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1

Fajdiga, Gorazd, Matjaž Šraml, and Janez Kramar. "Modelling of Rolling Contact Fatigue of Rails." Key Engineering Materials 324-325 (November 2006): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.324-325.987.

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Rail dark spot defect, also termed as squat failure or shelling, is a rolling contact fatigue failure which occurs frequently on the high speed traffic railway rails. The main goal of this study is to develop a computational model for simulation of the squat phenomena on rails in rail-wheel contact. The proposed computational model consists of two parts: (i) Contact Fatigue Crack Initiation (CFCI) and (ii) Contact Fatigue Crack Propagation (CFCP). The results of proposed unified model enable a computational prediction of a probable number of loading cycles that a wheel-rail system can sustain
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2

An, Boyang, Jing Wen, Panjie Wang, Ping Wang, Rong Chen, and Jingmang Xu. "Numerical Investigation into the Effect of Geometric Gap Idealisation on Wheel-Rail Rolling Contact in Presence of Yaw Angle." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (April 2, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/9895267.

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For a fast calculation of vehicle-track dynamics and wheel-rail contact mechanics, wheel-rail contact geometric gap is usually idealised in elliptic or nonelliptic form. These two idealisations deviate from the actual one if the lateral combined curvature within the contact patch is not constant or the yaw angle of wheelset exists. The influence of these idealisations on contact solution has not yet been deeply understood, and thus the accuracy of simplified contact modelling applied to vehicle-track dynamics and wheel-rail contact mechanics remains uncertain. This paper presents a numerical m
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3

Xu, Lei, Qiang Zhang, Zhiwu Yu, and Zhihui Zhu. "Vehicle–track interaction with consideration of rail irregularities at three-dimensional space." Journal of Vibration and Control 26, no. 15-16 (2020): 1228–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077546319894816.

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Modelling of vehicle–track interaction has long been a hot and interesting topic. In multibody dynamics based on force-equilibrium methods, Hertzian contact and creep theories have been applied in vehicle–track model constructions. In another aspect, the complementarity-based methods have also been widely used in establishing vehicle–track interaction, but still having drawbacks on characterization of wheel–rail contact geometry/creepage in three-dimensional space. In this study, we draw essences from methodologies of refined wheel–rail coupling models and energy-variational principle, and a m
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4

Dižo, Ján, Miroslav Blatnický, Jozef Harušinec, and Andrej Suchánek. "Assessment of Dynamics of a Rail Vehicle in Terms of Running Properties While Moving on a Real Track Model." Symmetry 14, no. 3 (2022): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030536.

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Simulation computations represent a very effective tool for investigating operational characteristics and behaviours of vehicles without having a real product. The rail vehicles sector is typical, in that simulation computations including multibody modelling of individual vehicles (i.e., wagons) as well as entire trainsets are widely used. In the case of designing rail vehicles, running safety and ride comfort are two of the most important assessment areas. The presented work is focused on the research of the dynamical effects of a rail vehicle while running on a railway track created in a com
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5

Baeza, L., F. J. Fuenmayor, J. Carballeira, and A. Roda. "Influence of the wheel-rail contact instationary process on contact parameters." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 42, no. 5 (2007): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247jsa247.

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The rapid convergence of the tangential rolling contact parameters to their stationary values, combined with the high computational cost associated with calculations using instationary models, has meant that stationary models are usually employed in railway dynamics. However, the validity of stationary models when the applied contact conditions are subjected to rapid changes has not been sufficiently investigated. With the objective of deducing the effects of the evolution of the instationary process on the contact parameters, the tangential contact problem is solved for a set of reference con
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6

Zhao, Jing, Edwin A. H. Vollebregt, and Cornelis W. Oosterlee. "EXTENDING THE BEM FOR ELASTIC CONTACT PROBLEMS BEYOND THE HALF-SPACE APPROACH." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 21, no. 1 (2016): 119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13926292.2016.1138418.

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The boundary element method (BEM) is widely used in fast numerical solvers for concentrated elastic contact problems arising from the wheel-rail contact in the railway industry. In this paper we extend the range of applicability of BEM by computing the influence coefficients (ICs) numerically. These ICs represent the Green’s function of the problem, i.e. the surface deformation due to unit loads. They are not analytically available when the half-space is invalid, for instance in conformal contact. An elastic model is proposed to compute these ICs numerically, by the finite element method (FEM)
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7

An, Boyang, Daolin Ma, Ping Wang, et al. "Assessing the fast non-Hertzian methods based on the simulation of wheel–rail rolling contact and wear distribution." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 234, no. 5 (2019): 524–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409719848592.

