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1
Esmail, Shakirah, and Jason Corburn. "Struggles to remain in Kigali’s “unplanned” settlements: the case of Bannyahe." Environment and Urbanization 32, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956247819886229.
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Examining the precarious status of informal settlements in Kigali at a time of large-scale planning-induced expropriation, this article considers urban contestation in the context of the city’s changing spatial-legal regime. We analyse the case of one informal settlement’s expropriation and relocation – the settlement of Bannyahe – and the contestation that has ensued as resident property owners take the District of Gasabo to court. Through interviews with settlement residents, we follow the fates of these displaced urban citizens and consider their struggles to remain in their homes. Finally, we suggest that such contestation over legal procedural regularity and negotiation over property valuation at the neighbourhood level forms the limit of overt opposition to the city’s masterplan. Terming these limits to contestation “silent boundaries” that circumscribe contestation for property owners in the Bannyahe settlement, we offer perspectives on contestation and compromise amidst urban socio-spatial reordering in the “new Kigali”.
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Fabbe, Kristin, Chad Hazlett, and Tolga Sınmazdemir. "A persuasive peace: Syrian refugees’ attitudes towards compromise and civil war termination." Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 1 (January 2019): 103–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343318814114.
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Civilians who have fled violent conflict and settled in neighboring countries are integral to processes of civil war termination. Contingent on their attitudes, they can either back peaceful settlements or support warring groups and continued fighting. Attitudes toward peaceful settlement are expected to be especially obdurate for civilians who have been exposed to violence. In a survey of 1,120 Syrian refugees in Turkey conducted in 2016, we use experiments to examine attitudes towards two critical phases of conflict termination – a ceasefire and a peace agreement. We examine the rigidity/flexibility of refugees’ attitudes to see if subtle changes in how wartime losses are framed or in who endorses a peace process can shift willingness to compromise with the incumbent Assad regime. Our results show, first, that refugees are far more likely to agree to a ceasefire proposed by a civilian as opposed to one proposed by armed actors from either the Syrian government or the opposition. Second, simply describing the refugee community’s wartime experience as suffering rather than sacrifice substantially increases willingness to compromise with the regime to bring about peace. This effect remains strong among those who experienced greater violence. Together, these results show that even among a highly pro-opposition population that has experienced severe violence, willingness to settle and make peace are remarkably flexible and dependent upon these cues.
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Puška, Adis, Dragan Pamucar, Ilija Stojanović, Fausto Cavallaro, Arturas Kaklauskas, and Abbas Mardani. "Examination of the Sustainable Rural Tourism Potential of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina Using a Fuzzy Approach Based on Group Decision Making." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020583.
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Tourism is an economic activity with great contribution for the development of many countries. To develop rural areas, tourism is especially important and need to be improved in these areas. The Government of Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina has decided to have tourism improvement as one of main objectives in their development strategy focusing on better conditions for development of tourism. Investments in tourism should be applied to the entire area of the Brčko District. Since Brčko District mainly consists of rural areas, it is necessary to invest in rural tourism. The first step of this study was to determine the tourist potential of rural areas. The determination of rural tourist potential in Brčko District was carried out with the assistance of the Brčko District Government. For this purpose, the method of expert decision-making was used, and three experts were selected who evaluated six rural settlements. To obtain results based on expert evaluation, two multi-criteria methods were used: the Full Consistency Method (FUCOM) for determining the importance of criteria and the fuzzy Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the COmpromise Solution (MARCOS) method to rank rural settlements in terms of their tourism potential. The results showed that the settlement of Bijela has the best rural tourist potential, while the settlement of Grbavica has the least potential. The results obtained by applying this model showed how rural tourism in Brčko District can be improved. The research model for testing the tourism potential has shown good results and can be applied in other branches of tourism with some adaptation to certain branches of tourism.
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Puška, Adis, Dragan Pamucar, Ilija Stojanović, Fausto Cavallaro, Arturas Kaklauskas, and Abbas Mardani. "Examination of the Sustainable Rural Tourism Potential of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina Using a Fuzzy Approach Based on Group Decision Making." Sustainability 13, no. 2 (January 9, 2021): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13020583.
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Tourism is an economic activity with great contribution for the development of many countries. To develop rural areas, tourism is especially important and need to be improved in these areas. The Government of Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina has decided to have tourism improvement as one of main objectives in their development strategy focusing on better conditions for development of tourism. Investments in tourism should be applied to the entire area of the Brčko District. Since Brčko District mainly consists of rural areas, it is necessary to invest in rural tourism. The first step of this study was to determine the tourist potential of rural areas. The determination of rural tourist potential in Brčko District was carried out with the assistance of the Brčko District Government. For this purpose, the method of expert decision-making was used, and three experts were selected who evaluated six rural settlements. To obtain results based on expert evaluation, two multi-criteria methods were used: the Full Consistency Method (FUCOM) for determining the importance of criteria and the fuzzy Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the COmpromise Solution (MARCOS) method to rank rural settlements in terms of their tourism potential. The results showed that the settlement of Bijela has the best rural tourist potential, while the settlement of Grbavica has the least potential. The results obtained by applying this model showed how rural tourism in Brčko District can be improved. The research model for testing the tourism potential has shown good results and can be applied in other branches of tourism with some adaptation to certain branches of tourism.
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Bozóki, András. "Theoretical Interpretations of Elite Change in East Central Europe." Comparative Sociology 2, no. 1 (2003): 215–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156913303100418762.
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AbstractElite theory enjoyed a remarkable revival in Central and Eastern Europe, and also in international social science research, during the 1990s. Many researchers coming from different schools of thought turned to the analysis of rapid political and social changes and ended up doing centered research. Since democratic transition and elite transformation seemed to be parallel processes, it was understandable that sociologists and political scientists of the region started to use elite theory. The idea of "third wave" of democratization advanced a reduced, more synthetic, "exportable" understanding of democracy in the political science literature. The main focus of social sciences shifted from structures to actors, from path dependency to institutional choices. Transitions, roundtable negotiations, institution-building, constitution-making, compromise-seeking, pactmaking, pact-breaking, strategic choices — all of these underlined the importance of elites and research on them. Elite settlements were seen as alternatives of social revolution. According to a widely shared view democratic institutions came into existence through negotiations and compromises among political elites calculating their own interests and desires. The elite settlement approach was then followed by some important contributions in transitology which described the process of regime change largely as "elite games." By offering a systematic overview of the theoretical interpretations of elite change from New Class theory to recent theorizing of elite change (conversion of capital, reproduction, circulation, political capitalism, technocratic continuity, three elites and the like), the paper also gives an account of the state of the arts in elite studies in different new democracies of Central and Eastern Europe.
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Zume, Joseph T. "Assessing the potential risks of burial practices on groundwater quality in rural north-central Nigeria." Journal of Water and Health 9, no. 3 (May 30, 2011): 609–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2011.193.
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Several cultures of north-central Nigeria do not use community cemeteries. Instead, human remains are buried in and around family compounds, often in shallow and sometimes unmarked graves. At several locations, graves and drinking water wells end up too close to be presumed environmentally safe. This paper reports findings of a pilot study that explored the potential for groundwater contamination from gravesites in some rural settlements of north-central Nigeria. Preliminary results suggest that the long-standing burial practices among some cultures of rural north-central Nigeria may potentially compromise groundwater quality, which is, by far, their most important source of drinking water.
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Seleny, Anna. "Old Political Rationalities and New Democracies: Compromise and Confrontation in Hungary and Poland." World Politics 51, no. 4 (July 1999): 484–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100009230.
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Studies of democratic consolidation tend to highlight the same factors previously used to explain countries' transitional dynamics. Yet one cannot properly understand success or failure in democratic consolidation—much less discern significant qualitative differences among consolidated democracies—by focusing exclusively on formal institutions, modes of transition, incentive structures, or exogenous factors. Close inspection of two newly consolidated democracies—Poland and Hungary—shows that despite radically altered institutional arrangements, legal structures, and political-economic incentives, the most important determinants of the models of democracy emerging today derive from pretransition conceptual frames and informal political settlements. Specifically, the core conflicts between ruling elites and society in communist Poland and Hungary, as well as the patterns of political accommodation that evolved in the management of those conflicts, continue to structure the political agenda and order debate in both countries. In Poland overlapping ethical-ideological cleavages and failures of political accommodation under the ancien regime have resulted in a confrontational-pluralist model of democracy. In contrast, Hungary's compromise-corporatist model stems from early informal accommodation between the party-state and society that recast most conflicts as “economic” in nature. These long-standing conflicts and political patterns explain striking contemporary differences in social mobilization, party competition, and constitutional development. The article concludes with a discussion of how these models are likely to shape each country's prospects for sustained governability and increased democratic legitimacy.
