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Drieghe, Denis, Lei Cui, Guoli Yan, Xuejun Bai, Hui Chi, and Simon P. Liversedge. "The morphosyntactic structure of compound words influences parafoveal processing in Chinese reading." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307426.
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In an eye movement experiment employing the boundary paradigm, we compared parafoveal preview benefit during the reading of Chinese sentences. The target word was a two-character compound that had either a noun–noun or an adjective–noun structure each sharing an identical noun as the second character. The boundary was located between the two characters of the compound word. Prior to the eyes crossing the boundary, the preview of the second character was presented either normally or was replaced by a pseudocharacter. Previously, Juhasz, Inhoff, and Rayner observed that inserting a space into a normally unspaced compound in English significantly disrupted processing and that this disruption was larger for adjective–noun compounds than for noun–noun compounds. This finding supports the hypothesis that, at least in English, for adjective–noun compounds, the noun is more important for lexical identification than the adjective, while for noun–noun compounds, both constituents are similar in importance for lexical identification. Our results indicate a similar division of the importance of compounds in reading in Chinese as the pseudocharacter preview was more disruptive for the adjective–noun compounds than for the noun–noun compounds. These findings also indicate that parafoveal processing can be influenced by the morphosyntactic structure of the currently fixated character.
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SZPAKOWICZ, STAN, FRANCIS BOND, PRESLAV NAKOV, and SU NAM KIM. "On the semantics of noun compounds." Natural Language Engineering 19, no. 3 (May 3, 2013): 289–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324913000090.
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The noun compound – a sequence of nouns which functions as a single noun – is very common in English texts. No language processing system should ignore expressions like steel soup pot cover if it wants to be serious about such high-end applications of computational linguistics as question answering, information extraction, text summarization, machine translation – the list goes on. Processing noun compounds, however, is far from trouble-free. For one thing, they can be bracketed in various ways: is it steel soup, steel pot, or steel cover? Then there are relations inside a compound, annoyingly not signalled by any words: does potcontainsoup or is it for cookingsoup? These and many other research challenges are the subject of this special issue.
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Juhasz, Barbara J., Alexander Pollatsek, Jukka Hyönä, Denis Drieghe, and Keith Rayner. "Parafoveal processing within and between words." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62, no. 7 (July 2009): 1356–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470210802400010.
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Parafoveal preview was examined within and between words in two eye movement experiments. In Experiment 1, unspaced and spaced English compound words were used (e.g., basketball, tennis ball). Prior to fixating the second lexeme, either a correct or a partial parafoveal preview (e.g., ball or badk) was provided using the boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975). There was a larger effect of parafoveal preview on unspaced compound words than on spaced compound words. However, the parafoveal preview effect on spaced compound words was larger than would be predicted on the basis of prior research. Experiment 2 examined whether this large effect was due to spaced compounds forming a larger linguistic unit by pairing spaced compounds with nonlexicalized adjective–noun pairs. There were no significant interactions between item type and parafoveal preview, suggesting that it is the syntactic predictability of the noun that is driving the large preview effect.
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Lorenz, Antje, Andreas Mädebach, and Jörg D. Jescheniak. "Grammatical-gender effects in noun–noun compound production: Evidence from German." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 5 (January 1, 2018): 1134–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1310916.
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We examined how noun–noun compounds and their syntactic properties are lexically stored and processed in speech production. Using gender-marked determiner primes ( dermasc, diefem, dasneut [the]) in a picture naming task, we tested for specific effects from determiners congruent with either the modifier or the head of the compound target (e.g., Teemasckannefem [teapot]) to examine whether the constituents are processed independently at the syntactic level. Experiment 1 assessed effects of auditory gender-marked determiner primes in bare noun picture naming, and Experiment 2 assessed effects of visual gender-marked determiner primes in determiner–noun picture naming. Three prime conditions were implemented: (a) head-congruent determiner (e.g., diefem), (b) modifier-congruent determiner (e.g., dermasc), and (c) incongruent determiner (e.g., dasneuter). We observed a facilitation effect of head congruency but no effect of modifier congruency. In Experiment 3, participants produced novel noun–noun compounds in response to two pictures, demanding independent processing of head and modifier at the syntactic level. Now, head and modifier congruency effects were obtained, demonstrating the general sensitivity of our task. Our data support the notion of a single-lemma representation of lexically stored compound nouns in the German production lexicon.
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Kuperman, Victor, and Avital Deutsch. "Morphological and visual cues in compound word reading: Eye-tracking evidence from Hebrew." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 73, no. 12 (July 20, 2020): 2177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021820940297.
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Hebrew noun–noun compounds offer a valuable opportunity to study the long-standing question of how morphologically complex words are processed during reading. Specifically, in some morpho-syntactic environments, the first (head) noun of a compound carries a suffix—a clear orthographic marker of being part of a compound—whereas in others it is homographic with a stand-alone noun. In addition to this morphological cue, Hebrew occasionally employs hyphenation as a visual signal that two nouns, which are typically separated by a space, are combined in a compound. In a factorial design, we orthogonally manipulated the morphological and the visual cues and recorded eye movements of 75 proficient Hebrew readers while they read sentences with embedded compounds. The effect of hyphenation on reading times was inhibitory. This slow-down was significantly weaker in compounds where the syntactic relation between constituents was overtly marked by a suffix compared with compounds without a morphological marker. We interpret these findings as evidence that hyphenation is largely a redundant cue but morphological markers of compounding are psychologically valid cues for semantic integration of compounds. We discuss the implications of this finding for accounts of morphological processing.
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YOON, JUNTAE. "Compound noun segmentation based on lexical data extracted from corpus." Natural Language Engineering 7, no. 2 (June 2001): 167–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324901002637.
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Compound noun segmentation is one of the crucial problems in Korean language processing because a series of nouns in Korean may appear without space in real text, which makes it difficult to identify its morphological constituents. This paper presents an effective method of Korean compound noun segmentation based on lexical data extracted from a corpus. The segmentation consists of two tasks: First, it uses a Hand-Build Segmentation Dictionary (HBSD) to segment compound nouns which frequently occur or need an exceptional process. Second, a segmentation algorithm using data from a corpus is proposed, where simple nouns and their frequencies are stored in a Simple Noun Dictionary (SND) for segmentation. The analysis is executed based on modified tabular parsing using min-max operation. Our experiments have shown a very effective accuracy rate of about 97.29%, which turns out to be very effective.
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Stemberger, Joseph Paul. "Phonological reduction in the first part of noun compounds." Phonological and Phonetic considerations of Lexical Processing 8, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 320–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.8.3.03ste.
