Journal articles: 'Compound headedne'

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Nóbrega, Vitor A., and Phoevos Panagiotidis. "Headedness and exocentric compounding." Word Structure 13, no. 2 (July 2020): 211–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2020.0168.

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Semantic headedness typically serves as the primary criterion for compound endocentricity, i.e. whether a compound has a head. The semantic head is often defined as the hyperonym from which the denotation of the compound is derived, with exocentric compounds being those whose denotation is not a subclass of that of their head element. Headedness, so defined, leads us to analyze every non-compositional compound as exocentric. We explore the boundaries between semantic exocentricity and non-compositionality using established diagnostics in order to decide whether a semantic characterization of headedness is valid, and to determine whether exocentricity and non-compositionality coincide. Assuming a syntactic model of morphological combinatorics we show that exocentricity must be defined configurationally, occurring when the structure of a compound modifies an external entity, frequently instantiated by an empty noun. Hence exocentricity is not the absence of a head, but the realization of the compound's head outside its internal structure. Non-compositionality, in turn, derives from how the root of each constituent member of a compound is compositionally or idiosyncratically interpreted. Finally, we put forth a new typological distribution of exocentric compounds, discriminating real exocentric compounds (bahuvrihi and dvandva) from compounds that are commonly, but wrongly, defined as exocentric (e.g. deverbal and de-prepositional compounds).

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Rio-Torto, Graça, and Sílvia Ribeiro. "Portuguese compounds." Probus 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2012): 119–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2012-0006.

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Abstract This article presents an overview of compounding in contemporary Portuguese. Conceived as a plurilexematic unit used as a holistic denomination, a compound is characterized by lexical atomicity. The continuum of compound classes that we propose is based on the morpho-lexical nature of the internal units (root, word) and on the (non)conformity of compound constructions with Portuguese syntactic templates. Since Portuguese compounds constitute a heterogeneous and borderline class, this analysis also focuses on the boundaries of compoundhood, namely those existing between compounds and noun phrases. This article also concentrates on the internal grammatical (coordinative, subordinative, attributive) and thematic relations and analyses Portuguese compounds with respect to headedness in its morphological, semantic and categorial dimensions. Finally, we stress the existence of a narrow relationship between internal constituency, headedness and inflectional patterns of Portuguese compounds.

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Ntelitheos, Dimitrios, and Katya Pertsova. "Root and semi-phrasal compounds: A syntactic approach." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 4, no. 1 (March 15, 2019): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v4i1.4530.

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We present a syntactic account of the derivation of two types of attributivenominal compounds in Spanish, Russian and Greek. These include right-headed “root” compounds, which exhibit more “word”-like properties and single stress domains, and left-headed “semi-phrasal” compounds with more phrasal properties and independent stress domains for the two compound members. We propose that both compound structures are formed on a small clause predicate phrase, with their different properties derived from the merger of the predicate member of the small clause as a root or as a larger nominal unit with additional functional projections. The proposed structures provide an explanation of observed lexical integrity effects, as well as specific predictions of patterns of compound formation crosslinguistically.

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Levin, Beth, Lelia Glass, and Dan Jurafsky. "Systematicity in the semantics of noun compounds: The role of artifacts vs. natural kinds." Linguistics 57, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 429–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2019-0013.

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Abstract The nature of the relationship between the head and modifier in English noun compounds has long posed a challenge to semantic theories. We argue that the type of head-modifier relation in an English endocentric noun-headed compound depends on how its referent is categorized: specifically, on whether the referent is conceptualized as an artifact, made by humans for a purpose; or as a natural kind, existing independently of humans. We propose the Events vs. Essences Hypothesis: the modifier in an artifact-headed compound typically refers to an event of use or creation associated with that artifact, while the modifier in a natural kind-headed compound typically makes reference to inherent properties reflective of an abstract essence associated with the kind, such as its perceptual properties or native habitat. We present three studies substantiating this hypothesis. First, in a corpus of almost 1,700 attested compounds in two conceptual domains (food/cooking and precious minerals/jewelry), we find that as predicted, compound names referring to artifacts tend to evoke events, whereas compound names referring to natural kinds tend to evoke essential properties. Next, in a production experiment involving compound creation and a comprehension experiment involving compound interpretation, we find that the same tendencies also extend to novel compounds.

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Nicoladis, Elena. "“Where is my brush-teeth?” Acquisition of compound nouns in a French–English bilingual child." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 2, no. 3 (December 1999): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728999000346.

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This study had two purposes: (i) to see if bilingual children can differentiate their languages with respect to the ability to form compound nouns and (ii) to test the validity of previous explanations of the acquisition of compounds. Compound nouns are right-headed in English and left-headed in French. If the French–English bilingual child in this study could differentiate between the two compounding rules, his compounds should show differential order based on the language of the semantic head. The analysis was based on the child's spontaneous compound productions from 2;9 to 3;3. The results showed that the language choice of the semantic head noun predicted the order of his compounds, suggesting that he had two distinct compounding rules. The pattern of errors made by the child cannot be accounted for by any previous explanation alone. It is suggested that children use various cues to learn compound structure.

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FOROODI-NEJAD, FARZANEH, and JOHANNE PARADIS. "Crosslinguistic transfer in the acquisition of compound words in Persian–English bilinguals." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 12, no. 4 (September 16, 2009): 411–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728909990241.