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Henderson, Susan R. "Ernst May and the Campaign to Resettle the Countryside: Rural Housing in Silesia, 1919-1925." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 61, no. 2 (June 1, 2002): 188–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/991839.
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In 1919 Ernst May became the head of rural housing for the province of Silesia in eastern Germany. Silesian agriculture had long suffered from rural flight. The situation worsened in 1922 when the partition brokered by the Allies brought chaos in the mining industry and a flood of refugees. As head of the provincial stabilization effort called interior colonization, May was in charge of settlement programs to aid three constituencies of special concern: the farmworkers, the miners, and the refugees. Between 1919 and 1923, Germany's national rural housing effort employed a contradictory strategy of modernization set within corporative ideology, a "third way" that trumpeted a quasi-feudal social order as a path to political accord. May's Silesian work chronicles the impact of Modernism and corporatism on early Weimar housing: his settlements for farmworkers and miners celebrated their unique cultural traditions, while he experimented in rationalization techniques to increase housing production and reduce costs. With corporatism's decline after Germany's return to economic stability in 1924, modernization was increasingly accepted as an unalloyed virtue, and the veil of corporatism lifted. In 1924, challenged by the circumstances of the refugee housing program just at the moment the corporative compromise came to an end, May engaged in a series of experiments in polychromy, prefabricated construction, mass production, and standardization that reflected a more purely modern approach to the housing problem.
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Galve, J. P., C. Castañeda, and F. Gutiérrez. "Railway deformation detected by DInSAR over active sinkholes in the Ebro Valley evaporite karst, Spain." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 3, no. 6 (June 16, 2015): 3967–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-3967-2015.
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Abstract. Previously not measured subsidence on railway tracks was detected using DInSAR displacement maps produced for the central sector of Ebro Valley (NE Spain). This area is affected by evaporite karst and the analyzed railway corridors traverse active sinkholes that produce deformations in these infrastructures. One of the railway tracks affected by slight settlements corresponds to the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed line, a transport infrastructure highly vulnerable to ground deformation processes. Our analysis based on DInSAR measurements and geomorphological surveys indicate that this line show dissolution-induced subsidence and compaction of anthropogenic deposits (infills and embankments). By using DInSAR techniques, it was also measured the significant subsidence related to the activity of sinkholes in the Castejón–Zaragoza conventional railway line. Thus, this study demonstrate that DInSAR velocity maps coupled with detailed geomorphological surveys may help in the identification of the sectors of railway tracks that may compromise the safety of travellers.
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Metzger, Jean Paul. "Effects of deforestation pattern and private nature reserves on the forest conservation in settlement areas of the Brazilian Amazon." Biota Neotropica 1, no. 1-2 (2001): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1676-06032001000100003.
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The effects of deforestation patterns, private nature-reserve extents and agricultural fallow periods on forest conservation were simulated for settlement projects in the Brazilian Amazon that produce a fish-bone pattern of occupation and where slash-and-burn agriculture is predominantly used. Data for simulation was obtained from previous work at the Bragantina region, the oldest agricultural frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest conservation was evaluated using the size of remnant forest fragments, the amount of interior habitat, the connectivity among fragments and the extent of fragmentation. Results showed that the best scenario for forest conservation is the maintenance of 80% of the lot as privatereserve using deforestation pattern that allow to group the reserves from different farmers at the end of the lot. When private-reserve coverage is bellow 80% of the landscape, forest conservation status will be influenced by the deforestation pattern. Some patterns (e.g. random location of deforestation plots) will then be particularly deleterious, producing a highly fragmented landscape, while other patterns (e.g., progressive deforestation from one edge) can allow the maintenance of large forest fragments. To get forest conservation in these cases, private-reserve extent and deforestation pattern should be considered together. Considering both forest conservation and agricultural use, progressive patterns of deforestation (or land use) in a lot of 2,000m by 500m, with private nature-reserves covering 50% of the landscape seems to be the best compromise. To guarantee the private forest preservation, these forests should be pre-established when settlements are planned and grouped at the end of the lots.
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Solimene, Marco. "The (in)formal, the (il)legal and the (il)licit. Roma informal settlements and institutional pragmatics of compromise and compassion in a Roman periphery." Cities 95 (December 2019): 102369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.05.038.
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Mesch, Debra J., and Olga Shamayeva. "Arbitration in Practice: A Profile of Public Sector Arbitration Cases." Public Personnel Management 25, no. 1 (March 1996): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609602500110.
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The purpose of this paper is to describe the types of cases typically brought to arbitration in the public sector and to analyze the pattern of case resolutions—in what areas is the grievant or management more likely to win, lose, or reach some compromise. Additionally, comparisons of public versus private arbitration cases are examined. The authors analyzed 994 public sector arbitration cases from Labor Arbitration Reports: Dispute Settlements over a seven year period of time (1985–1992). Each case was coded according to the parties involved in the dispute, the type of case, and case resolution. The results of this study suggest that a wide variety of cases are brought to arbitration in the public sector and, depending on the type of grievance, the outcome is quite different. Furthermore, although more cases are found in favor of the union in the public sector rather than private sector, management in both the public and private sectors experience a higher winning percentage. Finally, the results indicate that significantly more termination and fewer suspension cases are brought to arbitration in the private than public sector.
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Clarke, Kamari Maxine, and Sarah-Jane Koulen. "The Legal Politics of the Article 16 Decision: The International Criminal Court, the un Security Council and Ontologies of a Contemporary Compromise." African Journal of Legal Studies 7, no. 3 (September 12, 2014): 297–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12342049.
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This introductory essay aims to offer a framework through which to make sense of the controversies arising from International Criminal Court (icc) intervention in Africa. One such controversy is related to the deployment of the powers to refer and defer icc cases central to Article 16 of the Rome Statute for the icc. The manner in which the unsc has employed this power has led critics – particularly on the African continent – to conclude that a range of geopolitics has undermined the judicial independence of the icc. The essay argues, therefore, that the drafting history of Article 16 of the Rome Statute shows the workings of the political origins of the law and the manner in which foundational inequalities were woven into the very fabric of the Rome Statute. Following theorists such as Giorgio Agamben and Walter Benjamin who have conceptualized law as violence and who have taken seriously the ways in which violence and inequality live on through the law, the authors argue that not only can contemporary ontologies of international criminal law not escape the politics of its making, but if we are to adequately address the conditions of violence in the postcolonial African state there must be an ontological shift in the way we conceptualize law. They propose a rethinking that acknowledges root causes of violence and that take seriously politically adumbrated histories of violence that continue live in the armature of the postcolonial state. Considering how and when political settlements are relevant and rethinking how complementarity and cooperation might work more effectively are key to the conceptual framework.
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Polakowski, Michał, Monika Broniszewska, Lucyna Kirczuk, and Zbigniew Kasprzykowski. "Habitat Selection by the European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus in North-Eastern Poland: Implications for Forest Management." Forests 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2020): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11030291.
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Research Highlights: Intensive forest management practices generally have a negative effect on biodiversity. However, the creation of new, open habitats as a consequence of timber harvesting within large areas of woodland may be favorable to some bird species. Background and Objectives: Habitat selection of the European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus in a coniferous woodland area in northeastern Poland was studied in order to specify management recommendations. Materials and Methods: To define the influence of various environmental parameters on territory occupation, 11 micro- and 3 macrohabitat factors were analyzed. Results: Denser vegetation in the ground layer deterred birds from nesting in clearings with such characteristics. Moreover, Nightjars preferentially inhabited sites adjacent to young stands of trees. Birds preferred plots with a higher number of clearings in the neighborhood, as this enabled them to enlarge their foraging area. Other microhabitat factors (e.g., the type, age and area of clearings), as well as macroscale factors like distances to the forest edge, nearest roads and human settlements, were of no importance. Conclusions: Knowledge of the Nightjar preferences may be useful in working out a compromise between an appropriate level of clear-felling and conservation of other bird species requiring preservation of old tree stands.
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Masharipova, A. Kh. "ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH THE SETTLEMENT OF THE KOMI IN THE YALUTOROVSK DISTRICT OF TOBOLSK GOVERNORATE AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH THE LOCAL POPULATION." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 4(47) (December 30, 2019): 212–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2019-47-4-18.