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Regular plural nouns rarely appear as the first member of a compound noun in English under any circumstances, while irregular plurals are more likely under certain conditions. One explanation holds that this is a consequence of the fundamentally different ways in which regular and irregular plurals are stored and processed, while an alternative explanation suggests that it may be rooted in phonological differences between regular and irregular forms. If the first part of a compound is phonologically restricted, the restrictions may interact with lexical access in a way that disfavors regular plurals (especially given that plurals of any sort are of low frequency in the first part of a compound, so processing is far from ceiling). This paper provides evidence from a case study of one child that the first part of a compound can be phonologically restricted compared to nouns when they appear as independent words. The data address compounds whose first elements are monomorphemic nouns, rather than plurals, but document the existence of phonological restrictions within compounds for at least one child This existence proof strengthens the hypothesis that differences between regular and irregular forms may derive partly from differences in phonological structure.
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Ji, Hongbo, and Christina L. Gagné. "Lexical and relational influences on the processing of Chinese modifier-noun compounds." Mental Lexicon 2, no. 3 (December 7, 2007): 387–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.2.3.05ji.
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The data from three experiments indicate that recent exposure to a similar Chinese modifier-noun compound (e.g., 书柜, book cabinet or 饼店, cookie store) influences the ease of processing a subsequent compound (e.g., 书店, book store) by increasing the availability of the lexical entries for the individual constituents, and by altering the availability of the relation (e.g., noun FOR modifier) used to bind the two constituents. The results imply that theories and models about compound processing should take the representation of relational information into account and should be able to accommodate the influence of relation availability.
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Koester, Dirk, Th C. Gunter, S. Wagner, and A. D. Friederici. "Morphosyntax, Prosody, and Linking Elements: The Auditory Processing of German Nominal Compounds." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 16, no. 9 (November 2004): 1647–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/0898929042568541.
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The morphosyntactic decomposition of German compound words and a proposed function of linking elements were examined during auditory processing using event-related brain potentials. In Experiment 1, the syntactic gender agreement was manipulated between a determiner and the initial compound constituent (the “nonhead” constituent), and between a determiner and the last constituent (“head”). Although only the head is (morpho)syntactically relevant in German, both constituents elicited a left-anterior negativity if its gender was incongruent. This strongly suggests that compounds are morphosyntactically decomposed. Experiment 2 tested the function of those linking elements which are homophonous to plural morphemes. It has been previously suggested that these indicate the number of nonhead constituents. The number agreement was manipulated for both constituents analogous to Experiment 1. Number-incongruent heads, but not nonhead constituents, elicited an N400 and a subsequent broad negativity, suggesting that linking elements are not processed as plural morphemes. Experiment 3 showed that prosodic cues (duration and fundamental frequency) are employed to differentiate between compounds and single nouns and, thereby, betwen linking elements and plural morphemes. Number-incongruent words elicited a broad negativity if they were produced with a single noun prosody; the same words elicited no event-related potential effect if produced with a compound prosody. A dual-route model can account for the influence of prosody on morphosyntactic processing.
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Mukherjee, Prasenjit, Atanu Chattopadhyay, Baisakhi Chakraborty, and Debashis Nandi. "Natural language query handling using extended knowledge provider system." International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems 25, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/kes-210049.
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Extraction of knowledge data from knowledge database using natural language query is a difficult task. Different types of natural language processing (NLP) techniques have been developed to handle this knowledge data extraction task. This paper proposes an automated query-response model termed Extended Automated Knowledge Provider System (EAKPS) that can manage various types of natural language queries from user. The EAKPS uses combination based technique and it can handle assertive, interrogative, imperative, compound and complex type query sentences. The algorithm of EAKPS generates structure query language (SQL) for each natural language query to extract knowledge data from the knowledge database resident within the EAKPS. Extraction of noun or noun phrases is another issue in natural language query processing. Most of the times, determiner, preposition and conjunction are prefixed to a noun or noun phrase and it is difficult to identify the noun/noun phrase with prefix during query processing. The proposed system is able to identify these prefixes and extract exact noun or noun phrases from natural language queries without any manual intervention.
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이준규. "The Activations of Relational Structures in Processing Second Language Noun-noun Compound." Linguistic Research 28, no. 1 (April 2011): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17250/khisli.28.1.201104.008.
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A. S. Hazaa, Muneer, Nazlia Omar, Fadl Mutaher Ba-Alwi, and Mohammed Albared. "Automatic Extraction Of Malay Compound Nouns Using A Hybrid Of Statistical And Machine Learning Methods." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i3.9663.
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Identifying of compound nouns is important for a wide spectrum of applications in the field of natural language processing such as machine translation and information retrieval. Extraction of compound nouns requires deep or shallow syntactic preprocessing tools and large corpora. This paper investigates several methods for extracting Noun compounds from Malay text corpora. First, we present the empirical results of sixteen statistical association measures of Malay <N+N> compound nouns extraction. Second, we introduce the possibility of integrating multiple association measures. Third, this work also provides a standard dataset intended to provide a common platform for evaluating research on the identification compound Nouns in Malay language. The standard data set contains 7,235 unique N-N candidates, 2,970 of them are N-N compound nouns collocations. The extraction algorithms are evaluated against this reference data set. The experimental results demonstrate that a group of association measures (T-test , Piatersky-Shapiro (PS) , C_value, FGM and rank combination method) are the best association measure and outperforms the other association measures for <N+N> collocations in the Malay corpus. Finally, we describe several classification methods for combining association measures scores of the basic measures, followed by their evaluation. Evaluation results show that classification algorithms significantly outperform individual association measures. Experimental results obtained are quite satisfactory in terms of the Precision, Recall and F-score.
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A. S. Hazaa, Muneer, Nazlia Omar, Fadl Mutaher Ba-Alwi, and Mohammed Albared. "Automatic Extraction Of Malay Compound Nouns Using A Hybrid Of Statistical And Machine Learning Methods." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2016): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i3.pp925-935.
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Identifying of compound nouns is important for a wide spectrum of applications in the field of natural language processing such as machine translation and information retrieval. Extraction of compound nouns requires deep or shallow syntactic preprocessing tools and large corpora. This paper investigates several methods for extracting Noun compounds from Malay text corpora. First, we present the empirical results of sixteen statistical association measures of Malay <N+N> compound nouns extraction. Second, we introduce the possibility of integrating multiple association measures. Third, this work also provides a standard dataset intended to provide a common platform for evaluating research on the identification compound Nouns in Malay language. The standard data set contains 7,235 unique N-N candidates, 2,970 of them are N-N compound nouns collocations. The extraction algorithms are evaluated against this reference data set. The experimental results demonstrate that a group of association measures (T-test , Piatersky-Shapiro (PS) , C_value, FGM and rank combination method) are the best association measure and outperforms the other association measures for <N+N> collocations in the Malay corpus. Finally, we describe several classification methods for combining association measures scores of the basic measures, followed by their evaluation. Evaluation results show that classification algorithms significantly outperform individual association measures. Experimental results obtained are quite satisfactory in terms of the Precision, Recall and F-score.
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Rao, Rajiv. "On the phonological status of Spanish compound words." Word Structure 8, no. 1 (April 2015): 84–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2015.0074.
