Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Compréhension de documents multimodaux'
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Delecraz, Sébastien. "Approches jointes texte/image pour la compréhension multimodale de documents." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0634/document.
Full textThe human faculties of understanding are essentially multimodal. To understand the world around them, human beings fuse the information coming from all of their sensory receptors. Most of the documents used in automatic information processing contain multimodal information, for example text and image in textual documents or image and sound in video documents, however the processings used are most often monomodal. The aim of this thesis is to propose joint processes applying mainly to text and image for the processing of multimodal documents through two studies: one on multimodal fusion for the speaker role recognition in television broadcasts, the other on the complementarity of modalities for a task of linguistic analysis on corpora of images with captions. In the first part of this study, we interested in audiovisual documents analysis from news television channels. We propose an approach that uses in particular deep neural networks for representation and fusion of modalities. In the second part of this thesis, we are interested in approaches allowing to use several sources of multimodal information for a monomodal task of natural language processing in order to study their complementarity. We propose a complete system of correction of prepositional attachments using visual information, trained on a multimodal corpus of images with captions
Bakkali, Souhail. "Multimodal Document Understanding with Unified Vision and Language Cross-Modal Learning." Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LAROS046.
Full textThe frameworks developed in this thesis were the outcome of an iterative process of analysis and synthesis between existing theories and our performed studies. More specifically, we wish to study cross-modality learning for contextualized comprehension on document components across language and vision. The main idea is to leverage multimodal information from document images into a common semantic space. This thesis focuses on advancing the research on cross-modality learning and makes contributions on four fronts: (i) to proposing a cross-modal approach with deep networks to jointly leverage visual and textual information into a common semantic representation space to automatically perform and make predictions about multimodal documents (i.e., the subject matter they are about); (ii) to investigating competitive strategies to address the tasks of cross-modal document classification, content-based retrieval and few-shot document classification; (iii) to addressing data-related issues like learning when data is not annotated, by proposing a network that learns generic representations from a collection of unlabeled documents; and (iv) to exploiting few-shot learning settings when data contains only few examples
Mangin, Olivier. "Emergence de concepts multimodaux : de la perception de mouvements primitifs à l'ancrage de mots acoustiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0002/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on learning recurring patterns in multimodal perception. For that purpose it develops cognitive systems that model the mechanisms providing such capabilities to infants; a methodology that fits into thefield of developmental robotics.More precisely, this thesis revolves around two main topics that are, on the one hand the ability of infants or robots to imitate and understand human behaviors, and on the other the acquisition of language. At the crossing of these topics, we study the question of the how a developmental cognitive agent can discover a dictionary of primitive patterns from its multimodal perceptual flow. We specify this problem and formulate its links with Quine's indetermination of translation and blind source separation, as studied in acoustics.We sequentially study four sub-problems and provide an experimental formulation of each of them. We then describe and test computational models of agents solving these problems. They are particularly based on bag-of-words techniques, matrix factorization algorithms, and inverse reinforcement learning approaches. We first go in depth into the three separate problems of learning primitive sounds, such as phonemes or words, learning primitive dance motions, and learning primitive objective that compose complex tasks. Finally we study the problem of learning multimodal primitive patterns, which corresponds to solve simultaneously several of the aforementioned problems. We also details how the last problems models acoustic words grounding
Hatmi, Mohamed. "Reconnaissance des entités nommées dans des documents multimodaux." Nantes, 2014. http://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show.action?id=022d16d5-ad85-43fa-9127-9f1d9d89db14.
Full textNamed entity recognition is a subtask of information extraction. It consists of identifying some textual objects such as person, location and organization names. The work of this thesis focuses on the named entity recognition task for the oral modality. Some difficulties may arise for this task due to the intrinsic characteristics of speech processing (lack of capitalisation marks, lack of punctuation marks, presence of disfluences and of recognition errors. . . ). In the first part, we study the characteristics of the named entity recognition downstream of the automatic speech recognition system. We present a methodology which allows named entity recognition following a hierarchical and compositional taxonomy. We measure the impact of the different phenomena specific to speech on the quality of named entity recognition. In the second part, we propose to study the tight pairing between the speech recognition task and the named entity recognition task. For that purpose, we take away the basic functionnalities of a speech recognition system to turn it into a named entity recognition system. Therefore, by mobilising the inherent knowledge of the speech processing to the named entity recognition task, we ensure a better synergy between the two tasks. We carry out different types of experiments to optimize and evaluate our approach
Boudjemaa, Rym. "Vers une meilleure compréhension de la tolérance aux antibiotiques de biofilms bactériens cliniques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS241/document.
