Journal articles on the topic 'Computational design history'
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Baek, W. K., R. I. Stephens, and B. Dopker. "Integrated Computational Durability Analysis." Journal of Engineering for Industry 115, no. 4 (November 1, 1993): 492–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2901795.
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A computer aided analysis method is described for durability assessment in the early design stages using multibody dynamic analysis, finite element stress analysis, and fatigue life prediction methods. From multibody dynamic analysis of a mechanical system, dynamic loads of a mechanical component were calculated. Finite element stress analysis with substructuring techniques produced accurate stress fields for the component. From the dynamic loads and the stress field of the component, a dynamic stress history at the critical location was produced using the superposition principle. Using Neuber’s rule, a local strain time history was produced from the dynamic stress history. The local strain based fatigue life prediction method was then used to predict “crack initiation” life of the critical component. The predicted fatigue crack initiation life was verified by experimental durability tests. This methodology can be combined with identification of weak links and optimization techniques such that the design optimization for an entire mechanical system based upon durability is possible during the early product development stage.
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Llach, Daniel Cardoso. "Software Comes to Matter: Toward a Material History of Computational Design." Design Issues 31, no. 3 (July 2015): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/desi_a_00337.
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Pessanha, Francisca, and Almila Akdag Salah. "A Computational Look at Oral History Archives." Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3477605.
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Computational technologies have revolutionized the archival sciences field, prompting new approaches to process the extensive data in these collections. Automatic speech recognition and natural language processing create unique possibilities for analysis of oral history (OH) interviews, where otherwise the transcription and analysis of the full recording would be too time consuming. However, many oral historians note the loss of aural information when converting the speech into text, pointing out the relevance of subjective cues for a full understanding of the interviewee narrative. In this article, we explore various computational technologies for social signal processing and their potential application space in OH archives, as well as neighboring domains where qualitative studies is a frequently used method. We also highlight the latest developments in key technologies for multimedia archiving practices such as natural language processing and automatic speech recognition. We discuss the analysis of both visual (body language and facial expressions), and non-visual cues (paralinguistics, breathing, and heart rate), stating the specific challenges introduced by the characteristics of OH collections. We argue that applying social signal processing to OH archives will have a wider influence than solely OH practices, bringing benefits for various fields from humanities to computer sciences, as well as to archival sciences. Looking at human emotions and somatic reactions on extensive interview collections would give scholars from multiple fields the opportunity to focus on feelings, mood, culture, and subjective experiences expressed in these interviews on a larger scale.
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Wang, Xingfeng, Qing Zhang, Xianrong Qin, and Yuantao Sun. "An efficient discrete optimization algorithm for performance-based design optimization of steel frames." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 411–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219872440.
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Performance-based design optimization of steel frames, with element sections selected from standard sections, is a computationally intensive task. In this article, an efficient discrete optimization algorithm is proposed for performance-based design optimization of steel frames. The computational efficiency is improved by searching in a sensible manner, guided by the deformation information of structural elements. To include all standard sections in the design space, the cross-sectional area ( Area) and moment of inertia ( Ix) are selected as the design variables. Based on different relationships between Area and Ix, a twofold strategy is put forward, which includes a quick exploration and an elaborate exploitation. For comparison, a similar algorithm is also proposed, using Area as the only design variable. A fixed relationship between Area and other sectional properties is used. Two numerical examples are presented to minimize the structural weight while satisfying performance constraints. The results indicate that the proposed discrete algorithm can achieve lighter structural designs than the area-only algorithm. Furthermore, the convergence history proves that a high computational efficiency can be realized by using the proposed algorithm.
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Noguchi, Hiroki, Christine Addy, David Simoncini, Staf Wouters, Bram Mylemans, Luc Van Meervelt, Thomas Schiex, Kam Y. J. Zhang, Jeremy R. H. Tame, and Arnout R. D. Voet. "Computational design of symmetrical eight-bladed β-propeller proteins." IUCrJ 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205225251801480x.
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β-Propeller proteins form one of the largest families of protein structures, with a pseudo-symmetrical fold made up of subdomains called blades. They are not only abundant but are also involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, often by acting as a platform for the assembly of protein complexes. WD40 proteins are a subfamily of propeller proteins with no intrinsic enzymatic activity, but their stable, modular architecture and versatile surface have allowed evolution to adapt them to many vital roles. By computationally reverse-engineering the duplication, fusion and diversification events in the evolutionary history of a WD40 protein, a perfectly symmetrical homologue called Tako8 was made. If two or four blades of Tako8 are expressed as single polypeptides, they do not self-assemble to complete the eight-bladed architecture, which may be owing to the closely spaced negative charges inside the ring. A different computational approach was employed to redesign Tako8 to create Ika8, a fourfold-symmetrical protein in which neighbouring blades carry compensating charges. Ika2 and Ika4, carrying two or four blades per subunit, respectively, were found to assemble spontaneously into a complete eight-bladed ring in solution. These artificial eight-bladed rings may find applications in bionanotechnology and as models to study the folding and evolution of WD40 proteins.
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Adamatzky, Andrew. "A brief history of liquid computers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1774 (April 22, 2019): 20180372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0372.
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A substrate does not have to be solid to compute. It is possible to make a computer purely from a liquid. I demonstrate this using a variety of experimental prototypes where a liquid carries signals, actuates mechanical computing devices and hosts chemical reactions. We show hydraulic mathematical machines that compute functions based on mass transfer analogies. I discuss several prototypes of computing devices that employ fluid flows and jets. They are fluid mappers, where the fluid flow explores a geometrically constrained space to find an optimal way around, e.g. the shortest path in a maze, and fluid logic devices where fluid jet streams interact at the junctions of inlets and results of the computation are represented by fluid jets at selected outlets. Fluid mappers and fluidic logic devices compute continuously valued functions albeit discretized. There is also an opportunity to do discrete operation directly by representing information by droplets and liquid marbles (droplets coated by hydrophobic powder). There, computation is implemented at the sites, in time and space, where droplets collide one with another. The liquid computers mentioned above use liquid as signal carrier or actuator: the exact nature of the liquid is not that important. What is inside the liquid becomes crucial when reaction–diffusion liquid-phase computing devices come into play: there, the liquid hosts families of chemical species that interact with each other in a massive-parallel fashion. I shall illustrate a range of computational tasks, including computational geometry, implementable by excitation wave fronts in nonlinear active chemical medium. The overview will enable scientists and engineers to understand how vast is the variety of liquid computers and will inspire them to design their own experimental laboratory prototypes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Liquid brains, solid brains: How distributed cognitive architectures process information’.