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The article discusses the issues associated with the settlement of emigrants from Vologda in a new place in the 19th century drawing on the analysis of archival sources, primarily paperwork materials. An extensive group of sources allowed us to trace and analyse the activities of government bodies, as well as identify the causes of emigration and main problems associated with the settlement in a new place. The analysis of archival materials was supplemented by field studies conducted by the Tyumen Scientific Centre SB RAS in 2005–2008 in the south of the Tyumen Region, where the descendants of the Komi settlers live (Zavodoukovsk, Yurga, Yalutorovsk and Yarkovo Districts). The settlement of Komi family groups from the Vologda Governorate is dated at the first third of the 19th century and is primarily related to the economic situation of the peasants (shortage of land, poor harvest, growing tax arrears). Most of the immigrants from Vologda settled in the Yalutorovsk District of the Tobolsk Governorate, having established compact settlements in Zavodoukovsk, Ivanovo and Pletnevo volosts. Due to a long period of land management works, the first settlers could not get a job for a long time. With the permission given by the Tobolsk State Chamber in 1841, the Komi-Zyryans settled in the lands of the non-indigenous Tatars (Aslaninskaya Volost), who traditionally used these lands in accordance with the cadastres, annually paying yasak (tribute) to the treasury. The culture, everyday life and the lifestyle of the indigenous population and immigrants differed significantly. Land management works caused great discontent among the indigenous population, which led to numerous land disputes. Difficulties and hardships of immigrants were reflected in the archival documents on the allocation of land and forest allotments, their use, as well as appeals to official authorities (complaints, petitions and legal disputes). When resolving the land dispute, local authorities tried to find a compromise and resolve the conflict through the allotment of vacant state lands. However, the Tatars demanded the return of the land given to the Komi settlers. As a result, the land was allocated to the settlers. As the proper conditions for the settlement were not created, in the following years they had to develop new lands, as well as to establish relations with the surrounding population. Later immigrants were settled on the excess land taken from long-term residents, who did not give it to the settlers and oppressed them. A lot of immigrants due to their plight made a decision to move to other governorates.
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Demétrio, Águida Meneses Valadares. "Rural Settings and Two Brazils Very Brazilians." Habitus 15, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/hab.v15i2.5112.
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The rural settlements are managed through institutional organizations and established through laws, statute, projects, and forming an Ideal Brazil. Primarily, five elementary aspects need support from the government to develop socio-economically from those rural segments: Health service, school education, traffic conditions, qualification courses, and release of subsidies. On the other hand, there is a real Brazil lived by families farmers that face daily difficulties and the bureaucratic barriers. Research made by the ethnographic method, data collected by the technique of participant observation with 70 settlers. Records in a field diary analyzed the five aspects mentioned with the quantitative and qualitative result. This duality of views between Ideal Brazil and Real Brazil evidenced two Brazils "way Brazilian", demonstrating when theory and practice do not harmonize they compromise the socioeconomic aspects of rural settlements in your essence. Which is family agriculture. The INCRA represents the diagram of the power exerted upon the settlers, while those explore “Brazilian way" [jeitinho brasiliero] making an antagonistic duality instead of complementary.
Assentamentos Rurais e Dois Brasis Bem Brasileiros
Os assentamentos rurais são geridos por órgãos institucionais, com aspectos fiscalizadores, norteadores, financeiros, ofertando terras e capacitações, disponibilizando subsídios, coordenando instruções normativas através de leis, decretos, projetos, formando o Brasil Ideal. Por outro viés, há o Brasil Real, no seu cotidiano, analisando em cinco aspectos elementares: saúde pública, educação escolar, condições de trafegabilidade, cursos capacitatórios, liberação de subsídios. Pesquisa pelo método etnográfico, coleta de dados pela técnica da observação participante, registros em Diário de Campo, analisados nos aspectos quanti e qualitativos. Essa dualidade de olhares evidenciou dois brasis bem brasileiros, demonstrando que quando teoria e prática não se harmonizam, comprometem os aspectos socioeconômicos dos assentamentos rurais em sua essência, que é a agricultura familiar. O INCRA representa o diagrama do poder exercido sobre os assentados, enquanto esses se utilizam de “jeitinho brasileiro”, formando uma dualidade antagônica, ao invés de complementares.
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Kaiser, Tania. "Between a camp and a hard place: rights, livelihood and experiences of the local settlement system for long-term refugees in Uganda." Journal of Modern African Studies 44, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 597–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x06002102.
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Drawing on qualitative research with refugees in and outside formal settlements, this article challenges characterisations of Uganda's UNHCR-supported refugee settlement system as un-problematically successful. It shows that by denying refugees freedom of movement, the settlement system undermines their socio-economic and other rights. Refugees who remain outside the formal system of refugee registration and settlement are deprived of the refugee status to which they are entitled under international law. The article questions the conventional opposition between refugees living in and out of refugee settlements in the Ugandan context, revealing a more complex and interconnected dynamic than is often assumed. It suggests that those refugees with some external support may be able to escape the confines of remote rural settlements, where refugee agricultural livelihoods are seriously compromised by distance from markets, unfavourable climatic conditions, exhausted soil and inadequate inputs. It argues that refugee livelihoods face more rather than fewer challenges as exile becomes protracted, and concludes that the government and UNHCR's Self Reliance Strategy (SRS) has not yet managed to overcome the contradiction inherent in denying people freedom of movement, without supporting them effectively to meet their needs in the places to which they are restricted.
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Day, J. P. "Compromise." Philosophy 64, no. 250 (October 1989): 471–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819100044247.
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Human conflict and its resolution is obviously a subject of great practical importance. Equally obviously, it is a vast subject, ranging from total war at one end of the spectrum to negotiated settlement at its other end. The literature on the subject is correspondingly vast and, in recent times, technical, thanks to the valuable contributions made to it by game theorists, economists, and writers on industrial and international relations. In this essay, however, I shall discuss only one familiar form of conflict-resolution. There is room for such a discussion, because philosophers have lately neglected compromise, despite the interest shown in it by the aforementioned experts, and despite the classic treatments of it by Halifax, Burke and Morley. Truly, ‘…compromise is not so widely discussed by philosophers as one might expect’, and ‘…the idea of compromise has been largely neglected by Anglo-American jurisprudence’.
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Morais, Ivan José Duarte de, and Bárbara Duarte Casseb. "O PAPEL DA ESTRUTURA ORGANIZATIVA NO DESEMPENHO PRODUTIVO DE ASSENTADOS DE REFORMA AGRÁRIA NO MARANHÃO." InterEspaço: Revista de Geografia e Interdisciplinaridade 5, no. 16 (April 30, 2019): 6834. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2446-6549.2019.6834.
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THE ROLE OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE IN THE PRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE OF AGRICULTURAL REFORM SEATS IN MARANHÃOEL PAPEL DE LA ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZATIVA EN EL DESEMPEÑO PRODUCTIVO DE ASENTADOS DE REFORMA AGRARIA EN EL MARANHÃOO artigo tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre a estrutura organizativa e o desempenho produtivo no contexto do assentamento familiar rural formados a partir de Projetos de Reforma Agrária. O município de Açailândia é a unidade de análise privilegiada por estar incluída dentro dos limites da Amazônia Legal e ser representativa do conjunto de Assentamentos rurais no Maranhão. A presente análise dedica especial atenção à relação entre os Projetos de Assentamento e a forma como são implementados na prática, com o intuito de revelar como o descompasso entre estes dois elementos compromete a sustentabilidade econômica dos assentados que revelam estratégias produtivas espontâneas, quase sempre incompatíveis com os processos modernos de produção e comercialização.Palavras-chave: Assentamentos Rurais; Reforma Agrária; Estrutura Organizativa; Produção.ABSTRACTThe article aims to analyze the relationship between organizational structure and productive performance in the context of rural family settlement formed from Land Reform Projects. Açailândia city is the unit of analysis privileged because it is included within the Legal Amazon limits and because it is representative of the set of rural Settlements in Maranhão. The present analysis devotes special attention to the relationship between Settlement Projects and the way they are implemented in practice, in order to reveal how the mismatch between these two elements compromises the economic sustainability of settlers who reveal spontaneous productive strategies, almost always incompatible with modern process of production and marketing.Keywords: Rural Settlements; Land Reform; Organizational Structure; Production. RESUMENEl artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre la estructura organizativa y el desempeño productivo en el contexto del asentamiento familiar rural formados a partir de Proyectos de Reforma Agraria. El municipio de Acailândia es la unidad de análisis privilegiada por estar incluida dentro de los límites de la Amazonía Legal y ser representativa del conjunto de Asentamientos rurales en Maranhão. El presente análisis dedica especial atención a la relación entre los Proyectos de Asentamiento y la forma en que se implementan en la práctica, con el fin de revelar cómo el descompaso entre estos dos elementos compromete la sostenibilidad económica de los asentados que revelan estrategias productivas espontáneas, casi siempre incompatibles con los procesos modernos de producción y comercialización.Palabras clave: Asentamientos Rurales; Reforma Agraria; Estructura Organizativa; Producción.