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Primarily inspired by Bustos de Gisbert (1986) , Hualde (2006/2007 ), and Moyna (2011) , specifically by their comments on stress deletion in the left members of some Spanish compounds, the current investigation fills a gap in this field by conducting an acoustic analysis of fundamental frequency evidence of stress in Spanish compounds and phonologically classifying them through the Autosegmental-Metrical model. Using a data elicitation task of 30 noun+noun compounds demonstrating syntactic, semantic, orthographic, and phonological variation, eight speakers of Mexican Spanish recorded two iterations of each compound, which is embedded at the beginning or at the end of a declarative carrier phrase. The acoustic analysis reveals that, as expected, right members categorically exhibit F0 evidence of stress. However, only the 15 compounds written as two orthographic units show strong evidence of left stress. This is especially so in utterance-initial position. The number of unstressed syllables between left and right stresses determines the tonal sequences produced in left members. In compounds spelled as two orthographic units, the phonological targets of each member resemble those of two simple content words in broad focus declaratives. Evidence of left stress in orthographically united compounds occurs in less than 20% of cases, and these are viewed as carrying postlexical secondary stress. The tonal sequences of this group are more wide-ranging than those of the first group. The results have implications for language processing and raise questions for the study of compound stress in Spanish.
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Forgács, Bálint, Isabel Bohrn, Jürgen Baudewig, Markus J. Hofmann, Csaba Pléh, and Arthur M. Jacobs. "Neural correlates of combinatorial semantic processing of literal and figurative noun noun compound words." NeuroImage 63, no. 3 (November 2012): 1432–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.029.
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Smith, Viktor, Daniel Barratt, and Jordan Zlatev. "Unpacking noun-noun compounds: Interpreting novel and conventional foodnames in isolation and on food labels." Cognitive Linguistics 25, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 99–147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2013-0032.
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AbstractIn two complementary experiments we took an integrated approach to a set of tightly interwoven, yet rarely combined questions concerning the spontaneous interpretation of novel (unfamiliar) noun-noun compounds (NNCs) when encountered in isolation, and possible (re)interpretations of novel as well as conventional (familiar) NNCs when encountered in verbo-visual context. To enhance ecological validity, we mirrored our research questions in real-life concerns on the naming of commercial food products and the risk of consumers being misled by the names that producers give to them, focusing on the Danish food market and using Danish NNCs. Specifically, we addressed a highly productive type of compound food names where the modifier denotes a geographical entity and the head denotes a type of food, e.g. Hawaii pizza. Our findings contribute new evidence to central issues of (cognitive) linguistic theory concerning the relations between semantics and pragmatics, as well as system and usage, and psycholinguistic issues concerning the processing of NNCs. New insights and methodological tools are also provided for supporting future best practices in the field of food naming and labelling.
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Hwaszcz, Krzysztof. "An L2 Study on the Production and Perception of Stress Patterns in English: Second Language Acquisition of Compound Words." Anglica Wratislaviensia 54 (November 15, 2016): 67–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0301-7966.54.5.
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As compounding in English is a very productive process, a number of constructions emerged which can have multiple meanings. This paper aims to investigate the extent to which promiscuous compound nouns can be problematic for L2 English learners. The central questions which are addressed here are as follows: i What strategies do Polish speakers use to overcome the production and comprehension difficulties when processing English compounds? ii To what extent can Polish learners acquire the ability to produce and comprehend English compounds effectively? We compare the production and perception of stress patterns in various types of English compounds by L1 and L2 speakers of English on the basis of a reading protocol and a lexical decision experiment. One of the striking observations is that L1s are not always more accurate than L2s. This concerns stress-recognition in Adjective–Noun A–N phrases which are juxtaposed with A–N compounds. Elsewhere, natives lead in terms of stress-placement. On the other hand, the results obtained by L1s show no difference in stress-production and stress-recognition in Noun–Noun N–N attributive compounds, whereas L2s are more accurate in understanding than producing this type of compounds. A similar situation, in the case of L1s, concerns A–N opaque and N–N argument-head compounds but it is less prominent. As for L2s, A–N opaque compounds elicit relatively comparable results, but N–N argument-head compounds are responded to more accurately in the production experiment. A–N phrases, on the other hand, elicit a huge disproportion of accuracy between production and perception among L1s: although almost flawless in production, two-thirds of responses are inaccurate in perception. As for non-natives, they are more or less equally accurate in the case of A–N opaque compounds less than half correct renditions, but they adopt a strong tendency to produce and perceive fore-stress patterns across the board. Our experiments showed certain regularities in both accuracy and inaccuracy of stress placement by L2s. These regularities can be applied in methodology as to the order of teaching different types of compounds and phrases to Polish learners of English.
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Hahn, Jung Ihn, Mina Hwang, and Sunhee Ko. "The Processing of Compound Noun in Children with Poor Reading Comprehension." Communication Sciences & Disorders 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.12963/csd.18459.
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Güemes, Mercedes, Carolina Gattei, and Alejandro Wainselboim. "Processing verb–noun compound words in Spanish: Evidence from event-related potentials." Cognitive Neuropsychology 36, no. 5-6 (May 29, 2019): 265–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2019.1618254.
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Schlechtweg, Marcel. "The naming potential of compounds and phrases: An empirical study on German adjective-noun constructions." Word Structure 11, no. 3 (November 2018): 359–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2018.0133.
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Using data from two empirical studies, the present article investigates whether German adjective-noun compounds are inherently more appropriate to function as naming units or kind terms than the corresponding phrases. In the first experiment, it was tested whether subjects prefer a non-lexicalized compound (e.g., Kurzcouch, short_couch) or the respective non-lexicalized phrasal counterpart (e.g., kurze Couch, short couch) in order to express a novel complex lexical concept (e.g., It is a very specific couch that is 1.30 meters short because it is designed only for children up to this size.). In the second test, subjects rated on a scale how well the compounds and phrases expressed the newly created concepts. The findings of the two studies support the idea that compounds are better naming candidates than phrases. It is claimed that the effect derives from the specific formal nature of compounds and has consequences for the processing and mental representation of the two construction types.
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Syufi, Yafed, Made Budiarsa, I. Wayan Simpen, and Made Sri Satyawati. "Correlation of irires noun towards sago: An ecolinguistic study." International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 5, no. 4 (July 31, 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/ijllc.v5n4.696.
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This study focuses on the aspects of language and culture that correlate with sago processing systems and compound words. It also explains the language phenomena from the aspect of sago dimensions as a configuration of Irires community life. As it is observed, the Irires speakers distinguish between afes (male sago) lexicon and afaj (female sago) lexicon, as part of their life. In addition to the type of sago, there is also an agen-gen (navel) of mendow (sago) which is identical to humans. Likewise, the container used to accommodate the starch or the upper sago starch is called afes (male) and the lower part is called afaj (female).
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Niemi, Jussi, Matti Laine, and Juhani Järvikivi. "Paradigmatic and extraparadigmatic morphology in the mental lexicon." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 1 (April 24, 2009): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.1.02nie.
