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1
FUJITA, Kenji. "Composting." Waste Management Research 5, no. 3 (1994): 243–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/wmr.5.243.
2
Avery, I. "Composting." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 139, no. 3 (September 2000): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.2000.139.3.159.
3
Gaffney, Austyn. "Composting." Prairie Schooner 92, no. 3 (September 2018): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2018.0136.
4
Juwanda, Muhammad, Sakhidin, Saparso, and Kharisun. "The Long Composting Period Effect of Leaf Shallots on the Compost Quality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1097, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012045.
Abstract:
Abstract Compost is a solid organic material that biologically changes into a final product that can be used as fertilizer. Utilizing shallot leaf waste as raw material for composting is the latest technology and has never been applied by shallot farmers. This study aimed to determine the best quality of shallot leaf compost with the long treatment of the composting process. This process was supported through Trichoderma, sp activator with 106 cfu/mL density. The treatment design was arranged as follows: K0 = no composting (leaves were simply dried in the sun), K1 = composting for 1 day, K2 = composting for 2 days, K3 = composting for 3 days, K4 = composting for 4 days, K5 = composting for 5 days, K6 = composting for 6 days, K7 = composting for 7 days, K8 = composting for 14 days, K9 = composting for 21 days, and K10 = composting for 28 days. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the shallot leaf waste with the composting process was dried by the sunlight (natural composting) and had a C/N ratio. Meanwhile, the C-organic and N-total of this composting process were better than that of composting using a solution containing Trichoderma sp. activator.
5
Cottle, L. M., L. A. Baker, R. E. DeOtte, B. W. Auvermann, J. L. Pipkin, D. R. Topliff, and B. Blaser. "Composting carcass tissue in controlled composting columns." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33, no. 5 (May 2013): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.106.
6
Wang, Jizhang, Han Mao, Jing Zhou, Chenzhi Yao, and Yuechen Wang. "Process Control of a Compost-Reactor Turning Operation Based on a Composting Kinetics Model." Processes 11, no. 11 (November 10, 2023): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113206.
Abstract:
Composting is a biochemical as well as a heterogeneous process, and the turning operation is important to maintain aerobic conditions and improve the efficiency of the composting process. Therefore, the turning frequency is an important factor for the precise control of the composting reactor. It is necessary to determine the changes in the physical and chemical parameters of the composting process and to simulate them. Pretreated vinegar residue and wool washing sludge were mixed at a mass ratio of 6:4 for the composting process. The composting reactor’s temperature, CO2, CH4, and organic matter content were collected during the composting process. According to the principles of composting, a kinetic model of composting based on the change in CO2 gas concentration and heat balance in the composting reactor is developed, which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent control of the composting reactor. The comparison of the model predictions to the measured results of the composting reactor shows that the SSE, R2, and RMSE for the organic matter content simulation are 8.122, 0.943, and 1.274 g/kg, respectively, and the SSE, R2, and RMSE for the temperature simulation are 29.54, 0.959, and 2.71 °C, respectively. Based on the prediction of the temperature in the reactor based on the composting kinetics model, the process control for the turning operation is proposed to achieve precise control of the composting process. The results show that the duration of high temperature in a composting reactor is prolonged for 2 days, the degradation rate of organic matter occurs at a more rapid speed, and the operation efficiency of the production line can be improved by more than 10%. This indicates that the decision-making method based on the composting kinetics model can improve the composting efficiency.
7
Waqas, Muhammad, Sarfraz Hashim, Usa Wannasingha Humphries, Shakeel Ahmad, Rabeea Noor, Muhammad Shoaib, Adila Naseem, Phyo Thandar Hlaing, and Hnin Aye Lin. "Composting Processes for Agricultural Waste Management: A Comprehensive Review." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030731.
