Relevant bibliographies by topics / Compression Ignition

Academic literature on the topic 'Compression Ignition'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Compression Ignition"

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HORA, H., G. H. MILEY, F. OSMAN, P. EVANS, P. TOUPS, K. MIMA, M. MURAKAMI, et al. "Single-event high-compression inertial confinement fusion at low temperatures compared with two-step fast ignitor." Journal of Plasma Physics 69, no. 5 (September 9, 2003): 413–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377803002320.

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Compression of plasmas with laser pulses in the 10-kJ range produced densities in the range of 1000 times that of the solid state, where however the temperatures within a few hundred eV were rather low. This induced the fast ignitor scheme for central or peripheral deposition of some 10-kJ ps laser pulses on conventional $n_{\rm s}$-precompressed DT plasma of 3000 times solid-state density. We present results where the ps ignition is avoided and only a single-event conventional compression is used. Following our computations of volume ignition and the excellent agreement with measured highest fusion gains of volume compression, we found conditions where compression to 5000 times that of the solid state and by using laser pulses of 10 MJ produce volume ignition with temperatures between 400 and 800 eV only for high-gain volume ignition.
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Hora, H., G. H. Miley, N. Azizi, B. Malekynia, M. Ghoranneviss, and X. T. He. "Nonlinear force driven plasma blocks igniting solid density hydrogen boron: Laser fusion energy without radioactivity." Laser and Particle Beams 27, no. 3 (August 17, 2009): 491–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026303460999022x.

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AbstractEnergy production by laser driven fusion energy is highly matured by spherical compression and ignition of deuterium-tritium (DT) fuel. An alternative scheme is the fast ignition where petawatt (PW)-picosecond (ps) laser pulses are used. A significant anomaly was measured and theoretically analyzed with very clean PW-ps laser pulses for avoiding relativistic self focusing. This permits a come-back of the side-on ignition scheme of uncompressed solid DT, which is in essential contrast to the spherical compression scheme. The conditions of side-on ignition thresholds needed exorbitantly high energy flux densities E*. These conditions are now in reach by using PW-ps laser pulses to verify side-on ignition for DT. Generalizing this to side-on igniting solid state density proton-Boron-11 (HB11) arrives at the surprising result that this is one order of magnitude more difficult than the DT fusion. This is in contrast to the well known impossibility of igniting HB11 by spherical laser compression and may offer fusion energy production with exclusion of neutron generation and nuclear radiation effects with a minimum of heat pollution in power stations and application for long mission space propulsion.
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Yang, Xiaojian, and Guoming G. Zhu. "A control-oriented hybrid combustion model of a homogeneous charge compression ignition capable spark ignition engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 226, no. 10 (May 31, 2012): 1380–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407012443334.

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To implement the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion mode in a spark ignition engine, it is necessary to have smooth mode transition between the spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustions. The spark ignition–homogeneous charge compression ignition hybrid combustion mode modeled in this paper describes the combustion mode that starts with the spark ignition combustion and ends with the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion. The main motivation of studying the hybrid combustion mode is that the percentage of the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion is a good parameter for combustion mode transition control when the hybrid combustion mode is used during the transition. This paper presents a control oriented model of the spark ignition–homogeneous charge compression ignition hybrid combustion mode, where the spark ignition combustion phase is modeled under the two-zone assumption and the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion phase under the one-zone assumption. Note that the spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustions are special cases in this combustion model. The developed model is capable of simulating engine combustion over the entire operating range, and it was implemented in a real-time hardware-in-the-loop simulation environment. The simulation results were compared with those of the corresponding GT-Power model, and good correlations were found for both spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition combustions.
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Yoshizawa, Koudai, Atsushi Teraji, Hiroshi Miyakubo, Koichi Yamaguchi, and Tomonori Urushihara. "Study of High Load Operation Limit Expansion for Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 128, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1805548.

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In this research, combustion characteristics of gasoline compression ignition engines have been analyzed numerically and experimentally with the aim of expanding the high load operation limit. The mechanism limiting high load operation under homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion was clarified. It was confirmed that retarding the combustion timing from top dead center (TDC) is an effective way to prevent knocking. However, with retarded combustion, combustion timing is substantially influenced by cycle-to-cycle variation of in-cylinder conditions. Therefore, an ignition timing control method is required to achieve stable retarded combustion. Using numerical analysis, it was found that ignition timing control could be achieved by creating a fuel-rich zone at the center of the cylinder. The fuel-rich zone works as an ignition source to ignite the surrounding fuel-lean zone. In this way, combustion consists of two separate auto-ignitions and is thus called two-step combustion. In the simulation, the high load operation limit was expanded using two-step combustion. An engine system identical to a direct-injection gasoline (DIG) engine was then used to validate two-step combustion experimentally. An air-fuel distribution was created by splitting fuel injection into first and second injections. The spark plug was used to ignite the first combustion. This combustion process might better be called spark-ignited compression ignition combustion (SI-CI combustion). Using the spark plug, stable two-step combustion was achieved, thereby validating a means of expanding the operation limit of gasoline compression ignition engines toward a higher load range.
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Vu, Dinh Nam, Shubhra Kanti Das, Kyeonghun Jwa, and Ocktaeck Lim. "Characteristics of auto-ignition in gasoline–biodiesel blended fuel under engine-like conditions." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 5 (March 27, 2018): 1352–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018763194.