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Zainudin, Norain, Aliza Haslinda Hamirudin, Suriati Sidek, and Nor Azlina A. Rahman. "Dietary intake is compromised among elderly living in agricultural settlements." Nutrition & Food Science 50, no. 2 (August 5, 2019): 314–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-01-2019-0028.
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Purpose This study aims to investigate dietary intake among elderly living in agricultural settlements in comparison with a recent nutritional recommendation. Design/methodology/approach This cross-sectional study was carried out among elderly living in five agricultural settlements in Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. Participants were interviewed on socio-demographic information such as age, gender, marital status, smoking status, household income, education level and living status. Data on individual dietary intake were obtained through diet history method. Dietary intake data were analyzed using Nutritionist Pro software and compared to the recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) for Malaysia version 2017. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 21. Findings A total of 413 participants (male 32.4 per cent and female 67.6 per cent) with the mean age of 69.4 ± 7.9 years participated in this study. Dietary intake results demonstrated that participants did not meet the Malaysian RNI for energy and most nutrients (p < 0.05). This study also found that energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, folate and iron intake were significantly higher in male than female (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, calcium and vitamin A intake were significantly higher in female than male (p < 0.05). Research limitations/implications Integrated nutrition education and health promotion programme with a multidisciplinary approach are essential to be designed and executed to improve dietary intake of the elderly, which can further lead to appropriate dietary practices and knowledge improvement related to healthy food choices. Factors associated with inadequate dietary intake and awareness on the importance of adequate nutrients intake among the elderly warrant further investigation. Originality/value This research is at the forefront, which indicated that the dietary intake of elderly individuals living in the agricultural settlement was inadequate in comparison to the latest recommendation. Strategies to improve their intakes need to be developed and implemented accordingly to improve nutritional status and prevent adverse effects to health.
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ΑΝΑΓΝΩΣΤΑΚΗΣ, Ηλίας, and Άννα ΛΑΜΠΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ. "Μία περίπτωση ἐφαρμογῆς τοῦ βυζαντινοῦ θεσμοῦ τοῦ ἀσύλου στήν Πελοπόννησο: Ἡ προσφυγή τῶν Σλάβων στό ναό τοῦ Ἁγίου Ανδρέα Πατρῶν." BYZANTINA SYMMEIKTA 14 (September 26, 2008): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/byzsym.872.
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<p>Ilias Anagnostakis and Anna Lambropoulou</p><p>An instance of the implementation of the Byzantine institution of asylum in the Peloponnese: the Slavs seek sanctuary in the Church of St Andrew of Patrai</p><p>The events which took place in the Peloponnese in the early ninth century (c. 800) are recorded in later sources, mostly of the tenth century. Following the establishment of the theme system of territorial administration and the securing of ecclesiastical order in the region, the emperor Nikephoros I, in implementing his new fiscal and economic policy, took steps to increase the number of inhabitants by systematically encouraging the settlement of new population groups from outside the area. It was within this general context and during this same period that the rebellion of the Slavs in Achaia, as described by Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, needs to be viewed. Clearly, also, the phenomenon needs to be seen within the context of the specific social climate of the region where radical change was taking place and significant breaks with the past were occurring. During the repression of the rebellion the Slavs sought sanctuary in the church of the Apostle Andrew. As a result of this move, however, the rebels were given special treatment as they were viewed as having repented their actions. This was an occurrence whose more general implications are worthy of further study. Looked at from the broader ecclesiastical and political perspective, there are certain characteristic features to be noted in the attitudes towards asylum and the priority ascribed to ecclesiastical over civil law in Constantinople at the end of the eighth and the beginning of the ninth centuries. At the beginning of the ninth century, during the reign of Nikephoros I and while Tarasios was on the patriarchal throne (784-806), the flight of the defeated Slavs to the Church of St Andrew and the relative leniency that was shown them by the state suggest that here we are dealing with an instance of the workings of the institution of sanctuary in Byzantium. While the sources bring in a host of hagiographie and miraculous elements -the standard baggage of accounts of Christianisation and repentance-he flight of the Slavs to the church of the patron saint of the city constitutes, in our opinion, in instance of mass asylum. Moreover, it is interesting to observe that the respective terminology which was used in Porphyrogenitus' account and was in all likelihood included in the sigillion of Nikephoros I relies, in our view, directly on Byzantine legislative reforms concerning sanctuary.</p><p>This is the first recorded instance of mass asylum and resort to church sanctuary in the middle Byzantine period in the Peloponnese. An effort was made both on the part of the church and the state to find a compromise solution: the former sought recognition of the institution of sanctuary while the latter was concerned to maintain the authority of its judicial and penal organs. The Slavs, who had sought sanctuary in the church, while normally liable to the punishment reserved for insurrection, were in the end granted special treatment. A compromise was found: despite the Slavs' attempt to rebel against the Byzantine authorities, the institution of asylum was fully implemented with the imposition of a number of restrictions and sanctions against the Slav population. The economic side of this treatment, which was generally a feature of the institution of ecclesiastical asylum both in Byzantium and the medieval West, has been well investigated. Indeed, monasticism and land ownership in the region of Bithynia are thought to have developed thanks to the institution of monastic asylum and the geographical boundaries of asylum, and this appears to be the case in the Peloponnese, too, where we see privileges and sigillia being granted for new monasteries and metropoleis in the ninth century. It is particularly interesting to note that the limits of 'rural asylum', i.e. the legal delimitation of the concepts of asylum and imperial donations, are lumped together with the estates of the church or monastery. The transfer of the exploitation of cultivable land to the workers of the monastery or church very often led to the development of settlements in the area. Seen in this light, the introduction of the institution of asylum and its legal delimitation in the case of the ecclesiastical estates of Achaia are directly related to the settlements of the early ninth century. It is probable that in contrast to the case of Syria and Bithynia asylum was not the catalyst behind the gradual settlement of the region of Achaia. However, and more importantly, it did offer solutions to the problems arising from the settlements. In the case of Patrai groups of unruly and discontented peasant populations developed an allegiance to the metropolis and were subsequently integrated to the point that they became entitled to protection from every epinoia adikos ('unjust design').</p><p>Subsequent to the Patrai episode - as far as the evidence allows us to construe- the Empire turned its military operations to the unsubdued, mountainous and more southerly regions of the Peloponnese. By contrast, the Slavs of Achaia were granted sigillia guaranteeing protection from any unapproved measures or epinoia adikos of the metropolitan. The flight of the Slavs to the Church of St Andrew following the miraculous intervention of the Apostle Andrew and the repression of the revolt, as well as the special treatment that they then received at the hands of the Byzantine authorities on account of their seeking sanctuary in the church, can be seen to constitute a form of asylum that is entirely consistent with the political and social climate and with the concept of asylum of the age of Nikephoros I.</p><p> Further investigation of the sigillia and their authenticity and reliability as sources may help to improve our understanding of the implementation and development of the institution of asylum in Byzantium during the reign of Nikephoros I.</p><p> </p>
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Bölükbaşi, Suha. "The Cyprus Dispute and the United Nations: Peaceful Non-Settlement Between 1954 and 1996." International Journal of Middle East Studies 30, no. 3 (August 1998): 411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800066241.
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In his landmark book on the problems and progress of international organization, Inis L. Claude wrote:“Settlement,” lİke “pacific,” is a relative term. In some cases, the realistic ideal may be not to achieve the permanent settlement of a dispute, but to persuade the parties to settle down permanently with the dispute. The agenda of the Security Council and the General Assembly are liberally sprinkled with items that are beginning to seem like permanent fixtures, quarrels which the United Nations has managed to subject to peaceful perpetuation rather than peaceful settlement.As in several other disputes, the United Nations has in the Cyprus dispute operated on the assumption that Claude described: that the enforced postponement of a showdown between the parties would make the dispute conducive to peaceful settlement. Actually, some disputes, if properly controlled over a period of time, ultimately wither into insignificance or become ripe for settlement. In some other disputes, however, a long cooling-off period may actually lead the parties to adopt more rigid and uncompromising positions, and the prospects for reasonable compromise gradually diminish.