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This paper aims at assessing several fast non-Hertzian methods, coupled with two wear models, based on the wheel–rail rolling contact and wear prediction. Four contact models, namely Kik-Piotrowski's method, Linder's method, Ayasse-Chollet's STRIPES algorithm and Sichani's ANALYN algorithm are employed for comparing the normal contact. For their tangential modelling, two tangential algorithms, i.e. FASTSIM and FaStrip, are used. Two commonly used wear models, namely the Archard (extended at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology) and USFD (developed by the University of Sheffield based on T-gam
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8

Ramalho, A. "Wear modelling in rail–wheel contact." Wear 330-331 (May 2015): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.01.067.

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9

Wu, Qing, Maksym Spiryagin, Peter Wolfs, and Colin Cole. "Traction modelling in train dynamics." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 233, no. 4 (2018): 382–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409718795496.

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This paper presents five locomotive traction models for the purpose of train dynamics simulations, such as longitudinal train dynamics simulations. Model 1 is a look-up table model with a constant force limit to represent the adhesion limit without modelling the wheel–rail contact. Model 2 is improved from Model 1 by empirically simulating locomotive sanding systems, variable track conditions and traction force reduction due to curving. Model 3 and Model 4 have included modelling of the wheel–rail contact and traction control. Model 3 uses a two-dimensional locomotive model while Model 4 uses
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10

Tao, Gongquan, Zefeng Wen, Xin Zhao, and Xuesong Jin. "Effects of wheel–rail contact modelling on wheel wear simulation." Wear 366-367 (November 2016): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2016.05.010.

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11

Dailydka, Stasys, Leonas Povilas Lingaitis, Sergey Myamlin, and Vladimir Prichodko. "MODELLING THE INTERACTION BETWEEN RAILWAY WHEEL AND RAIL." TRANSPORT 23, no. 3 (2008): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-4142.2008.23.236-239.

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The article presents a mathematical model for assessing the real operating conditions of railway rolling stock, taking into account the situations when the wheel loses contact with rail. The obtained amplitudinal fluctuation characteristics depend on the set roughness function and the running speed of the wheel. When calculating dynamic processes, the contact between wheel and rail should be considered unstable. With the increase of speed, the impact of this instability increases.
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12

Thompson, D. J. "Theoretical Modelling of Wheel-Rail Noise Generation." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 205, no. 2 (1991): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1991_205_227_02.

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13

Ma, Xiaoqi, Lin Jing, and Liangliang Han. "A computational simulation study on the dynamic response of high-speed wheel–rail system in rolling contact." Advances in Mechanical Engineering 10, no. 11 (2018): 168781401880921. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1687814018809215.

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The dynamic wheel–rail responses during the rolling contact process for high-speed trains were investigated using the explicit finite element code LS-DYNA 971. The influence of train speed on the wheel–rail contact forces (including the vertical, longitudinal, and lateral forces), von Mises equivalent stress, equivalent plastic strain, vertical acceleration of the axle, and the lateral displacement of the initial contact point on the tread, were examined and discussed. Simulation results show that the lateral and longitudinal wheel–rail contact forces are very smaller than the corresponding ve
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14

Jelila, Y. D., H. G. Lemu, W. Pamuła, and G. G. Sirata. "Fatigue life analysis of wheel-rail contacts at railway turnouts using finite element modelling approach." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1201, no. 1 (2021): 012047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1201/1/012047.

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Abstract The article deals with wheel-rail contact analysis at railway turnout using a finite element modelling approach. The focus is understanding the wheel-rail contact problems and finding the means of reducing these problems at railway turnouts. The main aim of the work reported in this article is to analyse fatigue life and simulate the wheel-rail contact problems for a repeated wheel loading cycle by considering the effect of normal and tangential contact force impact under different vehicle loading conditions. The study investigates the impact of tangential contact force generated due
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15

Bhaskar, A., K. L. Johnson, G. D. Wood, and J. Woodhouse. "Wheel-rail dynamics with closely conformal contact Part 1: Dynamic modelling and stability analysis." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 211, no. 1 (1997): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954409971530860.