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Sichani, Anna-Maria, and David Hendy. "Connected Histories of the BBC: Opening up the BBC Oral History Archive to the Digital Domain." Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 15, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3480954.
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This article describes the computational and data-related challenges of the “Connected Histories of the BBC” project, an interdisciplinary project aiming to bring into the public realm some of the hidden treasures of the BBC's own Oral History Archive through the creation of an openly accessible, fully searchable and interconnected digital catalogue of this archive. This project stands as an interesting case study on the tensions between “computational” and “archival”, by critically designing and employing computational approaches for an historical, complex Oral History collection of scattered analogue records of various forms with an archival pre-history. From data acquisition, modeling, structuring and enhancement, metadata, data analysis procedures, to web design and legal issues, this paper discusses the various computational challenges, processes and decisions made during this project, while showcasing the principles of (re)usability, accessibility, and collaboration throughout its course.
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Samsonova, O. V., K. V. Fetisov, I. V. Karpman, and I. V. Burtseva. "Design of experiments for verification of computational life prediction methods." VESTNIK of Samara University. Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering 18, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 143–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2541-7533-2019-18-3-143-154.
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The failure of heavily loaded rotating parts of aviation gas turbine engines may bring about dangerous consequences. The life of such parts is limited with the use of computational and experimental methods. Computational life prediction methods that are used without carrying out life-cycle tests of engine parts or assemblies should be substantiated experimentally. The best option for verifying the computational methods is to use the results of cyclic tests of model disks. These tests make it possible to reproduce loading conditions and surface conditions that correspond to those of real disks, and the data on the load history and material properties make it possible to simulate stress-strain behavior of disks under test conditions by calculation. This paper shows the process of planning such tests. It is assumed that the tests will be carried out in two stages - before and after the initiation of a low-cycle fatigue crack. A number of criteria are formulated that the geometry of model disks and their loading conditions are to satisfy. Based on these criteria, model disks were designed and the conditions for their testing were selected.
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Kumar, Akshat, and Shlomo Zilberstein. "History-Based Controller Design and Optimization for Partially Observable MDPs." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 25 (April 8, 2015): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v25i1.13730.
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Partially observable MDPs provide an elegant framework forsequential decision making. Finite-state controllers (FSCs) are often used to represent policies for infinite-horizon problems as they offer a compact representation, simple-to-execute plans, and adjustable tradeoff between computational complexityand policy size. We develop novel connections between optimizing FSCs for POMDPs and the dual linear programfor MDPs. Building on that, we present a dual mixed integer linear program (MIP) for optimizing FSCs. To assign well-defined meaning to FSC nodes as well as aid in policy search, we show how to associate history-based features with each FSC node. Using this representation, we address another challenging problem, that of iteratively deciding which nodes to add to FSC to get a better policy. Using an efficient off-the-shelf MIP solver, we show that this new approach can find compact near-optimal FSCs for severallarge benchmark domains, and is competitive with previous best approaches.
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Perelmuter, Anatoly. "STRENGTH ANALYSIS IN DESIGN CODES AND SOFTWARE." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 16, no. 4 (December 28, 2020): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2020-16-4-69-79.
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Modern building design standards have a long history. During this time, they have undergone a number of changes, but some of their provisions and recommendations, once proclaimed, remain unchanged. And although they do not meet the modern possibilities of computational analysis, but continue to exist due to the established tradition. In this paper, attention is paid to only some of the mentioned conflicts, which are related to the software implementation of regulatory requirements.
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Coenders, Jeroen L. "Next Generation Parametric Design." Journal of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20898/j.iass.2021.018.
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This paper presents a novel, next-generation, cloud-native parametric and associative platform for digital knowledge, services and automation, and the rationalisation behind the development of and the need for this platform in relation to the history of computational design and engineering, and the advantages and limitations of each step in this evolution: Computer Aided Design (CAD), Building Information Modelling (BIM), Finite Element Analysis (FEA), Parametric and Associative Design (PAD), Generative Design and programming approaches to design and engineering. The paper discusses some of the key functionalities in relation to why they are useful as a next step in the digital transformation of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. The paper concludes with some of the challenges for the near future of this platform.
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Perelmuter, Anatoly. "THE HISTORY OF THE LIMIT STATE DESIGN METHOD." International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 17, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 134–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2021-17-4-134-145.
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This paper analyzes the 70-year history of development of the limit state design method (LSDM) focusing on the fundamentals of the design codes based on this method and considers proposals for improving the LSDM and its justification. It was also noted that the reaction of the system in any of its fixed states is not always sufficient to assess the reliability of the system, and therefore it is necessary to analyze the rate of loss of resistance of load-bearing structures. However, probabilistic considerations were not enough due to the lack of reliable statistical data in the area of extreme sections of the distribution curves and a number of other circumstances (features of control procedures, different behavior of the material in the structure and in the samples, etc.). This paper analyzes some fundamental issues that should be solved when developing the method for the nonlinear analysis.
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Vardouli, Theodora. "Review: Digital Architecture beyond Computers: Fragments of a Cultural History of Computational Design, by Roberto Bottazzi." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 78, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 496–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jsah.2019.78.4.496b.
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Delgado, Fernando, Solon Barocas, and Karen Levy. "An Uncommon Task: Participatory Design in Legal AI." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, CSCW1 (March 30, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3512898.
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Despite growing calls for participation in AI design, there are to date few empirical studies of what these processes look like and how they can be structured for meaningful engagement with domain experts. In this paper, we examine a notable yet understudied AI design process in the legal domain that took place over a decade ago, the impact of which still informs legal automation efforts today. Specifically, we examine the design and evaluation activities that took place from 2006 to 2011 within the Text REtrieval Conference's (TREC) Legal Track, a computational research venue hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technologies. The Legal Track of TREC is notable in the history of AI research and practice because it relied on a range of participatory approaches to facilitate the design and evaluation of new computational techniques-in this case, for automating attorney document review for civil litigation matters. Drawing on archival research and interviews with coordinators of the Legal Track of TREC, our analysis reveals how an interactive simulation methodology allowed computer scientists and lawyers to become co-designers and helped bridge the chasm between computational research and real-world, high-stakes litigation practice. In analyzing this case from the recent past, our aim is to empirically ground contemporary critiques of AI development and evaluation and the calls for greater participation as a means to address them.
