses and experimental results suggests that the theory captures some important aspects of melodic expectation. Furthermore, the fact that these data can be modeled well by the interaction of constantly acting but contextually determined musical forces gives support to the idea that we experience musical motions metaphorically in terms of our experience of physical motions.

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Xu, Yundou, Ling Lu, Wenlan Liu, Jinwei Guo, Jiantao Yao, and Yongsheng Zhao. "Principle of Force Analysis of Overconstrained Parallel Mechanisms Considering Link Weight." Robotica 37, no. 9 (February 18, 2019): 1533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574719000109.

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SummaryThe fundamental cause for the statically indeterminate problem in the force analysis of overconstrained parallel mechanisms (PMs) is found to be the presence of the linearly dependent overconstrained wrenches. Based on the fundamental cause, a unified expression of the solution for the magnitudes of the constraint wrenches of both the limb stiffness decoupled and limb stiffness coupled overconstrained PMs is derived. When the weight of each link is considered, depending on whether additional component forces are generated along the axes of the overconstrained wrenches, two different situations should be considered. One situation is that no additional component force is generated along the axes of the overconstrained wrenches under the weight of the links in the corresponding limb. In this case, the added constraint wrenches at the limb’s end can be calculated directly, and used as a part of the generalized external wrench. The other situation is that additional component forces are generated. In this case, the elastic deformations in the axes of the overconstrained wrenches generated by those component forces should be considered, and the deformation compatibility equations between the overconstrained wrenches are reformulated.

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Smith, J. D. "Helical Gear Vibration Excitation with Misalignment." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 208, no. 2 (March 1994): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1994_208_103_02.

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Occasionally it is necessary to predict the effects of misalignment of gear helices on the regular once-per-tooth forces which are generated by the meshing. This can be done simply on a personal computer and gives results that show surprisingly high dynamic forces at high speeds. The computation is straightforward and the program is given.

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Sabley, Kshitij Hemant, Usha Shenoy, Sujoy Banerjee, Pankaj Akhare, Ananya Hazarey, and Himija Karia. "Comparative Evaluation of Biomechanical Performance of Titanium and Stainless Steel Mini Implants at Different Angulations in Maxilla: A Finite Element Analysis." Journal of Indian Orthodontic Society 53, no. 3 (July 2019): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301574219863527.

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Objective: To assess and compare the tensions and deformations (stresses and strains) generated after application of two types of forces (traction and torsion) in miniscrews of two different materials (titanium and stainless steel) placed at five different angulations. Materials and Methods: Three-dimensional models of the posterior maxillary area and the mini-implants were constructed using computer-aided design software program (CATIA P3 V5-6 R2015 B26 / 2016; Dassault Systèmes). Titanium and stainless steel materials were used for miniscrews. The area constructed was in between the maxillary second premolar and first molar. The models with mini-implants were inserted at five different angulations (30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90°). Torsional and tractional forces were applied on these implants, and the models were solved using ANSYS 10.0. Stress generated in implant and in the cortical and cancellous bones was evaluated and compared at all the five angulations. Results: Stress generated in stainless steel mini-implant during torsional and linear force application was less when compared with titanium mini-implant. Also, stress generated in implants of both materials increased as the angle increased from 30° to 90°. Difference in stress generated by stainless steel implant in the cortical bone for both linear and torsional forces was less when compared with titanium implant, whereas for cancellous bone, the difference was insignificant at all the angles. Conclusion: Irrespective of angles, difference in stress generated in stainless steel implants and titanium implants for both the forces was not significant, and hence, stainless steel implants can be used effectively in a clinical setting.

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Zakharev, Andrei A., Evgenii S. Kukin, Iaroslav V. Mazurov, and Aleksandr I. Chizhov. "AUTOMATED SITUATION AWARENESS IN THE NAVY’S COMPUTER-AIDED CONTROL SYSTEMS." АВТОМАТИЗАЦИЯ ПРОЦЕССОВ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ 63, no. 1 (2021): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35752/1991-2927-2021-1-63-4-12.

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Current development of Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is determined by advancing information technologies. The role of information support in the Navy is constantly growing and is crucial in military decision-making. The article deals with the conceptual approach to the integrated automation of situation awareness in the Navy’s computer-aided control system in order to enhance forces/troops management by providing the force command and military authority officers/ operators with analytical data obtained through acquisition and processing of situation information. For automation upgrade and effective management, the mathematical models of data processing represented by linear differential firstdegree equations are given. These models describe the kinetics of various generated information resources and show analytical solutions of the volume of output information resources versus the volume of initial data and conversion rate.