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The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the effects of biodiesel fraction on auto-ignition for gasoline–biodiesel blended fuel, which combines two fuels with widely different auto-ignition characteristics. First, gasoline was blended with biodiesel at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% by volume, and then tested in a rapid compression expansion machine at a compression ratio of 11 and a temperature range of 720–850 K to observe the auto-ignition delay phenomenon under engine-like conditions. The experimental conditions are focused on improving the auto-ignition characteristic of gasoline direct-injection compression ignition combustion strategies under low load and cold start. The heat release rate of the blended fuels was calculated from the pressure trace and displacement history of the piston in order to identify first-stage ignition and second-stage (auto-ignition) ignition delay. Second, a gasoline–biodiesel reaction mechanism was developed to predict the chemical ignition delay of the blended fuels. The reaction mechanism with 4285 species and 15,246 reactions was validated and implemented using the CHEMKIN PRO software. Finally, the chemical ignition delay was predicted by the simulation which was further compared to the experimental measured results. These results revealed that a higher biodiesel fraction helps to obtain shorter ignition delay, which reduces the requirement of intake temperature. The blended fuel with 20% biodiesel showed the lowest ambient temperature at the injection timing requirement and was 80 K lower than gasoline. Each blended fuel exhibited two-stage ignitions in the measured temperature range. The combustion duration and pressure peak of every blended fuel were similar to each other after increasing the biodiesel fraction.
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Gordon, David, Christian Wouters, Shota Kinoshita, Maximilian Wick, Bastian Lehrheuer, Jakob Andert, Stefan Pischinger, and Charles R. Koch. "Homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion stability improvement using a rapid ignition system." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 10 (June 1, 2020): 1846–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087420917769.

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When compared to traditional engines, homogeneous charge compression ignition has the potential to significantly reduce NO x raw emissions, while maintaining a high fuel efficiency. Homogeneous charge compression ignition is characterized by compression-induced autoignition of a lean homogeneous air–fuel mixture. Since homogeneous charge compression ignition does not utilize direct ignition control, it is strongly dependent on the state of the cylinder charge and can suffer from high cyclic variability. With spark-assisted compression ignition, it has been demonstrated that misfires can be reduced, while preserving the high thermal efficiency of homogeneous charge compression ignition as a result of the more favorable physical mixture properties due to dilution. However, spark-assisted compression ignition reduces the NO x benefits of homogeneous charge compression ignition, as it increases the local combustion temperatures. To merge the advantages of the homogeneous charge compression ignition and the spark-assisted compression ignition combustion processes, a field-programmable gate array for detailed simulation of the physical gas exchange is combined with a rapid spark system. The low latency and computational speed of the field-programmable gate array allows the simulation process to be implemented in real time. When combined with the rapid reaction time of the high-frequency current-based rapid ignition system, a feedforward controller based on the cylinder pressure or heat release is realized. The developed model-based controller determines if a spark is required to assist the homogeneous charge compression ignition combustion process. The use of the field-programmable gate array and rapid ignition system allows for the calculation of combustion properties and controller output within 0.1 °CA. This article presents the development and experimental validation of the developed controller on a single-cylinder research engine. The combustion stability has been significantly improved as reflected in an improved standard deviation of the indicated mean effective pressure and a reduction of the combustion phasing variations. Furthermore, compared to a traditional homogeneous charge compression ignition system, the hydrocarbon emissions can be reduced, while maintaining low NO x emissions.
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Schönen, M., J. Chun, and T. Reuss. "New Compression Ignition Engines." Sonderprojekte ATZ/MTZ 24, S1 (August 2019): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41491-019-0019-x.

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Ortiz-Soto, Elliott A., George A. Lavoie, Margaret S. Wooldridge, and Dennis N. Assanis. "Thermodynamic efficiency assessment of gasoline spark ignition and compression ignition operating strategies using a new multi-mode combustion model for engine system simulations." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2018): 304–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087417752195.

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Advanced combustion strategies for gasoline engines employing highly dilute and low-temperature combustion modes, such as homogeneous charge compression ignition and spark-assisted compression ignition, promise significant improvements in efficiency and emissions. This article presents a novel, reduced-order, physics-based model to capture advanced multi-mode combustion involving spark ignition, homogeneous charge compression ignition and spark-assisted compression ignition operating strategies. The purpose of such a model, which until now was unavailable, was to enhance existing capabilities of engine system simulations and facilitate large-scale parametric studies related to these advanced combustion modes. The model assumes two distinct thermodynamic zones divided by an infinitely thin flame interface, where turbulent flame propagation is captured using a new zero-dimensional formulation of the coherent flame model, and end-gas auto-ignition is simulated using a hybrid approach employing chemical kinetics and a semi-empirical burn rate model. The integrated model was calibrated using three distinct experimental data sets for spark ignition, homogeneous charge compression ignition and spark-assisted compression ignition combustion. The results demonstrated overall good trend-wise agreement with the experimental data, including the ability to replicate heat release characteristics related to flame propagation and auto-ignition during spark-assisted compression ignition combustion. The calibrated model was assessed using a large parametric study, where the predicted homogeneous charge compression ignition and spark-assisted compression ignition operating regions at naturally aspirated conditions were representative of those determined during engine testing. Practical advanced combustion strategies were assessed relative to idealized engine simulations, which showed that efficiency improvements up to 30% compared with conventional spark-ignition operation are possible. The study revealed that poor combustion efficiency and pumping work are the primary mechanisms for efficiency losses for the advanced combustion strategies evaluated.
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V, Jaison C., Dr M. K. Aravindan, and Dr Alok Kumar Rohit Akash Suresh. "Study on Alternative Fuels for Compression Ignition Engines." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-6 (October 31, 2018): 1443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd18890.

