Relevant bibliographies by topics / Compressed earth blocs

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Academic literature on the topic 'Compressed earth blocs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 14 December 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Compressed earth blocs"

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Egenti, Clement, and Jamal Khatib. "Affordable and Sustainable Housing in Rwanda." Sustainability 13, no. 8 (April 9, 2021): 4188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13084188.

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Baked clay bricks (Impunyu) is the dominant wall construction material in Rwanda. Clay deposits in the country’s lowlands are utilized for baked clay bricks. Despite the ongoing campaign, the use of wood by some local brick producers is unfriendly to the environment. Recent research has called for alternative methods in order to reduce the cost and impact on the environment. Earlier efforts with compressed earth blocks were saddled with weight and a substantial use of cement for good surface texture and adequate resistance against surface erosion. This research explored the potentials of using an appropriate dose of clay (from Muhanzi), volcanic light aggregate (Amakoro, (from Musanze)), and cement to produce unbaked shelled compressed earth blocks (SCEB). SCEB is a compressed earth block with an outer shell and inner core of different cement content or materials, compressed into a unit block. The result is a masonry unit with a higher surface resistance, durability, and desirable architectural effect produced with a 60% reduction in cement content. A weight reduction of 12% was achieved with an optimum content of 33% of the volcanic lightweight aggregate. A cost reduction of 25% was recorded over conventional compressed earth brick walls and a 54% over sand-cement block walls. Possible future trends were also identified with appreciable prospects in earthen architecture.
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Yang, Xinlei, and Hailiang Wang. "Strength of Hollow Compressed Stabilized Earth-Block Masonry Prisms." Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (February 5, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7854721.

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Earth represents an ecological building material that is thought to reduce the carbon footprint at a point in its life cycle. However, it is very important to eliminate the undesirable properties of soil in an environmentally friendly way. Cement-stabilized rammed earth, as a building material, has gradually gained popularity due to its higher and faster strength gain, durability, and availability with a low percentage of cement. This paper covers a detailed study of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry prisms to establish the strength properties of hollow compressed cement-stabilized earth-block masonry. The test results for masonry prisms constructed with hollow compressed cement-stabilized blocks with two different strength grades and two earth mortars with different strengths are discussed.
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Ma, Hongwang, Qi Ma, and Prakash Gaire. "Development and mechanical evaluation of a new interlocking earth masonry block." Advances in Structural Engineering 23, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 234–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433219868931.

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An innovative interlocking compressed earth block, called interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, was developed for structural masonry. The locking mechanism of the interlocking compressed earth block developed at Shanghai Jiao Tong University completely depends on the grout in the vertical holes. Therefore, there is no gap between the interlocking key and the blocks, which increases the wall stability and reduces the block manufacturing costs. Experimental studies on the mechanical behavior of the unit (the block) and the masonry (prism constructed with a dry interface) were performed in accordance with the related standards. Soil samples from the northern Gansu Province of China were collected and studied. Small cylindrical samples were tested to determine the compressive and splitting tensile strength. Subsequently, the compressive strength of the prisms with three dry-stack blocks and the shear behavior of the masonry through the triplet test were investigated. The results show that the compressive and shear strengths meet the related standards. This work may provide a valuable structural system for low-cost, eco-friendly dwelling in developing countries.
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Russell, Stanley R., and Jana Buchter. "Waste Clay as a Green Building Material." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.501.

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Two of the primary waste components of the Phosphates benefaction process, sand and clay have been used as building materials for thousands of years. A process known as rammed earth has been used extensively around the world in buildings that have lasted for centuries. Because earth is the main ingredient in rammed earth it has recently enjoyed new popularity as a so called “green” building material. In a similar process earth is compressed into blocks which are then used in the same way as conventional masonry units to build walls. In the compressed earth block [CEB] method, individual units can be manufactured and stockpiled for later use rather than being fabricated on site as in the rammed earth process. This research project will investigate the potential use of waste clay and tailing sand from the phosphate benefaction process as the primary ingredients in compressed earth blocks for commercial and residential construction projects.
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B.O .Ugwuishiwu, B. O. Ugwuishiwu, B. O. Mama B.O. Mama, and N. M. Okoye N. M Okoye. "Effects of Natural Fiber Reinforcement on Water Absorption of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 11 (June 1, 2012): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/nov2013/54.

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Pelicaen, E., R. Novais Passarelli, and E. Knapen. "Reclaiming earth blocks using various techniques." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1363, no. 1 (June 1, 2024): 012100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1363/1/012100.