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KIM, SE-HO, and KEE-POONG KIM. "COMPUTATIONAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A SIDE STRUCTURE CONSIDERING STAMPING EFFECTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 22, no. 31n32 (December 30, 2008): 5609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979208050899.
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In this paper, the influence of the stamping effect is investigated in the performance analysis of a side structure. The analysis covers the performance evaluation such as crashworthiness and NVH. Stamping analyses are carried out for a center pillar, and then, numerical simulations are carried out in order to identify the stamping effect on the crashworthiness and the natural frequency. The result shows that the analysis considering the forming history leads to a different result from that without considering the stamping effect, which demonstrates that the design of auto-body should be carried out considering the stamping history for accurate assessment of various performances.
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Karlsson, Ulrika. "Rustic figuration." Architectural Research Quarterly 21, no. 4 (December 2017): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135518000118.
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The entwined relationships between the physical and the computational continue to produce sensibilities where our understanding of the division between them is becoming blurred. The prolog to Rustic Figurations identifies a growing interest in disciplinary questions on the role of history and the history of digital tools and techniques of representation to support and understand the cultural context of architecture. The second part of the text tries to describe, define and situate rustic figuration as an aesthetic and material concept in architecture that has developed through the architectural design research of the practices servo and Brrum, in parallel with research into the history of rustication.The notion of rustic figuration is imbued with architectural qualities that oscillate between the legibility of form and geometry and the disappearance of that legibility. Aspects of legibility are discussed in relation to related discourses in architectural history, as well as in the context of a few contemporary practices and projects that engage both computational and analogue techniques for design, communication and fabrication. The qualities of rustic figuration in the projects are neither bound by the unique properties of the building materials, nor by the computational information but happen in the translations between digital information and material manifestation or vice versa.
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Young, M., T. Dahoun, B. Sokrat, C. Arber, K. M. Chen, M. Bouvier, and P. Barth. "Computational design of orthogonal membrane receptor-effector switches for rewiring signaling pathways." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 27 (June 18, 2018): 7051–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1718489115.
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Membrane receptors regulate numerous intracellular functions. However, the molecular underpinnings remain poorly understood because most receptors initiate multiple signaling pathways through distinct interaction interfaces that are structurally uncharacterized. We present an integrated computational and experimental approach to model and rationally engineer membrane receptor-intracellular protein systems signaling with novel pathway selectivity. We targeted the dopamine D2 receptor (D2), a G-protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), which primarily signals through Gi, but triggers also the Gq and beta-arrestin pathways. Using this approach, we designed orthogonal D2–Gi complexes, which coupled with high specificity and triggered exclusively the Gi-dependent signaling pathway. We also engineered an orthogonal chimeric D2–Gs/i complex that rewired D2 signaling from a Gi-mediated inhibitory into a Gs-dependent activating pathway. Reinterpreting the evolutionary history of GPCRs in light of the designed proteins, we uncovered an unforeseen hierarchical code of GPCR–G-protein coupling selectivity determinants. The results demonstrate that membrane receptor–cytosolic protein systems can be rationally engineered to regulate mammalian cellular functions. The method should prove useful for creating orthogonal molecular switches that redirect signals at the cell surface for cell-engineering applications.
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Zeltina, Mara. "Design Thinking for Sustainable Development." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 1363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.2477.
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The complexity of environmental and sustainability challenges has created an ongoing need for innovative and integrated approaches to address them. Design disciplines have a long history. The method “design thinking”, originally applied in architecture, engineering and business, has led to new and creative problem solving, thus creating much potential for use in sustainable development planning. While principles of good design are well established, there has been limited integration of design thinking with environmental science, sustainable development planning and education.
This research was focused on how a sustainability approach can be merged with design thinking to develop socially responsible and environmentally sustainable products and services. The case study has been carried out in the master’s study course Sustainable Development Planning. Some of basic principles and stages of design thinking, such as empathy, creativity, collaboration, responsibility and interdisciplinary approach have been tested by using students project work evaluation regarding certain criteria and survey after the study course.
The first results of approbated design thinking principles and methods, significant advantages and disadvantages and the perspective of using this method have been analysed and discussed. As the result from this study proposals for the improvement of the content of this study course and related study courses (a study course on sustainable development issues is compulsory in all undergraduate study programs in Latvia) and for the specification of test tasks have been developed, considering also future needs to provide the study course remotely.
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Mariens, J., A. Elham, and M. J. L. van Tooren. "Influence of weight modelling on the outcome of wing design using multidisciplinary design optimisation techniques." Aeronautical Journal 117, no. 1195 (September 2013): 871–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000008563.
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Abstract Weight estimation methods are categorised in different classes based on their level of fidelity. The lower class methods are based on statistical data, while higher class methods use physics based calculations. Statistical weight estimation methods are usually utilised in early design stages when the knowledge of designers about the new aircraft is limited. Higher class methods are applied in later design steps when the design is mature enough. Lower class methods are sometimes preferred in later design stages, even though the designers have enough knowledge about the design to use higher class methods. In high level multidisciplinary design optimisation (MDO) fidelity is often sacrificed to obtain models with shorter computation times. There is always a compromise required to select the proper weight estimation method for an MDO project. An investigation has been performed to study the effect of using different weight estimation methods, with low and medium levels of fidelity, on the results of a wing design using multidisciplinary design optimisation techniques. An MDO problem was formulated to design the wing planform of a typical turboprop and a turbofan passenger aircraft. The aircraft maximum take-off weight was selected as the objective function. A quasi-three-dimensional aerodynamic solver was developed to calculate the wing aerodynamic characteristics. Five various statistical methods and a quasi-analytical method are used to estimate the wing structural weight. These methods are compared to each other by analysing their accuracy and sensitivity to different design variables. The results of the optimisations showed that the optimum wing shape is affected by the method used to estimate the wing weight. Using different weight estimation methods also strongly affects the optimisation convergence history and computational time.
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Atanasovska, Ivana D., and Dejan B. Momčilović. "GEOMETRIC OPTIMIZATION OF TRANSITION ZONES BASED ON BIOMIMETICS PRINCIPLES." Journal of the Serbian Society for Computational Mechanics 15, no. 2 (December 30, 2021): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24874/jsscm.2021.15.02.04.