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The present study discusses psycholinguistic evidence for a difference between paradigmatic and extraparadigmatic morphology by investigating the processing of Finnish inflected and cliticized words. The data are derived from three sources of Finnish: from single-word reading performance in an agrammatic deep dyslectic speaker, as well as from visual lexical decision and wordness/learnability ratings of cliticized vs. inflected items by normal Finnish speakers. The agrammatic speaker showed awareness of the suffixes in multimorphemic words, including clitics, since he attempted to fill in this slot with morphological material. However, he never produced a clitic — either as the correct response or as an error — in any morphological configuration (simplex, derived, inflected, compound). Moreover, he produced more nominative singular errors for case-inflected nouns than he did for the cliticized words, a pattern that is expected if case-inflected forms were closely associated with their lexical heads, i.e., if they were paradigmatic and cliticized words were not. Furthermore, a visual lexical decision task with normal speakers of Finnish, showed an additional processing cost (longer latencies and more errors on cliticized than on case-inflected noun forms). Finally, a rating task indicated no difference in relative wordness between these two types of words. However, the same cliticized words were judged harder to learn as L2 items than the inflected words, most probably due to their conceptual/semantic properties, in other words due to their lack of word-level translation equivalents in SAVE languages. Taken together, the present results suggest that the distinction between paradigmatic and extraparadigmatic morphology is psychologically real.
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PIRAS, FABRIZIO, and PAOLA MARANGOLO. "When “Crack walnuts” lies in different brain regions: Evidence from a voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping study." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, no. 3 (February 24, 2010): 433–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710000068.
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AbstractTheories of lexical processing differ as to how multimorphemic words, such as compounds, are mentally processed. The most recent findings seem to support the dual route hypothesis, which assumes that complex words can be stored and retrieved either whole or by decomposition into their constituents. Despite great efforts to investigate the cognitive mechanisms involved in processing complex words, very little is known about how compounds are represented in the brain. The present study was designed to address this issue in a group of 20 left-hemispheric stroke patients who were submitted to four picture-naming tasks involving nouns, verbs, noun-noun (NN) and verb-noun (VN) compounds. To determine the brain lesions implicated in these tasks, we analyzed patients’ performances together with their lesions using Voxel-based Lesion Symptom Mapping (VLSM). Results showed that while NN involved the same temporal areas as nouns, VN (although they belong to the noun category) involved different fronto-temporal regions. This latter finding is discussed within the view that distinct mechanisms process the different constituents of complex words. (JINS, 2010, 16, 433–442.)
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Berger, Jean-Marc, Etienne Perret, and Annemarie Zimmermann. "Interhemispheric Integration of Compound Nouns: Effects of Stimulus Arrangement and Mode of Presentation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 65, no. 2 (October 1987): 663–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.65.2.663.
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Normal subjects had to name German compound nouns which were presented tachistoscopically. The compound nouns were displayed either unilaterally to the left or right visual field or bilaterally with one element to each visual field. In the bilateral condition a distinction was made as to whether familiar or unfamiliar arrangement of the elements was used. Representation in print was compared with pictorial representation of the compound nouns. A right visual-field superiority was observed with printed representation, but no laterality effects with pictorial representation. Bilateral processing was superior to unilateral processing. Within the bilateral conditions, the familiar arrangement of the elements yielded a significantly better performance than unfamiliar arrangement. This difference can be explained by reading habits and/or by different styles of interhemispheric integration.
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Cohen, Andrew L., and Adrian Staub. "Online Processing of Novel Noun–Noun Compounds: Eye Movement Evidence." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 67, no. 1 (January 2014): 147–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2013.796398.
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Mulyara, Budi, Supriyadi Supriyadi, Yudi Rahmadian, and Onne Akbar Nur Ichsan. "Sensory Properties and Volatile Compound Profile of Anaerobic Fermented Gayo Arabica Coffee In Non-Washed Processing." Pelita Perkebunan (a Coffee and Cocoa Research Journal) 37, no. 3 (December 27, 2021): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/iccri.jur.pelitaperkebunan.v37i3.464.
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Coffee is a popular beverage that is consumed worldwide. Flavor is an important aspect of excellent coffee. Fermentation was applied in the wash coffee processing to degrade the mucilage layer and to improve the flavor quality. Fermentation in non-washed gayo arabica coffee processing has not been widely reported. This study aims to analyze the effect of anaerobic fermentation on non-washed Gayo arabica coffee processing to obtain coffee with the highest sensorial score. Coffee fruit were processed and fermented for 0-48 hours. Sensorial score, volatile, and non-volatil compounds were observed at roasted bean. A significant increase in sensory test scores was obtained in the Pulped Natural (PN) process which was fermented with a score of 85.58 ± 1.01. Concentrations of citric, malic, succinic, lactic, and acetic acids are varied between the treatments. Volatile analysis using SPME-GCMS produced 20 compounds with an Odor Active Value OAV> 1 consisting of aldehydes, furans, ketones, phenols, pyrazines, and terpenes. β-Damascenone was a compound that has the highest OAV values with honey-like, fruity, apple, and rose aroma characteristics that dominate PN and Black Honey (BH). Fermentation for 48 h in the PN process is suitable for use in Gayo with humid conditions and high altitudes.
Keywords: Coffea arabica, SPME-GCMS, Volatile compounds, HPLC, Non-volatile components, Coffee processing.
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Kırkıcı, Bilal. "The mental processing of L2 English lexical compounds." EUROSLA Yearbook 7 (August 10, 2007): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eurosla.7.03kir.
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A number of SLA studies in the past decade (e.g. Lardiere, 1995; Murphy, 2000) have attempted to answer the question of whether the Dual-Mechanism Model can be extended to L2 English processing. These studies have found that the clear regular-irregular dissociation in compounds observed for L1 users is not the case for L2 users, who tend to include regular plurals in compounds to varying degrees. The present study reports on further efforts to investigate this issue with Turkish learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in Turkey. An elicited written production task, similar to that used by Murphy (2000), was administered to high and low proficiency L1 Turkish users of EFL and native English speakers. The results, it is claimed, indicate that both the L1 controls and the L2 participants dissociate between regular and irregular nouns within English compounds. However, in contrast to most previous studies, the L2 dissociation was found to be stronger at higher levels of L2 proficiency, which speaks for a developmental restructuring in L2 inflectional processing that could be explained under a weak version of the Dual-Mechanism Model.
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Summpunn, Pijug, Worawan Panpipat, Supranee Manurakchinakorn, Phuangthip Bhoopong, Ling-Zhi Cheong, and Manat Chaijan. "Comparative Analysis of Antioxidant Compounds and Antioxidative Properties of Thai Indigenous Rice: Effects of Rice Variety and Processing Condition." Molecules 27, no. 16 (August 14, 2022): 5180. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165180.