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Kurichev, Nikolay K., and Ekaterina K. Kuricheva. "The accessibility of the center of Moscow as a factor of location of housing construction in the Moscow agglomeration." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 334–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-2-334-346.
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The aim of the study is to identify patterns of localization of housing construction and structural changes in the Moscow agglomeration under the influence of transport accessibility from new housing. The research method is based on the monitoring of multistory housing projects. The transport accessibility was analyzed with the help of Google Maps service, which allows to determine the travel time by car and public transport from housing projects to the center of Moscow. The key factor determining the location of housing projects is a compromise between the transport accessibility of the Moscow labor market, which is largely concentrated in the center of the capital, and the cost of housing. The urge to minimize the travel time causes structural changes in different zones of agglomeration. The reorganization of the former industrial ring along the Third Ring Road is stimulated by the good transport accessibility of the city center. Travel time by car does not exceed 0.5 hours for 77% of residents of new buildings in this zone. In the 10 km zone outside the Moscow Ring Road, the travel time to the center by car does not exceed 1 hour for 94% of the residents of new buildings. The combination of acceptable travel time to the center of the capital and inexpensive housing costs leads to the development of inter-highway intervals. Travel time to the center by public transport does not exceed 1.5 hours for 38% of residents at a distance of 10-30 km from the Moscow Ring Road. The need to ensure for residents the accessibility of the center leads to the strengthening of the axes of settlements along the main transport corridors. On the periphery of the agglomeration, the increase in travel time (more than 2 hours) leads to the orientation of residents mainly to the local labor markets.
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Antunes, Nuno Sérgio Marques. "The 1999 Eritrea–Yemen Maritime Delimitation Award And The Development of International Law." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 50, no. 2 (April 2001): 299–344. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/50.2.299.
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The Award on Maritime Delimitation concerning the second stage of the Eritrea/Yemen case (hereinafter “Award” or “Second Award”) was delivered on 17 December 1999, pursuant to the Arbitration Agreement signed in October 1996 and following the Award on Territorial Sovereignty rendered on 9 October 1998 (hereinafter “First Award”). The two-stage settlement devised in Article 2 of the arbitral compromis bears a perceptive logic—territorial sovereignty issues precede maritime delimitation—the advantages of which makes it likely to be adopted in future similar dispute settlements. Importantly, in casu, the objective of re-establishing a peaceful relationship between the two peoples and contributing to the maintenance of international peace and security in a sensitive region of the world seems to have been attained.1
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Nine, Cara. "COMPROMISE AND ORIGINAL ACQUISITION: EXPLAINING RIGHTS TO THE ARCTIC." Social Philosophy and Policy 32, no. 1 (2015): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052515000114.
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Abstract:Up until now, political philosophy has explained the acquisition of natural resources, in one way or another, through the terms of human settlement. An agent acquires natural resources by moving into the geographic area that contains these resources. Even how we make claims to the ocean floor depends on settlement — claimants must be adjacent to settled land. This essay extends original acquisition theories so that they can respond to cases that do not presuppose any conditions of human settlement. I suggest that resource rights in the deep sea may be created, alternatively, through acts of compromise. Compromise can alleviate conflict, allowing for claimants to move beyond stalemate to acquire goods. It also allows for a large degree of flexibility in the specification of rights, and thereby can explain nontraditional rights over areas of migration. The tricky part of a theory that grants rights through agreement is explaining why external parties, those not part of the agreement, have a duty to respect those rights. A compromise under certain conditions, I argue, places all persons under a duty to respect the rights created by the compromise. Thus, when two parties compromise, they may acquire goods from the commons — creating a duty for all others to respect the parties’ rights over these goods. Importantly, rights created through compromise are constrained by a set of concerns for those excluded.
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Ismail, R. "Contentious Issues Arising from Payments made in Full and Final Settlement." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 11, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2008/v11i4a2788.
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Payments made in full and final settlement have on several occasions presented interpretative difficulties for our judiciary, as will become apparent from this case discussion: Be Bop A Lula Manufacturing & Printing v Kingtex Marketing 2008 3 SA 327 (SCA). The Supreme Court of Appeal reversed the judgments of the trial court and the appeal court (full bench of the Cape Provincial Division) which were in favour of the creditor. In such cases, the essential enquiry is whether an agreement of compromise exists. A transactio or compromise (in the form of a legal agreement) exists where the relevant parties agree to settle previously disputed or uncertain obligations. Like any other agreement, a compromise is based on the contractual rules of offer and acceptance. The first material enquiry in this case wherein the debtor delivered the cheque payment to the creditor (in full and final settlement of the account), is whether 1) an intended offer of compromise exists; or 2) did the debtor merely intend to make payment towards an admitted liability. The court in the Be Bop (SCA) case came to the correct finding that an offer of compromise existed. Whilst the judgment is brief, the finding itself gives practical recognition to the principle that admission of liability for a specific amount, accompanied by payment (in full and final settlement), may still be accompanied by an intended offer of compromise, instead of merely making payment towards an admission of liability.
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Mottelson, Johan. "A New Hypothesis on Informal Land Supply, Livelihood, and Urban Form in Sub-Saharan African Cities." Land 9, no. 11 (November 7, 2020): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9110435.
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In sub-Saharan Africa, the urban majorities are financially excluded from the formal housing markets and reside in informal settlements. Limited knowledge on the development of informal settlements compromises the efficacy of urban planning and policies targeting such areas. This study presents an analysis of informal urban land use in four major cities in East Africa, as well as an analysis of urban form and household conditions in a case study area in each city. The study found more compact urban form, higher levels of tenants and overcrowding, and lower levels of access to water and sanitation in the examined cities with limited informal urban land use. The study argues that government repression of informal urban development decreases informal land supply and leads to increased competition in the informal land market, causing higher costs of accommodation and consequent fewer household resources for investments in infrastructure and thereby more compromised livelihood. The study argues that governments should accept some modes of informal development, simplify the urban development administration processes, and use technological innovation in land surveys and management, in order to lower costs of accommodation and improve livelihoods for the urban majority financially excluded from the formal housing market in East Africa.
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Akopyan, Viktor, Viktor Ermakov, and Ludmila Milyaeva. "The policy of the conversion of the Soviet Gipsies to a settled and agricultural way of life in the south of Russia in the 1920s – 1930s." Wrocławskie Studia Wschodnie 23 (September 27, 2019): 161–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1429-4168.23.8.
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К вопросу о репатриации поляков Северного Кавказа в Польшу после Первой мировой войны В статье на основе архивных документов и опубликованных исследований рассматриваются особенности репатриации в Польшу проживавших на Северном Кавказе этнических поляков как беженцев Первой мировой войны и военнопленных, так и российских поданных. Отмечается, что процесс массовой репатриации, начавшийся сразу же после окончания Первой мировой войны, в основном завершился в 1923 году. Этот короткий временной отрезок, можно условно разделить на несколько этапов. Первый — от восстановления 11 ноября 1918 года польской государственности и до весны 1920 года. На этом этапе репатриацией в основном занимались региональные польские дипломатические представительства и национальные политические организации. Второй — с весны 1920 года, когда на Северном Кавказе окончательно утвердилась советская власть, и до конца 1921 года. На этом этапе репатриацию осуществляли отделения Центрального управления по эвакуации населения и польские национальные секции. Завершающий этап массовой репатриации приходится на 1922–1923 годы. The policy of the conversion of the Soviet Gipsies to a settled and agricultural way of life in the south of Russia in the 1920s–1930sThe article deals with the policy of the Soviet state on the indigenization of the south Russian Gipsies in the interwar period 1920s–1930s. According to the normative acts of the Soviet authorities, the local land bodies were obliged to provide with land from the vacant land fund and according to the local working norm those Gipsies who were willing to convert to a settled way of life and engage themselves in agricultural business. The authors adhere to the viewpoint that the indigenization of the Gipsies and the organization of their national collective farms was the result of the compromise between the interests of the authorities and those of the Gipsy communities. The Gipsies pursuing their own pragmatic goals supported the organization of the collective farms provided they could benefit from this. But as soon as the collective farms became onerous for them the Gipsies having received the cash benefits and loans would at once abandon the allotted land. The authors of the article are of the opinion that for all the controversy of the policy of the conversion of the Gipsies to a settled way of life, the very existence of the Gipsy settlements is a positive form of their national and cultural development.