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Abstract Earth block masonry offers a low-impact alternative to conventional building methods. Despite the growing need for circular construction practices, the reuse of earth blocks remains underexplored. This initial study addresses this gap by empirically assessing the reclaimable potential of various earth block masonry configurations. Moulded non-stabilised and compressed cement-stabilised earth blocks are combined with three types of mortar. Ten sample walls and a prototype partitioning wall are deconstructed, and blocks are cleaned using standard tools. Reusable and damaged fractions are measured quantitatively, while qualitative evaluations gauge the effort and speed of the processes. Findings reveal that both earth blocks combined with earth mortar exhibit high reclaimable potential, followed by walls with an earth adhesive mortar. Conversely, walls with bastard mortar containing earth show low reclaimable potential, making them more suitable for demolition and recycling. These outcomes contribute to the ongoing discourse on end-of-life scenarios for masonry, providing a foundation for life cycle assessment considering earth block reuse. Further research is initiated to correlate earth block masonry bond strength with suitable reclamation techniques. Other research tracks worth exploring are economic and organisational challenges associated with earth block reclamation.
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Bouhiyadi, Samir, Laidi Souinida, and Youssef El hassouani. "Failure analysis of compressed earth block using numerical plastic damage model." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 62 (September 22, 2022): 634–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.62.44.

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In the last decade, several studies have been introduced to the development and use of compressed earth blocks in green building construction. Studying the evaluation of existing cracks in construction builders by these blocks is an important industrial and safety subject in recent research. This objective opens a new field in building construction where we describe the mechanical behavior of compressed earth solid blocks. In addition, we offer a solution to rupture damages presented by the propagation of masonry cracks. This paper aims to explore a numerical study in ABAQUS where we analyze the mechanical properties of this block. We started by investigating the elastic phase for this material and it has been generalized to a study in the plastic regime and rupture for the studied block. The different results of numerical simulation of the studied shape are presented, compared, and criticized.
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Anicet S. Yamonche, Jules, Leandre Mathias Vissoh, Chakirou A. Toukourou, Alain C. N. Adomou, Crepin Zevounou, and Zepherine F. Assogba. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF STABILIZED COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCKS: CASE OF STABILIZATION WITH LIME AND CEMENT." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 08 (August 31, 2024): 690–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/19302.

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This article presents the preliminary results of the comparative study of mechanical characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and lime. This study is relevant to the study of the possibility of replacing cement with lime in the techniques for stabilizing compressed earth blocks. This study, prompted by the concern to reduce the cost of construction, fits well with the policy of promotion and valorization of local construction materials in Benin. This work focuses on the comparative study of the mechanical characteristics of compressed earth blocks stabilized with cement and lime. In this study, we were interested in ferralitic soils called terre de barre wich we will name bar soil stabilized with cement and lime. Identification tests in the laboratory made it possible to classify the material according to the classification of the NF P 11 300 standard and the GTR. Calavi bar soil contains a high proportion of fine particles. It is a sand-clay mixture. Its plasticity index shows that it is a material that can be used in the making of stabilized earth blocks. The Compressed Earth Block (CEB) stabilized with cement and lime at the same percentage, namely 6-8 and 10%, underwent simple compression tests, three-point bending, abrasion and water absorption by capillary action. The comparative study of the results revealed that CEB stabilized with cement are more resistant and less porous than those stabilized with lime.
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Namango, Saul Sitati, Diana Starovoytova Madara, Augustine B. Makokha, and Edwin Ataro. "Model for Testing Compressive and Flexural Strength of Sisal Fibre Reinforced Compressed Earth Blocks in the Absence of Laboratory Facilities." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 3, no. 3 (March 31, 2015): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol3.iss3.333.

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This study proposes a method of indirectly evaluating strength and therefore durability characteristics of compressed earth blocks in the absence of the normally expensive laboratory facilities. The method, with respect to compressed earth blocks reinforced with sisal fibres, is recommended for application particularly in rural areas of Africa. The developed method entails loading a compressed earth block sample with increasing amounts of weight till the sample raptures (total dead weight) under the load. The weight is then taken and a comparison is made with the standard value of compressive and flexural strength of the said sample. A conversion factor between this developed method and the conventional way of determining compressive and flexural strength has been computed. It has been established that the total dead weight is 47.25 times the flexural strength while the same is 66.4 times the compressive strength. The primary advantage of the proposed method is that it can easily be adapted at village level by people who have little scientific knowledge.
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E.O.E., Nnadi, and Boniface Nancy A. "A Comparison of Conventional Blocks and Stabilized Earth Blocks as Building Materials in Uganda." INOSR APPLIED SCIENCES 12, no. 2 (July 12, 2024): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/inosras/2024/12.2.9510300.