Full textBacteria are microorganisms capable of growing independently in liquid media. However, as soon as they encounter a surface, either biotic or abiotic, bacteria favour a "community living" to protect themselves from external aggressions and survive in hostile environments. These bacterial communities, named biofilms, are present in all natural environments, including humans where they can cause severe infections when hosting pathogenic germs. It is now accepted that such biological edifices persist under antibiotics action. In addition to antibiotic 'resistance', which is associated with genetic mutations of bacteria, 'tolerance' is related with the specific structure and physiology of bacteria organized in biofilms. In this context, we took benefit from innovative high-resolution imaging techniques to better understand the mechanisms underlying antibiotics (vancomycin, daptomycin, rifampicin) (in)efficacy within S. aureus biofilms. In addition, we developed a model for prosthetic vascular graft infections in mice that allowed the visualization by fluorescence imaging of biofilms formed in vivo and subjected to the action of antibiotics. Considering the very limited antibiotics efficacy observed, we then focused on a better understanding of S. aureus bacterial biofilms tolerance towards antibiotics. To this purpose, our work was focused on the role of both the extracellular matrix and the physiology of bacteria included in biofilms. The crucial role of membrane fluidity was then demonstrated. This work allowed us to identify paths for the improvement of antibiotic therapy and to develop alternatives to this type of treatment
Sonine, Alexandre. "Compréhension des textes multimodaux : l'exemple de la bande dessinée." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT3010.
Full textThis thesis investigates mechanisms of comics comprehension. Firstly, the author attempts to explore the relationships between heterogeneous elements of comics (words and visuals) through its structural analysis. Secondly, the thesis offers a study of different mental representation models. A connectionist model is proposed to explain the processing of the multimodal text of comics. Finally, the research examines differences between written words and pictures processing in order to demonstrate specific ways in which the activation of mental models spreads from the primary level of object identification to the construction of its semantic representation. The author revises several statements emphasising differences in processing of heterogeneous elements of comics to elaborate a model of comics comprehension. Three experiments supporting the model follow the theoretical study described above
Métayer, Natacha. "Compréhension et stratégies d’exploration des documents pédagogiques illustrés." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN20001/document.
Full textIt is easier today to offer in one informative document many sources of information presented in different formats. Presenting various media can bring benefits in terms of learning performance, but dealing effectively with these different sources of information is complex. Therefore, offering documents guiding the learner when he is reading may be necessary to promote the construction of a qualitative mental model. Empirical studies that are conducted during this thesis endeavour to determine which formats are most effective while gradually increasing guidance within the document. Thus, four items are tested: the position of the picture relative to the text, the effect of the instructions, the text segmentation and the introduction of a guidance through a figure-ground contrast. Moreover, in order to bring new elements of reflection about how people explore an informative document and the impact of these strategies on performance, the eye movements of the learners were recorded. The results showed that changes in the format of information have an impact on the strategies of consultation of the document, including the increasing eye transitions between texts and illustrations. However, only the segmentation of the text in the form of semantic paragraphs brought benefits in terms of understanding
Janod, Killian. "La représentation des documents par réseaux de neurones pour la compréhension de documents parlés." Thesis, Avignon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AVIG0222/document.
Full textApplication of spoken language understanding aim to extract relevant items of meaning from spoken signal. There is two distinct types of spoken language understanding : understanding of human/human dialogue and understanding in human/machine dialogue. Given a type of conversation, the structure of dialogues and the goal of the understanding process varies. However, in both cases, most of the time, automatic systems have a step of speech recognition to generate the textual transcript of the spoken signal. Speech recognition systems in adverse conditions, even the most advanced one, produce erroneous or partly erroneous transcript of speech. Those errors can be explained by the presence of information of various natures and functions such as speaker and ambience specificities. They can have an important adverse impact on the performance of the understanding process. The first part of the contribution in this thesis shows that using deep autoencoders produce a more abstract latent representation of the transcript. This latent representation allow spoken language understanding system to be more robust to automatic transcription mistakes. In the other part, we propose two different approaches to generate more robust representation by combining multiple views of a given dialogue in order to improve the results of the spoken language understanding system. The first approach combine multiple thematic spaces to produce a better representation. The second one introduce new autoencoders architectures that use supervision in the denoising autoencoders. These contributions show that these architectures reduce the difference in performance between a spoken language understanding using automatic transcript and one using manual transcript
Hidrio, Cédric. "Compréhension de documents multimédia : des illustrations statiques aux animations." Rennes 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN20040.