Abstract:
Composting is the most adaptable and fruitful method for managing biodegradable solid wastes; it is a crucial agricultural practice that contributes to recycling farm and agricultural wastes. Composting is profitable for various plant, animal, and synthetic wastes, from residential bins to large corporations. Composting and agricultural waste management (AWM) practices flourish in developing countries, especially Pakistan. Composting has advantages over other AWM practices, such as landfilling agricultural waste, which increases the potential for pollution of groundwater by leachate, while composting reduces water contamination. Furthermore, waste is burned, open-dumped on land surfaces, and disposed of into bodies of water, leading to environmental and global warming concerns. Among AWM practices, composting is an environment-friendly and cost-effective practice for agricultural waste disposal. This review investigates improved AWM via various conventional and emerging composting processes and stages: composting, underlying mechanisms, and factors that influence composting of discrete crop residue, municipal solid waste (MSW), and biomedical waste (BMW). Additionally, this review describes and compares conventional and emerging composting. In the conclusion, current trends and future composting possibilities are summarized and reviewed. Recent developments in composting for AWM are highlighted in this critical review; various recommendations are developed to aid its technological growth, recognize its advantages, and increase research interest in composting processes.
8
Plūme, I. "Energy Effectiveness Assessment of Composting Technologies." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 26, 2006): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2003vol1.2010.
Abstract:
The incorrect biomass composting improperly results in considerable emission of greenhouse gases, loss of effluent and composting heat into environment. The composting heat and gases utilisation is especially suitable for plant enrichment and heating of greenhouses. The mathematical model is worked out for assessment of energy effectiveness and sustainability of biomass composting process. Coefficient of energy effectiveness for traditional litter manure composting technologies is 0.45 and can be increased up to 1.50 if the effluent, composting heat, carbon dioxide and ammonia were utilised during the composting cycle.
9
Anusha, G., K. Maruthi Venkatesh, M. Aravind, and S. Ramakrishnan. "Microbial Composting." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1145/1/012019.
10
Gouin, Francis R. "Composting Systems." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 697g—698. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.697g.
Abstract:
During the past decade, numerous commercial composting systems have been developed. Time, as well as economics, are determining which of these systems are feasible. Systems that take time but can operate at low cost are surviving, as are more costly systems capable of producing a mature compost in the shortest possible time. Which system to use can be determined by the amount of space available and the amount of feedstock to be composted. Where space is limited and the volume of feedstock is high, more intensively managed systems are necessary. When space is not a limiting factor, more passive systems may be adequate. Of the more costly system developed, those systems with the least amount of down time and with a high degree of versatility appear to be surviving. Although it is possible to optimize the rate of composting through good engineering and management, there exists a given time period, depending on the feedstock necessary to produce quality mature compost. Minimizing production time to the point where the quality of the compost is jeopardized will result in wide-spread rejection. As horticulturists, we must stand firm in demanding compost standards with qualities based on our needs. Based on the diversity of our industry, the horticultural industries are likely to be the largest potential users of commercial compost.
11
Bueno, P., R. Tapias, F. López, and M. J. Díaz. "Optimizing composting parameters for nitrogen conservation in composting." Bioresource Technology 99, no. 11 (July 2008): 5069–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.08.087.
12
Cheng, Kuang Hung, Mei Chuan Huang, Mei Fang Lu, Ya Jung Chou, and Jim Jui Min Lin. "Assessment of Degree of Maturity of Compost Produced by Different Kitchen Waste Composting Methods." Advanced Materials Research 652-654 (January 2013): 1642–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.652-654.1642.
Abstract:
Kitchen waste in general has high water content with various plant required nutrients and organic matters but is non-toxic, and therefore, it is a good composting material. Three different composting methods were applied for experiments twice, which are mechanical aerobic composting, simple bucket composting, and fast composting processor, by using the same source of kitchen waste as the raw composting material. No significant difference was found between the compositions of the two kitchen waste samples. The major components of the two kitchen waste samples of this study were water content (averaged 72.7%), followed by combustible constituent (about 25.6%). The carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratio was between 15 and 25. Since the operation and parameters of these three composting methods were different, the compositions of compost products were different. Among these three composting methods, compost produced by the simple bucket composting method had the highest water content (an average of 25%), while compost by the fast composting processor had the lowest (about 11%). For C/N ratio, compost produced by the fast composting processor had the highest C/N ratio (an average of 26), compost by the mechanical aerobic composting method the second (about 22), and compost by the bucket composting method the lowest (about 12). It is stipulated by the Council of Agriculture that for the miscellaneous types of compost, the C/N ratio should be between 10 and 20 to ensure that the compost has reached maturity. For the germination test, compost produced by the mechanical aerobic composting method had an average of 84%, compost by the fast composting processor had 81%, and compost by the bucket composting method had an average of 95%. Although all three methods can yield compost with a maturity level greater than the minimum requirement (80%), compost produced by the simple bucket method had better maturity. When comparing the three compost samples produced by different methods to the standards given by the Council of Agriculture, only the simple bucket compost qualified all the criteria.