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The high cost of conventional cement and sand blocks in Uganda has led to the widespread adoption of alternatives like wattle bricks, compressed earth blocks, and burnt bricks. Compressed earth blocks are a biodegradable, energy efficient, and eco-friendly building material made from damp soil compressed at high pressure. They reduce environmental hazards and deforestation without firewood. Case study methodology was used and deliberatesampling for collection of data. SPSS v20 was used for the analysis. The result shows that Stabilized Earth Materialshave positive relationship on satisfaction such that it causes 0.651 satisfaction against Conventional Blocks which is 0.602. It revealed a significant impact of Stabilized Earth Materials on cost with 4.8% difference. It is recommended that construction manager should make more use of stabilized earth materials to reduce cost and improve quality Keywords: Conventional blocks, stabilized earth blocks, building materials
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compressed earth blocs"

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Kennedy, Nicholas Edwards. "Seismic Design Manual for Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1049.

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Seismic Design Manual for Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks Nicholas Edwards Kennedy This thesis presents a comprehensive seismic design manual to be used to design and construct simple Interlocking Compressed Earth Block (ICEB) structures in seismically active regions. ICEBs are earth blocks made primarily of soil and stabilized with cement. They have female and male stud mechanisms designed to interlock when stacked, eliminating the need for mortar. The blocks can accept reinforcement and grout after they are placed. While ICEB construction is similar to conventional masonry construction, current design code standards for masonry only partially capture the actual behavior of ICEB structures. This thesis seeks to supplement the existing masonry design procedures and tailor them for use with ICEBs. Additionally, this paper presents a preliminary design of ICEB shear walls for a disaster reconstruction project in the Philippines. While many structures in Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago are constructed from earthen blocks, very few are engineered. Of those that are, a lack of formal design guidance specific to ICEB construction leaves most engineers and designers with conventional concrete masonry design practices, some of which are not applicable for use with ICEBs.
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Pringle, Sean Anthony. "Diagonal Tension Testing of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Panels." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1588.

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This thesis examines the use of diagonal tension (shear) testing to determine factors affecting shear strength of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block (ICEB) panels. This work expands on the current information available about strength properties of ICEB assemblies, which are dry-stacked, as opposed to having mortared beds. Variables such as block strength, grout strength and grouting pattern can influence the results of these types of tests and are examined in this investigation. To study variables affecting diagonal shear strength, 9 panels were tested, consisting of blocks produced by a manual block press. Strength testing was adopted from common ASTM standards to determine constituent material properties. A modified version of ASTM E519 test procedure is used to perform diagonal tension testing. Imaging analysis, using a high resolution camera, was run simultaneously during testing to capture displacement histories of select panels. It was determined that both block and grout strength significantly affect the shear strength of ICEB panels. Additionally, vertical grouting and block type also have a strong influence. Imaging analysis results confirm that the dominant failure mode in ICEB panels is bed joint sliding both pre and post peak load, with noticeable displacements at head joint locations on a few panels. Lastly, diagonal cracking along the block face was noticeable on several panels following peak load. Further testing remains to determine other factors affecting shear strength, namely, the application of normal pre-compression loads to the panel.
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Rabie, Omar. "Revealing the potential of Compressed Earth Blocks : a visual narration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43006.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-64).
Compressed Earth Blocks (CEB) is a developed earth technology, in which unbaked brick is produced by compressing raw soil using manual, hydraulic, or mechanical compressing machines. Revealing the potential of an affordable sustainable material like CEB may help tackle today's fundamental challenges, social equity and environmental sustainability. For one year in India, I learned and practiced the basics of this technology in Auroville Earth Institute, and then conducted a group of design and construction experimentations for a natural resort project. Through these experimentations, I tried to reveal CEBs' capabilities through design innovation. The thesis captures my new understandings of the design competence of the material in relation to the design process, through narrating the story of this experience using images and a dialogue between the designer, mason, sponsor and the blocks themselves.
by Omar Rabie.
S.M.
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Bland, David William. "In-Plane Cyclic Shear Performance of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Walls." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/495.