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Bhiogade, Girish, and Jiwak Suryawanshi. "A comparative experimental study on engine operating on premixed charge compression ignition and compression ignition mode." Thermal Science 21, no. 1 Part B (2017): 441–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci140814087b.

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New combustion concepts have been recently developed with the purpose to tackle the problem of high emissions level of traditional direct injection Diesel engines. A good example is the premixed charge compression ignition combustion. A strategy in which early injection is used causing a burning process in which the fuel burns in the premixed condition. In compression ignition engines, soot (particulate matter) and NOx emissions are an extremely unsolved issue. Premixed charge compression ignition is one of the most promising solutions that combine the advantages of both spark ignition and compression ignition combustion modes. It gives thermal efficiency close to the compression ignition engines and resolves the associated issues of high NOx and particulate matter, simultaneously. Premixing of air and fuel preparation is the challenging part to achieve premixed charge compression ignition combustion. In the present experimental study a diesel vaporizer is used to achieve premixed charge compression ignition combustion. A vaporized diesel fuel was mixed with the air to form premixed charge and inducted into the cylinder during the intake stroke. Low diesel volatility remains the main obstacle in preparing premixed air-fuel mixture. Exhaust gas re-circulation can be used to control the rate of heat release. The objective of this study is to reduce exhaust emission levels with maintaining thermal efficiency close to compression ignition engine.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compression Ignition"

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SANCHEZ, FERNANDO ZEGARRA. "COMPRESSION IGNITION OF ETHANOL-POWERED IN RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2016. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=29324@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Com o passar do tempo, a humanidade tem uma maior dependência na geração de energia, utilizada para promoção de conforto, transporte e outros. Com a finalidade de resolver este aumento de demanda, novas fontes eficientes, de preferência renováveis, estão sendo pesquisadas. O transporte é uma das atividades que tem maior dependência dos combustíveis fósseis, além de ser também um dos maiores geradores de gases de efeito estufa. É por isso, que em diversas partes do mundo, o homem pesquisa novas fontes de energia renováveis que possam ser substitutas dos atuais tradicionais usados no transporte. Sabe-se, que os motores Diesel são mais eficientes com relação aos motores Otto. Devido a este fato, há mais 30 anos pesquisam-se e desenvolvem-se sistemas de ignição por compressão, movidos com combustíveis renováveis, o qual permita a diminuição da dependência dos combustíveis fósseis e garanta a redução de gases de efeito estufa. O etanol é um candidato para substituir o oleo Diesel, mas tem que se levar em conta algumas alterações (aumento da relação de compressão, adição de melhoradores da autoignição, etc.) antes de ser utilizado nos motores Diesel. Com base nisto, a presente tese apresenta uma nova proposta, utilizar como melhorador da autoignição do etanol o n-butanol. Para tal propósito se desenvolveu diversos testes com diversas relações de compressão, percentuais em massa de aditivo na mistura de etanol e diversos avanços da injeção. Os testes foram realizados em uma máquina de compressão rápida (MCR) com misturas de etanol e polietilenoglicol 400 e 600, n-butanol, além dos testes refenciais com óleo Disel e ED95. Os resultados mostram que o n-butanol, com uma participação de 10 por cento na mistura, pode ser utilizado como melhorador da autoignição do etanol em sistemas de ignição por compressão.
Over time, humanity has developed a greater reliance inpower generation, used to promoter comfort, transport and others. In order to address this increased demand new efficient sources are being searched, in preference, renewable sources. Transportation is one of the activities that have greater reliance on fossil fuels as well as being one of the largest generators of greenhouse gases. Therefore, in many parts of the world men are engaged in the search of new renewable energy sources that can substitute the current one used in transport. It is known that diesel engines are more efficient in comparison to the Otto engime. Due to this fact, for more than 30 years research has been conducted in order to develop ignition systems by compression, powered with renewable fuels, which reduces the dependence on fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases. Ethanol is a viable candidate to replace diesel oil, but some improvements have to be accounted for before it s used in diesel engines, improvements such as the increase in compression ratio, adding auto-ignition improves, etc. Based on the facts presented, this thesis offers a new proposal, the use of n-butanol as an auto-ignition improver for ethanol. For this purpose several tests have been executed with various compression ratios, mass percentage of additive in the mixture off ethanol and many start of injections. The tests were performed in a rapid compression machine (RCM) with mixtures of ethanol and polyethylene glycol 400 and 600, and n-butanol inaddition to the reference test with diesel oil and ED95. The results show that n-butanol with a 10 per cent share of the mixture, can be used as an auto ignition improver for ethanol in compression ignition systems.
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Hahn, Tairin. "Ignition study in rapid compression machine." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46641.

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Thesis (Mech. E.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 79-81).
As it becomes more and more difficult to find "easy" oil, various alternative fuels are introduced to the markets. These fuels have chemical properties that are different from the traditional gasoline and diesel fuels so that engine efficiency and other engine behaviors may be affected To improve engine efficiency and to identify which alternative fuel is the cleanest fuel solution, it is necessary to compile information about the ignition delay, which governs auto-ignition in spark-ignition (SI), compression-ignition (CI) and homogeneous charge compression-ignition (HCCI) engines. In this study, we measured ignition delay on the Rapid Compression Machine (RCM). RCM is a single-stroke device, which compresses uniform mixtures to engine-like condition. We can interpret from the pressure the detailed heat release process. A comprehensive ignition delay database of toluene/n-heptane mixtures and gasoline/ethanol mixtures was established The data allow us to calculate the auto-ignition behavior in engines. Depending on application the correct choice of alternative fuels may be made.
by Tairin Hahn.
Mech.E.
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Roberts, Philip John. "Fuel and residual effects in spark ignition and homogeneous charge compression ignition engines." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.530821.