13
Wu, Junwei, Xitao Chao, Xianjin Zhong, and Fei Liu. "Study on the Changes of Maturity Indexes in the Composting Process of Chaohu Lake Sediment." Academic Journal of Science and Technology 9, no. 2 (February 23, 2024): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/y3se6379.
Abstract:
Using the method of composting in the greenhouse, the research was carried out in a 1:1 ratio between the sediment of Chaohu Lake and the deciduous garden stalks by adding a small amount of pig manure to adjust the carbon-nitrogen ratio for composting. The results showed that the temperature and pH both increased first and then decreased during the composting process. During the composting process, the high temperature of 55℃ for more than 4 days meets the temperature sterilization requirements of composting hygiene. During the entire composting process, the moisture content, organic matter, and total nitrogen all showed a downward trend, and the loss of organic matter was about 50.84%. The seed germination index showed an upward trend, eventually reaching 93.1%. After 5 weeks of composting and fermentation, all the composting indicators have reached or approached the GB8172—1987《Urban Waste Agricultural Standards》.
14
Sun, Qin Hua, Jian Kun Zhang, and Hui Fang Zhang. "Research on Sewage Sludge Composting Experimental." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.313.
Abstract:
Sludge composting is an effective method of urban sewage sludge by composting,It can make the sludge into the organic fertilizer for plant growth. In this experiment, straw as bulking agents, through aerobic composting experiment, analysis the changes of temperature, moisture, pH, water soluble organic carbon and germination index during the composting process,The results showed: through aerobic composting can achieve for urban sludge harmless, stabilization and reduction.
15
Sayara, Tahseen, and Antoni Sánchez. "Gaseous Emissions from the Composting Process: Controlling Parameters and Strategies of Mitigation." Processes 9, no. 10 (October 18, 2021): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9101844.
Abstract:
Organic waste generation, collection, and management have become a crucial problem in modern and developing societies. Among the technologies proposed in a circular economy and sustainability framework, composting has reached a strong relevance in terms of clean technology that permits reintroducing organic matter to the systems. However, composting has also negative environmental impacts, some of them of social concern. This is the case of composting atmospheric emissions, especially in the case of greenhouse gases (GHG) and certain families of volatile organic compounds (VOC). They should be taken into account in any environmental assessment of composting as organic waste management technology. This review presents the relationship between composting operation and composting gaseous emissions, in addition to typical emission values for the main organic wastes that are being composted. Some novel mitigation technologies to reduce gaseous emissions from composting are also presented (use of biochar), although it is evident that a unique solution does not exist, given the variability of exhaust gases from composting.
16
Ayed, Fakher, Olfa Boussadia, Hanem Grissa, Rania Aydi Ben Abdallah, Hayfa Jabnoun-Khiareddine, and Mejda Daami-Remadi. "Assessment of Physico-chemical, Microbial and Phytotoxic Changes of Various Organic Wastes During their Composting Process." Journal of Environmental and Agricultural Studies 2, no. 2 (October 2, 2021): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jeas.2021.2.2.3.
Abstract:
In this study, the aerobic composting in windrows of five mixtures of organic materials was compared. Composting temperatures rose to 60-67°C within 7 to 22 days and stayed above 45°C for 4-5 months before declining. Decomposition after 223 days was 40-43% for organic materials and 23-25% for carbon. The pH values decreased during the composting process and became neutral at maturation. Electric conductivity dropped to 3.6-5.22 mS/cm after 170 days. Dry matter increase to 96.2-97.8% within 182 days of composting and dropped to 70.13-73.87% at maturation. Bulk density increased from 0.20-0.26 g/cm3 to 0.34-0.55 g/cm3 and varied depending on composts. Porosity and water retention decreased during composting. Nutrient contents varied over composting times and wastes. Composts' phytotoxicity, evaluated on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds, decreased by 0.2-13.2% and 63.2-81.3% after 30 and 220 days of composting, respectively. Benefits of composting organic wastes into agriculturally valuable final products was discussed.