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Indigenous southern Thai non-glutinous rice varieties Kaab Dum, Khai Mod Rin, Yar Ko, Yoom Noon, and Look Lai made under four different processing conditions, white rice, brown rice, germinated brown rice, and rice grass, were assessed for antioxidant components and in vitro antioxidative activities. According to the findings, rice’s antioxidant components and antioxidant activity were considerably impacted by both variety and processing. High levels of total extractable phenolic compounds (164–314 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/kg, dry weight (dw)) and carotenoid (0.92–8.65 mg/100 g, dw) were found in all rice varieties, especially in rice grass and germinated brown rice, indicating that milling to generate white rice had an adverse effect on those components. Additionally, after germination, a higher γ-oryzanol concentration (9–14 mg/100 g, dw) was found. All rice varieties had higher ascorbic acid, phenolic compound, and carotenoid contents after sprouting. Overall, Yoom Noon rice grass had the highest total extractable phenolic content (p < 0.05). The rice grass from Yoom Noon/Look Lai/Kaab Dum had the highest ascorbic acid content (p < 0.05). The total carotenoid concentration of Look Lai rice grass was the highest, and Yoom Noon’s germinated brown rice had the highest γ-oryzanol content (p < 0.05). All rice varieties’ aqueous extracts had remarkable ABTS free radical scavenging activity, with Khai Mod Rin reaching the highest maximum value of 42.56 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw. Other antioxidant mechanisms, however, were quite low. Compared to germinated brown rice, brown rice, and white rice, rice grass often tended to have stronger antioxidant activity. Yar Ko rice grass was found to have the highest DPPH free radical scavenging activity (3.8 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (4.6 mmol Trolox equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). Khai Mod Rice grass had the most pronounced metal chelation activity (1.14 mmol EDTA equivalent/kg dw) (p < 0.05). The rice variety and processing conditions, therefore, influenced the antioxidant compounds and antioxidative properties of Thai indigenous rice. The results can be used as a guide to select the optimal rice variety and primary processing in order to satisfy the needs of farmers who want to produce rice as a functional ingredient and to promote the consumption of indigenous rice by health-conscious consumers.
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GROVER, CLAIRE, ALEX LASCARIDES, and MIRELLA LAPATA. "A comparison of parsing technologies for the biomedical domain." Natural Language Engineering 11, no. 1 (February 28, 2005): 27–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324904003547.
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This paper reports on a number of experiments which are designed to investigate the extent to which current NLP resources are able to syntactically and semantically analyse biomedical text. We address two tasks: (a) parsing a real corpus with a hand-built wide-coverage grammar, producing both syntactic analyses and logical forms and (b) automatically computing the interpretation of compound nouns where the head is a nominalisation (e.g. hospital arrival means an arrival at hospital, while patient arrival means an arrival of a patient). For the former task we demonstrate that flexible and yet constrained pre-processing techniques are crucial to success: these enable us to use part-of-speech tags to overcome inadequate lexical coverage, and to package up complex technical expressions prior to parsing so that they are blocked from creating misleading amounts of syntactic complexity. We argue that the XML-processing paradigm is ideally suited for automatically preparing the corpus for parsing. For the latter task, we compute interpretations of the compounds by exploiting surface cues and meaning paraphrases, which in turn are extracted from the parsed corpus. This provides an empirical setting in which we can compare the utility of a comparatively deep parser vs. a shallow one, exploring the trade-off between resolving attachment ambiguities on the one hand and generating errors in the parses on the other. We demonstrate that a model of the meaning of compound nominalisations is achievable with the aid of current broad-coverage parsers.
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Ghonchepour, Mousa, and Shahla Raghibdoust. "Processing of compound nouns: Evidence from Persian-speaking transcortical aphasics." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 32 (2012): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.039.
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Grzegorzewski, F., O. Schlüter, J. Ehlbeck, Weltmann K-D, M. Geyer, L. W Kroh, and S. Rohn. "Plasma-oxidative Degradation of Polyphenolics – Influence of Non-thermal Gas Discharges with Respect to Fresh Produce Processing." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 27, Special Issue 1 (June 24, 2009): S35—S39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1107-cjfs.
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Non-thermal plasma treatment is a promising technology to enhance the shelf-life of fresh or minimaly processed food. An efficient inactivation of microorganisms comes along with a moderate heating of the treated surface. To elucidate the influence of highly reactive plasma-immanent species on the stability and chemical behaviour of phytochemicals, several polyphenolics were exposed to an atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). The selected flavonoids are ideal target compounds due to their antioxidant activity protecting cells against the damaging effects of reactive oxygen species such as singlet oxygen, superoxide, peroxyl radicals, hydroxyl radicals and peroxynitrite. Reactions were carried out at various radio-frequency voltages, using Ar as a feeding gas. Degradation was followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.
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Samrat, Nahidul Hoque, Joel B. Johnson, Simon White, Mani Naiker, and Philip Brown. "A Rapid Non-Destructive Hyperspectral Imaging Data Model for the Prediction of Pungent Constituents in Dried Ginger." Foods 11, no. 5 (February 23, 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11050649.
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Ginger is best known for its aromatic odour, spicy flavour and health-benefiting properties. Its flavour is derived primarily from two compound classes (gingerols and shogaols), with the overall quality of the product depending on the interaction between these compounds. Consequently, a robust method for determining the ratio of these compounds would be beneficial for quality control purposes. This study investigated the feasibility of using hyperspectral imaging to rapidly determine the ratio of 6-gingerol to 6-shogoal in dried ginger powder. Furthermore, the performance of several pre-processing methods and two multivariate models was explored. The best-performing models used partial least squares regression (PSLR) and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) and second derivative Savitzky–Golay (2D-SG) pre-processing. Using the full range of wavelengths (~400–1000 nm), the performance was similar for PLSR (R2 ≥ 0.73, RMSE ≤ 0.29, and RPD ≥ 1.92) and LASSO models (R2 ≥ 0.73, RMSE ≤ 0.29, and RPD ≥ 1.94). These results suggest that hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometric modelling may potentially be used as a rapid, non-destructive method for the prediction of gingerol-to-shogaol ratios in powdered ginger samples.
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Cunnings, Ian, and Harald Clahsen. "The time-course of morphological constraints." Mental Lexicon 3, no. 2 (September 17, 2008): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.2.01cun.
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The avoidance of regular but not irregular plurals inside compounds (e.g., *rats eater vs. mice eater) has been one of the most widely studied morphological phenomena in the psycholinguistics literature. To examine whether the constraints that are responsible for this contrast have any general significance beyond compounding, we investigated derived word forms containing regular and irregular plurals in two experiments. Experiment 1 was an offline acceptability judgment task, and Experiment 2 measured eye movements during reading derived words containing regular and irregular plurals and uninflected base nouns. The results from both experiments show that the constraint against regular plurals inside compounds generalizes to derived words. We argue that this constraint cannot be reduced to phonological properties, but is instead morphological in nature. The eye-movement data provide detailed information on the time-course of processing derived word forms indicating that early stages of processing are affected by a general constraint that disallows inflected words from feeding derivational processes, and that the more specific constraint against regular plurals comes in at a subsequent later stage of processing. We argue that these results are consistent with stage-based models of language processing.