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Zeraati, Rezaei Soheil. "Experimental investigation of a premixed compression ignition engine." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7037/.

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Premixed compression-ignition (PCI) combustion techniques using low-cetane fuels, including Dieseline (mixture of diesel-gasoline) and naphtha, were investigated in a light-duty multi-cylinder CI-engine focusing mainly on reducing emissions while maintaining or improving the brake-thermal-efficiency. Different fuel-injection and intake/exhaust handling strategies were investigated in a wide engine operating load range from 1.4 to 17.3 bar BMEP. Moreover, an out-cylinder emission reduction technique through using a diesel-oxidation-catalyst (DOC) was investigated. Hot (uncooled) exhaust-gas-recirculation (EGR) combined with low fuel-injection-pressure (as low as 150 bar) significantly enhanced combustion-performance (COV < 5%) and reduced carbon-monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions at lower loads, when using low-cetane fuelled PCI techniques. At 1.4 to 6 bar BMEP, particulate emissions were reduced by >99% with respect to the diesel-CI baseline, in terms of number and mass, while maintaining brake-specific-NOx below 0.4 g/kWh. At loads more than 6 bar BMEP, double-injection strategy advanced combustion-phasing, where the first injection-event was shown to be significantly influential. Due to narrower boiling-range of naphtha compared to Dieseline, naphtha PCI resulted in high-COV at low loads, while it resulted in rapid-combustion at medium/high loads. Utilisation of the hot-EGR is a “win-win” strategy to enhance the combustion-process of the PCI-engine and reduction of the volatile/semi-volatile compounds using the DOC.
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LOAIZA, JUAN CARLOS VALDEZ. "REACTIVITY CONTROLLED COMPRESSION IGNITION OF DIESEL FUEL AND ETHANOL IN RAPID COMPRESSION MACHINE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2014. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=35559@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
Serão necessários muitos anos para que os biocombustíveis sejam capazes de substituir integralmente os derivados fósseis. Este trabalho visa estudar formas alternativas de conversão de energia contida nos combustíveis utilizados em motores de combustão interna. Maiores eficiências na conversão da energia contida no combustível e uma menor emissão dos gases de exaustão são benefícios associados à ignição por compressão de reatividade controlada, RCCI, onde dois fluidos com diferentes reatividades são introduzidos na câmara de combustão em instantes diferentes. Optou-se pelo uso de uma máquina de compressão rápida, MCR, capaz de controlar parâmetros relevantes, como taxa de compressão, pressões, tempos de injeção, que foi adaptada para receber dois sistemas de injeção direta na câmara de combustão. Como segundo combustível, que substitui parcialmente o óleo diesel, que é empregado tradicionalmente em motores de ignição por compressão, optou-se pelo etanol hidratado. Os estudos revelaram que diferentes formas de injeção dos dois combustíveis produzem processos muito diferentes, para as mesmas quantidades de combustíveis injetados. Os resultados são apresentados na forma de pressão indicada como função do ângulo equivalente, bem como calor liberado e atraso de ignição. Experiências foram conduzidas para uma ou duas injeções de etanol por ciclo, em diferentes tempos. Altas razões de substituição do combustível fóssil foram obtidas, quando comparadas com a técnica de fumigação, onde o segundo combustível é misturado externamente ao ar de combustão.
Many years will be needed for biofuels or other renewable sources to be able to fully replace fossil fuels. This work aims to study alternative ways of converting energy contained in fuels used in internal combustion engines. Higher efficiencies in converting the energy contained in the fuel and lower emission of harmful exhaust gases are benefits associated with the Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition, known for RCCI. In this type of combustion, two fluids with different ignition-reactivity characteristics are introduced into the combustion chamber at different times. To better understand this phenomenon, it was used a RCM, that is able to control, more easily, relevant parameters such as compression ratio, temperatures, pressures, injection times etc. As a second fuel, which partially replaces the diesel, which is traditionally used in compression ignition engines, it was used the ethanol. The RCM was then adapted to receive two systems for direct injection into the combustion chamber. Studies have shown that different forms of injection of the two fuels produce very different processes to the same amount of fuel injected. The results are presented in the form of indicated pressure as a function of position. Heat released and ignition delay are also presented. Experiments were conducted for one or two injections of ethanol per cycle at different times. High substitution rates of the fossil fuel were obtained when compared to injections of external mixtures of diesel and ethanol or fumigation technique, where the second fuel is mixed externally with the combustion air.
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Alqahtani, Ali Mubark. "Computational studies of homogeneous charge compression ignition, spark ignition and opposed piston single cylinder engines." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7899/.