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Observations on the Vancouver mass transit system suggest that noise, vibration and corrugation of the rail appear to be associated with close conformity between the transverse profiles of the wheel and rail. To investigate this, a dynamic model of the wheel and rail under conditions of close conformity has been developed. Previous work has suggested that motion of the wheel could be neglected, so the model comprises two subsystems: (a) the rail and its supports, and (b) the contact between wheel and rail. A dynamic model of a continuously supported rail is presented, which is consistent with
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16

Pradhan and Samantaray. "A Recursive Wheel Wear and Vehicle Dynamic Performance Evolution Computational Model for Rail Vehicles with Tread Brakes." Vehicles 1, no. 1 (2019): 88–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vehicles1010006.

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The increased temperature of the rail wheels due to tread braking causes changes in the wheel material properties. This article considers the dynamic wheel material properties in a wheel wear evolution model by synergistically combining a multi-body dynamics vehicle model with a finite element heat transfer model. The brake power is estimated from the rail-wheel contact parameters obtained from vehicle model and used in a finite element model to estimate the average wheel temperature. The wheel temperature is then used for wheel wear computation and the worn wheel profile is fed to the vehicle
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17

Lewandowski, Mirosław, Wiesław Grzesikiewicz, Michał Makowski, and Katarzyna Rutczyńska-Wdowiak. "Modelling and simulation of Adhesion of the RAIL vehicle." Journal of Automation, Electronics and Electrical Engineering 4, no. 2 (2022): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/jaeee.2022.008.

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In the paper we consider the issue related to the phenomenon of wheel-to-rail adhesion. This issue concerns self-excited vibrations in the area of wheel-rail contact, caused by unstable friction. Such friction is characterized by decreasing values of the friction coefficient with increasing slipping velocity. The paper includes mathematical formulation of the problem and presents the method for solving it. In addition, a simulation of elementary vehicle driving was performed. During the simulation, self-excited vibrations arose during wheel slip caused by high driving torque. The paper present
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18

Coleman, I., E. Kassa, and R. Smith. "Wheel-Rail Contact Modelling within Switches and Crossings." International Journal of Railway Technology 1, no. 2 (2012): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4203/ijrt.1.2.3.

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19

Trummer, Gerald, Zing Siang Lee, Roger Lewis, and Klaus Six. "Modelling of Frictional Conditions in the Wheel–Rail Interface Due to Application of Top-of-Rail Products." Lubricants 9, no. 10 (2021): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants9100100.

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The coefficient of friction between a wheel tread and the top of the rail should be maintained at intermediate levels to limit frictional tangential contact forces. This can be achieved by applying top-of-rail products. Reducing the coefficient of friction to intermediate levels reduces energy consumption and fuel costs, as well as damage to the wheel and rail surfaces, such as, e.g., wear, rolling contact fatigue, and corrugation. This work describes a simulation model that predicts the evolution of the coefficient of friction as a function of the number of wheel passes and the distance from
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20

Chiba, Elhocine, Mourad Abdelkrim, Abderrahim Belloufi, and Imane Rezgui. ""THREE-DIMENSIONAL MODELLING OF RAILS / WHEELS MANUFACTURED BY ER6 AND ER7 IN TRAMWAY APPLICATIONS "." International Journal of Modern Manufacturing Technologies 14, no. 3 (2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54684/ijmmt.2022.14.3.38.

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The wheels and rails of the train, tram etc. are often verified from their microstructure and plastic deformation, which usually appear in the outer layer of a wheel and rail, to analyse the causes of geometrical defects by monitoring the applied loads and variation of the temperature as suggested in the literature. This paper studies the effect of thermal stress applied with variations of the loads in contact on wheel/rail for the tramway, tracking through the state of the rail to discover the causes of geometric defects started by temperature variations and loads, and applying these variatio
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21

Steenbergen, Michaël J. M. M. "Modelling of wheels and rail discontinuities in dynamic wheel–rail contact analysis." Vehicle System Dynamics 44, no. 10 (2006): 763–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110600648535.