17
Sluková, Melissa, and František Dzianik. "Process Parameters and Conditions of Intensified Composting of Kitchen Biowaste." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 73, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2023-0030.
Abstract:
Abstract Composting is one of the efficient and effective methods of disposal and recovery of biodegradable waste. A favorable and intensified course of the composting process can be achieved by optimal composition of the composted material (moisture, content of organic substances and nutrients, C:N ratio, etc.), and also by optimizing the conditions under which composting takes place (temperature, pH, structure and aeration of the material, etc.). The paper contains a methodology for calculating the composition of composted material and also a methodology for solving the forced aeration process of composted material. More specifically, some process parameters of the intensified composting of a defined amount of kitchen biowaste, taking place in closed composting reactors, are presented and analyzed. Using the material balance of the composting process, the connections between the desired composition of the matured compost, the composition of the composted material and the conditions under which the composting takes place are pointed out. The specified connections enable the composting process to be optimized appropriately.
18
Shadab, Mohammad. "Compare and Contrast Various Composting Techniques to Examine the Impact of Composting on the Environment." Saudi Journal of Civil Engineering 6, no. 11 (December 8, 2022): 264–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjce.2022.v06i11.002.
Abstract:
Composting is a technology for recycling organic materials in order to achieve enhanced agricultural production. Composting proceeds under controlled conditions in compost heaps and pits (Müller-Sämann, 1986). Heaps should have a minimum size of 1 m3 and are suitable for more humid environments where there is potential for watering the compost. The ratio of C to N in the compost pile is important for optimizing microbial activity. In this article, we will compare and contrast various composting techniques to examine the impact of composting on the environment. The composting process is impacted by temperature, Different composting techniques have an impact on both the physical characteristics of compost and the chemical composition of compost. Additionally, it will analyze Carbon and Nitrogen ratio. Which will enable us to comprehend how composting affects the atmosphere.
19
Korbut, Mariia, Myroslav Malovanyy, Kateryna Petrushka, and Wojciech Lutek. "Popularization of the organic component composting of household waste among the population." Environmental Problems 6, no. 3 (2021): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2021.03.168.
Abstract:
The study, using a survey, found social attitudes towards the separate collection and problematic issues that may hinder its implementation. It was found that most respondents are not familiar with the possibilities of waste composting at home, and residents of multi-storey buildings generally consider composting at home in the kitchen inexpedient. The paper identified the causes of ignorance of the population on household composting conditions. The paper presents the scientific results of the popularization of composting with microbiological additives at home among the population. The study aimed to develop a practical, effective model for the management of the bioorganic component of municipal solid waste, which minimizes the impact of waste on the environment and maximizes resource potential by organizing composting organic waste at home. Based on the research data, recommendations for the population of Zhytomyr on composting household waste have been developed. They explain in detail the mechanism of composting at home and outline the benefits of such composting. The obtained results are practical, they can be used for explanatory work among the population and the development of recommendations on separate waste collecting and composting of the organic part of household waste in domestic conditions.
20
Korbut, Mariia, Myroslav Malovanyy, Kateryna Petrushka, and Wojciech Lutek. "Popularization of the organic component composting of household waste among the population." Environmental Problems 6, no. 3 (2021): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2021.03.168.
Abstract:
The study, using a survey, found social attitudes towards the separate collection and problematic issues that may hinder its implementation. It was found that most respondents are not familiar with the possibilities of waste composting at home, and residents of multi-storey buildings generally consider composting at home in the kitchen inexpedient. The paper identified the causes of ignorance of the population on household composting conditions. The paper presents the scientific results of the popularization of composting with microbiological additives at home among the population. The study aimed to develop a practical, effective model for the management of the bioorganic component of municipal solid waste, which minimizes the impact of waste on the environment and maximizes resource potential by organizing composting organic waste at home. Based on the research data, recommendations for the population of Zhytomyr on composting household waste have been developed. They explain in detail the mechanism of composting at home and outline the benefits of such composting. The obtained results are practical, they can be used for explanatory work among the population and the development of recommendations on separate waste collecting and composting of the organic part of household waste in domestic conditions.