Full textThe aim of this research was to give an account of the cognitive processes involved in the simultaneous processing of auditory verbal information and corresponding pictorial information. For that, 5 experiments were conducted. Four experiments aimed at comparing different types of illustrations simultaneously presented with an audio explanation on the establishment of mental models. We also evaluated the impact of different systems which aimed at facilitating the co-referencing between the informational sources (i. E. Verbal and pictorial). These systems consisted in highlighting pictorial elements, inserting pauses in the documents which gave access or not to pictorial information and manipulating subjects prior knowledge about a target learning. The 5th experiment took place in a research convention and aimed at optimising the presentation format of a Web site. For that, we evaluated the effects of two factors: the modality of verbal information and the presence of animated picture
Bertrand, Annick. "Compréhension et catégorisation dans une activité complexe : l'indexation de documents scientifiques." Toulouse 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU20042.
Full textIndexing consists in identifying the main ideas of a document and in converging them into indexing terms chosen among a controlled vocabulary. An important variability among indexers has been shown and thereby raises two questions : what processing are made by indexers to structure and to reduce the information contained into a document and to categorize the ideas into indexing terms ? what factors step in these processing ? a situation reproducing the characteristics of the actual work has been built up. Twenty-five subjects have indexed eleven books ; they had to write the terms presenting the main ideas and the indexing terms retained from the documenting language rameau. Two classes of variables have been manipulated : the textual content (three topics and two languages) and the operators' characteristics (expertise in indexing, practice of rameau and familiarity with the scientific domain). The results reveal three indexing strategies that can vbe distinguished, on the one hand, by the nature of knowledge involved and the objectives pursued, on the other hand, by the preferential use of either bottom-up processes driven by the knowledge. The major difference depends on the level of analysis of the document : those who pratice rameau carried the level of analysisrequired by this language, the unexperienced in the language carried out a 'specific' description and the beginner indexers have chosen a general level of analysis to access quickly to the language
Poulain, d'Andecy Vincent. "Système à connaissance incrémentale pour la compréhension de document et la détection de fraude." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS025.
Full textThe Document Understanding is the Artificial Intelligence ability for machines to Read documents. In a global vision, it aims the understanding of the document function, the document class, and in a more local vision, it aims the understanding of some specific details like entities. The scientific challenge is to recognize more than 90% of the data. While the industrial challenge requires this performance with the least human effort to train the machine. This thesis defends that Incremental Learning methods can cope with both challenges. The proposals enable an efficient iterative training with very few document samples. For the classification task, we demonstrate (1) the continue learning of textual descriptors, (2) the benefit of the discourse sequence, (3) the benefit of integrating a Souvenir of few samples in the knowledge model. For the data extraction task, we demonstrate an iterative structural model, based on a star-graph representation, which is enhanced by the embedding of few a priori knowledges. Aware about economic and societal impacts because the document fraud, this thesis deals with this issue too. Our modest contribution is only to study the different fraud categories to open further research. This research work has been done in a non-classic framework, in conjunction of industrial activities for Yooz and collaborative research projects like the FEDER Securdoc project supported by la région Nouvelle Aquitaine, and the Labcom IDEAS supported by the ANR
Rousset, Frédéric. "Bases cognitives et sensorielles dans la compréhension des métaphores." Lyon 2, 2002. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2002/rousset_f.
Full textLombard, Jordan. "Guidage des traitements et acceptabilité de la tablette pour la compréhension de documents multiples." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20035.
Full textThis thesis focuses on students' activity (including information selection) when they read multiple textual documents in order to develop their critical perspective on a topic; and it focuses on students' perceptions (including ease of use) of the tablet as a tool for consulting documents. Under these conditions, three studies evaluate the comprehension performance of students following the reading of several documents on a tablet with an innovative application (e.g., display of several documents simultaneously), depending on whether they freely study the documents or are guided in the processing of the documents. In addition, these studies assess how students perceive the tablet as a tool for studying documents, particularly if they consider the tablet to improve their performance
Fabre, Delphine. "Organisation du lexique mental : rôle des mots polymorphémiques." Lyon 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2006/fabre_d.
Full textIn this PhD thesis, our aim is to investigate the role played by the representations of putative individualized morphemes with respect to the representation of polymorphemic words in the mental lexicon. Experiments of chapter 2 show that in a visual word recognition task, not only morphemic but also the whole representations are activated in the subject's mind, whereas only morphemic components are activated in the auditory modality. From these results, a distinct organization of the visual and auditory lexicons regarding polymorphemic words may be inferred. In the experiments reported in chapter 3 it appears that both idiosyncratic stems (e. G. Buv- in buvait, from the verb boire `to drink') and regular stems (e. G. Mang- in mangeons, from the verb manger `to eat'), as well as the surface forms of these verbs influence latencies of visual recognition. This finding is discussed with regard to models with one or two levels of representions. In chapter 4 and chapter 5, the decompositional process is the main focus of attention. Firstly, a lexical decision priming task indicates that the sole occurrence of a suffix in a word initiates the mechanism of decomposition. Secondly, in chapter 5, data acquired from an fMRI experiment point out a decrease in the activation of the dorsal region of the left inferior frontal gyrus when participants process morphologically related words. This outcome highlights a possible role of the previous region as a dedicated locus for the processing of polymorphemic words. Overall, our PhD thesis fuels the debate over morphemic representations by supplying new clues favouring their role in the organization of polymorphemic words
Clavier, Annie. "La sémiologie de l’image et du texte dans les documents utilisés en pédagogie espagnole." Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100225.