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Schulz, Reiner, and James A. Reggia. "Temporally Asymmetric Learning Supports Sequence Processing in Multi-Winner Self-Organizing Maps." Neural Computation 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 535–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976604772744901.
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We examine the extent to which modified Kohonen self-organizing maps (SOMs) can learn unique representations of temporal sequences while still supporting map formation. Two biologically inspired extensions are made to traditional SOMs: selection of multiple simultaneous rather than single “winners” and the use of local intramap connections that are trained according to a temporally asymmetric Hebbian learning rule. The extended SOM is then trained with variable-length temporal sequences that are composed of phoneme feature vectors, with each sequence corresponding to the phonetic transcription of a noun. The model transforms each input sequence into a spatial representation (final activation pattern on the map). Training improves this transformation by, for example, increasing the uniqueness of the spatial representations of distinct sequences, while still retaining map formation based on input patterns. The closeness of the spatial representations of two sequences is found to correlate significantly with the sequences' similarity. The extended model presented here raises the possibility that SOMs may ultimately prove useful as visualization tools for temporal sequences and as preprocessors for sequence pattern recognition systems.
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Coolen, Riet, Henk J. Van Jaarsveld, and Robert Schreuder. "Processing novel compounds: Evidence for interactive meaning activation of ambiguous nouns." Memory & Cognition 21, no. 2 (March 1993): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03202736.
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González Alonso, Jorge, Julián Villegas, and María del Pilar García Mayo. "English compound and non-compound processing in bilingual and multilingual speakers: Effects of dominance and sequential multilingualism." Second Language Research 32, no. 4 (June 23, 2016): 503–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267658316642819.
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This article reports on a study investigating the relative influence of the first language and dominant language (L1) on second language (L2) and third language (L3) morpho-lexical processing. A lexical decision task compared the responses to English NV-er compounds (e.g. taxi driver) and non-compounds provided by a group of native speakers and three groups of learners at various levels of English proficiency: L1 Spanish – L2 English sequential bilinguals and two groups of early Spanish–Basque bilinguals with English as their L3. Crucially, the two trilingual groups differed in their first and dominant language (i.e. L1 Spanish – L2 Basque vs. L1 Basque – L2 Spanish). Our materials exploit an (a)symmetry between these languages: while Basque and English pattern together in the basic structure of (productive) NV-er compounds, Spanish presents a construction that differs in directionality as well as inflection of the verbal element (V[3SG] + N). Results show between and within group differences in accuracy and response times that may be ascribable to two factors besides proficiency: the number of languages spoken by a given participant and their dominant language. An examination of response bias reveals an influence of the participants’ first and dominant language on the processing of NV-er compounds. Our data suggest that morphological information in the non-native lexicon may extend beyond morphemic structure and that, similarly to bilingualism, there are costs to sequential multilingualism in lexical retrieval.
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Hennecke, Inga, and Harald Baayen. "Romance N Prep N constructions in visual word recognition." Mental Lexicon 16, no. 1 (October 8, 2021): 98–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.20014.hen.
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Abstract N Prep N constructions such as Sp. bicicleta de montaña ‘mountain bike’ are very productive and frequent in Romance languages. They commonly have been classified as syntagmatic compounds that show no orthographic union and exhibit an internal structure that resembles free syntactic structures, such as Sp. libro para niños ‘book for children’. There is no consensus on how to best distinguish lexical from syntactic N Prep N constructions. The present paper presents an explorative eye-tracking study on N Prep N constructions, varying both lexical type (lexical vs. syntactic) and preposition across three languages, French, Spanish and Portuguese. The task of the eye-tracking study was a reading aloud paradigm of the constructions in sentence context. Constructions were fixated on less when more frequent, independent of lexical status. There was also modest evidence that a higher construction frequency afforded shorter total fixation durations, but only for lower deciles of the response distribution. The (construction-initial) head noun also received fewer fixations as construction frequency increased, and also when the head noun was more frequent. The second fixation durations on the head noun also revealed an effect of lexical status, with syntactic constructions receiving shorter fixations at the 5th and 7th deciles. The probability of a fixation on the preposition decreased with preposition frequency, but first fixations on the preposition increased with preposition frequency. The prepositions of Portuguese, the language with the richest inventory of prepositions, received more fixations than the prepositions of French and Spanish. The observed pattern of results is consistent with models of lexical processing in which reading is guided by knowledge of both higher-level constructions and knowledge of key constituents such as the head noun and the preposition.
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Djurić, Mirjana, Julianna Gyura, Zoltan Zavargo, Zita Šereš, and Miodrag Tekić. "Modelling of ultrafiltration of non-sucrose compounds in sugar beet processing." Journal of Food Engineering 65, no. 1 (November 2004): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2003.12.005.
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López-Gámez, Gloria, Pedro Elez-Martínez, Olga Martín-Belloso, and Robert Soliva-Fortuny. "Recent Advances toward the Application of Non-Thermal Technologies in Food Processing: An Insight on the Bioaccessibility of Health-Related Constituents in Plant-Based Products." Foods 10, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 1538. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071538.
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Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of bioactive compounds and micronutrients. Some of the most abundant are phenols and carotenoids, whose consumption contributes to preventing the occurrence of degenerative diseases. Recent research has shown the potential of non-thermal processing technologies, especially pulsed electric fields (PEF), ultrasounds (US), and high pressure processing (HPP), to trigger the accumulation of bioactive compounds through the induction of a plant stress response. Furthermore, these technologies together with high pressure homogenization (HPH) also cause microstructural changes in both vegetable tissues and plant-based beverages. These modifications could enhance carotenoids, phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals extractability, and/or bioaccessibility, which is essential to exert their positive effects on health. Nevertheless, information explaining bioaccessibility changes after non-thermal technologies is limited. Therefore, further research on food processing strategies using non-thermal technologies offers prospects to develop plant-based products with enhanced bioaccessibility of their bioactive compounds and micronutrients. In this review, we attempt to provide updated information regarding the main effects of PEF, HPP, HPH, and US on health-related compounds bioaccessibility from different vegetable matrices and the causes underlying these changes. Additionally, we propose future research on the relationship between the bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds and micronutrients, matrix structure, and non-thermal processing.
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Leite, Paula Bacelar, Leonardo Fonseca Maciel, Luiza Carolina França Opretzka, Sergio Eduardo Soares, and Eliete da Silva Bispo. "Phenolic compounds, methylxanthines and antioxidant activity in cocoa mass and chocolates produced from "witch broom disease" resistant and non resistant cocoa cultivars." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 37, no. 3 (June 2013): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542013000300007.