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The basic definitions and a history of the development of biomimetics as a discipline that considers nature-inspired design are presented in this paper. The discussion and the results of the application of principles of nature-inspired design in machine elements design are given. The fact that transition zones that Nature chose and designed on trees in many cases survived for more than a hundred years, resisting on the various and variable external loads and other external conditions, is considered. Presented case study used the nature-inspired transition shapes in the research of innovative design and geometric optimization of transition zones of high-loaded shafts. The comparative Finite Element Analysis is performed for a particular transition zone with traditional engineering design, as well as with nature-inspired design. The conclusions about the increase of load capacity that is obtained with innovative biomimetics design are discussed.
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Cardoso Llach, Daniel, and Robin Forrest. "Of algorithms, buildings and fighter jets: a conversation with Robin Forrest." Architectural Research Quarterly 21, no. 1 (March 2017): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1359135517000173.
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A founding member of the Computer-Aided Design Group at the University of Cambridge, UK, and a student and collaborator of CAD pioneer Steven A. Coons at MIT, Robin Forrest occupies an important place in the history of computational design. Along with important contributions to the mathematics of shape representation, his coining of the term ‘computational geometry’ in 1971 offered a handle on design techniques that started to emerge – somewhat uncomfortably at first – in the interstices of engineering, mathematics, and the fledgling field of computer science. Initially fostered by governmentsponsored research into Computer-Aided Design for aircraft and car manufacturing, the methods he helped develop have since been encoded in countless commercial software systems for 3D modelling and simulation, helping structure the intellectual work – and the professional identity – of architects, engineers, and other practitioners of design.
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Llach, Daniel Cardoso, and Eric Kaltman. "Emulation of Historical Software as a Tool for Research and Pedagogy: A Case Study in the History of CAD." Archiving Conference 2021, no. 1 (June 18, 2021): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2168-3204.2021.1.0.11.
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This paper presents an abbreviated summary of previous work using a distributed emulation network (EaaSI) to allow for the analysis of computer assisted design (CAD) tools including multiple versions of the popular AutoCAD system. It elaborates on the use of EaaSI in a graduate seminar on the history of computational design, presenting a design pedagogy use case for archived software objects and showing how their remediation through emulation can lead to new historical and design insights into contemporary software. It includes further clarification on the relevance of emulation to the archival community and highlights extended use cases not found in the original publication.
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Terazawa, Yuki, and Toru Takeuchi. "Generalized Response Spectrum Analysis for Structures with Dampers." Earthquake Spectra 34, no. 3 (August 2018): 1459–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/092217eqs188m.
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In this study, a computational seismic design routine is proposed based on a generalized response spectrum analysis for highly indeterminate structures with energy-dissipation members, such as viscous or elasto-plastic dampers. Complex stiffness terms are introduced to account for displacement-dependent damping, and a three-dimensional (3-D) element stiffness matrix with complex axial stiffness is proposed for elasto-plastic dampers. A modified complete quadratic combination method previously developed for real symmetric damped systems is extended to complex asymmetric damped systems, based on a theoretical analysis of eigenvalue equations. The response is evaluated by iteratively conducting complex eigenvalue analysis and modal combination. The accuracy is confirmed through comparison to nonlinear response history analysis of 2-D frame models. Finally, an example application is presented of a 3-D truss tower seismically retrofitted by replacing the braces with viscoelastic and then elasto-plastic dampers. The proposed design routine is used to rapidly identify novel and efficient damper arrangements and sizing distributions, avoiding computationally intensive nonlinear response history analysis.
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Berti, Federico, Vladimir Frecer, and Stanislav Miertus. "Inhibitors of HIV-Protease from Computational Design. A History of Theory and Synthesis Still to be Fully Appreciated." Current Pharmaceutical Design 20, no. 21 (May 4, 2014): 3398–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/13816128113199990628.
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Sun, Qian, William Ampomah, Junyu You, Martha Cather, and Robert Balch. "Practical CO2—WAG Field Operational Designs Using Hybrid Numerical-Machine-Learning Approaches." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 17, 2021): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14041055.
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Machine-learning technologies have exhibited robust competences in solving many petroleum engineering problems. The accurate predictivity and fast computational speed enable a large volume of time-consuming engineering processes such as history-matching and field development optimization. The Southwest Regional Partnership on Carbon Sequestration (SWP) project desires rigorous history-matching and multi-objective optimization processes, which fits the superiorities of the machine-learning approaches. Although the machine-learning proxy models are trained and validated before imposing to solve practical problems, the error margin would essentially introduce uncertainties to the results. In this paper, a hybrid numerical machine-learning workflow solving various optimization problems is presented. By coupling the expert machine-learning proxies with a global optimizer, the workflow successfully solves the history-matching and CO2 water alternative gas (WAG) design problem with low computational overheads. The history-matching work considers the heterogeneities of multiphase relative characteristics, and the CO2-WAG injection design takes multiple techno-economic objective functions into accounts. This work trained an expert response surface, a support vector machine, and a multi-layer neural network as proxy models to effectively learn the high-dimensional nonlinear data structure. The proposed workflow suggests revisiting the high-fidelity numerical simulator for validation purposes. The experience gained from this work would provide valuable guiding insights to similar CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects.
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Shen, Xue Long, Ying Zhao, and Zhe Lin. "Elastoplastic Analysis and Performance Based Design of a Super High-Rise Building." Applied Mechanics and Materials 368-370 (August 2013): 1530–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.368-370.1530.
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In order to get the performance of a super high-risebuilding under severe earthquake actions, a fiber-based computational model ofthis structure is established in PERFORM-3D, and both Static Elastoplastic Analysis and Elastoplastic Time-history Analysis are used to evaluate theseismic behavior of this structure. Inter-story drifts at the Performance Point obtained by Static Push-over Analysis are allsmaller than that specified in codes. And results of ElastoplasticTime-historyAnalysis show that structural displacements, shear capacity and flexuralcapacity of some key members all meet the specified performance targets. Thenthis structure is safe.
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Stones, Catherine. "Capturing and visualising colour choice history in document design." Digital Creativity 14, no. 4 (December 2003): 195–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/digc.14.4.195.27877.