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This thesis presents results from testing of interlocking compressed earth block (CEB) masonry shear walls. CEBs are low strength earth masonry units sometimes stabilized with cement or lime. The interlocking compressed earth blocks (ICEBs) used in this experiment are dry stacked interlocking hollow units, which can be reinforced and grouted after they are laid. Although significant research has been undertaken to optimize the material properties of CEBs, little has been done to investigate the performance of structural systems currently being built using this technology. Test results are reported for three 1800 mm x 1800 mm wall specimens constructed with cement stabilized ICEBs and subjected to cyclic in-plane lateral loading. Wall specifications were varied to identify the shear performance of partial and fully grouted walls, and to observe the performance of a flexure dominated wall panel. It was determined that the shear strength of fully grouted walls is significantly higher than that of partially grouted walls and calculation of capacity based on current ACI 530-08 masonry provisions significantly overestimates the shear strength of ICEB wall panels. Based on the observed performance, recommendations are made for limiting the calculated nominal shear strength in design. Results also indicate that calculations based on simple bending theory conservatively predict the flexural strength of a fully grouted ICEB wall. Discussion of ICEB material properties and recommendations for design and construction procedures are included.
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Zarzour, Noura. "Modélisation, identification structurelle et estimation du facteur de comportement pour les bâtiments en maçonnerie géo-sourcée dans les zones sismiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5056.

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L'utilisation de nouveaux matériaux de construction à faible émission de carbone dans les zones sismiques nécessite l'évaluation de la ductilité de la structure afin de concevoir correctement le bâtiment. Le manque d'estimation précise de performance structurelle limite l'utilisation de matériaux de construction écologiques. Une méthodologie fiable est établie pour la conception sismique des bâtiments construits par matériaux géo-sourcés. En particulier, un projet pilote de bâtiment en blocs de terre comprimée (BTC) dans une zone sismique moyen-élevé dans le sud de la France est réalisé. Partant de la caractérisation expérimentale des paramètres mécaniques du matériau, l'approche de conception sismique se concentre sur les caractéristiques modales de la structure, la ductilité attendue du bâtiment et l'évaluation des performances sismiques en termes de déplacement et de force.Le modèle de portique équivalent adopté pour la conception structurelle de la maçonnerie porteuse est validé pour deux cas d'étude : un bâtiment en pierre naturelle et un bâtiment en BTC. Le processus de validation du modèle consiste en la comparaison des fréquences naturelles et des déformées modales obtenues par analyse modale numérique et opérationnelle. Dans ce contexte, une campagne de mesure fournit la réponse structurelle aux vibrations ambiantes. Les paramètres modaux et l'amortissement structurel sont ensuite obtenus par des outils d'identification structurelle. L'analyse modale met en évidence l'impact de la rigidité de la dalle en bois sur la réponse dynamique des bâtiments en maçonnerie. Il est montré qu'une dalle en bois plus rigide avec une couche de renforcement améliore le comportement structurel de la maçonnerie sous chargement sismique, conduisant à des déformées modales globales.La vérification de la stabilité de la structure du bâtiment à l'état limite de quasi-effondrement est réalisée en termes de rapport déplacement cible à capacité, mais il est suggéré de vérifier également en termes de force, car cela peut être plus restrictif dans certains cas et moins dépendant de la convergence des procédures numériques. Le coefficient de comportement dans les codes sismiques pour la conception des bâtiments est défini pour les matériaux de construction typiques sur la base de l'observation des dommages et des modèles numériques. Une évaluation spécifique est nécessaire lorsque de nouveaux matériaux de construction sont adoptés parce que les codes du bâtiment ne fournissent que des valeurs limites. Cette thèse propose une procédure d'estimation du coefficient de comportement appliquée aux bâtiments en maçonnerie géo-sourcés, mais elle pourrait être adoptée pour tout matériau de construction. La méthodologie proposée pour estimer le facteur de réduction de force, puis le coefficient de comportement, intègre à la fois la demande sismique et la capacité du bâtiment. Pour cette raison, cette méthodologie peut être considérée comme une approche basée sur la capacité et la demande. Une analyse quasi-statique non linéaire est couplée à des analyses dynamiques et le coefficient de comportement est obtenu sur une base statistique. Les résultats sont comparés avec les estimations obtenues en utilisant des approches basées sur la demande, la capacité et l'approche N2. L'impact de l'adoption d'un modèle de bâtiment tridimensionnel ou d'un système équivalent à un seul degré de liberté avec ces méthodologies est analysé.La méthode proposée basée sur la capacité et la demande fournit, avec un temps de calcul réduit, une estimation fiable du facteur de réduction de force, proche des valeurs obtenues en utilisant l'approche basée sur la capacité appliquée à un modèle de bâtiment tridimensionnel considéré comme référence. Par conséquent, compte tenu de leur fiabilité et de leur efficacité, la méthodologie proposée pour l'estimation du facteur de comportement est adaptée à la pratique professionnelle
The use of new low-carbon construction materials in seismic areas requires the assessment of the structure ductility in order to properly design the building. The lack of accurate structural performance estimation limits the use of green construction materials.A reliable methodology is established for the seismic design of buildings constructed using geo-sourced materials. In particular, a pilot project of compressed earth block (CEB) masonry building in a medium-high seismic hazard zone in Southern France is developed. Starting from the experimental characterization of material mechanical parameters, the seismic design approach focuses on the modal characteristics of the structure, the expected building ductility, and seismic performance assessment in terms of both displacement and force.The equivalent frame model adopted for structural design of load-bearing masonry is validated for two case studies: a rubble stone masonry building and a CEB masonry building. The model validation process consists of the comparison of natural frequencies and mode shapes obtained by both numerical and operational modal analysis. In this context, a measurement campaign provides the structural response to ambient vibrations and then, the modal parameters and structural damping are obtained by structural identification tools. The modal analysis highlights the impact of timber slab stiffness on the dynamic response of masonry buildings. It is shown that a stiffer timber slab with a reinforced topping improves the structural behavior of the masonry structure under seismic loading, yielding to global mode shapes.The stability verification of the building structure at the near collapse limit state is performed in terms of target to capacity displacement ratio, but it is suggested to verify also in terms of force, since it can be more restrictive in some instances and less dependent on the convergence of numerical procedures.The behavior factor in seismic codes for building design is defined for typical construction materials based on damage observation and numerical models. A specific assessment is needed when new construction materials are adopted because building codes provide only boundary values. This thesis proposes a procedure for estimating the behavior factor that is applied to geo-sourced masonry buildings, but it could be adopted for any construction material. The methodology proposed to estimate the force reduction factor, and then the behavior factor, integrates both the seismic demand and building capacity. For this reason, this methodology can be considered as a capacity-demand-based approach. A nonlinear quasi-static analysis is coupled with dynamic analyses and the behavior factor is obtained on a statistical basis. The results are compared with the estimations obtained using demand-based, capacity-based and N2-based approaches. The impact of adopting a three-dimensional building model or an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom system with these methodologies is analyzed.The proposed capacity-demand-based-method provides, with a reduced computation time, a reliable estimation of the force reduction factor, close to the values obtained using the capacity-based-approach applied to a three-dimensional building model that is considered as a reference. Consequently, considering their reliability and efficiency, the proposed methodology for the behavior factor estimation is suitable for professional practice
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Ambers, Steven Ellis. "In-Plane Shear Wall Performance as Affected by Compressed Earth Block Shape." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2017. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1705.