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Crosslinguistic transfer in bilingual language acquisition has been widely reported in various linguistic domains (e.g., Döpke, 1998; Nicoladis, 1999; Paradis, 2001). In this study we examined structural overlap (Döpke, 2000; Müller and Hulk, 2001) and dominance (Yip and Matthews, 2000) as explanatory factors for crosslinguistic transfer in Persian–English bilingual children's production of novel compound words. Nineteen Persian monolinguals, sixteen Persian–English bilinguals, and seventeen English monolinguals participated in a novel compound production task. Our results showed crosslinguistic influence of Persian on English and of English on Persian. Bilingual children produced more right-headed compounds in Persian, compared with Persian monolinguals, and in their English task, they produced more left-headed compounds than English monolinguals. Furthermore, Persian-dominant bilinguals tended more towards left-headed compounds in Persian than the English-dominant group. These findings point to both structural overlap and language dominance as factors underlying crosslinguistic transfer.

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Altakhaineh, Abdel Rahman Mitib. "Headedness in Arabic Compounds within the Synthetic Genitive Construction." SAGE Open 6, no. 4 (October 2016): 215824401667451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244016674514.

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This study aims to pinpoint the position of head in Arabic compounds within the Synthetic Genitive Construction (SGC). It also examines the headedness of these compounds morphologically, syntactically, and semantically. The analysis confirms that compounding in Arabic is predominantly left-headed. The semantic, syntactic, and morphological heads always coincide in Arabic compounds within the SGC. With regard to Adj + N compounds in Arabic, I argue that a silent noun is responsible for determining the syntactic category of the whole construct, resulting in a noun rather than an adjective. The study concludes with recommendations for further research.

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Marelli, Marco, Davide Crepaldi, and Claudio Luzzatti. "Head position and the mental representation of nominal compounds." Mental Lexicon 4, no. 3 (December 15, 2009): 430–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.4.3.05mar.

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There is a significant body of psycholinguistic evidence that supports the hypothesis of an access to constituent representation during the mental processing of compound words. However it is not clear whether the internal hierarchy of the constituents (i.e., headedness) plays a role in their mental lexical processing and it is not possible to disentangle the effect of headedness from that of constituent position in languages that admit only head-final compounds, like English or Dutch. The present study addresses this issue in two constituent priming experiments (SOA 300ms) with a lexical decision task. Italian endocentric (head-initial and head-final) and exocentric nominal compounds were employed as stimuli and the position of the primed constituent was manipulated. A first-level priming effect was found, confirming the automatic access to constituent representation. Moreover, in head-final compounds data reveal a larger priming effect for the head than for the modifying constituent. These results suggest that different kinds of compounds have a different representation at mental level: while head-final compounds are represented with an internal head-modifier hierarchy, head-initial and exocentric compounds have a lexicalised, internally flat representation.

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ALEXIADOU, ARTEMIS. "Proper name compounds: a comparative perspective." English Language and Linguistics 23, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 855–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674319000236.

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The article discusses compound formation involving proper names from a comparative perspective. While proper names can appear within compounds in English, this is not possible in Greek. The article argues that this follows from a basic difference between English and Greek: English, but not Greek, allows phrases as non-heads of right-headed compounds. As proper names in English are referential in the absence of a determiner, due to the process of D-N merger, they can still be recognized as such within compounds. This is not possible in Greek, where proper names require the presence of a determiner to establish reference.

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Diyanati, Masoumeh, Hadaegh Rezaei, and Adel Rafiei. "Conceptual blending in entrenched Persian noun-noun nominal compounds." Cognitive Linguistic Studies 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2022): 297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cogls.20001.diy.

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Abstract The current paper offers an analysis of a set of 27 entrenched endocentric, exocentric, and copulative āb (water)-noun nominal compounds in Persian with both right- and left-headed compounds, based on the network model of conceptual blending theory. Given that an emergent meaning is involved in endocentric and copulative compounds, the same as in exocentric compounds, the paper argues that all types of compounds can be insightfully defined as conceptual blends. However, the conceptual blending network model fails to show the distinct role of head and modifier in the overall meaning of compounds, on the one hand, and the qualifying difference in the extent of emergent meaning among various types of compound words, on the other hand. Our study also lends support to a correspondence between the continuum of integration networks and the continuum of figurativity in compounds.

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Micheli, M. Silvia. "Compounding in Old Italian." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 44, no. 1 (September 20, 2021): 66–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.00057.mic.

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Abstract This paper provides a corpus-based analysis of compounding in Old Italian. The semantic and formal properties of compound words attested in Old Italian are described and discussed through the theoretical tools provided by Construction Morphology. The analysis confirms that compounding is exploited since the earliest attestations of the language. It reveals that Old Italian compounds are mostly right-headed endocentric or exocentric: particularly, endocentric [ADV-Y]Y, [A-N]N|A and exocentric [V-N]N are the most productive schemas. Moreover, this study highlights a significant influence of Latin on Italian compounding, whereby many Old Italian compounds are Latin loanwords and calques which served as a model for the creation of new native compounds.

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Tadesse, Asnakew Amare, Negera Abdissa Ayana, and Dele Abdissa Keneni. "Anthraquinones from the Roots of Kniphofia insignis and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Activities." Journal of Chemistry 2021 (April 14, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6661116.

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Sequential extraction using a cold maceration method and column chromatographic separation of the roots Kniphofia insignis headed to the isolation of three anthraquinones: one monomeric anthraquinone (1) and two dimeric anthraquinones (2 and 3). It was further purified by Sephadex LH-20 and recrystallized. The structures of these compounds were established based on the spectroscopic analyses including NMR (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR and infrared) and comparison with reported literatures. In an in vitro antimicrobial assay of the crude extracts, the isolated compounds were made against four bacterial strains (S. aureus ATCC 25923, B. subtilis ATCC 6633, E. coli ATCC 35218, and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853) and Fusarium spp. fungal strain. In the crude extracts of chloroform, substantial antimicrobial activity was seen with the highest activity against B. subtilis (16 mm) and E. coli (22 mm). Meanwhile, compound 1 has a better zone of inhibition with 14 mm against P. aeruginosa, whereas compound 2 showed better activity (13 mm) against Fusarium spp. fungal strain.