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Lewi, Jeremy, Robert Butera, and Liam Paninski. "Sequential Optimal Design of Neurophysiology Experiments." Neural Computation 21, no. 3 (March 2009): 619–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.08-07-594.
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Adaptively optimizing experiments has the potential to significantly reduce the number of trials needed to build parametric statistical models of neural systems. However, application of adaptive methods to neurophysiology has been limited by severe computational challenges. Since most neurons are high-dimensional systems, optimizing neurophysiology experiments requires computing high-dimensional integrations and optimizations in real time. Here we present a fast algorithm for choosing the most informative stimulus by maximizing the mutual information between the data and the unknown parameters of a generalized linear model (GLM) that we want to fit to the neuron's activity. We rely on important log concavity and asymptotic normality properties of the posterior to facilitate the required computations. Our algorithm requires only low-rank matrix manipulations and a two-dimensional search to choose the optimal stimulus. The average running time of these operations scales quadratically with the dimensionality of the GLM, making real-time adaptive experimental design feasible even for high-dimensional stimulus and parameter spaces. For example, we require roughly 10 milliseconds on a desktop computer to optimize a 100-dimensional stimulus. Despite using some approximations to make the algorithm efficient, our algorithm asymptotically decreases the uncertainty about the model parameters at a rate equal to the maximum rate predicted by an asymptotic analysis. Simulation results show that picking stimuli by maximizing the mutual information can speed up convergence to the optimal values of the parameters by an order of magnitude compared to using random (nonadaptive) stimuli. Finally, applying our design procedure to real neurophysiology experiments requires addressing the nonstationarities that we would expect to see in neural responses; our algorithm can efficiently handle both fast adaptation due to spike history effects and slow, nonsystematic drifts in a neuron's activity.
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Conti, Stefano, and Karl Claxton. "Dimensions of Design Space: A Decision-Theoretic Approach to Optimal Research Design." Medical Decision Making 29, no. 6 (July 15, 2009): 643–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x09336142.
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Bayesian decision theory can be used not only to establish the optimal sample size and its allocation in a single clinical study but also to identify an optimal portfolio of research combining different types of study design. Within a single study, the highest societal payoff to proposed research is achieved when its sample sizes and allocation between available treatment options are chosen to maximize the expected net benefit of sampling (ENBS). Where a number of different types of study informing different parameters in the decision problem could be conducted, the simultaneous estimation of ENBS across all dimensions of the design space is required to identify the optimal sample sizes and allocations within such a research portfolio. This is illustrated through a simple example of a decision model of zanamivir for the treatment of influenza. The possible study designs include: 1) a single trial of all the parameters, 2) a clinical trial providing evidence only on clinical endpoints, 3) an epidemiological study of natural history of disease, and 4) a survey of quality of life. The possible combinations, samples sizes, and allocation between trial arms are evaluated over a range of cost-effectiveness thresholds. The computational challenges are addressed by implementing optimization algorithms to search the ENBS surface more efficiently over such large dimensions.
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Barber, Sharon L., Amar Junankar, Saurabh Maitra, Ganeshram Iyer, and Venkat Devarajan. "Experience in Development of Translators for AP203 Edition 2 Construction History." Computer-Aided Design and Applications 7, no. 4 (January 2010): 565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3722/cadaps.2010.565-578.
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Jordan, D. W. "The Magnetic Circuit Model, 1850–1890: The Resisted Flow Image in Magnetostatics." British Journal for the History of Science 23, no. 2 (June 1990): 131–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087400044733.
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ABSTRACTThe magnetic circuit model acts as a unifying principle in descriptive magnetostatics, and as an approximate computational aid in electrical machine design. It was the subject of repeated rediscoveries through the period 1855 to 1886, taking different forms and being provided with different justifications but all motivated by the mathematical difficulty of existing magnetic theory. The process culminated in several competitively-slanted announcements of the principle made during 1884 to 1886, arising in connection with the already comparatively efficient designs of contemporary dynamos which made its application plausible. The preferred conceptual imagery, of induction flow against a ‘resistance’, originated in the magnetic theories of Faraday, though these underwent considerable changes before adoption.
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Hamrick, Joseph T. "A Review of the History of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Centrifugal Compressor Program and Arrival at Current Computational Design Procedures." Journal of Fluids Engineering 127, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1855326.
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Before and during World War II, the design and development of single stage high pressure ratio centrifugal compressors was essentially a cut-and-try exercise. To reach a high pressure without substantial experimentation required multiple stages of impellers and diffusers with pressure ratios in the 2:1 range. While such arrangements were satisfactory for commercial use where weight was not a major consideration, they were not suitable for jet engines. The centrifugal compressor for the Whittle engine, the first British jet engine, was developed by trial and error with numerous modifications of the hub-shroud profile. The centrifugal compressor section of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) designed, built, and tested three compressor impellers during and after World War II. They were part of a program designed to evaluate various blade shapes, but encountered such instabilities at the design pressure ratios that the experimental results led to no definitive conclusions. In 1948, the Centrifugal Compressor Section was given the assignment to further investigate the three impellers. The investigation led to the development of a quasi-three-dimensional design procedure that eliminated the guesswork from the basic design of a centrifugal impeller. Since the 1948 to 1955 time period over which the procedure was developed, the advances in computers have allowed refinements in the original computational methods. It is the objective of this presentation to review the history of the NACA centrifugal compressor program and efforts that have led to the latest developments in computational design procedures.
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Lipson, Hod, Francis C. Moon, Jimmy Hai, and Carlo Paventi. "3-D Printing the History of Mechanisms." Journal of Mechanical Design 127, no. 5 (October 17, 2004): 1029–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1902999.
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Physical models of machines have played an important role in the history of engineering for teaching, analyzing, and exploring mechanical concepts. Many of these models have been replaced today by computational representations, but new rapid-prototyping (RP) technologies are now allowing reintroduction of physical models as an intuitive way to demonstrate mechanical concepts. This paper reports on the use of RP to document, preserve, reproduce, and share in three dimensions, historic machines, and mechanisms. We have reproduced several preassembled, fully functional historic mechanisms from the Cornell Collection of Reuleaux Kinematic Models, and made these available as part of a new online museum of mechanism: Not only can visitors read descriptions, view pictures and videos, and interact with simulations of machines, but they can now also download and 3D-print their own physical functional replicas. We expect that this new form of “physical” preservation will become prevalent in future archives.