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In this research, possible improvements in engine specifications using the simulations developed on the AVL BOOST™ and Ricardo WAVE™ platforms were investigated. These modelling simulations help the author to predict the effect of any improvements in engine specifications without practical experimental challenges and difficulties. Firstly, HCCI and SI engines were modelled with the intention of maximizing the engine’s efficiency and minimizing the emissions. Changes of valve timing and throttle angle influence emissions’ reduction and the efficiency of the engine. In SI engines, the emissions of NOx can be reduced by using EGR, while only having a little effect on performance. The emissions from the HCCI, due to their intrinsically low emission output, were not improved. The effect of increasing the bore to stroke ratio in an opposed piston engine whilst maintaining a constant swept volume, port geometry and combustion timing, shows an increase of heat losses due to the lower ratio of exposed surface area to volume; an increase in thermal and mechanical efficiency; and most importantly, an improvement in fuel consumption. Also, in this research study, different strategies for opposed piston engines were investigated to increase the engine’s efficiency. The effect of a variable compression ratio on an opposed piston engine’s performance indicates different behaviour at various engine speeds and under different running conditions.
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Sullivan, Morgen Paul. "Study of lubrication oil ignition in a rapid compression machine under sporadic pre-ignition conditions." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/100352.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 95-97).
In recent years, the industry has shifted toward down-sizing and turbo-charging spark ignition (SI) engines in an effort to increase fuel conversion efficiency. However, this has given rise to a destructive phenomenon known as sporadic pre-ignition (SPI). At low cranking speeds and high loads, engines have been observed to knock violently for brief and infrequent intervals. If allowed to continue, these periods of knock will result in a destroyed engine. This study looks at the propensity of lube oil vapor appearing in the cylinder as a cause for this phenomenon. The theory is that a local oil vapor/air mixture pocket may auto-ignite and start a flame in the charge. The pre-ignition would produce extreme knock. A rapid compression machine (RCM) was used to simulate this scenario and determine if oil vapor can cause SPI, and if so, to relate the auto-ignition tendency to the oil properties. The RCM was used to measure the ignition delay of a cloud of oil vapor in a stoichiometric gasoline/air mixture. The ignition delays were then correlated to chemical and physical properties of the oils. Finally, the effect of diluting the mixture was assessed. The results suggest that lube oil is a plausible source of SPI. The oil ignition delay times are sufficiently short to produce extreme pre-ignition consistent with SPI. Further supporting evidence lies in the fact that oil ignition delay times concur with SPI behavior in engines. It was found that the base stock, degradation, and chemical additives all play a role in oil ignition delay times. The results also demonstrate. that dilution significantly slows auto-ignition of the oil.
by Morgen Paul Sullivan.
S.M.
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Angelos, John P. (John Phillip). "Fuel effects in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/50615.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-217).
Homogenous-charge, compression-ignition (HCCI) combustion is a new method of burning fuel in internal combustion (IC) engines. In an HCCI engine, the fuel and air are premixed prior to combustion, like in a spark-ignition (SI) engine. However, rather than using a spark to initiate combustion, the mixture is ignited through compression only, as in a compression-ignition (CI) engine; this makes combustion in HCCI engines much more sensitive to fuel chemistry than in traditional IC engines. The union of SI- and CI-technologies gives HCCI engines substantial efficiency and emissions advantages. However, one major challenge preventing significant commercialization of HCCI technology is its small operating range compared to traditional IC engines. This project examined the effects of fuel chemistry on the size of the HCCI operating region, with an emphasis on the low-load limit (LLL) of HCCI operability. If commercialized, HCCI engines will have to operate using standard commercial fuels. Therefore investigating the impact of fuel chemistry variations in commercial gasolines on the HCCI operability limits is critical to determining the fate of HCCI commercialization. To examine these effects, the operating ranges of 12 gasolines were mapped in a naturally-aspirated, single-cylinder HCCI engine, which used negative valve overlap to induce HCCI combustion. The fuels were blended from commercial refinery streams to span the range of market-typical variability in aromatic, ethanol, and olefin concentrations, RON, and volatility. The results indicated that all fuels achieved nearly equal operating ranges. The LLL of HCCI operability was completely insensitive to fuel chemistry, within experimental measurement error. The high-load limit showed minor fuel effects, but the trends in fuel performance were not consistent across all the speeds studied. These results suggest that fuel sensitivity is not an obstacle to auto-makers and/or fuel companies to introducing HCCI technology.
(cont.) Developing an understanding of what causes an HCCI engine to misfire allows for estimation of how fuel chemistry and engine operating conditions affect the LLL. The underlying physics of a misfire were studied with an HCCI simulation tool (MITES), which used detailed chemical kinetics to model the combustion process. MITES was used to establish the minimum ignition temperature (Tmisfire) and full-cycle, steady-state temperature (Tss) for a fuel as a function of residual fraction. Comparison of Tmisfire and Tss near the misfire limit showed that Tss approaches Tmisfire quite closely (to within ~ 14 K), suggesting that the primary cause of a misfire is insufficient thermal energy needed to sustain combustion for multiple cycles. With this relationship, the effects of engine speed and fuel chemistry on the LLL were examined. Reducing the engine speed caused a reduction in T, which allowed fuel chemistry effects to be more apparent. This effect was also observed experimentally with 2 primary reference fuels (PRFs): PRF60 and PRF90. At 1000 RPM, PRF60 obtained a substantially lower (~30%) LLL than PRF90, but at speeds >/= 1500 RPM, fuel ignitability had no effect on the LLL. Fuel chemistry was shown to influence the LLL by increasing both Tmisfire and Tss for more auto-ignition resistant fuels. However, the extent to which fuel chemistry affects these temperatures may not be equivalent. Therefore, the relative movement of each temperature determines the extent to which fuel chemistry impacts the LLL.
by John P. Angelos.
Ph.D.
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9

Bhave, Amit. "Stochastic reactor models for homogeneous charge compression ignition engines." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616153.

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Monsalve, Serrano Javier. "Dual-fuel compression ignition: towards clean, highly efficient combustion." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/75109.