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13

Yong Robson, Shin. "The morphology of Chinese disyllabic verbs." International Journal of Chinese Linguistics 5, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 94–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.16020.yon.

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Abstract With a close examination of the characteristics of Chinese monosyllables, i.e., the base morphemes that form the disyllabic verbs, this article discusses the morphological traits these characteristics bring to disyllabic compound verbs. The two distinctive characteristics of the Chinese monosyllables, namely, being morphologically independent and highly polysemous, give rise to unusual phenomena in disyllabic verbs, most representatively the headedness of coordinative compound verbs. The Chinese language not only has various possible forms of headedness, but also allows the same compound verbs to be both endocentric and exocentric.

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Li, Wenchao. "A Phonological, Morpho-Syntactical Study of Nominal Compounding in Japanese." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 5 (October 7, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i5.15185.

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This paper provides a distributed-morphological analysis of nominal compounding in Japanese in an effort to pin down the phonological, morphosyntactic mechanism in nominal compounding. The findings reveal that the semantic relation between the N1and N2 has seven variations: Object + Tran.conj.; Instrument + Tran.conj.; Modifier - Tran.conj.; Place - Tran.conj.; Method - Tran.conj.; Cause - Tran.conj.; and Subject –tran. conj..Among the variations, sequential voicing is only subject to [Nobject - N TRAN.conj.] nominal compounds. Moreover, during the process of forming a nominal compound, the second constituents (N2) rendered by aspirate consonants /k/ and /t/ are very likely to receive sequential voicing. When the N2 is conveyed by consonant /c/ and fricative consonant /h/, sequential voicing does not occur. Syntactically, Japanese nominal compounds are all right-headed. The formation process of all nominal compounds is a matter of ‘word derivation’ given the fact that, (i) √Root and the latter added morphemes are not semantically associated and it is after the merger that the semantic interpretation is established, and (ii) the N-N’s category is determined by the added morphemes. In addition, lexicalisation plays an essential role during the nominal compounding process. Crucially, lexicalisation only applies to the[Nobject - N TRAN.conj.] type of compound.

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Ceccagno, Antonella, and Bianca Basciano. "Compound headedness in Chinese: an analysis of neologisms." Morphology 17, no. 2 (December 2007): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-008-9119-0.

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Wasak, Sebastian. "Synthetic -BLE compounds VS. -BLE adjectives: Issues in the external and internal syntax." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 58, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 573–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2022-0025.

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Abstract The subject matter of this paper is the external and internal syntax of adjectival compounds based on -ble adjectives in English (e.g. vaccine-preventable, machine-readable, drug-susceptible) and passive potential adjectives in Polish (e.g. łatwopalny ‘combustible’, lekkostrawny ‘lit. easily digestible, light’, szybkozmywalny ‘quickly-washable’), with special attention paid to whether the syntactic behaviour exhibited by -ble and -ny/-alny adjectives is also present in compounds headed by them. Drawing on analysis put forth by Oltra-Massuet (2013), the present research departs from Oltra-Massuet's account in that certain ble adjectives which show irregular morphology (e.g. visible, tolerable) are interpreted as high (eventive) -ble adjectives. It is shown that while synthetic -ble compounds in English inherit the syntactic features of their heads, passive potential adjectives in Polish often lose the ability to project the external argument upon being merged with a modifier to form a compound.

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Choi, Jaehoon. "Headedness in Exocentric Compounds and Morphological Productivity." Studies in Modern Grammar 111 (September 25, 2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14342/smog.2021.111.19.

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Grossmann, Maria. "Romanian compounds." Probus 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2012): 147–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2012-0007.

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Abstract This paper is a brief survey of compounding patterns in present-day Romanian. Special attention will be paid to more productive processes, though less productive patterns and those that are no longer productive will not be neglected. Section 1 consists of general remarks and presents an inventory of productive patterns. The central sections will deal with the individual compounding patterns involving words (Sections 2–5) and combining forms (Section 6). Each pattern will be analyzed for productivity, headedness, ordering preferences, linking elements and inflectional markers. Section 7 contains some concluding remarks.

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Semenza, Carlo, Giorgio Arcara, Silvia Facchini, Francesca Meneghello, Marco Ferraro, Laura Passarini, Cristina Pilosio, Giovanna Vigato, and Sara Mondini. "Reading compounds in neglect dyslexia: The headedness effect." Neuropsychologia 49, no. 11 (September 2011): 3116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.020.

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Gaeta, Livio, and Amir Zeldes. "Between VP and NN." Constructions and Frames 9, no. 1 (October 20, 2017): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.9.1.01gae.

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Abstract This paper is concerned with the classification and analysis of different types of German synthetic compounds headed by deverbal agent nouns in -er, such as Romanleser ‘novel-reader’ or Gedankenleser ‘mind-reader’, where the non-head is seen to saturate an argument of the head lexeme while adhering to the semantic interpretation found in corresponding VPs (e.g. the distinct senses of read in the previous examples). In contrast to several previous approaches, which attempt to explain the relationship between VPs and compounds using a unified mechanism of incorporation or derivation, we argue that different compounding patterns require different analyses and that the respective constructions are to some extent independent of each other. While some compounds are modelled after frequent, familiar VPs and take account of the usage profile of syntactic phrases, other productive sets of compounds extend independently lexicalized schemas with fixed compound heads. To support our analysis we undertake the largest empirical survey of these formations to date, using a broad coverage Web corpus. We suggest several categories of verb-object lexeme pairs to account for our data and formulate an analysis of the facts within the framework of Construction Morphology.