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The "witch broom disease" caused by the fungus called Moniliophthora perniciosa is one of the most important cocoa diseases in Latin America, causing around 70% production reduction in the southern Bahia. In attempt to solve the problem, many cultivars resistant to the disease have been recommended to farmers. On the other hand, the chocolate flavour is composed by many compounds whose formation depends on the genetic background, environment where cocoa is grown and processing operations. Therefore, this work aimed at determining the monomeric phenolic compounds, methylxanthines and antioxidant activity of cocoa mass and dark chocolate from cocoa cultivars resistant to "witch broom disease" and non resistant to the disease. The total phenolic compounds in cocoa mass did not vary among cultivars with values ranging from 23.95mg g-1 to 25.03mg g-1. Chocolates made from non resistant cultivars showed higher total phenolic compounds (19.11mg g-1) than SR162 and PH16 with 16.08mg g-1 and 15.46mg g-1, respectively. Epicatechin had higher content than catechin and the levels of these two compounds were higher in SR162. There were significant differences among samples of cocoa mass analyzed for caffeine. Chocolate made from SR162 had the highest amount of monomeric compounds due to its high concentration of catechin and epicatechin. The chocolate sample with the highest antioxidant activity was the SR162, followed by non resistant blend and PH16, showing relationship between the antioxidant activity and monomeric phenolics content.
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Dubocq, Florian, and Thanh Wang. "Extended characterization of the indoor dust chemical composition by retrospective suspect and non-target analysis of high resolution mass spectrometric data." Journal of Environmental Exposure Assessment 1, no. 4 (2022): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20517/jeea.2022.23.
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With the recent improvements in high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), retrospective chemical analysis has been increasingly used in environmental sciences. This enables new insights into the chemical content of previously analysed samples with new data analysis methods or new information about emerging contaminants. This study aimed to conduct an in-depth investigation into the chemical content of various indoor dust samples using retrospective analysis. The samples were previously extracted using liquid-solid extraction without clean-up to increase the chemical coverage and thereafter analysed both using liquid chromatography (positive and negative ionisations) and gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. A retrospective data processing workflow was conducted in this new study by using both suspect screening analysis and non-target analysis. Among 30 dust samples from four different indoor settings, 298 compounds were tentatively identified with an identification confidence level of ≥ 3. The discussion was conducted on both individual compounds as well as their chemical compound groups and functional uses. Main detected chemical groups were plant natural products (n = 57), personal care products (n = 44), pharmaceuticals (n = 44), food additives (n = 43), plasticisers (n = 43), flame retardants (n = 43), colourants (n = 42) and pesticides (n = 31). Although some detected compounds were already reported for the same samples in our previous study, this retrospective analysis enabled the tentative identification of compounds such as polyethylene glycols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, pesticides, benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, fragrances, colourants and UV stabilizers. This study showed the usefulness of retrospective analysis on indoor dust samples to further characterise the chemical content, which can help to better estimate the exposure risks of organic contaminants to humans in the indoor environment.
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Rusumdar, Ahmad Jhony, Andreas Tilgner, Ralf Wolke, and Hartmut Herrmann. "Treatment of non-ideality in the SPACCIM multiphase model – Part 2: Impacts on the multiphase chemical processing in deliquesced aerosol particles." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 17 (September 7, 2020): 10351–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-10351-2020.
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Abstract. Tropospheric deliquesced particles are characterised by concentrated non-ideal solutions (“aerosol liquid water” or ALW) that can affect the occurring multiphase chemistry. However, such non-ideal solution effects have generally not yet been considered in and investigated by current complex multiphase chemistry models in an adequate way. Therefore, the present study aims at accessing the impact of non-ideality on multiphase chemical processing in concentrated aqueous aerosols. Simulations with the multiphase chemistry model (SPACCIM-SpactMod) are performed under different environmental and microphysical conditions with and without a treatment of non-ideal solutions in order to assess its impact on aqueous-phase chemical processing. The present study shows that activity coefficients of inorganic ions are often below unity under 90 % RH-deliquesced aerosol conditions and that most uncharged organic compounds exhibit activity coefficient values of around or even above unity. Due to this behaviour, model studies have revealed that the inclusion of non-ideality considerably affects the multiphase chemical processing of transition metal ions (TMIs), oxidants, and related chemical subsystems such as organic chemistry. In detail, both the chemical formation and oxidation rates of Fe(II) are substantially lowered by a factor of 2.8 in the non-ideal base case compared to the ideal case. The reduced Fe(II) processing in the non-ideal base case, including lowered chemical rates of the Fenton reaction (−70 %), leads to a reduced processing of HOx∕HOy under deliquesced aerosol conditions. Consequently, higher multiphase H2O2 concentrations (larger by a factor of 3.1) and lower aqueous-phase OH concentrations (lower by a factor of ≈4) are modelled during non-cloud periods. For H2O2, a comparison of the chemical reaction rates reveals that the most important sink, the reaction with HSO3-, contributes with a 40 % higher rate in the non-ideal base case than in the ideal case, leading to more efficient sulfate formation. On the other hand, the chemical formation rates of the OH radical are about 50 % lower in the non-ideal base case than in the ideal case, leading to lower degradation rates of organic aerosol components. Thus, considering non-ideality influences the chemical processing and the concentrations of organic compounds under deliquesced particle conditions in a compound-specific manner. For example, the reduced oxidation budget under deliquesced particle conditions leads to both increased and decreased concentration levels, e.g. of important C2∕C3 carboxylic acids. For oxalic acid, the present study demonstrates that the non-ideality treatment enables more realistic predictions of high oxalate concentrations than observed under ambient highly polluted conditions. Furthermore, the simulations imply that lower humidity conditions, i.e. more concentrated solutions, might promote higher oxalic acid concentration levels in aqueous aerosols due to differently affected formation and degradation processes.
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Ghonchepour, Mousa, and Mahdiye Pakzad Moghaddam. "The role of semantic transparency in processing compound nouns: evidence from people with Broca’s Aphasia." Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics 34, no. 5 (August 23, 2019): 493–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2019.1656780.
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Afrinaldi, Angga, Yoshihiko Uematsu, Toshifumi Kakiuchi, and Ren Itoh. "Microstructural Modification of Non-Combustible Magnesium Alloy by Friction Stir Processing." Materials Science Forum 880 (November 2016): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.880.25.
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The microstructure of non-combustible magnesium alloy, AMX602, was modified by friction stir processing (FSP) at the tool rotational speed of 800 rpm and traveling speed of 300 mm/min. In the microstructure of the as-extruded material, some intermetallic compounds (IMCs), Al2Ca and Al-Mn, inhomogeneously distributed in the matrix. The inhomogeneity was dependent on the extruding condition. The largest size of IMCs was a few tens microns. By FSP, large IMCs were broken up, and fine IMCs were uniformly dispersed in the matrix. Furthermore, grain refinement occurred due to dynamic recrystallization.
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Marsi, Stefano, Jhilik Bhattacharya, Romina Molina, and Giovanni Ramponi. "A Non-Linear Convolution Network for Image Processing." Electronics 10, no. 2 (January 17, 2021): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10020201.