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22

Wu, Yi, Jing Zeng, Sheng Qu, Huailong Shi, Qunsheng Wang, and Lai Wei. "Low-Frequency Carbody Sway Modelling Based on Low Wheel-Rail Contact Conicity Analysis." Shock and Vibration 2020 (December 21, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6671049.

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Low-frequency carbody swaying on China’s high-speed trains is not only an impediment to ride comfort but it may also be an operational risk under some extreme situations. To study the mechanism and mitigate the carbody swaying problem for high-speed trains, a multibody dynamics model was established based on both linear and nonlinear analyses. Whilst it is generally assumed that carbody swaying is predominantly caused by carbody hunting motion, the results in this paper has shown that, under certain boundary conditions, bogie-hunting motion can also lead to low-frequency carbody swaying. This
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23

Guiral, A., A. Alonso, L. Baeza, and J. G. Giménez. "Non-steady state modelling of wheel–rail contact problem." Vehicle System Dynamics 51, no. 1 (2013): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2012.713499.

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24

Cai, Guanmian, Zhihui Zhu, Wei Gong, Gaoyang Zhou, Lizhong Jiang, and Bailong Ye. "Influence of Wheel-Rail Contact Algorithms on Running Safety Assessment of Trains under Earthquakes." Applied Sciences 13, no. 9 (2023): 5230. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13095230.

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Accurate running safety assessment of trains under earthquakes is crucial to ensuring the safety of line operation. Extreme contact behaviors such as wheel flange contact and wheel jump during earthquakes will directly affect the running safety of trains. To accurately simulate a wheel-rail extreme contact state, the calculation of the normal compression amount, the normal contact stiffness, and a number of contact points are crucial in wheel-rail space contact modeling. Hence, in order to clarify the applicable algorithms during earthquakes, this paper first introduces different algorithms in
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25

Alizadeh Kaklar, J., R. Ghajar, and H. Tavakkoli. "Modelling of nonlinear hunting instability for a high-speed railway vehicle equipped by hollow worn wheels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part K: Journal of Multi-body Dynamics 230, no. 4 (2016): 553–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464419316636968.

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One of the reasons for frequent vibrations of coaches and hunting instability are hollow worn wheels. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the wheel surface hollowing on the inconstancy and vibrations of a wagon. Considering the nonlinearity of the hollow surface, as well as both single and double point wheel-rail contacts are the significant points of this study. In order to do this, 800 wheel profiles of 100 coaches were measured in a controlled manner in a period of six months as an infield study. Statistical methods were used to categorize the measured hollow whee
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26

Shih, J. Y., R. Ambur, H. C. Boghani, R. Dixon, and E. Stewart. "A New Switch and Crossing Design: Introducing the Back to Back Bistable Switch." Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction 9, no. 4 (2020): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jcec.2020.9.4.175.

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A new track swtich and crossing (S&C), the back to back bistable (B2B) switch, is proposed that has shown potential to significantly reduce the wheel/rail contact forces through the switch due to its more continuous wheel/rail contact interface and more uniform track stiffness arising from the elimination of the crossing nose. This offers a major reduction on maintenance cost of future S&Cs. The paper explains the concept and identifies the design guidelines for a current layout and uses vehicle/turnout dynamic modelling to predict wheel rail forces through a switch to identify perform
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27

Pombo, João, and Jorge Ambrosio. "A computational efficient general wheel-rail contact detection method." Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 19, S1 (2005): 411–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02916162.

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28

Croft, B. E., C. J. C. Jones, and D. J. Thompson. "Modelling the effect of rail dampers on wheel–rail interaction forces and rail roughness growth rates." Journal of Sound and Vibration 323, no. 1-2 (2009): 17–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsv.2008.12.013.

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29

Pieringer, A., W. Kropp, and J. C. O. Nielsen. "The influence of contact modelling on simulated wheel/rail interaction due to wheel flats." Wear 314, no. 1-2 (2014): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2013.12.005.

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30

Sichani, M. Sh, R. Enblom, and M. Berg. "Non-Elliptic Wheel-Rail Contact Modelling in Vehicle Dynamics Simulation." International Journal of Railway Technology 3, no. 3 (2014): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4203/ijrt.3.3.5.

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31

Burgelman, Nico, Matin Sh Sichani, Roger Enblom, Mats Berg, Zili Li, and Rolf Dollevoet. "Influence of wheel–rail contact modelling on vehicle dynamic simulation." Vehicle System Dynamics 53, no. 8 (2015): 1190–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2015.1039550.