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Lempp, Frieder. "A new agent-based simulation model of bilateral negotiation." International Journal of Conflict Management 31, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 115–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcma-07-2019-0118.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new agent-based simulation model of bilateral negotiation based on a synthesis of established theories and empirical studies of negotiation research. The central units of the model are negotiators who pursue goals, have attributes (trust, assertiveness, cooperativeness, creativity, time, etc.) and perform actions (proposing and accepting offers, exchanging information, creating value, etc). Design/methodology/approach Methodologically, the model follows the agent-based approach to modeling. This approach is chosen because negotiations can be described as complex, non-linear systems involving autonomous agents (i.e. the negotiators), who interact with each other, pursue goals and perform actions aimed at achieving their goals. Findings This paper illustrates how the model can simulate experiments involving variables such as negotiation strategy, creativity, reservation value or time in negotiation. An example simulation is presented which investigates the main and interaction effects of negotiators’ reservation value and their time available for a negotiation. A software implementation of the model is freely accessible at https://tinyurl.com/y7oj6jo8. Research limitations/implications The model, as developed at this point, provides the basis for future research projects. One project could address the representation of emotions and their impact on the process and outcome of negotiations. Another project could extend the model by allowing negotiators to convey false information (i.e. to bluff). Yet another project could be aimed at refining the routines used for making and accepting offers with a view to allow parties to reach partial settlements during a negotiation. Practical implications Due to its broad scope and wide applicability, the model can be used by practitioners and researchers alike. As a decision-support system, the model allows users to simulate negotiation situations and estimate the likelihood of negotiation outcomes. As a research platform, it can generate simulation data in a cost- and time-effective way, allowing researchers to simulate complex, large-N studies at no cost or time. Originality/value The model presented in this paper synthesizes in a novel way a comprehensive range of concepts and theories of current negotiation research. It complements other computational models, in that it can simulate a more diverse range of negotiation strategies (distributive, integrative and compromise) and is applicable to a greater variety of negotiation scenarios.
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Berlin, Artyom. "Legal Nature and Enforcement of Settlement Agreements: Comparative Review." Russian Law Journal 8, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 116–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17589/2309-8678-2020-8-3-116-140.
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The article is devoted to two major issues: the substantive nature of settlement agreement, and legal remedies available for a creditor under compromise which interest is not satisfied voluntarily. Both issues are covered from comparative perspective employing Russian and the United States statutes, case law and doctrine. First, the paper demonstrates that, while Russian doctrines has evolved a sui generis approach to substantial nature of settlement agreement, United States tend to consider it as special contractual type with consideration granted specifically for termination of a legal dispute. Second, the article analyzes scope of res judicata effect invoked in course of Russian and U.S.-governed settlement, as well as common points and differences in granting creditors with relief in forms of specific performance and recovery of damages. Finally, the paper considers problem of rescission as remedy for material breach of compromise. Author comes to conclusion on desirability of employing this type of claim into Russian legislation.
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Higley, John, and Michael Burton. "Elite Settlements and the Taming of Politics." Government and Opposition 33, no. 1 (January 1998): 98–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1998.tb00785.x.
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A BASIC QUESTION IS HOW POLITICS ARE TAMED AND CEASE BEING A deadly, warlike affair. The most dramatic way is through sudden, deliberate and lasting compromises of core disputes among political elites – what we think of as ‘elite settlements’. Prior to settlements elites disagree about government institutions, engage in unchecked fights for dominance, and view politics as winner-take-all. After settlements, elite persons and groups continue to be affiliated with conflicting parties, movements, and beliefs, but they share a consensus about government institutions and the codes and rules of political competition. Settlements tame politics by generating tacitly accommodative and overtly restrained practices among competing political elites.
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Coleman, Jules, and Charles Silver. "Justice in Settlements." Social Philosophy and Policy 4, no. 1 (1986): 102–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265052500000455.
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INTRODUCTIONIn any society relatively few disputes are brought to judges for resolution. Most are handled informally or forgotten. Fewer still are cases that go to trial. Most are settled. Compromises are reached even in cases where issues are hotly contested and where millions or billions of dollars in damages are claimed. Recently, for example, one of the most controversial lawsuits of our time, the Agent Orange case, was settled. In that case, veterans of the Vietnam War, their spouses, and their children alleged that a defoliant — Agent Orange – used in Southeast Asia contained dioxin and was responsible for deaths, debilities, miscarriages, and birth defects suffered by members of the plaintiff class. Class members argued that the manufacturers of the defoliant, seven major chemical companies, knew that it was tainted and should be made to compensate them for their injuries, claiming billions of dollars in damages. The case received national exposure and became a rallying point for veterans, a means they hoped to use to publicize their plight and to spur Congress to come to their aid. On the eve of trial, the case was settled. The defendants, who denied liability throughout the pretrial period, agreed to pay the veterans $180 million. In turn, the plaintiff class agreed to drop the suit. Thus ended a controversy which not only presented novel legal issues and tested the ability of the federal courts to handle complex lawsuits, but concerned the well-being of a large number of veterans, their spouses, and their handicapped children as well.
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Rabbani, Unaib, Maryam Huda, Aysha Zahidie, and Fauziah Rabbani. "STATUS OF MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH IN AN URBAN SQUATTER SETTLEMENT OF KARACHI, PAKISTAN: RESULTS FROM A ROUND OF SURVEILLANCE." Pakistan Journal of Public Health 9, no. 1 (July 13, 2019): 07–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v9i1.275.
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Background: Rapid urbanization has led to emergence of squatter settlements with poor infrastructure and compromised basic amenities. These conditions expose vulnerable groups like women and children to serious health risks. This paper presents the status of maternal and child health in a squatter settlement of Karachi.Methods: Health and Demographic Surveillance System was established in Sultanabad, a squatter settlement of Karachi. Households were eligible to be enrolled if there was a married woman of 15-49 years of age. Data on socio-demographic, maternal and child health indicators was collected during a round of surveillance using a structured questionnaire adapted from Measure Demographic and Health Survey Phase III and Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey 2012-13. Analysis was done using SPSS version 19. Results: A total of 730 women completed the interview. Among them 87% women sought antenatal care during last pregnancy and 79% of the women delivered in a facility. Contraceptive prevalence rate was 32%. Proportion of children exclusively breast fed till six months of age was 63%. Almost 86% children of 12-23 months were fully immunized. Prevalence of stunting among children under five was 40%. Conclusion: In Sultanabad, maternal and child health indicators were relatively better as compared to national statistics. However in the presence of available health facilities, the low contraceptive prevalence and high proportion of stunted children in the community is alarming. This requires urgent attention primarily addressing social determinants of health within the local context.
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Frazier, Derrick, and Gary Goertz. "Patterns of Negotiation in Non-War Disputes." International Negotiation 7, no. 3 (August 14, 2002): 339–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718069-00703005.
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Studies of militarized interstate dispute (MID) outcome variables have focused particularly on whether or not these disputes have resulted in war. With a few exceptions, this simple dichotomous dependent variable categorization largely ignores numerous militarized disputes with outcomes that fall short of war along with their respective settlement method. We propose that theories and findings on war might not apply to non-war disputes. This is especially true when considering approaches to conflict management. We find that: (I) the outcome of war almost always results in one side prevailing. Negotiated settlement and compromise are more likely outcomes of non-war disputes. (2) Power relations play a key role in outcomes of war but have a much-reduced impact on non-war outcomes. (3) Territorial issues are associated with dispute occurrence and war. Territorial issues, at the same time, seem to lend themselves to negotiated and compromise outcomes. (4) Ripeness occurs at the mid-severity range as opposed to lower or higher levels.
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Sautman, Barry. "Tibet: Myths and Realities." Current History 100, no. 647 (September 1, 2001): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2001.100.647.278.
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As the myths surrounding the Tibetan cause are challenged by scholars, emigre leaders may reconsider their claim that an independent Tibet is inevitable. And China's leaders may confront the self-delusion that because the Tibet question will end with the Dalai Lama, a compromise settlement is unnecessary.
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Roychowdhury, Poulami. "ILLICIT JUSTICE: Aspirational-Strategic Subjects and the Political Economy of Domestic Violence Law in India." Law & Social Inquiry 44, no. 2 (April 8, 2019): 444–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/lsi.2018.13.