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The more and more stringent emissions regulations, together with the greater fuel economy demanded by vehicle users, impose a clear objective to researchers and engine manufacturers: look for the maximum efficiency with the minimum pollutant emissions levels. The conventional diesel combustion is a highly efficient process, but also leads to high levels of NOx and soot emissions that require using aftertreatment systems to reduce the final levels released to the environment. Since these systems incur in higher costs of acquisition and operation of the engine, the scientific community is working on developing alternative strategies to reduce the generation of these pollutants during the combustion process itself. The literature shows that the new combustion modes based on promoting low temperatures during this process, offer high efficiency and very low NOx and soot levels simultaneously. However, after years of investigation, it can be concluded that these techniques cannot be applied in the whole engine operating range due to, among others, factors like the low control of the combustion process. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the dual-fuel combustion technique allows to overcome this limitation thanks to the additional degree of freedom provided by the capacity of modulating the fuel reactivity depending on the engine operating conditions. This characteristic, together with the near-zero NOx and soot levels obtained with this technique, has encouraged the scientific community to deeply investigate the dual-fuel combustion. In this sense, former works confirm the advantages previously described, concluding that still exist some limitations to be tackled, as well as some margin for improving the potential of this combustion concept. The general objective of the present Doctoral Thesis is to contribute to the understanding of the dual-fuel combustion mode, with the particular aim of exploring different ways to improve its efficiency. For this purpose, it has been experimentally evaluated different options such as the modification of the engine operating parameters, specific designs of the piston geometry or the use of alternative fuels. With the aim of answering some of the questions found in the literature, the first part of each study has been dedicated to perform a detailed analysis of the influence of each particular strategy on the dual-fuel operation at low load. Later, it has been checked the ability of each option to extend the dual-fuel operating range towards higher engine loads. It is interesting to note that the analysis of some results has been supported by CFD calculations, which have allowed to understand some local phenomena occurring during the dual-fuel combustion process, which cannot be confirmed only from the experimental point of view. Finally, taking into account the knowledge acquired during the different studies performed, the last chapter of results has been devoted to evaluate the ability of the dual-fuel concept to operate over the whole engine map, as well as to identify the possible limitations that this technique presents from the technological point of view.
Las cada vez más restrictivas normativas anticontaminantes, junto con la demanda de motores con menor consumo de combustible por parte de los usuarios, imponen un claro objetivo a investigadores y fabricantes de motores: la búsqueda de la máxima eficiencia con los mínimos niveles de emisiones contaminantes. La combustión diésel convencional ofrece una alta eficiencia, pero a su vez da lugar a elevadas emisiones de NOx y hollín que requieren del uso de sistemas de postratamiento para reducir los niveles finales emitidos al ambiente. Dado que estos sistemas incurren en mayores costes de adquisición y operación del motor, la comunidad científica está trabajando en el desarrollo distintas estrategias para reducir la generación de estos contaminantes durante el propio proceso de combustión. La literatura demuestra que los nuevos modos de combustión basados en promover bajas temperaturas durante este proceso, ofrecen simultáneamente una elevada eficiencia y muy bajos niveles de NOx y hollín. Sin embargo, tras años de investigación, se puede llegar a la conclusión de que estas técnicas no pueden ser aplicadas en todo el rango de operación del motor debido a, entre otros, factores como el escaso control sobre el proceso de combustión. En los últimos años, se ha demostrado que la técnica de combustión dual-fuel permite superar esta limitación gracias al grado de libertad adicional que supone la capacidad de modular la reactividad del combustible en función de las condiciones de operación del motor. Esta característica, junto con los casi nulos niveles de NOx y hollín que proporciona, ha despertado un gran interés sobre la comunidad científica. En este sentido, trabajos precedentes confirman las ventajas que este modo de combustión ofrece, demostrando a su vez que aún existen una serie de limitaciones por abordar, así como cierto margen por explotar para mejorar el potencial de este concepto. La presente Tesis Doctoral plantea como objetivo general el contribuir a la comprensión del modo de combustión dual-fuel, y de manera particular explorar distintas vías con objeto de mejorar su eficiencia. Para ello, se han evaluado de manera experimental diferentes opciones que van desde la modificación de los parámetros de operación del motor, hasta diseños específicos de la geometría del pistón o el uso de combustibles alternativos. Tratando de responder algunas de las cuestiones encontradas en la literatura, en cada uno de los estudios se ha realizado un análisis detallado de la influencia del parámetro en cuestión sobre la operación del motor a baja carga, y a su vez se ha comprobado la capacidad de cada una de estas opciones de extender la operación del motor hacia cargas más elevadas. Cabe destacar que el análisis de ciertos resultados se ha apoyado en cálculos numéricos CFD, los cuales han permitido entender ciertos fenómenos locales que ocurren durante el proceso de combustión dual-fuel, y que no pueden ser confirmados únicamente desde el punto de vista experimental. Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta el conocimiento adquirido en los diferentes estudios realizados, el último capítulo de resultados se ha dedicado a evaluar la capacidad de operación del concepto dual-fuel en todo el rango de funcionamiento del motor, así como a identificar las posibles limitaciones que esta técnica presenta desde el punto de vista tecnológico.
Les cada vegada més restrictives normatives anticontaminants, juntament amb la demanda de motors amb menor consum de combustible per part dels usuaris, imposen un clar objectiu a investigadors i fabricants de motors: la cerca de la màxima eficiència amb els mínims nivells d'emissions contaminants. La combustió dièsel convencional ofereix una alta eficiència, però al seu torn dóna lloc a elevades emissions de NOx i sutge que requereixen de l'ús de sistemes de postractament per a reduir els nivells finals emesos a l'ambient. Aquests sistemes incorren en majors costos d'adquisició i operació del motor, per la qual cosa de forma paral·lela, la comunitat científica està treballant en el desenvolupament de diferents estratègies per a reduir la generació d'aquests contaminants durant el propi procés de combustió. La literatura demostra que les noves tècniques de combustió basades a promoure baixes temperatures durant aquest procés, ofereixen simultàniament una elevada eficiència i molt baixos nivells de NOx i sutge. No obstant açò, després d'anys de recerca, es pot arribar a la conclusió que aquestes tècniques no poden ser aplicades en tot el rang d'operació del motor a causa de, entre uns altres, factors com l'escàs control sobre el procés de combustió. En els últims anys, s'ha demostrat que la tècnica de combustió dual-fuel permet superar aquesta limitació gràcies al grau de llibertat addicional que suposa la capacitat de modular la reactivitat del combustible en funció de les condicions d'operació del motor. Aquesta característica, juntament amb els quasi nuls nivells de NOx i sutge que proporciona, ha despertat un gran interès sobre la comunitat científica. En aquest sentit, treballs precedents confirmen els avantatges que aquesta tècnica de combustió ofereix, demostrant al seu torn que encara existeixen una sèrie de limitacions per abordar, així com cert marge per explotar per a millorar el potencial d'aquest concepte. La present Tesi Doctoral planteja com a objectiu general el contribuir a la comprensió de la tècnica de combustió dual-fuel, i de manera particular explorar diferents vies a fi de millorar la seua eficiència. Per a açò, s'han avaluat de manera experimental diferents opcions que van des de la modificació dels paràmetres d'operació del motor, fins a dissenys específics de la geometria del pistó o l'ús de combustibles alternatius. Tractant de respondre algunes de les qüestions trobades en la literatura, en cadascun dels estudis s'ha realitzat una anàlisi detallada de la influència del paràmetre en qüestió sobre l'operació del motor a baixa càrrega, i al seu torn s'ha comprovat la capacitat de cadascuna d'aquestes opcions d'estendre l'operació del motor cap a càrregues més elevades. Cal destacar que l'anàlisi de certs resultats s'ha recolzat en càlculs numèrics CFD, els quals han permès entendre certs fenòmens locals que ocorren durant el procés de combustió dual-fuel, i que no poden ser confirmats únicament des del punt de vista experimental. Finalment, tenint en compte el coneixement adquirit en els diferents estudis realitzats, l'últim capítol de resultats s'ha dedicat a avaluar la capacitat d'operació del concepte dual-fuel en tot el rang de funcionament del motor, així com a identificar les possibles limitacions que aquesta tècnica presenta des del punt de vista tecnològic.
Monsalve Serrano, J. (2016). Dual-fuel compression ignition: towards clean, highly efficient combustion [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/75109
TESIS
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Books on the topic "Compression Ignition"