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32

Rovira, A., A. Roda, M. B. Marshall, H. Brunskill, and R. Lewis. "Experimental and numerical modelling of wheel–rail contact and wear." Wear 271, no. 5-6 (2011): 911–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2011.03.024.

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33

Alonso, Asier, Carlos Casanueva, Javier Perez, and Sebastian Stichel. "Modelling of rough wheel-rail contact for physical damage calculations." Wear 436-437 (October 2019): 202957. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2019.202957.

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34

Zhang, ShuGuang, WeiHua Zhang, and XueSong Jin. "Dynamics of high speed wheel/rail system and its modelling." Chinese Science Bulletin 52, no. 11 (2007): 1566–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-007-0213-1.

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35

THOMPSON, D. J., and C. J. C. JONES. "A REVIEW OF THE MODELLING OF WHEEL/RAIL NOISE GENERATION." Journal of Sound and Vibration 231, no. 3 (2000): 519–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1999.2542.

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36

Zhong, Shuoqiao, Xinbiao Xiao, Zefeng Wen, and Xuesong Jin. "Effect of wheelset flexibility on wheel–rail contact behavior and a specific coupling of wheel–rail contact to flexible wheelset." Acta Mechanica Sinica 32, no. 2 (2015): 252–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10409-015-0441-6.

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37

Lisowski, Filip, and Edward Lisowski. "Optimization of ER8 and 42CrMo4 Steel Rail Wheel for Road–Rail Vehicles." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (2020): 4717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144717.

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Railway track maintenance services aim to shorten the time of removing failures on the railways. One of the most important element that shorten the repair time is the quick access to the failure site with an appropriate equipment. The use of road-rail vehicles is becoming increasingly important in this field. In this type of constructions, it is possible to use proven road vehicles such as self-propelled machines or trucks running on wheels with tires. Equipping these vehicles with a parallel rail drive system allows for quick access to the failure site using both roads and railways. Steel rai
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38

Gautam, Aishwarya, and Sheldon I. Green. "Computational fluid dynamics–discrete element method simulation of locomotive sanders." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 235, no. 1 (2020): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409720902897.

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Locomotive sanders are used to optimize the traction between the train wheels and the railhead by spraying sand into the interface. It has been previously shown that a large fraction of sand sprayed by the sanders does not make it through the wheel–rail nip, leading to sand wastage and thereby increasing the cost and refilling effort. In this study, pneumatic conveying of sand through the wheel–rail nip is numerically modeled through coupled computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method simulations. The gas phase, discrete phase, and coupled two-phase flows are separately validated
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39

Chang, Chao, Liang Ling, Zhaoling Han, Kaiyun Wang, and Wanming Zhai. "High-Speed Train-Track-Bridge Dynamic Interaction considering Wheel-Rail Contact Nonlinearity due to Wheel Hollow Wear." Shock and Vibration 2019 (October 31, 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/5874678.

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Wheel hollow wear is a common form of wheel-surface damage in high-speed trains, which is of great concern and a potential threat to the service performance and safety of the high-speed railway system. At the same time, rail corridors in high-speed railways are extensively straightened through the addition of bridges. However, only few studies paid attention to the influence of wheel-profile wear on the train-track-bridge dynamic interaction. This paper reports a study of the high-speed train-track-bridge dynamic interactions under new and hollow worn wheel profiles. A nonlinear rigid-flexible
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40

Parakhnenko, Inna, Sergey Akkerman, Andrey Romanov, and Oksana Shalamova. "Influence of change in frictional condition of track rail surfaces on interaction forces in the “wheel/rail” contact." E3S Web of Conferences 296 (2021): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129602005.

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Determination of frictional condition of the running surface and side surface of the top of rail (lubrication) that ensures the best interaction of the rolling stock wheels and the rail, reduces the force action and thus ensures the track stability and reduced side wear of rails in the curved tracks is relevant for all the rail net.The objective of research is to determine the influence of frictional condition of the track rail surfaces on the interaction forces in the “wheel/rail” contact with various motion parameters (speed, radius).The theoretical and experimental methods were used in the
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41

Nicholson, G. L., and C. L. Davis. "Modelling of the response of an ACFM sensor to rail and rail wheel RCF cracks." NDT & E International 46 (March 2012): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2011.11.010.