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Libben, Gary, Martha Gibson, Yeo Bom Yoon, and Dominiek Sandra. "Compound fracture: The role of semantic transparency and morphological headedness." Brain and Language 84, no. 1 (January 2003): 50–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-934x(02)00520-5.

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Koliopoulou, Maria. "Possessive / bahuvrīhi compounds in German." Contrasting contrastive approaches 15, no. 1 (April 3, 2015): 81–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.15.1.05kol.

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This paper deals with structural properties of German possessive compounds. Based on a comparison with compounds in Modern Greek, I argue against a general approach based exclusively on semantic criteria. Instead I distinguish between exocentric and endocentric formations in German, on the basis of specific structural criteria. In particular, I propose that compounds like Dickkopf ‘pigheaded person’ — also called bahuvrīhi or exocentric formations — are to be analysed as endocentric, right-headed compounds with a metonymical meaning. Furthermore, I propose that structures like Vierfüßer ‘quadruped’ and heißblütig ‘warm-blooded/hot-tempered’ are the real bahuvrīhi compounds in German, i.e. exocentric structures with a possessive meaning, headed by the derivational suffixes, -er or -ig.

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SPENCER, ANDREW. "What's in a compound?" Journal of Linguistics 47, no. 2 (June 3, 2011): 481–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226710000411.

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The Oxford Handbook of Compoundingsurveys a variety of theoretical and descriptive issues, presenting overviews of compounding in a number of frameworks and sketches of compounding in a number of languages. Much of the book deals with Germanic noun–noun compounding. I take up some of the theoretical questions raised surrounding such constructions, in particular, the notion of attributive modification in noun-headed compounds. I focus on two issues. The first is the semantic relation between the head noun and its nominal modifier. Several authors repeat the argument that there is a small(-ish) fixed number of general semantic relations in noun–noun compounds (‘Lees's solution’), but I argue that the correct way to look at such compounds is what I call ‘Downing's solution’, in which we assume that the relation is specified pragmatically, and hence could be any relation at all. The second issue is the way that adjectives modify nouns inside compounds. Although there are languages in which compounded adjectives modify just as they do in phrases (Chukchee, Arleplog Swedish), in general the adjective has a classifier role and not that of a compositional attributive modifier. Thus, even if an English (or German) adjective–noun compound looks compositional, it isn't.

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Rosenberg, Maria. "Classification, headedness and pluralization: Corpus evidence from French compounds." Acta Linguistica Hungarica 54, no. 3 (September 2007): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aling.54.2007.3.4.

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Masini, Francesca, and Sergio Scalise. "Italian compounds." Probus 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2012): 61–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2012-0004.

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Abstract This paper aims at giving an up-to-date picture of compounding in Italian on the basis of most recent literature. First and foremost, we illustrate the basic units of Italian compounds, including semiwords, and we offer an operational definition of compounding that will be adopted throughout the paper. Secondly, we focus on the crucial issue of the demarcation of compounds: several criteria are given to distinguish compounds from derived words, phrases and also phrasal lexemes. Third, we offer a classification of Italian compounds according to two hierarchically ordered criteria – the grammatical relation between the constituents and the presence/absence of the head – and then we illustrate the main formation patterns that give rise to such compounds. Finally, we discuss crucial theoretical issues such as headedness and the relationship between compounding and inflection.

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Arcara, Giorgio, Marco Marelli, Giulia Buodo, and Sara Mondini. "Compound headedness in the mental lexicon: An event-related potential study." Cognitive Neuropsychology 31, no. 1-2 (October 30, 2013): 164–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2013.847076.

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Rakic, Stanimir. "On metaphorical designation of humans, animals, plants and things in Serbian and English language." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 60 (2004): 147–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0460147r.

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In this paper I examine compound names of plants, animals, human beings and other things in which at least one nominal component designates a part of the body or clothes, or some basic elements of houshold in Serbian and English. The object of my analysis are complex derivatives of the type (adjective noun) + suffix in Serbian and componds of the type noun's + noun, noun + noun and adjective + noun in English. I try to show that there is a difference in metaphorical designation of human beings and other living creatures and things by such compound nouns. My thesis is that the metathorical designation of human beings by such compounds is based on the symbolic meaning of some words and expressions while the designation of other things and beings relies on noticed similarity. In Serbian language such designation is provided by comples derivatives praznoglavac 'empty-headed person', tupoglavac 'dullard' debolokoiac 'callos person', golobradac 'young, inexperienced person' zutokljunac 'tledling' (fig), in English chicken liver, beetle brain birdbrain, bonehead, butterfingers, bigwig, blackleg, blue blood bluestocking, eat's paw, deadhead,fat-guts,fathead, goldbrick (kol) hardhat, hardhead, greenhorn, redcoat (ist), redneck (sl), thickhead, etc. Polisemous compounds like eat's paw lend support for this thesis because their designation of human beings is based on symbolic meaning of some words or expressions. I hypothesize that the direction and extend of the possible metaphorization of names may be accounted for by the following hierarchy (11) people - animals - plants - meterial things. Such hierarchy is well supported by the observations of Lakoff (1987) and Taylor (1995) about the role of human body in early experience and perception ofthe reality. Different restrictions which may be imposed in the hierarchy (11) should be the matter of further study, some of which have been noted on this paper. The compounds of this type denoting people have metaphorically meaning conected with some pejorative uses. These compounds refer to some psychological or characteral features, and show that for the classification of people such features are much more important than physical properties. While the animals and plants are classified according to some charecteristics of their body parts, people are usually classified according to psychollogical characteristics or their social functions. I have also noted a difference in structure between compounds designation animals and those designating plants and other things. The designation of animals relies more on metonymy, and that of plants and other things on metaphor based on comparision of noticed similarities. In the compounds designating animals, the nominal component relatively seldom refers to the parts of plants or other things. I guess that the cause may be the fact that the anatomy of plants is very different from the anatomy of animals. As a consequence the structure adjective + noun is much more characteristic of the compounds designating animals in English than the structure noun's + noun, and the same holds, although in a lesser degree for the compounds designating humans. It is also noticeable that in English compounds whose second component a part of body or clothes the first component rarely designates animals. On the other hand the compounds (9), in which the nominal head refers to some superordinate species, the first component often designates animal species, but usually of a very different kind. These data seem to lend support for Goldvarg & Gluksberg's thesis (1998) that metaforical interpretation is favoured if the nominal constituents denote quite different entities.