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Gharachamani Asl, Yashar, Mohammad Baharvand, and Sahar Toofan. "Recognition of how to Computational Simulate the Formation Processes of Biological Phenomena in Algorithmic Architecture." European Journal of Sustainable Development 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2019.v8n2p404.
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There is a long history behind the idea of contemplating the natural world and paying attention to the ways biological phenomena develop and grow rather than trying to merely imitate them in a superficial manner. However, until recently the scientific and technological capabilities had not advanced enough to implement this concept. This was perhaps the result of a superficial selection of complex and ungraspable subjects that could not be implemented due to a lack of scientific knowledge and technical capabilities. However, nowadays it is possible to have a deeper understanding of the principles of form creation thanks to the technical and scientific developments in the past few decades. The patterning and imitation processes go beyond the formal scope to encompass the entire knowledge of how biological components are formed, providing valuable area for pattern generation. Such a new method of imitating nature can be found in algorithmic design, which is to make use of computation as the main part of computer activities through algorithms and codes and programs, like a genome in nature. The main goal of this research is to provide a clear framework and a systematic approach to the role of computational generative systems in the form generation process. For this purpose, the present study uses a descriptive-analytical method based on library research, to study and categorize and describe characteristics, mechanism of the computational systems used in form creation and Compare them. It concludes that computational systems inspired by biological principles can play an important role in the process of computational form generation in architecture. Keywords: Algorithmic Architecture, generative systems, biological systems, growth pattern, computation.
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Murer, Martin, Verena Fuchsberger, and Manfred Tscheligi. "Deconstructivist Interaction Design: Interrogating Expression and Form." Aarhus Series on Human Centered Computing 1, no. 1 (October 5, 2015): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/aahcc.v1i1.21313.
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<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>In this paper, we propose </span><span>deconstructivist interaction design </span><span>in order to facilitate the differentiation of an expressional vo- cabulary in interaction design. Based on examples that illus- trate how interaction design critically explores (i.e., decon- structs) its own expressional repertoire, we argue that there are commonalities with deconstructivist phases in related de- sign disciplines to learn from. Therefore, we draw on the role and characteristics of deconstructivism in the history of archi- tecture, graphic design, and fashion. Afterwards, we reflect on how interaction design is already a means of deconstruc- tion (e.g., in critical design). Finally, we discuss the potential of deconstructivism for form-giving practices, resulting in a proposal to extend interaction design’s expressional vocabu- lary of giving form to computational material by substantiat- ing a deconstructivist perspective. </span></p></div></div></div>
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Sayyafzadeh, Mohammad, and Manouchehr Haghighi. "An assessment of different model-management techniques in history-matching problems for reservoir modelling." APPEA Journal 53, no. 1 (2013): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj12035.
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History matching is a computationally expensive inverse problem. The computation costs are dominantly associated with the optimisation step. Fitness approximation (proxy-modelling) approaches are common methods for reducing computational costs where the time-consuming original fitness function is substituted with an undemanding function known as approximation function (proxy). Almost all of the applied fitness approximation methods in history-matching problems use a similar approach called uncontrolled fitness approximation. It has been corroborated that the uncontrolled fitness approximation approach may mislead the optimisation direction to a wrong optimum point. To prevent this error, it is endorsed that the original function should be utilised along with the approximation function during the optimisation process. To make use of the original function efficiently, a model-management (evolution-control) technique should be applied. There are three different techniques: individual-based, population-based, and adaptive. By using each of these techniques, a controlled fitness approximation approach is assembled, which benefits from online learning. In the first two techniques, the number of original function evaluations in each evolution-control cycle is fixed and predefined, which may result in an inefficient model management. In the adaptive technique, the number is altered based on the fidelity of the approximation function. In this study, a specific adaptive technique is designed, based on heuristic fuzzy roles; then, for the first time, the applications of all the three techniques are investigated in history matching. To deliver an assessment between the four approaches (the uncontrolled approach and three controlled approaches), a framework is developed in which ECLIPSE-E100 is coupled with MATLAB; and an artificial neural network, a genetic algorithm—with a customised crossover—and a Latin hypercube sampling strategy are used as the proxy model, optimiser, and experimental design method, respectively. History matching is carried out using each of the four approaches for the PUNQ-S3 reservoir model, while the same amount of computation time was allowed for each of the approaches. The outcomes demonstrate that the uncontrolled approach cannot deliver reliable results in comparison with the controlled approaches, and among the controlled approaches, the developed adaptive technique is more efficient.
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Sauer, G. "Finite element computation of fission gas release from UO2 grains." Kerntechnik 66, no. 5-6 (October 1, 2001): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/kern-2001-0104.
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Abstract Fission gas release from the fuel is an important aspect of mechanical fuel rod design. It is required by design rules that gas release be limited. To predict the release in advance for arbitrary power conditions, a reliable computational tool must be available. A procedure based on the finite element method for evaluating the gas release is presented. The differential equation governing the diffusion process is approximated by a system of one-dimensional elements leading to small equation systems with few unknowns. These systems can rapidly be solved allowing the computation of the diffusion and gas release for any power history in short time. The results obtained with the finite element approach are compared with analytical results for constant conditions. Additionally, the gas release under varying conditions is studied and the influence of the grain size on the gas release is discussed. Finally, some methods are described that enable the estimation of gas release based on the temperature histories of grain or fuel pellet centre.
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Arslan Selçuk, Semra, Nur Banu Gülle, and Güneş Mutlu Avinç. "Tree-Like Structures in Architecture: Revisiting Frei Otto’s Branching Columns Through Parametric Tools." SAGE Open 12, no. 3 (July 2022): 215824402211194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440221119479.