21
Palaniveloo, Kishneth, Muhammad Azri Amran, Nur Azeyanti Norhashim, Nuradilla Mohamad-Fauzi, Fang Peng-Hui, Low Hui-Wen, Yap Kai-Lin, et al. "Food Waste Composting and Microbial Community Structure Profiling." Processes 8, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8060723.
Abstract:
Over the last decade, food waste has been one of the major issues globally as it brings a negative impact on the environment and health. Rotting discharges methane, causing greenhouse effect and adverse health effects due to pathogenic microorganisms or toxic leachates that reach agricultural land and water system. As a solution, composting is implemented to manage and reduce food waste in line with global sustainable development goals (SDGs). This review compiles input on the types of organic composting, its characteristics, physico-chemical properties involved, role of microbes and tools available in determining the microbial community structure. Composting types: vermi-composting, windrow composting, aerated static pile composting and in-vessel composting are discussed. The diversity of microorganisms in each of the three stages in composting is highlighted and the techniques used to determine the microbial community structure during composting such as biochemical identification, polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and single strand-conformation polymorphism (SSCP), microarray analysis and next-generation sequencing (NGS) are discussed. Overall, a good compost, not only reduces waste issues, but also contributes substantially to the economic and social sectors of a nation.
22
Nikoloudakis, Yannis, Spyridon Panagiotakis, Thrasivoulos Manios, Evangelos Markakis, and Evangelos Pallis. "Composting as a Service: A Real-World IoT Implementation." Future Internet 10, no. 11 (November 5, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi10110107.
Abstract:
Composting is the delicate procedure of supervised decomposition of organic waste, which gradually transforms waste to nutrient-rich manure. It requires deep knowledge and constant attention by experts to achieve a quality outcome in a timely fashion. Nevertheless, due to the bizarre nature of the materials and the overall procedure, along with the space required and emitted odors, it is required that composting infrastructures and machinery are installed away from residential areas, rendering supervision a very tedious task. Automatic composting machinery is a promising new idea, but still cannot substitute the insightfulness of a human supervisor. In this paper, we introduce COMPosting as a Service (COMPaaS). COMPaaS is a novel cloud service in composition with specialized Internet of Things (IoT)-based composting machinery that allows for unsupervised composting. The focus of this work is on the tiered IT approach that is adopted following the edge-computing paradigm. More specifically, composting machinery, enriched with several sensors and actuators, performs a set of basic routine tasks locally and sends sensor values to a cloud service which performs real-time data analysis and instructs the composting machinery to perform the appropriate actions based on the outcome of the analysis. The overall composting procedure is performed in a completely unsupervised manner, and field evaluation has shown an up to 30% faster outcome in comparison to traditional supervised composting.
23
Kollárová, M., V. Altmann, A. Jelínek, and M. Češpiva. "Effect of bio-technological agents on the composting process and gaseous emissions production from the composting process." Research in Agricultural Engineering 52, No. 4 (February 7, 2012): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4891-rae.
Abstract:
In the contribution are presented results of two experiments with utilisation of bio-technological agents Bacteriocomposter Plus and Bio-Algeen G40. The effect of these agents on the course of the composting process and emissions production from the composting was investigated. The experiment was also carried out with utilisation of biofilter. The emissions measuring was carried out by the continual method utilising the measuring apparatus INNOVA MULTIGAS (monitor 1312)MultipointSampler 1309 INNOVA. The results of the experiments have confirmed that the bio-technological agents have effect on the reduction of the emissions production from the composting activity.
24
Su, Jiajia, Fengming Li, Wei Li, Xiaohong Gao, Wei Guo, and Jinhai Luo. "Development status and trend of livestock and poultry manure composting technology and equipment." Advances in Modern Agriculture 3, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.54517/ama.v3i2.2045.
Abstract:
The technological process of livestock and poultry manure composting and various composting technologies and equipment are briefly described. The development trend of livestock and poultry manure composting technology and equipment was analyzed. It can be seen that the technical equipment of livestock and poultry manure composting is an effective way to solve the problem of aquaculture manure disposal. Promote green development and the ecological cycle and provide references for the design, production, and application of livestock and poultry manure composting technology and equipment.