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Guevara, Emiliano R. "Spanish compounds." Probus 24, no. 1 (June 26, 2012): 175–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/probus-2012-0008.

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Abstract This paper provides with a descriptive overview of the main productive patterns in present-day Spanish compounding, their structural and semantic characteristics. In this paper we try to maintain a theory-neutral point of view, although some theoretical stances are mandatory in order to accomplish the descriptive aims. Following previous work (for example Rainer and Varela 1992), a great number of minor processes and the so-called “syntagmatic compounds” are excluded from the discussion. The plan is to show that Spanish compounds form a relatively simple and harmonic scheme: it is a predominantly endocentric system that produces new Nouns and Adjectives, which can be left- or right-headed.

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Hacken, Pius ten. "The Nature of Compounding." Cadernos de Linguística 2, no. 1 (February 7, 2021): 01–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25189/2675-4916.2021.v2.n1.id302.

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This paper addresses the question of the definition of compounding from a terminological perspective. In terminology, concepts are defined by a selection of properties shared by prototypical cases. For scientific terminology, the selection is validated by the strength of the theories that can use the definition. It is shown that morphophonological criteria often adduced in the delimitation of compounding are not adequate in a universal definition. In order to come up with a better definition, a two-step procedure is proposed. In the first step, a universal definition is used to determine for constructions in a particular language whether they belong to compounding. In the second step, language-specific properties are used to identify instances of these constructions. A definition is proposed that takes a compound as a word with a binary, headed structure, a relation between the elements that is not determined by compounding and a non-head that is not introduced as an entity in the discourse. The use of this definition is illustrated with a number of constructions in different languages. It is shown that expressions commonly called exocentric and copulative compounds are generally not compounds in this definition, but that some expressions that have been labelled as such are in fact compounds. The two-step procedure demonstrated here for compounding can also be used for other linguistic terms.

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Marelli, Marco, Silvia Aggujaro, Franco Molteni, Giusy Zonca, and Claudio Luzzatti. "Headedness and Whole-word Effects in Compound Processing: Evidence from Neuropsychological Studies." Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 6 (2010): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.08.009.

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Kapatsinski, Vsevolod, and Cynthia Vakareliyska. "[N[N]] compounds in Russian." Constructions and Frames 5, no. 1 (August 5, 2013): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.5.1.03kap.

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Modern Russian contains a significant number of right-headed compounds modeled on Germanic [N[N]] compounds and containing recently borrowed English or German stems. The present article argues that these compounds are a family of partially lexically-specific constructions. Quantitative corpus data from the restricted semantic domain consisting of names of food/drink establishments support this claim by showing that the [N[N]] structure is specifically associated with certain head nouns. The article discusses the relationship between these and related constructions, and suggests motivations for the partial productivity of [N[N]] constructions in Russian.1

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Laumann, Raul Alberto, Miguel Borges, Jeffrey R. Aldrich, Ashot Khrimian, and Maria Carolina Blassioli-Moraes. "Attractant Pheromone of the Neotropical SpeciesNeomegalotomus parvus(Westwood) (Heteroptera: Alydidae)." Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/280340.

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The Neotropical broad-headed bug,Neomegalotomus parvus(Westwood), is adapted to various leguminous crops and is considered a pest in common bean and soybean. The chemical communication of this species was studied in order to identify an attractant pheromone. Males and females ofN. parvusproduce several short-chain esters and acids, and their antennae showed electrophysiological responses to five of these compounds, three common to both sexes (hexyl butanoate, 4-methylhexyl butanoate, and hexyl hexanoate), and two female-specific compounds (4-methylhexyl pentanoate and hexyl pentanoate). Both aeration extracts of females and a solution containing five synthetic compounds mimicking the natural blend were attractive to males and femalesN. parvusin a laboratory bioassay. Aspects of the chemical ecology of the broad-headed bugs and the possibility to use pheromone-baited traps in the field for monitoring are discussed.

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Steddy, Sam. "Compounds, composability, and morphological idiosyncrasy." Linguistic Review 36, no. 3 (September 25, 2019): 453–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2019-2026.

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Abstract Working within the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993, 1994), this paper offers a derivational analysis of the range of structures and the types of idiosyncrasy associated with compounding. Building on prior analysis by Harley (2009), compound structures are argued to vary according to the ways in which the head and the non-head of a compound are categorised. Specifically, if the non-head of a compound is acategorial, then the relationship between the compound head and non-head is non-decomposable. Based on data from Hebrew (Borer 2009), it is shown that this also makes the non-head inaccessible to independent syntactic-semantic operations, including coordination, and coreference with a pronoun. It is additionally shown that morphologically-conditioned allomorphy (Bobaljik 2012) may be conditioned between the compound head and a suffix, as constitutes part of a bracketing paradox (Williams 1981). Where categorisation of the head of the compound gives rise to effects of headedness, however, this allomorphy may be ‘blocked’ by the structure associated with exocentricity. The final sections of the paper consider exocentricity, and other interactions between idiosyncratic meanings and phonology, in further detail.