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Tree-like architectures and branching structures are one of the analogical designs that are among the nature inspired structures arousing attention of the designers, inspiring them and that are frequently confronted throughout the history of architecture. Likewise, trees are structural models for designers beyond the plant and branching patterns that are used as architectural ornamentation. Trees have the characteristics of being mentors for architects and engineers concerning how the vertical and the horizontal loads are transmitted through the trunks, branches, and leaves and how the balance is provided. Within this context, it is possible to claim that a quite wide and intuitively developed structural knowledge is acquired with the tree analogies throughout the history of architecture. By the development of computational design technologies, there have been significant developments in the design and the building of tree-like structures. Especially the number of branching, angles of dendroids, lengths, and the other parameters can be defined by using algorithms and can be optimized also by the help of computational tools. In this paper, the historical development and classification of the tree-like structures have been carried out and Frei Otto who is the pioneer to pave the way for innovative structures related to this field has been selected to revisit the efficiency of lightweight columns inspired by nature. One of the experimental studies of Otto in which he called as “minimum path system” has been determined as the case study; the parametric design behind the structure has been analyzed and reproduced by using a parametric software. The structural effectiveness has been determined and discussed by testing the obtained models using a FEM program under horizontal and vertical loads. Consequently, the structural effectiveness of today’s computational technologies and the branching structures that Otto built intuitively and by natural analogies have been able to be tested and the possible potentials that can be leading for today’s architects have been demonstrated.
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Arnold, Florian. "Was heißt Gestalt? – für eine morphologische Designphilosophie." Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie 68, no. 3 (May 5, 2020): 425–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dzph-2020-0028.
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AbstractThe paper proposes a morphological approach towards a philosophy of design. Beginning with the question: what is “Gestalt”? it argues that there is a crucial difference between the concepts of “Gestalt” and “form”. I will proceed in three steps, beginning with the Aristotelian doctrine of the four causes and its implications for the concept of nature. Secondly I will briefly discuss Goethe’s notion of “Gestalt” within his “Morphologie” and how it was used among his successors (including the “Bauhaus”), which leads straight into contemporary debates about computational design. Finally, and in conclusion, I introduce a morpho-logical “Gestalt”-thinking as a distinct and original kind of design-philosophy, beyond common design-history, or mere design-thinking.
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He, Jincong, Jiang Xie, Pallav Sarma, Xian-Huan Wen, Wen H. Chen, and Jairam Kamath. "Proxy-Based Work Flow for a Priori Evaluation of Data-Acquisition Programs." SPE Journal 21, no. 04 (August 15, 2016): 1400–1412. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/173229-pa.
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Summary Data-acquisition programs, such as surveillance and pilot, play an important role in reservoir management, and are crucial for minimizing subsurface risks and improving decision quality. Optimal design of the data-acquisition plan requires predicting the performance (e.g., in terms of the expected amount of uncertainty reduction in an objective function) of a given design before it is implemented. Because the data from the acquisition program are uncertain at the time of the analysis, multiple history-matching runs are required for different plausible realizations of the observed data to evaluate the expected effectiveness of the program in reducing uncertainty. As such, the computational cost may be prohibitive because the number of reservoir simulations needed for the multiple history-matching runs would be substantial. This paper proposes a framework on the basis of proxies and rejection sampling (filtering) to perform the multiple history-matching runs with a manageable number of reservoir simulations. The work flow proposed does not depend on the linear Gaussian assumption that is a common, yet questionable, assumption in existing methods. The work flow also enables both qualitative and quantitative analysis of a surveillance plan. Qualitatively, heavy-hitter alignment analysis for the objective function and the observed data provides actionable measures for screening different surveillance designs. Quantitatively, the evaluation of expected uncertainty reduction from different surveillance plans allows for optimal design and selection of surveillance plans.
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Fortin, Claude, Kate Hennessy, and Jim Bizzocchi. "Navigating the Cyber Museum: Reconstructing Indigenous Living History in A Journey into Time Immemorial." Leonardo 53, no. 1 (February 2020): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01545.
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This article closely examines aspects of the Virtual Museum of Canada’s website A Journey into Time Immemorial to investigate the relationship between the poetics of new media and contemporary curatorial practices in Indigenous cultural heritage. In this interactive cyber museum, detailed reconstructions of a longhouse village, engaging motion graphics and video interviews with Elders are combined to represent the historical practices of Stó:l̄-Coast Salish peoples and their enduring significance today. The objective of this research is to reflect on how computational tools and spatial design were used to express temporal aspects of tangible and intangible heritage preservation and transmission.
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Kural, Karel, Mark Voskuijl, Tian Fengnian, and Joop Pauwelussen. "DETERMINATION OF REPRESENTATIVE LOADING CONDITIONS FOR EFFECTIVE SEMITRAILER DESIGN." TRANSPORT 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2014): 363–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.982174.
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Obtaining a representative loading spectrum that corresponds well to the reality is still one of the greatest challenges for fatigue life calculations and optimal design of the trailer body. A good qualitative and quantitative knowledge of the spectrum leads to more efficient usage of material, a better design of connection points and an overall decrease of the weight of the trailer, which finally results in a significant decrease in the price of a ton of cargo per km. Despite that, the approach is nowadays mostly based on the experience and rules of thumb. It typically results in over-dimensioning of some parts while other parts remain vulnerable to failure due to unknown loading patterns. This paper describes a generic approach to solve the problems mentioned above applied in a research project named FORWARD (Fuel Optimized trailer Referring to Well Assessed Realistic Design loads). The project lasted two years and was carried out in cooperation with several different trailer manufacturers and 1st tier suppliers. The loading history of more than 1000 hours for five trailer types were captured in the shape of strains, accelerations and velocities of various elements of the trailers, enabling reconstruction of the loading in terms of forces and moments acting on the wheels and kingpin. Parallel to this extensive test-campaign, a novel generic physics-based computational approach was developed to predict selected loads encountered during common manoeuvres to all trailer types. The computational approach was validated against test-data and resulted in creating a generic multibody library applicable for all trailer types, and an automated post-processing routine for the large amount of test-data
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Ha, Taehyu, Sung-Gul Hong, Bong-Ho Cho, and Dae-Jin Kim. "Effective Assessment of Inelastic Torsional Deformation of Plan-Asymmetric Shear Wall Systems." Applied Sciences 9, no. 14 (July 14, 2019): 2814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9142814.
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Torsional deformation may occur in plan-asymmetric wall structures during seismic events. In most current seismic design codes, the torsional deformation is handled using the concept of design eccentricity, in which design loads may be excessively amplified. This approach has limitations in accurately estimating the torsional deformation of the plan-asymmetric structures, mainly because it is based on linear elastic material behavior. In this paper, we propose a simple method that can accurately evaluate the inelastic lateral displacement and rotation of plan-asymmetric wall structures and is suitable for use in the displacement-based design method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by comparing its predictions with the results of rigorous time history analyses for a model problem. The comparison shows that the proposed method is able to provide accurate estimates of the inelastic torsional deformation for the plan-asymmetric wall system, while requiring less computational cost than the time history analysis.