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Bartelmus, Walter. "Transformation of Gear Inter-Teeth Forces into Acceleration and Velocity." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 5, no. 3 (1999): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1023621x99000184.

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The paper deals with mathematical modelling and computer simulation of a gearbox system. Results of computer simulation show new possibilities of extended interpretation of a diagnostic acceleration signal if signal is obtained by synchronous summation. Four groups of factors: design, production technology, operation, change of gear condition are discussed. Results of computer simulations give the relation between inter-teeth forces and vibration (acceleration, velocity). Some results of computer simulations are referred to the results obtained in rig measurements and in field practice. The paper shows a way of increasing the expert's knowledge on the diagnostic signal, which is generated by a gearbox system, on a base of mathematical modelling and computer simulation.

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Pandelea, Alexandrina Elena, Mihai Budescu, Lucian Soveja, and Maria Solonaru. "Determination of Internal Forces Using Artificial Neural Networks." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.151.

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Design and verification of engineering structures require knowing the numerical values of sectional internal forces as close to reality, considering that the intervention construction works are correlated with these values.Most of the computer programs are working with finite element method, which was designed by engineers and founded by mathematicians. After running the computer program, stresses and deformations maps are generated as results.Considering these results, using artificial neural networks, a computer program has been designed, which is able to determine internal forces of a section, namely axial force, shear force and bending moment.Neural network input parameters consist of color maps resulted from numerical modeling, numerical values of the normal and tangential tensions and dimensions of the structural element.This procedure is particularly useful when using finite element programs that do not have the ability to determine sectional internal forces.

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Kim, Hyun-geun, Jung-seok Gang, Kang-moon Park, Jae-U. Kim, Jang-hyun Kim, Bum-joon Park, and Sung-do Chi. "Design of Scenario Creation Model for AI-CGF based on Naval Operations, Resources Analysis Model(I): Evolutionary Learning." Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology 25, no. 6 (December 5, 2022): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.9766/kimst.2022.25.6.617.

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Military training is an essential item for the fundamental problem of war. However, there has always been a problem that many resources are consumed, causing spatial and environmental pollution. The concepts of defense modeling and simulation and CGF(Computer Generated Force) using computer technology began to appear to improve this problem. The Naval Operations, Resources Analysis Model(NORAM) developed by the Republic of Korea Navy is also a DEVS(Discrete Event Simulation)-based naval virtual force analysis model. The current NORAM is a battle experiment conducted by an operator, and parameter values such as maneuver and armament operation for individual objects for each situation are evaluated. In spite of our research conducted evolutionary, supervised, reinforcement learning, in this paper, we introduce our design of a scenario creation model based on evolutionary learning using genetic algorithms. For verification, the NORAM is loaded with our model to analyze wartime engagements. Human-level tactical scenario creation capability is secured by automatically generating enemy tactical scenarios for human-designed Blue Army tactical scenarios.

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Zhang, Xiao Ying, Kun Lu, Huai Jun Wang, and Hai Hui Ma. "Research on Armored Mechanized Forces’ Equipment Support Simulation Training System." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.724.

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Armored mechanized forces’ equipment support simulation training system is the use of HLA technology combines emulator, computer generated forces and other devices as a whole which form a virtual battlefield environment in time and space coupling by network. This paper simulation training, introduces the construction of project, establishes the System architecture, and designs the idea which is used in distributed equipment support simulation training system based on the concepts、methods and principles of HLA.

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Foster, K., R. Taylor, and I. M. Bidhendi. "Computer Prediction of Cyclic Excitation Sources for an External Gear Pump." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Management and engineering manufacture 199, no. 3 (August 1985): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1985_199_064_02.

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A description is given of a computer program for investigating the performance of the external gear pumps under varying conditions with the special emphasis on the examination of pressure distributions within the pump, i.e. excitation forces for the vibration of the pump case and the variation in flow generated by the pump. Measurements are presented for the variation with time of tooth space pressure and the results are compared with the theoretical predictions from the computer program.