1

Kalghatgi, Gautam, Avinash Kumar Agarwal, Harsh Goyal, and Moez Ben Houidi, eds. Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and Society of Automotive Engineers. World Congress, eds. Compression ignition combustion processes. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2000.

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SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition. Homogeneous charge compression ignition. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition (2004 : Tampa, Fla.), eds. Homogeneous charge compression ignition. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. Spark ignition and compression ignition engine modeling. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Powertrain & Fluid Systems Conference & Exhibition, eds. Spark ignition and compression ignition engines modeling 2003. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2003.

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SAE World Congress (2005 : Detroit, Mich.), ed. Compression ignition combustion processes 2005. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2005.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE World Congress (2007 : Detroit, Mich.), eds. Compression ignition combustion processes, 2007. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2007.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, and SAE International Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting and Exposition (2004 : Toulouse, France), eds. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2004.

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Engineers, Society of Automotive, ed. Homogeneous charge compression ignition engines. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Compression Ignition"

1

Stone, Richard. "Compression Ignition Engines." In Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 180–230. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22147-9_5.

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Stone, Richard. "Compression ignition engines." In Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 175–219. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-02829-7_6.

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Stone, Richard. "Compression ignition engines." In Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 216–71. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-14916-2_5.

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Stone, Richard. "Compression Ignition Engines." In Solutions Manual for Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 105–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-15079-3_5.

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Stone, Richard. "Compression Ignition Engines." In Introduction to Internal Combustion Engines, 131–64. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17910-7_5.

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Carroll E. Goering, Marvin L. Stone, David W. Smith, and Paul K. Turnquist. "COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES." In Off-Road Vehicle Engineering Principles, 131–62. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.13681.

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Tang, Qinglong, and Bengt Johansson. "A Review on Combustion Rate Control, Spray-Wall Impingement, and CO/UHC Formation of the Gasoline Compression Ignition Engines." In Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology, 73–97. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_4.

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Raman, Vallinayagam, Junseok Chang, Nayan Engineer, Tom Tzanetakis, Viollet Yoann, Jaeheon Sim, and Jihad Badra. "Spark Assisted Gasoline Compression Ignition (SAGCI) Engine Strategies." In Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology, 99–159. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_5.

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Redon, Fabien, Laurence J. Fromm, and Ashwin Salvi. "Opposed-Piston Gasoline Compression Ignition Engine." In Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology, 161–81. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_6.

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Khoa, Nguyen Xuan, Yanuandri Putrasari, Dinh Nam Vu, Nguyen Ho Xuan Duy, and Ocktaeck Lim. "The Effect of Control Strategies on the Gasoline Compression Ignition (GCI) Engine: Injection Strategy, Exhaust Residual Gas Strategy, Biodiesel Addition Strategy, and Oxygen Content Strategy." In Gasoline Compression Ignition Technology, 27–71. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8735-8_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Compression Ignition"

1

Guirguis, Raafat H. "Ignition due to macroscopic shear." In Shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1303556.