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Criminal cases against domestic violence in India frequently result in unlawful “compromises” where litigants breach legal procedure and negotiate out-of-court settlements. Using ethnographic and interview data, this Article analyzes how legal cases become extralegal settlements. I argue that India’s legal environment engenders an “aspirational-strategic” legal consciousness among survivors, who simultaneously believe they deserve what the law promises while distrusting legal procedure and law enforcement personnel. Their bifurcated vision of the law leads them to negotiate illicit settlements. These findings indicate that expansions in legal rights can have contradictory effects on rule of law. Depending on the political economy of the legal institutional environment, citizens may respond to rights by simultaneously adopting new norms while ignoring legal rules and procedure.
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Canetti, Daphna, Julia Elad-Strenger, Iris Lavi, Dana Guy, and Daniel Bar-Tal. "Exposure to Violence, Ethos of Conflict, and Support for Compromise." Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 84–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002715569771.
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Does ongoing exposure to political violence prompt subject groups to support or oppose compromise in situations of intractable conflict? If so, what is the mechanism underlying these processes? Political scholarship neither offers conclusive arguments nor sufficiently addresses individual-level forms of exposure to violence in the context of political conflict, particularly the factors mediating political outcomes. We address this by looking at the impact of exposure to political violence, psychological distress, perceived threat, and ethos of conflict on support for political compromise. A mediated model is hypothesized whereby exposure to political violence provokes support for the ethos of conflict and hinders support for compromise through perceived psychological distress and perceived national threat. We examined representative samples of two parties to the same conflict: Israelis ( N = 781) and Palestinians from Gaza, East Jerusalem, and the West Bank ( N = 1,196). The study’s main conclusion is that ethos of conflict serves as a mediating variable in the relationship between exposure to violence and attitudes toward peaceful settlement of the conflict.
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LANGLOIS, CATHERINE C., and JEAN-PIERRE P. LANGLOIS. "When Fully Informed States Make Good the Threat of War: Rational Escalation and the Failure of Bargaining." British Journal of Political Science 36, no. 4 (August 25, 2006): 645–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123406000342.
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Why would fully informed, rational actors fight over possession of a valued asset when they could negotiate a settlement in peace? Our explanation of the decision to fight highlights the incentives that are present when the defender holds a valued asset coveted by the challenger. The defender receives utility from possession of the contested asset and sees any compromise as a loss that is lower if postponed. The challenger, instead, sees any compromise as a gain that is more valuable if reached earlier. Faced with the defender's vested interest in the status quo, the challenger needs to threaten war and may have no choice but to implement the threat to force a settlement. For the defender, the threat of war is a deterrent that might incite the challenger to back down. In the perfect equilibria that we describe, the players' ability to threaten each other credibly allows them to maintain incompatible bargaining positions instead of helping them narrow their differences. But the very credibility of these threats leads our rivals to engage in what can become lengthy protracted wars.
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Wernke, Steven A., Julie A. Adams, and Eli R. Hooten. "Capturing Complexity." Advances in Archaeological Practice 2, no. 3 (August 2014): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.2.3.147.
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AbstractMedium-scale archaeological phenomena (large settlements, landscape features and infrastructural systems, road networks, etc.) pose significant challenges to archaeological documentation. Traditionally, such features are mapped either schematically or via labor-intensive (or otherwise costly) high-resolution methods. The advent of inexpensive, packable unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and lighter-than-air platforms, combined with increasingly sophisticated photogrammetric and mobile geographic information system (GIS) software systems, presents opportunities for improving on these compromises. Here, we present results from test flights and photogrammetric mapping using UAVs and a meteorological balloon, combined with mobile GIS-based attribute registry of architectonic features at a large, complex colonial planned settlement (Mawchu Llacta de Tuti) in highland colonial Peru. First, the operating parameters of UAVs are presented, as well as the imagery capture and photogrammetric processing work flows. Second, we provide an overview of the tablet-based mobile GIS system used to digitize a site plan (based on the imagery from the UAV) and register architectural attributes from each building. The results from initial testing suggest that in the near future, such combined close-range photogrammetry and mobile GIS-based systems will significantly enhance and expedite high-resolution data registry of a wide range of archaeological features, sites, and landscapes.
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LeBas, Adrienne, and Ngonidzashe Munemo. "Elite Conflict, Compromise, and Enduring Authoritarianism: Polarization in Zimbabwe, 1980–2008." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 209–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218813897.
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How do elites play a role in crafting polarization? And what effects do elite-led conflicts have on democracy and mass politics? To examine these questions, we compare two separate episodes of party-based polarization in Zimbabwe, from 1980 to 1987 and from 2000 to 2008. Each of these moments of polarization ended in an elite power-sharing settlement, but a comparison of the two moments yields insights about both the causes of polarization and its effects. We find that the episodes of polarization were rooted in elite instrumentalization of conflict. They differed, however, in the extent to which they activated foundational myths and built larger master cleavages. We suggest that the latter episode conforms more closely to McCoy, Rahman, and Somer’s pernicious polarization, which we argue is marked by deeper societal penetration and segregation than other forms of political polarization and is also less amenable to resolution.
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Yakovleva, I. A. "A Settlement Agreement in an Administrative Dispute: Problems of Theory and Tendencies in Law Enforcement." Actual Problems of Russian Law 15, no. 1 (February 20, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2020.110.1.054-061.
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The paper has analyzed approaches to the issue of conclusion of a settlement agreement in administrative cases. The author justifies the possibility of conclusion of the settlement agreement in an administrative dispute. The settlement agreement (a conciliation agreement) serves an evidentiary and compromise function and, in the case of a dispute with the antimonopoly authority, may be resorted to as a means of protecting competition by referring in the text of such agreements to specific acts commission of which or omission to commit which is aimed at securing competition. The paper considers the issue of interrelation between the settlement agreement and the agreement on facts of the case in relation to the evidentiary function of the settlement agreement. There is a tendency to expand the use of the institution of the settlement agreement in order to put an end not only to disputes with antimonopoly authorities, but also to cases contesting cadastral value, tax disputes, as well as cases arising in connection with the change of place and/or time of a public event. It is proposed to use foreign experience with regard to the possibility of conclusion of the settlement agreement in administrative cases initiated due to violations of financial markets legislation and the use of insider information.
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Girard, Monique, and David Stark. "Distributing intelligence and organizing diversity in new media projects." Sociedade e Estado 17, no. 1 (June 2002): 153–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-69922002000100009.
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This paper examines how web design firms in the new media industry probe and experiment with possible forms and sources of value giving shape to the new economy. Focusing on the collaborative engineering of cross-disciplinary web-design project teams, we examine how websites emerge as provisional settlements among the heterogeneous disciplines as they negotiate working compromises across competing performance criteria.
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Girard, Monique, and David Stark. "Distributing Intelligence and Organizing Diversity in New-Media Projects." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 34, no. 11 (November 2002): 1927–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a34197.
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In this paper we examine how web-design firms in the new-media industry probe and experiment with possible forms and sources of value that give shape to the new economy. Focusing on the collaborative engineering of cross-disciplinary web-design project teams, we examine how websites emerge as provisional settlements among heterogeneous disciplines as they negotiate working compromises across competing performance criteria.
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Palmeter, David. "The WTO Appellate Body's First Decision." Leiden Journal of International Law 9, no. 2 (June 1996): 337–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156596000234.
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The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) began more as a diplomatic forum where parties compromised disagreements than a court that settled them. The term ‘conciliation’ was used more frequently to describe the process than the term ‘dispute settlement’. However, over nearly half a century as the focal point of international trade law and diplomacy, GATT's dispute settlement procedures moved decidedly, if not steadily, from the diplomatic to the juridical. With the adoption of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (WTO), the juridical model clearly has prevailed.
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Ківалов, C. В. "СУТНІСТЬ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ДОСУДОВОГО ВРЕГУЛЮВАННЯ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНО-ПРАВОВИХ СПОРІВ." Наукові праці Національного університету “Одеська юридична академія” 14 (May 22, 2019): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32837/npnuola.v14i0.309.
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У статті проаналізовано поняття, сутність та особливості досудового урегулювання адміністративно-правових спорів. Особливу увагу приділено співвідношенню понять «способи, альтернативні правосуддю» й «альтернативне вирішення спорів». Здійснено поділ досудових способів за такими критеріями: 1) за суб'єктом, що здійснює процедуру вирішення спору: а) державні процедури врегулювання спору; б) недержавні процедури врегулювання спору; 2) за методом врегулювання спору: а) примирювальні (компромісні) процедури; б) правовїдновлювальні процедури; в) змішані процедури. Визначено, що найбільш поширеними методами досудового вирішення спорів с переговори, посередництво, арбітраж.