Full textImages play a very significant part in today’s civilization. The iconic dimension is one of the fundamental aspects of a new culture in which pictures proliferate in everyday life – whether in books, papers, posters or on screens – and where they hold an important role along with texts, even in primary and secondary school handbooks and in children’s and teenagers’ fiction works. Pictures and writing share the same origin : they were merged on Paleolithic walls. Then, they have evolved separately and in parallel. Thanks to the current means of production and circulation of texts and images, and to 20th century discoveries in cognitive sciences, they are now merged again; they are both considered as means of communication. The studies in semiology have proved that pictures, just like language, are a system of signs which express ideas, produce meaning and which we use in order to communicate. Images therefore show numerous analogies with texts regarding their production, functioning and reception. But some differences between texts and images do not enable the pictures to replace the texts as the primary vehicles of communication and information because they need the texts to compensate some of their expressive lacks. Nowadays in Spain, as in France, the new pedagogical directions stress the command of oral and written languages in primary and secondary education. But they also acknowledge the pervasiveness and power of images in contemporary writing. Although their attractive, persuasive and, according to some people, negative characters are recognized, images are widely used in Spanish education along with the texts, in didactic works and in class activities alike. In education, images can be usefully employed along with the texts since they both have some specificities. Education sciences perceive the great efficiency of images used along with texts: by using the qualities and the lacks of each code – verbal and iconic – the two interact, they clarify and reinforce each other so as to better transmit knowledge to the pupils. As a democratic state, today’s Spain gives great importance to the education received by the young to become citizens. Spanish teachers take into account the surrounding culture and also use documents from outside the school which include all types of texts and images – such as newspapers, magazines, posters, websites – to teach the pupils how to act responsibly and have a critical mind regarding the contents, tools and media of their everyday environment. In the current Spanish pedagogical system, the teachers emphasize the “defense and protection” against the “manipulation” and apathy of the critical mind. But it has not always been so in Spain, as during the Franco era
Ganier, Franck. "Le traitement cognitif : déterminant de la conception de documents procéduraux : le cas des guides d'utilisation SEB." Dijon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999DIJOL003.
Full textThe aim of the work reported here was to transfer knowledge acquired in the field of psycholinguistics to the domain of technical writing and, in particular, to that of writing instructions. Several studies carried out in natural situations and in laboratory suggested theorical research and applications. A preliminary observation allowed to apprehend users'behaviors when dealing with procedural documents. Furthermore, three studies were carried out to investigate the effects of different instructional formats on how users processed instructional documents. In the first experiment, seven formats of instructions were tested with two groups of adults at two levels of education (high vs. Low levels of schooling). The second experiment assessed the effects of an advanced organizer on the elaboration of a representation and a control activities during the execution of instructions. The third experiment explored users' representations induced by processing textual or graphic instructions. These investigations allowed to developp a procedural model of processing instructions aimed at helping technical writers to design procedural documents. This "user-model" helped to improve markedly the quality of documents, facilitated searching, and lead to a greater understanding of the instructions
Coulaud, Marie. "Evaluer la compréhension des concepts de mécanique chez des élèves de seconde : développement d'outils pour les enseignants." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/coulaud_m.
Full textThe aim of this work was to elaborate a reflection about students' knowledge assessment, taking into account both studies about evaluation and studies about learning, especially learning Mechanics. We also wanted to produce concrete tools (exercises and associated comments) which could be used by high school teachers and which were related to an existing Mechanics teaching sequence. This sequence was previously developed by our research team. We used an Internet website to provide Physics teachers with the different assessment tests. In order to design these tests, we analyzed the knowledge involved in the teaching sequence. The various observed pieces of knowledge have been assessed in various situations so that we could measure the consistency in pupils' written answers. We also used research works about pupils' conceptions. We finally used learning hypotheses that were used for the design of the teaching sequence. Using this methodology, we designed 4 tests, containing 16 exercises, which were given to 3 classes at the end of each part of the teaching sequence. The last test (summative test) was given to 10 more classes. We statistically analyzed the pupils' written answers. In order to validate the written answers as a good indicator of pupils' understanding, we interviewed a few pupils after they answered to the test. The oral answers strengthened most of the time the analysis made using written answers. Moreover these oral interviews were a rich source of information for understanding the influence of the assessment situation on pupils' written answers. Some short extracts of these videoed interviews were selected in order to give teachers information about various points such as: influence of the didactical contract, resolution order, link with what was done in classroom. .