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This thesis investigates the in-plane shear performance of full-scale walls made from compressed earth blocks. Compressed earth blocks are a type of masonry where the blocks are composed of compressed soil and typically dry-stacked without mortar. Prior research has demonstrated that the in-plane shear strength of these blocks falls far short of capacities predicted by conventional masonry building codes, requiring new testing to develop effective and safe designs for seismic conditions. This thesis specifically studies the effects of block type and the use of grouted shear keys at the block head joints. Three full-scale walls were constructed and tested under in-plane, cyclic loading. To compare the effect of block type on shear strength, one wall was constructed from Rhino blocks as used by the Center for Vocational Building Technology, while another used V-Lock blocks designed by the Vermeer Corporation. Apart from differences in size and interlock mechanism, the standard Rhino blocks have shear keys at the head joints which are not present on the V-Lock blocks. To examine the effect of these shear keys, a third wall was built from Rhino blocks with the shear keys removed. The two standard block types displayed no major difference in strength that could not be attributed to grouted area or the presence/absence of the head joint shear keys. The Rhino block wall with shear keys reached a higher peak load relative to the grouted area but experienced a brittle drop in capacity after peaking, while the other two walls exhibited an extended loading plateau after the initial peak. All walls failed with cracking and block sliding along the main diagonals, a failure mode similar to conventional masonry. Proposals are made for modifying the equations for shear capacity from the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC) 2013 code for use in designing compressed earth block shear walls.
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Herskedal, Nicholas Anthony. "Investigation of Out-of-Plane Properties of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Walls." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2012. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/916.