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Diaz, A. R., and R. Mukherjee. "A Topology Optimization Problem in Control of Structures Using Modal Disparity." Journal of Mechanical Design 128, no. 3 (July 20, 2005): 536–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2181603.

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Modal disparity and a topology optimization problem seeking to maximize this disparity are introduced, with the goal of developing a new methodology for control of vibration in flexible structures. Modal disparity is generated in a structure by the application of external forces that vary the stiffness of the structure. When the forces are switched on and off and, as a result, the structure is switched between two stiffness states, modal disparity results in vibration energy being transferred from a set of not-controlled modes to a set of controlled modes. This allows the vibration of the structure to be completely attenuated by removing energy only from a small set of controlled modes. A topology optimization problem determines the best locations for application of the external forces. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate control of vibration exploiting modal disparity in two three-dimensional (3D) frame structures.

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Sathyan, Sabin, Ugur Aydin, and Anouar Belahcen. "Acoustic Noise Computation of Electrical Motors Using the Boundary Element Method." Energies 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010245.

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This paper presents a numerical method and computational results for acoustic noise of electromagnetic origin generated by an induction motor. The computation of noise incorporates three levels of numerical calculation steps, combining both the finite element method and boundary element method. The role of magnetic forces in the production of acoustic noise is established in the paper by showing the magneto-mechanical and vibro-acoustic pathway of energy. The conversion of electrical energy into acoustic energy in an electrical motor through electromagnetic, mechanical, or acoustic platforms is illustrated through numerical computations of magnetic forces, mechanical deformation, and acoustic noise. The magnetic forces were computed through 2D electromagnetic finite element simulation, and the deformation of the stator due to these forces was calculated using 3D structural finite element simulation. Finally, boundary element-based computation was employed to calculate the sound pressure and sound power level in decibels. The use of the boundary element method instead of the finite element method in acoustic computation reduces the computational cost because, unlike finite element analysis, the boundary element approach does not require heavy meshing to model the air surrounding the motor.

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Ivanychev, D. A., and E. Yu Levina. "Describing Non-Axisymmetric Elastic Fields Generated by Volume Forces in Anisotropic Solids of Revolution." Herald of the Bauman Moscow State Technical University. Series Natural Sciences, no. 4 (103) (August 2022): 22–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18698/1812-3368-2022-4-22-38.

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The paper presents a technique for plotting elastic fields in transversely isotropic bodies bounded by coaxial surfaces of revolution, subjected to non-axisymmetric volume forces. Our theory uses the ideas of the boundary state method, which is based on state spaces describing a medium. Fundamental polynomials form the basis of the internal state space. A polynomial is placed in any displacement vector position in a planar auxiliary state, then transition formulas can be used to determine the spatial state. A set of such states forms a finite-dimensional basis that is used after orthogonalisation to expand the desired elastic field characteristics into Fourier series with identical coefficients. These series coefficients are dot products of given and base volume force vectors. The search for an elastic state is reduced to solving quadratures. We provide guidelines for constructing an internal state basis depending on the type of volume forces given by various cyclic functions (sine and cosine). We analysed a solution to a specific theory of elasticity problem concerning a transversely isotropic circular cylinder subjected to non-axisymmetric volume forces. We analysed the series convergence and graphically evaluated the solution accuracy

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Shelden, E., and D. A. Knecht. "Mutants lacking myosin II cannot resist forces generated during multicellular morphogenesis." Journal of Cell Science 108, no. 3 (March 1, 1995): 1105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.108.3.1105.