Budnik, Mateusz. "Active and deep learning for multimedia." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM011.
Full textThe main topics of this thesis include the use of active learning-based methods and deep learning in the context of retrieval of multimodal documents. The contributions proposed during this thesis address both these topics. An active learning framework was introduced, which allows for a more efficient annotation of broadcast TV videos thanks to the propagation of labels, the use of multimodal data and selection strategies. Several different scenarios and experiments were considered in the context of person identification in videos, including using different modalities (such as faces, speech segments and overlaid text) and different selection strategies. The whole system was additionally validated in a dry run involving real human annotators.A second major contribution was the investigation and use of deep learning (in particular the convolutional neural network) for video retrieval. A comprehensive study was made using different neural network architectures and training techniques such as fine-tuning or using separate classifiers like SVM. A comparison was made between learned features (the output of neural networks) and engineered features. Despite the lower performance of the engineered features, fusion between these two types of features increases overall performance.Finally, the use of convolutional neural network for speaker identification using spectrograms is explored. The results are compared to other state-of-the-art speaker identification systems. Different fusion approaches are also tested. The proposed approach obtains comparable results to some of the other tested approaches and offers an increase in performance when fused with the output of the best system
Tachoua, Njoud. "Interactions enseignant-élèves et situations d'enseignement-apprentissage en optique géométrique." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/tachoua_n.
Full textThe studied domain of Physics is geometrical Optics. The teaching sequence takes place at grade 11 (scientific route) of upper secondary school. Our objective is to analyse the nature of the links between teacher-students and student-student interactions and the evolution of students' understanding of Physics concepts. For us an essential aspect of the Physics concepts is their capability to ensure modelling processes and to articulate a representation in various semiotic registers. We chose a case study methodology in a normal class, grounded upon the complete recording of the verbal and gesture activity of the teacher and of two students. Our main result is that students have acquired a modelling language and that they successfully used a given semiotic register (the schematic register) by collaborating each other and with teacher. Their verbalisation shows that they have constructed a conceptual comprehension of the decomposition in elementary points of an object and of image formation through converging lens and mirror
Max, Aurélien. "De la création de documents normalisés à la normalisation de documents en domaine contraint." Grenoble 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE10227.
Full textWell-formedness conditions on documents in constrained domains are often hard to apply. An active research trend approaches the authoring of normalized documents through semantic specification, thereby facilitating such applications as multilingual production. However, the current systems are not able to analyse an existing document in order to normalize it. We therefore propose an approach that reuses the resources of such systems to recreate the semantic content of a document, from which a normalized textual version can be generated. This approach is based on two main paradigms : fuzzy inverted generation, which heuristically finds candidate semantic representations, and interactive negotiation, which allows an expert of the domain to progressively validate the semantic representation that corresponds to the original document
Küçüközer, Hatice Asuman. "L'étude de l'évolution de la compréhension conceptuelle des élèves avec un enseignement : cas de la mécanique en 1ère S." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/akcaoglu_ha.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study of the evolution of the students' conceptual understanding in the case of a teaching sequence in mechanics at 1ère S (11th grade). The theoretical framework is socio-constructivist based on the learning theories of Piaget and Vygotki and also based on recent works in didactics of science: conceptual change, learning processes and modelling activity. The method is a case study with accent on the descriptive perspective. All along the teaching sequence, a pair of students was videotaped during three weeks (4h 30 a week). This teaching sequence corresponds to the official curriculum, and was designed by a research-development group (“Outils”). The verbal productions have been transcribed and analysed by taking into account the class situation. The transcriptions have been divided into episodes and analysed on the basis of a categorisation in terms of facets of several types of knowledge, in particular conceptual knowledge, on the knowledge of the material world, and on the general processes of reasoning. The qualitative analysis aims to reconstruct the conceptual knowledge of the pair of students. The analyses show the variety and the large number of elements of knowledge that intervene in the construction of meaning and the conceptual evolution. Moreover, these analysis lead to specify the types of conceptual change which intervene all along the conceptual evolution
Chevaux, Florelle. "Le genre grammatical : représentations et traitements cognitifs." Lyon 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2005/chevaux_f.