The paper analyzes the concept, essence, and characteristics of pre-trial settlement of administrative legal disputes. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between the concepts "methods alternative to justice" and "alternative dispute resolution". The author carries out the classification of pre-trial methods according to the following criteria: 1) by the entity that carries out the procedure for dispute settlement: a) state dispute settlement procedures; b) non-state dispute settlement procedures; 2) by the method of settlement of the dispute: a) conciliation (compromise) procedures; b) procedures for restoration of rights; c) mixed procedures. It is determined that the most common methods of pre-trial dispute resolution are: negotiation, mediation, arbitration.
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Nathanson, Michael. "A Malignant Israeli-Palestinian Conflict? A Cardiothoracic Surgeon's Perspective and Remedial Implications." Journal of Holy Land and Palestine Studies 14, no. 1 (May 2015): 105–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/hlps.2015.0106.
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A debate persists whether the Israeli-Palestinian conflict can be resolved through substantive and ‘painful’ compromises or that the foundational parametres of the conflict apriori deny a resolution. The nationalist Zionist agenda of mass Jewish settlement in Palestine inevitably clashed with Palestinian nationalist sentiments. Both nationalist movements saw the conflict as mutually exclusive. European imperialist designs and US political considerations at home only cemented the intractability of the conflict. As such, the conflict is akin to a human malignant process that is allowed to progress unchecked and compromises its host because those who were and are responsible to eradicate it have committed malpractice.
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Vasilyev, A. V., G. P. Malinovsky, A. D. Onishchenko, and I. V. Yarmoshenko. "RESULTS OF RADON INSPECTION OF SETTLEMENTS COMPROMISED DUE TO DISPOSAL OF RADIOACTIVE WASTE INTO THE TECHA RIVER." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 5 (March 27, 2019): 418–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-5-418-421.
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During past decades, specialists perform an epidemiological observation of the population exposed to the impact of radioactive discharges into the Techa River. The Techa River cohort studies have identified excess cases of leukemia and solid cancers associated with radiation exposure. At the same time natural sources of radiation, such as radon and its decay products, known to be significant human radiation exposure factor, are not sufficiently studied on this territory. The purpose of the study is to assess the mean value and the distribution indices of radon concentration in 14 settlements affected by radioactive contamination. Radon inspection in settlements located on the Techa River (Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions) was executed. The measurements were performed in 511 dwellings. For radon inspection there were applied detectors based on LR-115 Kodak Track. The analysis shows the sample both to be representative and allow to estimate radon exposure for inhabitants. The average radon concentration in dwellings is 150 Bq/m3, which results in an annual effective dose of 11 mSv. The estimated number of dwellings with radon concentrations above ECC radon action level 200 Bq/m3 is 19. The factors affecting indoor radon accumulation were established. The radiation dose due to the inhalation of radon, accumulated over a long period of time, seems to be generally comparable to doses associated with the radioactive discharges into the Techa River during the 1949-1956.
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Bolshakov, A. "Regulatory Autonomy of Great Britain: Problems and Perspectives." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 7 (2021): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-7-71-79.
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Sovereignty does not imply regulatory autonomy. After Brexit, the UK should align its regulatory policy with European norms, if it is interested in close partnership with the EU. Compromises must be made by both sides in order to ensure stability of the partnership. The EU will have to acknowledge the UK’s right to diverge from European rules. Britain will have to partly accept the jurisdiction of the European Court of Justice. The structure of dispute settlement mechanism which will be created under the partnership agreement should be a product of a compromise. The present study shows that optimal structure of dispute settlement mechanism must include two different procedures: one for political issues and the other for commercial issues. The central role for the European Court of Justice must be envisaged as a part of politically oriented procedure. There must be no role for the European Court of Justice or any Union to set the pace of political communication. The latter reflects the interest of Great Britain to simplify economic relations, which means that, firstly, disputes are resolved by independent arbiters; secondly, the EU acknowledges the UK’s right to diverge from European regulations; and thirdly, the UK accepts the EU’s right to impose countervailing duties to compensate for adverse effects of divergence on competition. This article also examines the main problems of future British regulatory policy, especially in the field of state aid. Boris Johnson’s government has decided not to form a full-fledged regulatory regime in the area of state aid. Its stance is politically appropriate since Conservative party manifesto for the 2019 general election promised to support local industries without limitations. But that decision created a great deal of economic risk. Firstly, the absence of a domestic subsidy control regulator can cause chaos within regulation system because workable norms and rules can only be sustained by a tight enforcement mechanism. Secondly, the EU can cite lack of subsidy control as an obstacle for British business to have unrestricted access to the European market.
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Khalaf, Hamsa Kahtan. "Impact of Political Instability on the Reality of Iraqi Political Parties: A Study According to the Results of the 2018 Elections." European Journal of Social Science Education and Research 5, no. 2 (August 1, 2018): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejser-2018-0043.
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Abstract The Iraqi political parties had been affected since 2003 by the political pivotal transformations which happened according to the aftermaths of democratic elections , especially under the disruptions of American’s invasion that led in cooperation with its allies in April 2003 .So the social and political situations became ruling according to the new aspects of practicing the new stage of authority as compromise settlements and quota and ethno - sectarian distribution to be as following as compatible with theory of practicing the authority responsibilities(Power sharing ) as what happened now , besides to that all political democracy scene has greatly been distorted because of the instability penetrated within rebuilding the state and its institutions from the beginning as planned by an active powerful political forces . Many functions that are characterized by competitions among the political parties had changed the concepts of exercising democracy in a real way to be done an effective shape ,because of the political and social actors had different role ,which were being a reflection of another reality within the democracy’s process .So that all the situations had been complicated too much owing to the factors of political instability that influenced negatively on the framework of the state , especially the impacts of economic and social factors as of poverty, stagnation , ignorance and disease and another underdevelopment features which predominated over political and social retrogression levels . In addition to that the absence of an efficient administrative elites , which appeared recently under different conditions and circumstances .So it was became very obviously as we know precisely that democracy’s process in Iraq since 2003 was comprehensively undemocratic in practicing because the political forces have not democratic culture that encourage the dialogue to solve all pending problems , and have not abundant tolerance to accept the differences of others parties yet . The phenomenon of the political instability has divided into different varieties by which scattering among the addresses of suspicion and it definitely has a sectarian discourse dimension in case of dealing among each other . So these addresses and dialogues were being away from the political national conformity correctly , because of there was something like definitely as the exclusion and marginalization discourses in order to narrowing any active political party within the political process try to do pro - active role to settle all pending crises . Furthermore , the reality of political life has been under the continuous crises and conflicts over an authority along time not to gain gradually the outcomes of procurement during application the constitution clauses and valid laws , in order to preserving the political stability and to be done more far from the national unity fragmentation and the weakness of political institutions . Finally , we need too much time to reach into condition of stability , especially after opening anew spaces toward active real participation , and because there was a growing need for educated people who could administer the society and the state institutionally by existing strong government, and ultimately peoples will have ability to form new political governing elites later.
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Mirzayan, G. V. "“Deal of the Century” in the Crosshairs of the Us, Russia, Israel, and Palestine." Humanities and Social Sciences. Bulletin of the Financial University 10, no. 3 (November 2, 2020): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2226-7867-2020-10-3-79-85.
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The Deal of a Century is a new approach to resolving Palestinian-Israeli conflicts proposed by Donald Trump. The world community has not accepted this approach. Immediately after its announcement, the plan was criticized by several journalists, experts, and politicians almost in every country of the world. And this criticism is in some cases justified — Deal of a Century is indeed cynical and risky. If it is realized Israel comes under severe pressure, even from those countries with which it was able to normalize relations. Besides, we can see a real uprising of the Palestinian population, deprived of its land, holy sites and citizenship. However, one cannot but admit that the traditional methods of resolving the PalestinianIsraeli settlement (based on the principle of compromise) led the process to a standstill. They do not work — simply because the Palestinian side does not need a realistic compromise. And perhaps in this situation, the policy of forcing a compromise pursued, by Donald Trump, is the only possible way to achieve peace in the Holy Land. Maybe not immediately, possibly through a temporary surge of violence. But a horrible end is always better than a horror without the end.