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Boucher, Gregory D., Aaron C. MacDonald, Brent E. Hawrylak, and D. Gerrard Marangoni. "Article." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 9 (September 1, 1998): 1266–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-165.

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A family of two-headed surfactants, the disodium 4-alkyl-3-sulfonatosuccinates, has been synthesized by the monoesterification of maleic anhydride and the addition of sodium bisulfite to the corresponding monoester. The properties the micelles formed by these compounds in aqueous solution, and the conformations of the chains comprising the micellar interior, have been investigated using a combination of 1-D nmr experiments and homonuclear and heteronuclear 2-D nmr techniques. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) and the aggregation numbers determined from the nmr experiments indicate that, in agreement with the earlier literature on other two-headed surfactant systems, these amphiphiles have high cmc's and low aggregation numbers when compared to single-headed surfactants of comparable chain length. All these results are interpreted in terms of the effect of adding a second headgroup to a single-headed, single-tailed surfactant.Key words: micelles, surfactants, nmr spectroscopy, chemical shifts, aggregation numbers.

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Duanmu, San. "Left-headed feet and phrasal stress in Chinese." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 33, no. 1 (December 15, 2004): 65–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028_033_01-04.

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This is a rejoinder to F. Dell's review of the analysis of stress proposed in Duanmu (2000), see pp. 33-63 in this issue. In his book, Duanmu proposes that Standard Chinese has left-headed feet. In addition, in compounds and phrases, stress is assigned to the syntactic non-head. F. Dell raises a number of questions for Duanmu's analysis. In the present article, Duanmu explains how the questions can be addressed. He also offers some new evidence and argues that the analysis with left-headed feet remains the simplest theory.

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Tribulato, Olga. "Greek Compounds of the Type ισóεoς 'Equal to a God', αξιóλoγoς 'Worthy of Note', απειρoμαχας 'Ignorant of War', etc." Mnemosyne 60, no. 4 (2007): 527–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852507x169618.

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AbstractIn the majority of Greek compounds the head occurs on the right. Within this system, a number of left-oriented categories are tolerated, chiefly preposition- and verb-first compounds, but also a handful of minor groups. This article aims to provide a more thorough appraisal of a specific subtype of left-oriented compounds: those showing an adjectival head (type ισóεoς, αξιoλoγoς, etc.). It first provides an overview of the various types of left-oriented compounds in Greek (section 2). It then assesses the claim that adjectival left-oriented compounds derive from left-oriented syntactic phrases by supplying a full corpus of such forms, and comparing them to existing syntagms of the type adjective plus noun (section 3). The subsequent sections investigate the autonomous morphological reasons behind the left-headedness of such compounds, which the syntactic model does not adequately explain. Section 4.1 addresses the question of why such compounds could not have been right-oriented. Section 4.2 identifies the morphological features which—as in the case of prepositional compounds—characterise adjectives in left-oriented compounds, and are largely responsible for their placement on the left.

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Marelli, Marco, Giusy Zonca, Antonella Contardi, and Claudio Luzzatti. "The representation of compound headedness in the mental lexicon: A picture naming study in aphasia." Cognitive Neuropsychology 31, no. 1-2 (December 7, 2013): 26–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2013.860024.

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Makarieva, T. N., A. G. Guzii, V. A. Denisenko, P. S. Dmitrenok, and V. A. Stonik. "New two-headed sphingolipid-like compounds from the marine sponge Oceanapia sp." Russian Chemical Bulletin 57, no. 3 (March 2008): 669–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11172-008-0106-8.

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Atrashkevich, G. I. "Spiny-headed worms (Acanthocephala) in the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk: taxonomic and ecological diversity." Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 313, no. 3 (September 25, 2009): 350–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/trudyzin/2009.313.3.350.

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For the first time the inventory of the taxonomic composition of the spiny-headed worms has been carried out in the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk. It has revealed their high biodiversity. We have registered 100 species and forms of 28 genera of 17 families of 8 orders of 3 classes in composition of the phylum Acanthocephales. Spiny-headed worms of hydrotopic species, both sea and freshwater, totally dominate in the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk. Parasitic systems of the background species of the sea spiny-headed worms are basically composed by the dominant species of intertidal and near-shore sea amphipods, and besides of decapods as intermediate hosts. Structure and biotopic belonging of parasitic systems of the freshwater spiny-headed worms species in the region are determined by the freshwater crustaceans belonging to ostracods of genera Cypria and Candona, amphipods of the genus Gammarus and isopods, namely water slaters of the genus Asellus. Broad transmission of the spiny-headed worms within certain ecosystems and over the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk is realized by their definite and parathenic hosts. Short- and long-distance migrant fishes, birds and mammals are most important among them.

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El Yagoubi, Radouane, Valentina Chiarelli, Sara Mondini, Gelsomina Perrone, Morena Danieli, and Carlo Semenza. "Neural correlates of Italian nominal compounds and potential impact of headedness effect: An ERP study." Cognitive Neuropsychology 25, no. 4 (June 2008): 559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643290801900941.

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Marelli, Marco, and Claudio Luzzatti. "Frequency effects in the processing of Italian nominal compounds: Modulation of headedness and semantic transparency." Journal of Memory and Language 66, no. 4 (May 2012): 644–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.01.003.

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Drozdowska, Mariola, Teresa Leszczyńska, Aneta Koronowicz, Ewelina Piasna-Słupecka, Dominik Domagała, and Barbara Kusznierewicz. "Young shoots of red cabbage are a better source of selected nutrients and glucosinolates in comparison to the vegetable at full maturity." European Food Research and Technology 246, no. 12 (August 27, 2020): 2505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00217-020-03593-x.