Full textWhatever the language considered, gender is a traditional way to categorize words contained in our mental lexicon. But in parallel to this observation, some points are prone to variation according to the linguistic system explored, such as the number of subclasses, the common features for distinguishing the different noun classes and the agreement rules. The grammatical gender feature offers interesting opportunities to investigate the contribution of gender information to lexical access either in word production and recognition. If many studies were interested in the last decades to the temporal integration to phonological and gender cues during language production, very little empirical evidence for the time course of the events was provided in the field of word recognition. The question addresses in the present study concerns the time course of the various processes involved in the treatment of gender, and more precisely, the aim was to determine whether the sequential timing of gender and wordform encoding found in production tasks was reversed or not in comprehension tasks. To answer these questions a series of off-line and on-line experiments will be done on native speakers of French. The planned experiments include further lexical decision tasks and gender decision tasks, and some production tasks. ERP experiments to investigate the above issues will be done as well. These tasks have allowed us to test some models in both modalities
Sorin, Laurent. "Contributions des architectures textuelles à l'accessibilité non-visuelle des documents numériques." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20132/document.
Full textDigital accessibility plays a crucial role for the education, the social inclusion and the autonomy of impaired people. This work focused on a universal component of digital documents: text formatting. Colors, fonts and text disposition are far more than just an ornament; text formatting conveys important meaning for content comprehension, and allows reader to optimize their activity. For instance, a specific set of colors and font can be enough to indicate the presence of a title, which allows a global representation of the content themes. Thus, we aimed at making text formatting meaning accessible to visually impaired people, so they can obtain the same information as sighted readers, and also benefit from the same optimizations when accessing the document with synthetic voices
André, Christian. "Apprentissage de la lecture et médiation parentale : vers une compréhension de la relation parent-enfant lors de l'apprentissage de la lecture." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/candre.
Full textGrataloup, Claire. "La reconstruction cognitive de la parole dégradée : étude de l'intelligibilité comme indice d'une capacité cognitive humaine." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/grataloup_c.
Full textThis study investigated degraded speech comprehension. Using psycholinguistic and neurophysiologic approaches, behavioural studies and auditory tests were conducted among healthy adult participants and dyslexic adult participants. Behavioural experiments explored the participants' abilities to restore artificially degraded speech. Two types of degradation were used : reversed speech and speech in speech. The results evidence a cognitive capacity to reconstruct degraded speech that depends on the degradation level of the original speech signal but also on some cognitive system parameters. These parameters are specific to each individual, such as the ability to activate lexical mechanisms and possibly the hemispheric lateralization. Psycholinguistic characteristics of target words affect their comprehension in a situation where speech is difficult to understand. During speech in speech perception, psycholinguistic characteristics of words from the competing babble influence the target's restitution. Auditory tests have shown correlations between the participants' lateralization of auditory descending pathways and their abilities to understand degraded speech. Results from dyslexic individuals in the reconstruction of degraded speech exhibit reduced performances associated with a symmetric pattern of descending auditory pathways. These results support the hypothesis of a link between cortical asymmetry and language processing skills
Guedat-Bittighoffer, Delphine. "Les élèves allophones à l'épreuve de l'apprentissage d'une langue seconde : des politiques éducatives au processus de compréhension." Nantes, 2014. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=322d9fa0-1485-4c19-b685-9e8e43460c1a.
Full textThis thesis draws on the sciences of language and of sciences of education to analyse how high school age allophone students learn a second language, with an emphasis on the processes of comprehension. We gathered our data in situ in four educational authorities between January 2011 and May 2012. Our first step was to examine recommended educational policies, and how they were applied to allophone students within the framework used to integrate them. A preliminary series of interviews of a sample group of 26 students, enabled us to measure the importance of the role of comprehension, and in particular oral comprehension, in the acquisition of a second language. A second series of interviews focused on the factors that help or hinder the process of comprehension in allophone learners. To this end we analysed the axiologico-affective elements of the students’ discourse and identified their learned strategies. We also set out to answer a larger question, which addresses the elements that favour or inhibit the “success” of these students in an “ordinary class”, based on variables presented as the portrait of an “ideal student type”. In this way we were able to show the importance of creating an emotionally secure environment in which to learn a second language for adolescents who are in exile. We also revealed the need for the educational establishment to take into account the cultural diversity and linguistic differences present within the classroom
Hennequin, Alexandre. "Percevoir la parole quand elle est produite différemment : étude des mécanismes de familiarisation multimodale/multisensorielle entre locuteurs tout-venants et locuteurs présentant un trouble de l'articulation." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAS013/document.