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42

Žygienė, Rasa, Marijonas Bogdevičius, and Laima Dabulevičienė. "A MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE DYNAMIC SYSTEM RAILWAY VEHICLE WHEEL–TRACK WITH A WHEEL FLAT / DINAMINĖS SISTEMOS „GELEŽINKELIŲ VAGONO RATAS – KELIAS“ SU RATO IŠČIUOŽA MATEMATINIS MODELIS IR MODELIAVIMO REZULTATAI." Mokslas – Lietuvos ateitis 6, no. 5 (2014): 531–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2014.696.

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A mathematical model of the system Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track with a wheel flat of a wheelset has been made. The system Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track has been examined on the vertical plane. The mathematical model of the system Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track has employed linear, nonlinear, elastic and damping discrete elements. Rail dynamics haves been described using the finite element method. The unevenness of the rail and the wheel of the wheelset have been evaluated considering the contact between the rail and the wheel flat of the wheelset. The analysis of dynamic processes taking place in a
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43

Sirata, G. G., H. G. Lemu, K. Waclawiak, and Y. D. Jelila. "Study of rail-wheel contact problem by analytical and numerical approaches." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1201, no. 1 (2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1201/1/012035.

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Abstract This study presents the rail wheel contact problems under normal and tangential categories. Both analytical and numerical approaches were used for modelling, where the analytical approach assumed elliptical contact patches based on the Hertz theory. In the numerical approach, 3D finite element models were used to investigate non-elliptical contact patches. The only elastic material model was considered in the case of Hertz theory. However, in the case of finite element analysis, both elastic and elastoplastic material models were used to simulate the material's behavior under the appl
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Six, K., A. Meierhofer, G. Trummer, et al. "Classification and Consideration of Plasticity Phenomena in Wheel-Rail Contact Modelling." International Journal of Railway Technology 5, no. 3 (2016): 55–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4203/ijrt.5.3.3.

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45

Goryacheva, I. G., S. N. Soshenkov, and E. V. Torskaya. "Modelling of wear and fatigue defect formation in wheel–rail contact." Vehicle System Dynamics 51, no. 6 (2013): 767–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423114.2011.602419.

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46

LUNDÉN, R. "Elastoplastic modelling of subsurface crack growth in rail/wheel contact problems." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 30, no. 10 (2007): 905–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.2007.01160.x.

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47

Schupp, Gunter, Christoph Weidemann, and Lutz Mauer. "Modelling the Contact Between Wheel and Rail Within Multibody System Simulation." Vehicle System Dynamics 41, no. 5 (2004): 349–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00423110412331300326.

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48

Asih, A. M. S., K. Ding, and A. Kapoor. "Modelling the Effect of Steady State Wheel Temperature on Rail Wear." Tribology Letters 49, no. 1 (2012): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11249-012-0061-2.

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49

Jönsson, J., E. Svensson, and J. T. Christensen. "Strain gauge measurement of wheel-rail interaction forces." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 32, no. 3 (1997): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0309324971513328.

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Abstract:
A theoretical basis for quasi static determination of wheel—rail interaction forces using strain measures in the foot of the rail is given. Vlasov's theory for thin-walled beams is used in combination with continuous translational and rotational elastic supports based on smoothing out the stiffness of the rail sleepers. The smoothing out of the rotational elastic support has traditionally not been done. The use of this model is validated by the decay lengths of the problem and through finite element analysis. The finite element analysis is performed using discrete sleeper stiffness and Vlasov
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50

Suhr, Bettina, William A. Skipper, Roger Lewis, and Klaus Six. "Sanded Wheel–Rail Contacts: Experiments on Sand Crushing Behaviour." Lubricants 11, no. 2 (2023): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants11020038.

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In railway operation, the sanding process is used to overcome low adhesion conditions in the wheel–rail contact. In the literature, previously conducted research has been experimental, e.g., measuring adhesion coefficients (ACs) under different contact conditions (dry, wet, …) or applying different sands. Under dry conditions, sanding can reduce measured ACs, while under wet conditions different types of rail sand can leave ACs unchanged or increase adhesion. Despite active research, the physical mechanisms causing the change in ACs under sanded conditions are still poorly understood. A possib
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