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AbstractCruciferous vegetables are a valuable source of ingredients with health benefits. The most characteristic compounds of cruciferous vegetables with identified anticancer properties are glucosinolates. Young shoots and sprouts of red cabbage are becoming a popular fresh food rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. The objective of this research was to determine, for the first time in a comprehensive approach, whether young shoots of red headed cabbage are a better source of selected nutrients and glucosinolates in the human diet in comparison to the vegetable at full maturity. The proximate composition (protein, fat, digestible carbohydrates, fiber), fatty acids profile, minerals (calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper), as well as glucosinolates were examined. The red headed cabbage was characterized by a significantly larger amount of dry matter, and total and digestible carbohydrates in comparison to young shoots. The ready-to-eat young shoots, which are in the phase of intensive growth, are a better source of protein, selected minerals, and especially glucosinolates. The level of some nutrients can be enhanced and the intake of pro-healthy glucosinolates can be significantly increased by including young shoots of red cabbage into the diet.

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Garaev, R. S., and A. U. Ziganshin. "Medicines and life (to the 100th anniversary of Professor Irina Vitalievna Zaikonnikova)." Kazan medical journal 102, no. 6 (December 13, 2021): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2021-960.

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Irina Vitalevna Zaikonnikova is a well-known Soviet pharmacologist, headed the Department of Pharmacology of the Kazan State Medical Institute between 1968 and 1989. The topic of I.V. Zaikonnikovas Ph.D. thesis was The influence of dikain on blood vessels and its relationship with adrenaline. In her dissertation, Irina Vitalievna found that dicaine dilates blood vessels in low concentrations and causes their constriction in high concentrations. The thesis was successfully defended in 1947. In the 50s of the last century in Kazan, for the first time in the Soviet Union, the study of the biological activity of organophosphorus compounds was begun. A large experimental material concerning the correlation between the biological activity and chemical structure of compounds was summarized in his doctoral dissertation Pharmacological characteristics of a number of dialkylphosphinic acid esters, which I.V. Zaikonnikova defended in 1968. At the Department of Pharmacology, which she headed since 1968, a close-knit team was formed, united by a common interest the search and development of new potential drugs. This major work resulted in the creation of cidiphos, glycifon, phosphabenzide, and dimephosphon organophosphorus compounds of a new type, which mechanism of action is not associated with inhibition of the activity of acetylcholinesterase. In addition, drugs that did not belong to organophosphates were created the daytime tranquilizer mebikar, a regeneration stimulator with the immunomodulatory effect of xymedon. At present, the Department of Pharmacology of Kazan State Medical University continues the scientific traditions of our outstanding predecessors.

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Bai, Shijie, Peijun Zhang, Xianfeng Zhang, Zixin Yang, and Songhai Li. "Gut Microbial Characterization of Melon-Headed Whales (Peponocephala electra) Stranded in China." Microorganisms 10, no. 3 (March 6, 2022): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030572.

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Although gut microbes are regarded as a significant component of many mammals and play a very important role, there is a paucity of knowledge around marine mammal gut microbes, which may be due to sampling difficulties. Moreover, to date, there are very few, if any, reports on the gut microbes of melon-headed whales. In this study, we opportunistically collected fecal samples from eight stranded melon-headed whales (Peponocephala electra) in China. Using high-throughput sequencing technology of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences, we demonstrate that the main taxa of melon-headed whale gut microbes are Firmicutes, Fusobacteriota, Bacteroidota, and Proteobacteria (Gamma) at the phylum taxonomic level, and Cetobacterium, Bacteroides, Clostridium sensu stricto, and Enterococcus at the genus taxonomic level. Meanwhile, molecular ecological network analysis (MENA) shows that two modules (a set of nodes that have strong interactions) constitute the gut microbial community network of melon-headed whales. Module 1 is mainly composed of Bacteroides, while Module 2 comprises Cetobacterium and Enterococcus, and the network keystone genera are Corynebacterium, Alcaligenes, Acinetobacter, and Flavobacterium. Furthermore, by predicting the functions of the gut microbial community through PICRUSt2, we found that although there are differences in the composition of the gut microbial community in different individuals, the predicted functional profiles are similar. Our study gives a preliminary inside look into the composition of the gut microbiota of stranded melon-headed whales.

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Tsiaka, Thalia, Eftichia Kritsi, Dimitra Z. Lantzouraki, Paris Christodoulou, Diamantina Tsigrimani, Irini F. Strati, Vassilia J. Sinanoglou, and Panagiotis Zoumpoulakis. "Assessing the Phytochemical Profile and Potential of Traditional Herbal Infusions against Aldose Reductase through In Silico Studies and LC-MS/MS Analysis." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (August 21, 2022): 8361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168361.

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In the current market, there is a growing interest in traditional herbal nutraceuticals. Therefore, herbal formulations have re-emerged as products with sought-after nutraceutical and disease-preventing properties. The health-promoting effects of herbal bioactives are attributed to the active phytoconstituents of these plants. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the putative nutraceutical effectiveness of the preparations of ten herbs (chamomile, purple coneflower, lemon verbena, pennyroyal, spearmint, oregano, marjoram, headed savory, sea buckthorn, and St. John’s wort) by combining in silico techniques and LC-MS/MS analysis. The binding potential of the selected phenolic compounds, according to literature and web databases, was investigated by using molecular target prediction tools. Aldose reductase (AR), an enzyme of polyol pathway which is related to hyperglycemic-induced pathologies, emerged as the most promising molecular target. The molecular docking results showed that rosmarinic acid, caftaric acid, naringenin, and quercetin presented the highest binding affinity. In a further step, the phytochemical profile of the examined infusions, obtained by LC-MS/MS analysis, revealed that the abovementioned compounds were present, mainly in the herbs of the Lamiaceae family, designating headed savory as the herbal infusion with possible significant inhibitory activity against AR.