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Champion, Dionne N., Eli Tucker-Raymond, Amon Millner, Brian Gravel, Christopher G. Wright, Rasheda Likely, Ayana Allen-Handy, and Tikyna M. Dandridge. "(Designing for) learning computational STEM and arts integration in culturally sustaining learning ecologies." Information and Learning Sciences 121, no. 9/10 (November 30, 2020): 785–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ils-01-2020-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the designed cultural ecology of a hip-hop and computational science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) camp and the ways in which that ecology contributed to culturally sustaining learning experiences for middle school youth. In using the principles of hip-hop as a CSP for design, the authors question how and what practices were supported or emerged and how they became resources for youth engagement in the space. Design/methodology/approach The overall methodology was design research. Through interpretive analysis, it uses an example of four Black girls participating in the camp as they build a computer-controlled DJ battle station. Findings Through a close examination of youth interactions in the designed environment – looking at their communication, spatial arrangements, choices and uses of materials and tools during collaborative project work – the authors show how a learning ecology, designed based on hip-hop and computational practices and shaped by the history and practices of the dance center where the program was held, provided access to ideational, relational, spatial and material resources that became relevant to learning through computational making. The authors also show how youth engagement in the hip-hop computational making learning ecology allowed practices to emerge that led to expansive learning experiences that redefine what it means to engage in computing. Research limitations/implications Implications include how such ecologies might arrange relations of ideas, tools, materials, space and people to support learning and positive identity development. Originality/value Supporting culturally sustaining computational STEM pedagogies, the article argues two original points in informal youth learning 1) an expanded definition of computing based on making grammars and the cultural practices of hip-hop, and 2) attention to cultural ecologies in designing and understanding computational STEM learning environments.
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Ortloff, Charles R. "Tipon: Insight into Inka Hydraulic Engineering Practice." Latin American Antiquity 30, no. 4 (December 2019): 724–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/laq.2019.70.
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The site of Tipon, Peru, located about 30 km east of Cuzco, provides an example of Inka knowledge of hydraulic engineering and the civil engineering practices used in the design and operation of the complex water system. The inhabitants of Tipon used river- and spring-sourced surface and subterranean channels to convey, distribute, and drain water to and from multiple agricultural platforms, reservoirs, and urban ceremonial centers. Intricate intersecting surface and subterranean channel systems that combined and regulated water flows from different sources controlled the water to and drainage from 13 terraced agricultural platforms. This design served to maintain different ground moisture levels to sustain specialty crops. Within the site are fountains and multiple water display features requiring sophisticated hydraulic engineering necessary for aesthetic displays. To understand the technology used by the Inka to design the water systems at Tipon, I used computational fluid dynamics methodology and modern hydraulic engineering theory. I made computer models of key elements of the Principal Fountain and the Main Aqueduct to reproduce water flow patterns in these features as intended by Inka engineers’ designs and calculations. The Inka hydraulic technology used complex engineering principles similar to those in modern civil engineering practice centuries ahead of their formal discovery in Western hydraulic science.
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Engholm, Ida. "Digital style history: the development of graphic design on the Internet." Digital Creativity 13, no. 4 (December 2002): 193–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/digc.13.4.193.8672.
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Luo, Qi, and Romesh Saigal. "Dynamic Multiagent Incentive Contracts: Existence, Uniqueness, and Implementation." Mathematics 9, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9010019.
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Multiagent incentive contracts are advanced techniques for solving decentralized decision-making problems with asymmetric information. The principal designs contracts aiming to incentivize non-cooperating agents to act in his or her interest. Due to the asymmetric information, the principal must balance the efficiency loss and the security for keeping the agents. We prove both the existence conditions for optimality and the uniqueness conditions for computational tractability. The coupled principal-agent problems are converted to solving a Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation with equilibrium constraints. Extending the incentive contract to a multiagent setting with history-dependent terminal conditions opens the door to new applications in corporate finance, institutional design, and operations research.
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Masuda, Hisanori, and Atsumi Imamiya. "Design of a graphical history browser with Undo facility, and visual search analysis." Systems and Computers in Japan 35, no. 12 (2004): 32–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/scj.10431.
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Kadem, S., R. Younsi, and A. Lachemet. "Computational analysis of heat and mass transfer during microwave drying of timber." Thermal Science 20, no. 5 (2016): 1447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140109055k.
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The need for improvement in engineering design and process optimization for microwave drying of wood has stimulated the development of computer simulation techniques to predict temperature and moisture history and distribution wood sample. A three-dimensional comprehensive heat and mass transfer model was developed to simulate the free liquid, vapor, and bound water movement including consideration of internal heat generation in microwave drying of yellow poplar specimens. The model was solved using the finite element analysis with FEMLsoftware. The model predictions compared favorably with predicted and experimental solutions. The effect of changes of the most important parameters on the predictions of the model is also presented. The results showed that the variations of irradiation time, microwave power level and sample thickness played an important role in overall drying kinetics.
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Wang, Ge, Yuhao Bai, Jiarui Cui, Zirui Zong, Yuan Gao, and Zhen Zheng. "Computer-Aided Drug Design Boosts RAS Inhibitor Discovery." Molecules 27, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 5710. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175710.
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The Rat Sarcoma (RAS) family (NRAS, HRAS, and KRAS) is endowed with GTPase activity to regulate various signaling pathways in ubiquitous animal cells. As proto-oncogenes, RAS mutations can maintain activation, leading to the growth and proliferation of abnormal cells and the development of a variety of human cancers. For the fight against tumors, the discovery of RAS-targeted drugs is of high significance. On the one hand, the structural properties of the RAS protein make it difficult to find inhibitors specifically targeted to it. On the other hand, targeting other molecules in the RAS signaling pathway often leads to severe tissue toxicities due to the lack of disease specificity. However, computer-aided drug design (CADD) can help solve the above problems. As an interdisciplinary approach that combines computational biology with medicinal chemistry, CADD has brought a variety of advances and numerous benefits to drug design, such as the rapid identification of new targets and discovery of new drugs. Based on an overview of RAS features and the history of inhibitor discovery, this review provides insight into the application of mainstream CADD methods to RAS drug design.