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We have used fluorescent labeling, confocal microscopy and computer-assisted motion analysis to observe and quantify individual wild-type and myosin II mutant cell behavior during early multicellular development in Dictyostelium discoideum. When cultured with an excess of unlabeled wild-type cells, labeled control cells are randomly distributed within aggregation streams, while myosin II mutant cells are found primarily at the lateral edges of streams. Wild-type cells move at average rates of 8.5 +/- 4.9 microns/min within aggregation streams and can exhibit regular periodic movement at 3.5 minute intervals; half as long as the 7 minute period reported previously for isolated cells. Myosin II mutants under the same conditions move at 5.0 +/- 4.8 microns/min, twice as fast as reported previously for isolated myosin II mutant cells, and fail to display regular periodic movement. When removed from aggregation streams myosin II mutant cells move at only 2.5 +/- 2.0 microns/min, while wild-type cells under these conditions move at 5.9 +/- 4.5 microns/min. Analysis of cell morphology further reveals that myosin II mutant cells are grossly and dynamically deformed within wild-type aggregation streams but not when removed from streams and examined in isolation. These data reveal that the loss of myosin II has dramatic consequences for cells undergoing multicellular development. The segregation of mutant cells to aggregation stream edges demonstrates that myosin II mutants are unable to penetrate a multicellular mass of wild-type cells, while the observed distortion of myosin II mutant cells suggests that the cortex of such cells is too flacid to resist forces generated during movement. The increased rate of mutant cell movement and distortion of mutant cell morphology seen within wild-type aggregation streams further argues both that movement of wild-type cells within a multicellular mass can generate traction forces on neighboring cells and that mutant cell morphology and behavior can be altered by these forces. In addition, the distortion of myosin II mutant cells within wild-type aggregation streams indicates that myosin is not required for the formation of cell-cell contacts. Finally, the consequences of the loss of myosin II for cells during multicellular development are much more severe than has been previously revealed for isolated cells. The techniques used here to analyze the behavior of individual cells within multicellular aggregates provide a more sensitive assay of mutant cell phenotype than has been previously available and will be generally applicable to the study of motility and cytoskeletal mutants in Dictyostelium.

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Dmitriev, Igor K. "Determination of destructive forces in a rod-cable arch." Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings 15, no. 3 (December 15, 2019): 243–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-3-243-248.

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The aim of research - comparison the results of the experimental data with the computer modeling the work of the strengthened brick-cable arch. Methods. Experimental and theoretical methods of research. Results. Firstly, the tests on a small desktop models were performed, for the determination the nature of destruction of the construction. During them, it was discovered, that the arch crash is taking place because of the splitting the small size timber bricks, or as the result of the breaking its steel strengthening elements. Further, the computer model of the construction was created with the help of physically and geometrically nonlinear finite elements at LIRA-SAPR PC. The generated model was load by a concentrated force at its top zone, the same one, as it had been during the experiments before. On the results of the calculation, the maximum deformation was received, which are different from the experimental one on a value less then 10%, what suggests the nearness the computer model to the real construction. The highest compressive strengths of the arch and the largest stretching forces of its steel bands were determined during the further analysis of the model. Maximum splitting and stretching forces also were calculated theoretically, according to the formulas of SP 64.13330.2017 and SP 20.13330.2016. It was determined that the timber bricks have more than 7 times reserve of strength, and the steel bands over them - only times, and during the growth of external force, the arch will crash because of its steel sprengel bands breakage. By the results of the research, the calculation algorithm of such kind constructions was generated, at the base of LIRA-SAPR PC. It was recommended first, to determine deformation of the strengthened brick-cable arch, with further checking the timber elements for splitting and steel sprengel elements for maximum permissible stretching. The problem of stability the flat form of deformation for the brickcable arch are the same as for the glued one, because of the tight connection the timber bricks, with elimination their exit from the frontal plane.

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Sitorus, Agustami, Eko K. Pramono, Yusnan H. Siregar, Ari Rahayuningtyas, Novita D. Susanti, Irwin S. Cebro, and Ramayanty Bulan. "Measurement push and pull forces on automatic liquid dispensers." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2021): 4825. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i6.pp4825-4832.

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Since the COVID-19 pandemic, automated liquid dispensers have been increasingly developed to assist transmission prevention. However, data availability of automatic liquid dispenser mechanism's technical characteristics is not yet widely available. This causes frequent over or under design in its development. Therefore, we specifically measure push and pull forces engineering characteristics generated by the automatic liquid dispenser mechanism. A wire mechanism-based automatic liquid dispenser apparatus was used to experiment. A load-cell sensor was used to detect the force that occurs from a servo motor controlled by a microcontroller. The force data (push and pull) will be sent directly to the database server cloud with a recording frequency of every second. Three types of fluid treatment levels are used i.e. water, liquid soap, and hand sanitizer gel. Three types of fluid volume treatment levels used were 50 ml, 150 ml, and 250 ml. Each treatment level combination is carried out at the servo motors rotation steps 180°, 150°, 120°, 90°, 60°, and 30°. The results show that no significant differences were found in maximal forces required to release the water, liquid soap, and hand-sanitizer gel. It is also known that the volume of the fluid has a very significant effect on the amount of push and pull forces generated.