Full textSpeech is the most widely used means of communication by humans. It allows people to express their needs, exchange thoughts with others and contributes to the construction of social identity. It is also a complex communication channel involving elaborate motor control in production and the ability to analyze sound sequences produced by a wide variety of speakers in perception. This complexity results in speech being often the most altered or difficult to acquire mode of communication for people whose sensorimotor systems are impaired. This is particularly the case for people with trisomy 21 (T21), a genetic syndrome inducing complex orofacial motor difficulties and alterations in the auditory and somatosensory spheres. While speaking is possible for most of these people, their intelligibility is always affected. Improving their oral communication is a clinical and social issue. The study of speech production by people with T21 and its perception by typical listeners is also of theoretical interest, particularly with regard to the fundamental issues of multimodal perception of speech and the involvement of the auditor's motor system in this perception.In this thesis, we reposition the intelligibility disorder of people with T21 in a framework that conceives speech as a cooperative act between speaker and listener. In contrast to the traditional focus on the speaker in applied research, we are interested in the listener's means to better perceive speech, based on two observations: (1) T21 speech is not very intelligible auditorily; (2) its intelligibility is better for familiar than unfamiliar interlocutors. These observations are linked to two important research results on speech perception. First, in a situation of face-to-face communication, in addition to auditory information, the listener also uses the visual information produced by the speaker. In particular, the latter makes it possible to better perceive speech when auditory information is altered. Secondly, familiarization with a specific type of speech leads to a better perception of it. This effect is increased by the imitation of the speech perceived, which would further activate the listener’s internal motor representations.This connection between the specific difficulties of people with T21 and research on speech perception leads to the following questions. Given the anatomical orofacial specificities of the speaker with T21 impacting his articulatory motor gestures, does the typical listener benefit from the presence of visual information? Can the involvement of the motor system in familiarizing oneself with this specific speech help to better perceive it? To answer these questions, we conducted two experimental studies. In the first one, we show that seeing the face of the speaker with T21 improves the intelligibility of his consonants in a way comparable to typical speakers, using a classical paradigm of audio-visual perception of speech in noise. Visual information therefore seems to be relatively preserved despite anatomical and physiological specificities. In a second study, we adapt a familiarization paradigm with and without imitation to assess whether imitation during the auditory perception of words produced by a speaker with T21 can help improve their perception. Our results suggest that this is the case. This work opens up clinical and theoretical perspectives: the study of the perception of speech produced by people with atypical vocal tract and control mechanisms makes it possible to evaluate the generality of the perception mechanisms put forward with typical speakers and to delimit their contours
Arias, Aguilar José Anibal. "Méthodes spectrales pour le traitement automatique de documents audio." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/436/.
Full textThe disfluencies are a frequently occurring phenomenon in any spontaneous speech production; it consists of the interruption of the normal flow of speech. They have given rise to numerous studies in Natural Language Processing. Indeed, their study and precise identification are essential, both from a theoretical and applicative perspective. However, most of the researches about the subject relate to everyday uses of language: "small talk" dialogs, requests for schedule, speeches, etc. But what about spontaneous speech production made in a restrained framework? To our knowledge, no study has ever been carried out in this context. However, we know that using a "language specialty" in the framework of a given task leads to specific behaviours. Our thesis work is devoted to the linguistic and computational study of disfluencies within such a framework. These dialogs concern air traffic control, which entails both pragmatic and linguistic constraints. We carry out an exhaustive study of disfluencies phenomena in this context. At first we conduct a subtle analysis of these phenomena. Then we model them to a level of abstraction, which allows us to obtain the patterns corresponding to the different configurations observed. Finally we propose a methodology for automatic processing. It consists of several algorithms to identify the different phenomena, even in the absence of explicit markers. It is integrated into a system of automatic processing of speech. Eventually, the methodology is validated on a corpus of 400 sentences
Gonnand, Sophie. "Effet de familiarité et capacités de restitution dans les narrations écrites d'enfants de 6 à 11 ans." Lyon 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2000/gonnand_s.
Full textMany linguists and psycholinguists (Nelson, 1977 ; Kintsch et Van Dijk, 1978 ; Nelson 1978 ; Freebody et Anderson, 1983 ; Dehnière, 1984 ; Hudson et Nelson, 1983 ; Fayol, 1985) interested in the narrative textual type have noted the influence of familiarity on the quality of recalls, to the effect that the more familiar the situation is, the better the comprehension /memorization and recall abilities are. However, in these experimental designs it was the topic of the story which is more or less known of the subjects (i. E. "a birthday party" vs "withdrawing money from a bank"). In our work we wanted to see what would happen if the content of the story was stored in the subjects' long-term memory. In this scope, we set up an experimental design involving children 6-7 year-old (i. E. 1st grade), 10-11 year-old (i. E. 4th and 5th grade) and a control group of adults (1st year undergraduate students), and we then compared the written narrative recalls obtained by the subjects when using as stimuli (i) a famous folk-tale (i. E. The Little Red Riding Hood) and (ii) a story the content of which was not previously known of the subjects (i. E. Dan, The Little Canadian Hunter). Both macro- and micro- structural levels were investigated - i. E. From narrative-component level to word level - passing through the sharp examination of narrative sub-components and the semantic relations of causes and consequences. Our results confirm previous assertions concerning the influence of topic familiarity on recall quality. They show that subjects who have previous knowledge of the story content can free some of the cognitive space of the short-term memory, both during the phases of comprehension and memorization and during the recall stage. Eventually our work shows that, by allowing a reduction of high-level operations (i. E. For examples, content activation and organization), the feature [+ known] leads to a significantly more important treatment of low-level operations (i. E. Grapho-motor level for example)
Alk-Hal, Saloua. "Les étudiants étrangers face aux "genres" académiques français : l'impact des Cours Magistraux et des Travaux dirigés sur le taux d'échec en première année : le cas de la Faculté des Sciences économiques et de Gestion de l'Université Lumière-Lyon 2." Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/alk-hal_s.