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Interlocking compressed earth blocks (ICEBs) are cement stabilized soil blocks that allow for dry stacked construction. The incomplete understanding of the inelastic performance of ICEB building systems limits widespread acceptance of this structural system in earthquake prone areas. This thesis presents results from an experimental program designed to explore the behavior of ICEB walls, built according to current design practice in Indonesia and Thailand, and subjected to out-of-plane loading. A total of five reinforced and grouted ICEB walls were constructed and tested. Results from experimentation show the current masonry design code, ACI 530, adequately predicts the yield strength of these walls. However, ACI 530 grossly over-predicts the ICEB wall stiffness. All tests showed flexural behavior and failure, except for one wall. A brittle failure was observed in one wall before reaching the predicted flexural strength, prompting a suggested maximum shear tie spacing. The testing results provide useful data for developing analytical models that predicts the seismic behavior of ICEB walls under out-of-plane loading. A moment-curvature relationship was developed that accurately predicts the behavior of these walls in the elastic range as well as the inelastic range. By comparing the data provided by two walls of similar sizes, one including a pilaster and one without a pilaster, insight into stiffener elements was gained. Analysis of these two walls provides a limit on the length and height of ICEB walls without stiffener elements to prevent significant structural damage during a seismic event. In all, conclusions based on experimental data from ICEB out-of-plane loading tests are aimed to provide suggestions for ICEB construction in areas of high-seismicity.
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Bowdey, Thomas S. "Lap Splice Development Length of Rebar in Stabilized Hollow Interlocking Compressed Earth Blocks." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1720.

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This thesis investigates the tensile performance of unconfined lap splices in specimens constructed from interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) units. All lap splice specimens were constructed from hollow ICEB half units with one side grouting channel. ICEB units used in this research were exclusively produced from the Soeng Thai Model BP6 block press. The BP6 block press is currently manufactured in Thailand under the guidance and direction of the Center of Vocational Building Technologies (CVBT). All ICEB units and grout constructed for this research were created from mix proportions of soil, sand, cement, and water. Rebar bar sizes were restricted to M10 (#3) and M13 (#4) for all lap splice specimens due to the limited area of the hollow 2-inch diameter rebar cavity of the ICEB unit. The limited size and strength of the ICEB units also made the use of larger bar diameters impractical. Three ICEB unit types of varying strengths (3.78 MPa, 7.81 MPa, and 11.38 MPa) and three grout types of varying strengths (1.35 MPa, 7.47 MPa, and 15.50 MPa) were developed and used to construct all specimens. The measured ICEB lap splice specimen strengths were compared against the predicted strength calculated from the Masonry Standards Joint Committee (MSJC). Findings suggested that the MSJC design equation did not adequately predict the lap splice strength of specimens, particularly for specimens constructed from weaker materials. The measured ICEB lap splice results were used to create a new ICEB lap splice design equation. This paper also investigates the compressive performance of fully grouted ICEB prisms constructed from the range of ICEB unit and grout strengths stated above. Findings suggested that the compressive strength of fully grouted ICEB prisms were exclusively controlled by the compressive strength of the ICEB units used to construct the prism. The strength of the grout had no discernable effect on the strength of the fully grouted prism. A design equation was proposed to calculate prism strengths based on measured strength results of ICEB units.
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ZHEMCHUZHNIKOV, ALEXANDER. "INFLUENCE OF CLAY CONTENT AND SUCTION ON THE STRENGTH OF COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCKS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2015. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=27018@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
PROGRAMA DE EXCELENCIA ACADEMICA
Solo é um material de construção sustentável que tem sido utilizado por milhares de anos. As normas técnicas e recomendações existentes referente à construção de terra são baseadas em número limitado de estudos e dependem de materiais, condições climáticas e tradições locais. A compreensão dos parâmetros que influenciam o comportamento do solo compactado quando o mesmo utilizado em paredes e colunaas é essencial para a interpretação dos dados experimentais. Diversos estudos recentes analizaram taipa de pilão do ponto de vista da mecanica de solos nçao saturados, observando o decrescimo da resistência com a diminuição da sucção, causada por exemplo pelo aumento da humidade do ar. Porém, não hã uma pesquisa semelhante pertinente aos blocos de solo compactado. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar a influência do teor de argila, dencidade e sucção na resistência dos blocos de solo compactado. Foram utiliazdas quatro dosagens de solo artificial que consistiu de areia, pó de quartzo e argila caulitinitca. Para cada dosagem, amostras estaticamente compactadas na umidade ótima e no ramo seco foram ensaiadas variando-se a sucção. Ao contrário dos resultados encontrados comunmente na literatura, a resistência das amostras diminuiu com o aumento da sucção, enquanto a influência das condições climáticas como umidade e temperatura foram mínimas. As conclusões feitas no presente trabalho podem ser utilizadas nos projetos de construção sustentável com emprego de blocos de solo compactado.
Soil is a sustainable construction material that has been used traditionally for thousands of years. In general, earth construction specifications are based on common knowledge. Existing recommendations tend to be supported by a limited number of studies and depend on local materials, climatic conditions and historical background. The lack of understanding of compacted soil behavior, in particularly its strength, may have prevented a wider application of earthen construction materials in housing. Understanding of the soil properties and parameters that influence its performance when used in walls and columns is essential for interpretation of experimental data. Recently a number of studies have analyzed rammed earth considering unsaturated soil mechanics, which suggest loss of strength following decrease in suction values, for example provoked by the increase in relative humidity. However, there is a lack of such research pertaining to compressed earth blocks (CEBs). The objective of this study was to verify the influence of clay content, density and suction on the strength of CEBs. Four soil mixes consisting of sand, quartz powder and kaolinitic clay were used. For each soil mix statically compacted samples with densities corresponding to optimum and dry of optimum moisture contents were tested for a range of suctions. Unlike reported in the literature, the results showed loss of strength following increase in suction values, while only small variations were registered for suctions corresponding to a wide range of RH and temperature conditions. The findings can be of use for specifications relating to construction of sustainable housing using CEBs.
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Stirling, Bradley James. "Flexural Behavior of Interlocking Compressed Earth Block Shear Walls Subjected to In-Plane Loading." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/593.