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Schwarz, Sebastian, Antoine Wystrach, and Ken Cheng. "A new navigational mechanism mediated by ant ocelli." Biology Letters 7, no. 6 (July 6, 2011): 856–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0489.

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Many animals rely on path integration for navigation and desert ants are the champions. On leaving the nest, ants continuously integrate their distance and direction of travel so that they always know their current distance and direction from the nest and can take a direct path to home. Distance information originates from a step-counter and directional information is based on a celestial compass. So far, it has been assumed that the directional information obtained from ocelli contribute to a single global path integrator, together with directional information from the dorsal rim area (DRA) of the compound eyes and distance information from the step-counter. Here, we show that ocelli mediate a distinct compass from that mediated by the compound eyes. After travelling a two-leg outbound route, untreated foragers headed towards the nest direction, showing that both legs of the route had been integrated. In contrast, foragers with covered compound eyes but uncovered ocelli steered in the direction opposite to the last leg of the outbound route. Our findings suggest that, unlike the DRA, ocelli cannot by themselves mediate path integration. Instead, ocelli mediate a distinct directional system, which buffers the most recent leg of a journey.

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Fedorov, Sergey N., Tatyana N. Makarieva, Alla G. Guzii, Larisa K. Shubina, Jong Y. Kwak, and Valentin A. Stonik. "Marine Two-Headed Sphingolipid-Like Compound Rhizochalin Inhibits EGF-Induced Transformation of JB6 P+ Cl41 Cells." Lipids 44, no. 9 (July 5, 2009): 777–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-009-3322-6.

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Rae, Ian D. "Elemental Micro-analysis of Organic Compounds: the Australian Experience." Historical Records of Australian Science 27, no. 2 (2016): 116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hr16017.

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Combustion methods for elemental analysis developed in Europewere adopted by Australian chemists, some of whom undertook training in the Pregl laboratory in Graz, the centre of microanalytical expertise. Microanalytical services developed slowly at the Universities of Sydney and Melbourne. After World War 2 the University of Melbourne and Australia's Council for Scientific and Industrial Research combined to bring German experts to Australia. One of them, Dr K. W. Zimmermann, headed the Australian Microanalytical Service in Melbourne that met the needs of Australian chemists and some overseas customers for four decades. Zimmermann also trained a chemist from Singapore, Mrs Tong Hee Keong, who returned to establish a microanalytical service there. Smaller facilities continued at some Australian universities but most of these closed as the need for micro analyses waned. Simple analyses could be conducted with modern auto-analyzers, but the use of mass spectroscopy to determine accurate molecular masses could obviate the need for combustion analysis. Two university services remain, and a microanalytical service in New Zealand has served Australian customers in recent years.

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Kemery, Ricky D., and Michael N. Dana. "Influence of Container Size and Medium Amendment on Post-transplant Growth of Prairie Perennial Seedlings." HortTechnology 11, no. 1 (January 2001): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.11.1.52.

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The objective of this study was to determine whether container size or incorporation of water-holding hydrogels in the container medium would affect growth of prairie perennials transplanted on a steep slope. Seedlings of pale-purple coneflower (Echinacea pallida Nutt.), rough blazingstar (Liatris aspera Michx.), gray-headed coneflower [Ratibida pinnata (Venten.) Barnh.], and little bluestem grass [Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash.], were grown in 3.7-cm (1.46-inch) diameter tubes that were either 13 cm (5.1 inches) or 18 cm (7.1 inches) long containing either standard greenhouse mix or the mix amended with hydrogels Terra-sorb AG or Liqua-Gel, or a nonhydrogel experimental compound, GLK-8924. The seedlings were transplanted to the slope in May 1994, and harvested in June 1995. After two growing seasons, plants of pale-purple cone-flower and gray-headed coneflower from the longer containers were larger (dry weight) than those from the shorter containers. The blazingstar and little bluestem were unafffected by container size. Terra-sorb AG and Liqua-Gel did not significantly affect height growth of the prairie perennials. GLK-8924-amended medium resulted in smaller or similar height plants.

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Neto, Catherine C., Christine A. Dao, Michelle R. Salvas, Wesley R. Autio, and Justine E. Vanden Heuvel. "Variation in Concentration of Phenolic Acid Derivatives and Quercetin Glycosides in Foliage of Cranberry that May Play a Role in Pest Deterrence." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 6 (November 2010): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.6.494.

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Several insect herbivores have been anecdotally reported to prefer ‘Howes’ cranberry leaves (Vaccinium macrocarpon) over those of ‘Early Black’. A series of studies were undertaken to determine whether these anecdotal reports are accurate and to compare phenolic profiles in the foliage of ‘Early Black’ and ‘Howes’ for compounds that differ in concentration and could be further investigated as possible feeding deterrents. Gypsy moth larvae (Lymantria dispar) demonstrated a significant feeding preference for ‘Howes’ over ‘Early Black’. Red-headed flea beetle adults (Systena frontalis) demonstrated a similar but not statistically significant trend, whereas cranberry weevil (Anthonomus musculus) did not prefer either cultivar. Compounds giving rise to six peaks in the phenolic profile were significantly greater in concentration in ‘Early Black’ than ‘Howes’ on at least one of three sampling dates during the growing season. Five of these compounds were isolated from leaves harvested at the June time point coinciding with gypsy moth infestation and identified as: 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, 5-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, and quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Compound headedne'

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