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This paper proposes a new neural network structure for image processing whose convolutional layers, instead of using kernels with fixed coefficients, use space-variant coefficients. The adoption of this strategy allows the system to adapt its behavior according to the spatial characteristics of the input data. This type of layers performs, as we demonstrate, a non-linear transfer function. The features generated by these layers, compared to the ones generated by canonical CNN layers, are more complex and more suitable to fit to the local characteristics of the images. Networks composed by these non-linear layers offer performance comparable with or superior to the ones which use canonical Convolutional Networks, using fewer layers and a significantly lower number of features. Several applications of these newly conceived networks to classical image-processing problems are analyzed. In particular, we consider: Single-Image Super-Resolution (SISR), Edge-Preserving Smoothing (EPS), Noise Removal (NR), and JPEG artifacts removal (JAR).
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Hajdú, A., and I. Licskó. "Environmental pollution caused by a non-ferrous metal smelter." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (May 1, 1999): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0648.
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After 80 years of operation health authorities have closed down a plant processing non-ferrous scrap metals. The ruling had both beneficial and adverse environmental impacts. The benefits include elimination of direct air pollution by metal compound emissions, but the metal-bearing dust deposited over 80 years and stirred up by winds is still a source of indirect pollution. Remediation involves partial soil replacement in residential areas in combination with covering, recultivating the 200 000 ton slag heap on the basis of detailed investigations. The adverse impact consists of the discontinuation of organized collection, break-up and processing of used car batteries. The rash, unfounded decision resulted in cases of heavy lead poisoning.
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Glautier, Steven, Tamaryn Menneer, Hayward J. Godwin, Nick Donnelly, and José A. Aristizabal. "Flexible Configural Learning of Non-Linear Discriminations and Detection of Stimulus Compounds." Experimental Psychology 63, no. 4 (July 2016): 215–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000331.
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Abstract. Previous work showed that prior experience with discriminations requiring configural solutions (e.g., biconditional discrimination) confers an advantage for the learning of new configural discriminations (e.g., negative patterning) in comparison to prior experience with elemental discriminations. This effect is well established but its mechanism is not well understood. In the studies described below we assessed whether the saliences of configural and element cues were affected by prior training. We observed positive transfer to a new configural discrimination after configural pre-training but we were unable to find evidence for changes in cue salience using a signal-detection task. Our results confirm previous work by demonstrating experience-dependent flexibility in cue processing but they also suggest that this flexibility occurs at a point in the stimulus processing pipeline later than 1–2 s after the presentation of stimulus inputs. (138 words)
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Bystrov, Alexandre, Konstantin Vostrov, Vladimir Frolov, and Anatoli Bistrov. "The method of processing the droplet-air flow by non-equilibrium plasma." E3S Web of Conferences 140 (2019): 10004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201914010004.
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The paper considers a fundamentally new installation for the processing of a droplet-air environment in a non-equilibrium plasma. Its various designs are presented. This installation is built on the basis of pulsed energy devices and is intended for water disinfection and decomposition of dissolved organic compounds, the production of nanomaterials, research in physics and chemistry, etc. We have conducted research of the performance and energy efficiency of this method of processing. It is established that in obtaining the target product, this method of processing has an advantage over the known methods: due to high performance and energy efficiency, as well as the simplicity of this processing method. In addition, the parasitic load capacity of the nanosecond generator is reduced several times, this fact increases the voltage rise rate on the cells of the plasma plasmatrons, which improves performance and energy efficiency.
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Bektursunova, Maya Zh, Asan Bekeshovich Ospanov, Valentina Ivanovna Sidorova, Nadezhda Ivanovna Yеnvareva, Saule Zhangirovna Asylbekova, and Alyona Aleksandrovna Mukhramova. "Using non-traditional raw materials in production of compound feeds for valuable fish species." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Fishing industry 2022, no. 2 (June 22, 2022): 34–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-5529-2022-2-34-49.
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With the development of commercial fish farming in Kazakhstan the need for high-quality feed for fish has greatly increased. There has been carried out extensive monitoring of using unconventional raw materials in the production of feed for valuable fish species. Most promising sources of raw materials for valuable fish species are soy, pea isolates and concentrates, wheat and corn gluten, meal and cake (soy, flax, rapeseed). The physicochemical composition and nutritional value of the non-traditional, secondary raw materials and waste of processing industries were defined, the norms of their introduction into feed were determined, the methods of their processing were analyzed, the probiotic preparations used in the feed industry and their effect on the digestibility of nutrients were considered and proposed. Taking into account the physiological needs of fish, the formulations for domestic feeds for valuable fish species were developed using non-traditional raw materials and a probiotic preparation Biocons containing lactic acid bacteria. Experimental starter and production compound feeds for valuable fish species were produced at the plants
of the Republic of Kazakhstan using feed components of domestic production and non-traditional raw materials by extrusion. The probiotic preparation Biocons was added into the ready-made feed by spraying. The developed compound feeds for valuable fish species have passed a production test on the effectiveness of their use by fish in the fish farms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. AllerAgua compound feed was used as a control. The growth rate of larvae was estimated using the method of volumetric counting (weighing control and final samples), and the method of expert errors was used to assess the fish-breeding and biological parameters of fish. The experiments were carried out in duplicate, then all the data were processed according to the statistical processing according to G.F. Lakin. It has been stated that the feeds developed at the enterprises of the Republic of Kazakhstan are not inferior in quality to foreign ones, while their cost is much lower, which makes it possible to recommend them for use in aquaculture enterprises.
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Nikolaev, S. I., and M. V. Struk. "The increase of egg productivity of laying hens when using non-traditional feed and biologically active additives." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 10 (September 16, 2021): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2110-04.
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In poultry farming, feed remains the most expensive part and farmers are constantly trying to optimize diets, both in terms of price and nutrition, so that the poultry can realize its genetic potential. Such feeding diets should maintain the highest productivity of poultry in a normal state of health; contribute to improving the quality of products and reducing the cost of its production. The purpose of the work was the theoretical and experimental justification of the use of new varieties of sorghum, chickpeas, mustard seed processing products, as well as targeted formulations of biologically active additives (premixes, PVMC, NutoVit additive) based on local feed sources, increasing the nutritional value of compound feed, reducing their cost, increasing egg productivity and obtaining complete food and incubation chicken eggs. The nutritional value of a new variety of chickpeas Privo 1, sorghum Kamyshinskoe 75 with different levels of their input into compound feed instead of sunflower presscake and corn grain for young birds and laying hens, respectively, has been studied in the paper. The effectiveness of using different levels of mustard seed processing products – feed concentrate from vegetable raw materials Sarepta and mustard protein-containing feed concentrate Gorlinka in feeding of laying hens instead of the traditionally used sunflower seed presscake and meal. The influence of the premix and the protein-vitamin concentrate Gorlinka based on the products of processing mustard seeds and the additive NutoVit in the composition of compound feed for chickens of the parent and industrial herd has been determined. The use of non-traditional feed and biologically active additives in the diets of young birds and laying hens has a positive effect on the growth and development of young animals, egg productivity of laying hens and egg quality, as well as increases the efficiency of production.