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This thesis investigates the flexural behavior of interlocking compressed earth block (ICEB) shear walls. In-plane cyclic tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of three flexure dominant large scale ICEB specimens: a slim wall with a 2:1 height to width aspect ratio, a flanged wall, and a wall with an opening at the center. Following the experimental investigation, two types of analyses were conducted for calculating the ultimate strength of flexure dominant ICEB walls: a nonlinear static analysis model assuming lumped plasticity and a plastic analysis model. In addition, incremental dynamic analysis was conducted to address the seismic performance of flexure dominant ICEB buildings. Based on the database from the incremental dynamic analysis, the collapse potential of demonstration ICEB buildings were compared for the countries of interest.
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Books on the topic "Compressed earth blocs"

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Centre for the Development of Industry., ed. Compressed earth blocks: Production equipment. Brussels: Centre for the Development of Industry, 1994.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6.

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Rigassi, Vincent. Compressed earth blocks: Manual of production / Vincent Rigassi. [Ill.: Nicolas Schweizer ...]. Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1995.

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Compressed Earth Block and Rammed Earth Structures. Springer, 2023.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. Compressed Earth Block and Rammed Earth Structures. Springer Singapore Pte. Limited, 2022.

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Compressed earth blocks: Selection of production equipment. Brussels: Centre for the Development of Industry, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Compressed earth blocs"

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 229–65. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_7.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Production." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 97–130. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_4.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Introduction to Rammed Earth." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 331–46. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_11.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Characteristics of Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 131–209. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_5.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Status of Clay Minerals in the Stabilised Earth Materials." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 429–40. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_16.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Earthen Materials and Earthen Structures." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 3–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_1.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Structural Design of Rammed Earth Walls." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 401–25. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_15.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Soil Stabilisation." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 73–94. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_3.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Compressed Earth Blocks Using Non-organic Solid Wastes." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 311–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_10.

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Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama. "Stress–Strain Characteristics of Cement Stabilised Rammed Earth." In Compressed Earth Block & Rammed Earth Structures, 369–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7877-6_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Compressed earth blocs"

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Zhang, Yu, Liz Tatarintseva, Tom Clewlow, Ed Clark, Gianni Botsford, and Kristina Shea. "Mortarless Compressed Earth Block Dwellings." In ACADIA 2021: Realignments: Toward Critical Computation. ACADIA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2021.340.

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Shadravan, Shideh, Matthew D. Reyes, Daniel J. Butko, Lisa M. Holliday, Kenneth R. Hines, and Juvenal Huizar. "Sustainability of Compressed Earth Block Construction: Comparative Analysis of Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks and Traditional Wood Framed Single Family Residences." In AEI 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480502.030.

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Lawson, William D., Chaitanya Kancharla, and Priyantha W. Jayawickrama. "Engineering Properties of Unstabilized Compressed Earth Blocks." In Geo-Frontiers Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)274.

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Ferraresi, Carlo, Walter Franco, and Giuseppe Quaglia. "Concept and Design of Float-Ram: A New Human Powered Press for Compressed Earth Blocks." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70384.