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Chase, Scott, Ryan Nevin, Richard Winsor, and Kirby Baumgard. "Stoichiometric Compression Ignition (SCI) Engine." In SAE 2007 Commercial Vehicle Engineering Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2007-01-4224.

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Christensen, Magnus, Bengt Johansson, Per Amnéus, and Fabian Mauss. "Supercharged Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/980787.

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Boretti, Alberto. "CO2 Emission Benefits of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition and Direct Injection Compression Ignition Combustion." In Symposium on International Automotive Technology. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-26-0423.

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Teng, Ho, James C. Mccandless, and Jeffrey B. Schneyer. "Compression Ignition Delay (Physical + Chemical) of Dimethyl Ether - An Alternative Fuel for Compression-Ignition Engines." In SAE 2003 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2003-01-0759.

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Kopecek, H., E. Wintner, M. Lackner, F. Winter, and A. Hultqvist. "Laser-Stimulated Ignition in a Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine." In SAE 2004 World Congress & Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2004-01-0937.

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Badra, Jihad, Radwan Bakor, Abdullah AlRamadan, Mohammed Almansour, Jaeheon Sim, Ahfaz Ahmed, Yoann Viollet, and Junseok Chang. "Standardized Gasoline Compression Ignition Fuels Matrix." In WCX World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-0925.

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Guodong, Hu, Xu Feng, and Song Zhenhuan. "Premix Film Type Compression Ignition Combustion." In International Congress & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/920694.

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Thring, R. H. "Homogeneous-Charge Compression-Ignition (HCCI) Engines." In 1989 SAE International Fall Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exhibition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/892068.

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Kodavasal, Janardhan, Christopher Kolodziej, Stephen Ciatti, and Sibendu Som. "CFD Simulation of Gasoline Compression Ignition." In ASME 2014 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2014-5591.

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Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is a low temperature combustion (LTC) concept that has been gaining increasing interest over the recent years owing to its potential to achieve diesel-like thermal efficiencies with significantly reduced engine-out nitrogen oxides (NOx) and soot emissions compared to diesel engines. In this work, closed-cycle computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed of this combustion mode using a sector mesh in an effort to understand effects of model settings on simulation results. One goal of this work is to provide recommendations for grid resolution, combustion model, chemical kinetic mechanism, and turbulence model to accurately capture experimental combustion characteristics. Grid resolutions ranging from 0.7 mm to 0.1 mm minimum cell sizes were evaluated in conjunction with both Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) based turbulence models. Solution of chemical kinetics using the multi-zone approach is evaluated against the detailed approach of solving chemistry in every cell. The relatively small primary reference fuel (PRF) mechanism (48 species) used in this study is also evaluated against a larger 312-species gasoline mechanism. Based on these studies the following model settings are chosen keeping in mind both accuracy and computation costs — 0.175 mm minimum cell size grid, RANS turbulence model, 48-species PRF mechanism, and multi-zone chemistry solution with bin limits of 5 K in temperature and 0.05 in equivalence ratio. With these settings, the performance of the CFD model is evaluated against experimental results corresponding to a low load start of injection (SOI) timing sweep. The model is then exercised to investigate the effect of SOI on combustion phasing with constant intake valve closing (IVC) conditions and fueling over a range of SOI timings to isolate the impact of SOI on charge preparation and ignition. Simulation results indicate that there is an optimum SOI timing, in this case −30°aTDC (after top dead center), which results in the most stable combustion. Advancing injection with respect to this point leads to significant fuel mass burning in the colder squish region, leading to retarded phasing and ultimately misfire for SOI timings earlier than −42°aTDC. On the other hand, retarding injection beyond this optimum timing results in reduced residence time available for gasoline ignition kinetics, and also leads to retarded phasing, with misfire at SOI timings later than −15°aTDC.
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Reports on the topic "Compression Ignition"

1

Patel, P., P. Amendt, D. Clark, M. Tabak, D. Meeker, B. Lasinski, H. Shay, et al. Fast Ignition Target Compression Campaign. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1130007.

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Nilsen, Christopher William, and Charles J. Mueller. Ducted fuel injection for compression-ignition engines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1171565.

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Janson Wu, Nicholas Paradiso, Peter Van Blarigan, and Scott Goldsborough. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Free Piston Linear Alternator. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5977.

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Smith, J. R., S. M. Aceves, C. Westbrook, and W. Pitz. Modeling of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) of methane. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/630880.

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Uchida, Kouji, Hironori Saitoh, and Mataji Tateishi. Improvements of Ignition and Combustion Characteristics in a Compression-Ignition Alcohol Engine~Effects of Compression Ratio and Hot EGR on Mixture Formation of Alcohol Spray, Ignition and Combustion. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0560.

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Kitabatake, Ryo, Naoki Shimazaki, and Terukazu Nishimura. Expansion of Premixed Compression Ignition Combustion Region by Supercharging Operation and Lower Compression Ratio Piston. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, September 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0436.

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Anderson, Carl L. Direct Injection Compression Ignition Diesel Automotive Technology Education GATE Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912669.

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Ding, Huajie, Xiumin Yu, and Junjie Li. Model Development for the Compression Ignition Free Piston Engine Alternator. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2012-32-0084.

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9

Assanis, Dennis, Arvind Atreya, Craig Bowman, Jyh-Yuan Chen, Wai Cheng, David Davidson, Robert Dibble, et al. A University Consortium on Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Engine Research. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/969815.

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Gravel, Roland, Carl Maronde, Chris Gehrke, and Scott Fiveland. High Efficiency, Low Emissions Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) Engines. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1070178.

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