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Zhu, Hongbo, Minzhou Luo, Jianghai Zhao, and Tao Li. "Soft landing control strategy for biped robot." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 44, no. 3 (May 15, 2017): 312–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-09-2016-0244.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper was to present a soft landing control strategy for a biped robot to avoid and absorb the impulsive reaction forces (which weakens walking stability) caused by the landing impact between the swing foot and the ground. Design/methodology/approach First, a suitable trajectory of the swing foot is preplanned to avoid the impulsive reaction forces in the walking direction. Second, the impulsive reaction forces of the landing impact are suppressed by the on-line trajectory modification based on the extended time-domain passivity control with admittance causality that has the reaction forces as inputs and the decomposed swing foot’s positions to trim off the forces as the outputs. Findings The experiment data and results are described and analyzed, showing that the proposed soft landing control strategy can suppress the impulsive forces and improve walking stability. Originality/value The main contribution is that a soft landing control strategy for a biped robot was proposed to deal with the impulsive reaction forces generated by the landing impact, which enhances walking stability.

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Long, Jie, and Michael D. Jones. "Reconstructing 3D Tree Models Using Motion Capture and Particle Flow." International Journal of Computer Games Technology 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/363160.

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Recovering tree shape from motion capture data is a first step toward efficient and accurate animation of trees in wind using motion capture data. Existing algorithms for generating models of tree branching structures for image synthesis in computer graphics are not adapted to the unique data set provided by motion capture. We present a method for tree shape reconstruction using particle flow on input data obtained from a passive optical motion capture system. Initial branch tip positions are estimated from averaged and smoothed motion capture data. Branch tips, as particles, are also generated within a bounding space defined by a stack of bounding boxes or a convex hull. The particle flow, starting at branch tips within the bounding volume under forces, creates tree branches. The forces are composed of gravity, internal force, and external force. The resulting shapes are realistic and similar to the original tree crown shape. Several tunable parameters provide control over branch shape and arrangement.

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Jackiewicz, Jacek. "Coupler force reduction method for multiple-unit trains using a new hierarchical control system." Railway Engineering Science 29, no. 2 (June 2021): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40534-021-00239-w.

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AbstractDuring traction and braking of multiple-unit trains, substantial longitudinal dynamic forces might occur in couplers due to the non-optimal distribution of traction and braking forces generated by self-propelled carriages. These dynamic forces might create shocks affecting the reduction of endurance of the weakest train structural components primarily. Thus, the overall operational safety of the train is also lowered. The purpose of the paper is to develop a new control system to supervise the activities related to the longitudinal dynamics of each train carriage in a multiple-unit train to reduce the longitudinal coupler forces acting during train traction and braking. The hierarchical structure of the control system consists of two levels. The first master level of control works like standard cruise control. However, the reduction of longitudinal coupler forces is achieved by applying a second level of slave control systems with a control configuration of feedback compensation.

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Abdennadher, Imen, and Ahmed Masmoudi. "On the investigation of the magnetic forces of CWPMM." COMPEL: The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics in Electrical and Electronic Engineering 33, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 1502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/compel-04-2014-0088.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the magnetic forces generated by a 12 slot/10 pole concentrated winding PM machines, considering a comparative study between two topologies: a surface mounted permanent magnet (SPM) machine and an interior PM (IPM) machine. Design/methodology/approach – Following a description of the main characteristics of the concentrated winding permanent magnet machines (CWPMMs) under comparison, an investigation of the magnetic forces developed by both machines under study is carried out using finite element analysis (FEA). Findings – A 2D FEA-based investigation has highlighted that the SPM machine develops higher magnetic forces than the IPM one. However, and following a 3D FEA, it has been found that the distribution of the magnetic forces along the air gap of the SPM machine is almost homogenous while it is concentrated in two opposite positions in the air gap of the IPM machine. Research limitations/implications – This work has treated almost all features of the machines under comparison, except the power losses. These should be investigated with emphasis on the PM eddy current losses is so far as the harmonic content of the armature air gap MMF is high. Practical implications – The list of the selection criteria of CWPMMs should be extended to the magnetic force cancellation in order to fulfill the requirements of many applications such as the automotive ones. Originality/value – The paper proposes a combined electromagnetic-mechanical approach to investigate the magnetic forces generated by CWPMMs using 2D and 3D FEA.