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Compressed earth blocks constructions are appropriate for the improvement of the housing conditions in poor contexts, in particular in developing countries. The blocks are produced using manually operated presses, preferably bidirectional. The bidirectional human powered presses currently available are mechanically complex, difficult to use and very expensive. In order to overcome these issues, the paper presents the concept and the design of a new bidirectional human powered press for compressed earth blocks, called Float-Ram. The press is characterized by: the adoption of a floating mold, which provides a bi-directional pressing action in simple way; an optimized kinematic structure, based on a cam-roller follower transmission system; a general mechanical simplicity, since the node of all kinematic pairs is constituted by a single shaft. The Float-Ram, tested on the laboratory and on the field, can be considered as an important media for the diffusion of high-quality raw earth building in developing countries.
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Rajapaksha, T. D. C. M., I. E. Ariyaratne, and C. Jayasinghe. "Investigating residual properties of masonry units at elevated temperatures." In Civil Engineering Research Symposium 2024, 69–70. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31705/cers.2024.35.

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Masonry structures are renowned globally for their strength, durability, affordability, and thermal and sound insulation properties. However, there is limited information on the residual properties of masonry units after exposure to elevated temperatures. This research addresses the aforementioned gap by investigating the residual properties of four representative masonry units; clay bricks, concrete blocks, compressed stabilized earth blocks and lightweight foam blocks. The study aimed at determining variations in physical and mechanical properties, including visual appearance, density, and compressive strength of these masonry units after exposure to elevated temperatures. Additionally, conventional cement-sand mortar (1:6) was also tested both in their ambient state and after exposure to elevated temperatures. The study involved an experimental approach where four types of masonry units named clay bricks, concrete blocks, compressed stabilized earth blocks (CSEB), and lightweight foam blocks were subjected to controlled elevated temperatures up to 1200°C using a muffle furnace. Physical and mechanical properties, including density and compressive strength were measured both prior and post stages of exposure to these temperatures. Variations in these properties were then analyzed to assess the residual performance of each masonry unit. Visual observations and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were examined to document surface alterations and microstructural changes after exposure to elevated temperatures. Further, characteristic compressive strength values of the masonry assembly were also calculated using an empirical equation in the ambient and residual states. Finally, a comparative analysis between ambient and elevated temperature conditions was conducted to assess the impact of elevated temperatures on the masonry units and mortar. The results indicate that the compressive strength values of masonry units and mortar decrease after exposure to temperatures up to 1200°C. The reduction factor in compressive strength of each unit after full heating process were observed as 0.57, 1, 0.68, 0.88 for clay brick, CSEB, lightweight foam block and CMU respectively. Clay bricks exhibited better resistance than other types, retaining most of their initial strength after exposure to elevated temperatures. Compressed stabilized earth block was observed to fail into a brittle failure after exposure to 1200°C. Dry density of all four types decreased significantly after exposure to elevated temperature conditions. Additionally, residual compressive strength of generally used mortar (1:6) exhibited a clear reduction after exposure to elevated temperature conditions. The study's primary contributions include the investigation of the residual state behaviour of masonry structures after exposure to elevated temperatures which simulates the close behavior of a masonry structure at post-fire condition. This understanding aids in selecting appropriate masonry materials in a fire-prone area in future masonry construction.
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Ruiz, G., X. Zhang, L. Garijo, I. Cañas, and W. Fouad. "Advanced study of the mechanical properties of compressed earth block." In Sostierra 2017, 3rd Restapia, 3rd Versus. Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315267739-138.

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Nitiffi, Riccardo, Maura Imbimbo, and Ernesto Grande. "Numerical Seismic Assessment of Masonry Made of Compressed Earth Blocks." In IABSE Symposium, Nantes 2018: Tomorrow’s Megastructures. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nantes.2018.s23-157.

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Ayyappan, A., Sekhar Milan, Kailas T. Sreejith, and P. Kanakasabapathy. "Design of Hybrid Powered Automated Compressed Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Machine." In 2018 3rd International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2ct.2018.8529408.

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Benidir, A., M. Mahdad, and A. Brara. "Earth Construction Durability: In-Service Deterioration of Compressed and Stabilized Earth Block (CSEB) Housing in Algeria." In XV International Conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components. CIMNE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23967/dbmc.2020.049.

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Ferraresi, C., W. Franco, and G. Quaglia. "Human Powered Press for Raw Earth Blocks." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62691.

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This paper concerns the study and design of a human powered press for raw earth compressed blocks. The first section considers a commercial model of such a press, in order to emphasize all necessary operations for the production of raw earth bricks, as well as the functional characteristics required to realize blocks of good quality. In particular, a kinematic analysis of the cam-roller mechanism used in the bi-directional compression phase is presented. In the second section a new solution of bi-directional press is proposed, aimed at simplifying the machine architecture, reducing costs and achieving an optimized functionality.
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