Full textThe failure recorded among first year students at French universities is an alarming report. We undertook a study within the faculty of economic and management sciences that accommodate a large number of students a significant part of which is non francophone. We analyzed more particularly the factors which lead the non francophone students to failure at their university studies since their first year. Economic and Management Sciences is a field of study the teaching of which is based on two academic ways: lectures and laboratory classes at the first year. The scientific knowledge transmission is also an initiation to the corresponding languages of speciality. The results of our research show the existence of a significant cause to effect relationship between the nature of the academic teaching ways applied on foreign students of poor knowledge of the French language and the high rate of failure among these latter at their first university year. Throughout our research, we showed that the academic teaching way, in its being oral lectures, generates very important understanding difficulties for foreign students. In parallel to this analysis, we undertook a sociological study which showed that the large number of foreign students and their random self-orientation helps at the understanding of the end of year's disappointments. In conclusion of our research, we carried out some didactic proposals that may help at the improving of cognitive, technical and linguistic skills of the students in difficulty
Bordetas, Bonilla Alba. "Compréhension de l'oral en espagnol langue étrangère : construction de sens à partir de dispositifs de représentation audiovisuels." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20109/document.
Full textIn this study, I analyze the cognitive process of oral Spanish comprehension as a sense-building process through what I have called “audiovisual representation devices.” These devices are a vehicle for audiovisual (involving multimodality), real (favoring the authenticity of the language), narrative (describing actions following specific patterns) and artistic (appealing to our senses, emotions and intellect) texts. Although a cognitive process cannot be taught, it is possible to explore the strategies that teachers can use to guide students in their learning by encouraging them to "experience" the device, to appropriate it, and so allow them to create new sense, a sense of their own. Thus, this study, which is based on a collection of data after thorough field testing, is guided by the following questions: to what extent can audiovisual representation devices assist in oral Spanish comprehension in higher education? What relationship favoring the creation of meaning maintain language, image and sound in audiovisual representation devices? How must the teacher approach audiovisual representation devices so as to involve, lead, and guide students ensuring they all have a genuine (inter)active role despite any device paradigm shifts? The answers to these questions, which form the body of this dissertation, serve as a few guidelines to help teachers gain an insight into what is at stake when they choose to work using audiovisual representation devices. These answers also aim to motivate higher-education students to approach learning Spanish under better conditions
Rigaud, Christophe. "Segmentation and indexation of complex objects in comic book images." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS035/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we review, highlight and illustrate the challenges related to comic book image analysis in order to give to the reader a good overview about the last research progress in this field and the current issues. We propose three different approaches for comic book image analysis that are composed by several processing. The first approach is called "sequential'' because the image content is described in an intuitive way, from simple to complex elements using previously extracted elements to guide further processing. Simple elements such as panel text and balloon are extracted first, followed by the balloon tail and then the comic character position in the panel. The second approach addresses independent information extraction to recover the main drawback of the first approach : error propagation. This second method is called “independent” because it is composed by several specific extractors for each elements of the image without any dependence between them. Extra processing such as balloon type classification and text recognition are also covered. The third approach introduces a knowledge-driven and scalable system of comics image understanding. This system called “expert system” is composed by an inference engine and two models, one for comics domain and another one for image processing, stored in an ontology. This expert system combines the benefits of the two first approaches and enables high level semantic description such as the reading order of panels and text, the relations between the speech balloons and their speakers and the comic character identification
David, Claire. "Analyse cognitive de la cohérence interindexeurs lors de l'indexation de documents." Thèse, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/14997.
Full textMangin, Olivier. "Émergence de concepts multimodaux : de la perception de mouvements primitifs à l'ancrage de mots acoustiques." Phd thesis, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01061809.
Full textCarignan, Isabelle. "Étude des relations entre les formes de documents, les stratégies de lecture et la compréhension chez des élèves de 3e secondaire." Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18269.
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