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Yang, King H., Yun-Qiang Li, and Danyu Sun. "Computer Simulations of Contact Forces for Airbags with Different Folding Patterns During Deployment Phase." Shock and Vibration 2, no. 3 (1995): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/328438.

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An explicit finite element method was used to study the neck load and the contact force between an occupant and an airbag during an out-of-position frontal automobile crash. Two different folding patterns and two different mounting angles of the airbag were simulated. For the four cases simulated, the occupant’s neck axial force ranged from 156 to 376% of the data obtained from in-position sled tests using the Hybrid III dummy. The neck shear force ranged from 87 to 229% and the neck flexion moment ranged from 68 to 127% of in-position experimental results. In both 300 mounting angle simulations, the neck axial forces were higher than that of the two simulations with 00 mounting angles, but the trend for the neck shear force was the opposite. Although the kinematics of the model appear reasonable, the numbers generated by the model must be reviewed with great caution because the model has not been fully validated.

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Florio, CS. "Strength adaptations of the tibia bone for prescribed sets of isometric forces and joint angles." SIMULATION 94, no. 5 (June 22, 2017): 375–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0037549717715108.

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The isometric exercise induced tibial bone strength adaptations due to various prescribed net resultant forces generated by a leg arranged with specified hip, knee, and ankle joint angles were examined using a computationally based bone shape adaptation model. With the leg straight, or the knee flexed at 90°, and the hip either neutral or flexed by 45°, a force was repeatedly generated at the toe either anteriorly, posteriorly, superiorly, or inferiorly, in paired sequences of these directions, or in a clockwise pattern of all four directions. Model-predicted individual muscle forces, amounts of cortical bone surface accretion or resorption, and the resulting changes in bone stress distributions were compared. Similarities between adaptations to specific combinations of joint angles and net resultant force directions were found to follow similarities in the bone stress distributions rather than in muscle activity. The ratio of standard deviation to the surface-averaged measure of local stress was a good predictor of potential improvement in overall stress state uniformity. With flexed knee and neutral hip, greater adaptive improvements in tibial surface stress uniformity were found than with both joints flexed. Flexed configurations caused greater changes and overall strength improvements than exercises performed with a straight leg. Regions of local tibial cortical thickening were identified for specific joint angles and single-load resultant force directions. Sequential series of loads were also identified to enhance these effects and mitigate concurrent thinning in other regions. The presented information can aid in the design and analysis of targeted muscle and bone strengthening exercises.

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De Boeck, Joan, Lode Vanacken, Sofie Notelaers, and Karin Coninx. "Improved Haptic Linear Lines for Better Movement Accuracy in Upper Limb Rehabilitation." Advances in Human-Computer Interaction 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/162868.

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Force feedback has proven to be beneficial in the domain of robot-assisted rehabilitation. According to the patients' personal needs, the generated forces may either be used to assist, support, or oppose their movements. In our current research project, we focus onto the upper limb training for MS (multiple sclerosis) and CVA (cerebrovascular accident) patients, in which a basic building block to implement many rehabilitation exercises was found. This building block is a haptic linear path: a second-order continuous path, defined by a list of points in space. Earlier, different attempts have been investigated to realize haptic linear paths. In order to have a good training quality, it is important that the haptic simulation is continuous up to the second derivative while the patient is enforced to follow the path tightly, even when low or no guiding forces are provided. In this paper, we describe our best solution to these haptic linear paths, discuss the weaknesses found in practice, and propose and validate an improvement.

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Korakianitis, T. "On the Prediction of Unsteady Forces on Gas Turbine Blades: Part 1—Description of the Approach." Journal of Turbomachinery 114, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2927974.

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This article investigates the generation of unsteady forces on turbine blades due to potential-flow interaction and viscous-wake interaction from upstream blade rows. A computer program is used to calculate the unsteady forces on the rotor blades. Results are obtained by modeling the effects of the stator viscous wake and the stator potential-flow field on the rotor flow field. The results for one steady and one unsteady flow case are compared with known analytical and experimental data. The amplitudes for the two types of interaction are based on an analysis of available viscous wake data, on measurements of the potential-flow disturbance downstream of typical turbine stators, and on a parametric study of the effects of the amplitudes on the results of the unsteady forces generated on a typical turbine rotor cascade.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Computer Generated Forces (CGF)'

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