25
Ayilara, Modupe, Oluwaseyi Olanrewaju, Olubukola Babalola, and Olu Odeyemi. "Waste Management through Composting: Challenges and Potentials." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (May 30, 2020): 4456. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114456.
Abstract:
Composting is the controlled conversion of degradable organic products and wastes into stable products with the aid of microorganisms. Composting is a long-used technology, though it has some shortcomings that have reduced its extensive usage and efficiency. The shortcomings include pathogen detection, low nutrient status, long duration of composting, long mineralization duration, and odor production. These challenges have publicized the use of chemical fertilizers produced through the Haber–Bosch process as an alternative to compost over time. Chemical fertilizers make nutrients readily available to plants, but their disadvantages outweigh their advantages. For example, chemical fertilizers contribute to greenhouse effects, environmental pollution, death of soil organisms and marine inhabitants, ozone layer depletion, and human diseases. These have resulted in farmers reverting to the application of composts as a means of restoring soil fertility. Composting is a fundamental process in agriculture and helps in the recycling of farm wastes. The long duration of composting is a challenge; this is due to the presence of materials that take a longer time to compost, especially during co-composting. This review discusses the proper management of wastes through composting, different composting methods, the factors affecting composting, long-duration composting, the mechanism behind it, the present trends in composting and prospects. The extraction of mono-fertilizers from compost, development of strips to test for the availability of heavy metals and pathogens as well as an odor-trapping technique can go a long way in enhancing composting techniques. The addition of activators to raw materials can help to improve the nutritional quality of compost. This review further recommends that degradable organic material in which composts slowly should be assessed for their ability to mineralize slowly, which could make them advantageous to perennial or biennial crops. Viricides, fungicides, anti-nematodes, and anti-bacterial of plant or organic sources could as well be added to improve compost quality. The enhancement of composting duration will also be useful.
26
Daskal, Shira, Omar Asi, Isam Sabbah, Ofira Ayalon, and Katie Baransi-Karkaby. "Decentralized Composting Analysis Model—Benefit/Cost Decision-Making Methodology." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 16397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416397.
Abstract:
Municipal solid waste management is considered one of the major environmental challenges. Organic waste, especially food waste, usually accounts for over 50 wt% of municipal solid waste, yet, in most countries, it is the least recovered material. Decentralized composting aims to develop a new framework of waste management, building a closed-loop system for the composting of home, community, and commercial organic waste in urban environments. However, in some cases, decentralized composting is not economically and/or environmentally viable. Even when it is viable, various barriers and challenges need to be addressed in many cases. Different models in the literature address certain aspects of organic waste management, such as food waste treatment technology, recovery of energy, site selection, or environmental impact. The objective of this study is to provide guidelines and a methodological framework to quantify economic, social, operational, environmental, and regulatory aspects, in order to examine the viability and feasibility of decentralized composting projects at any given location. The decentralized composting analysis model proposed in this study has been developed with an innovative approach to decentralized composting project planning and design, an approach that is both holistic and very practical. The innovative model incorporates various aspects to examine the viability of decentralized composting projects based on benefit/cost criteria. In this respect, a result obtained through another model that examines a specific aspect of decentralized composting can be used as input for the model presented here. The decentralized composting analysis model provides a powerful tool for decision makers, based on the quantification of the decentralized composting project characteristics, and a benefit/cost index that takes into account the various impact variables. The decentralized composting analysis model allows examining the viability of the decentralized composting project in different scenarios, locations and options, and can help indicate the most viable alternative. In this paper, we describe the decentralized composting analysis model and its methodological framework, along with numerical examples to demonstrate its implementation.
27
Dwiratna, Sophia, Edy Suryadi, Dwi Rustam Kendarto, Kharistya Amaru, Wahyu Kristian Sugandi, and Nur Ilham Tri Hartono. "Kajian Karakteristik Proses Pengomposan Limbah Tanaman Jagung yang Diberi Tambahan Kipahit dan Pupuk Kandang Sapi." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 10, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v10i4.432-439.
Abstract:
Corn waste, tithonia and cattle manure are three materials that have different characteristics. These charactersitics differences if used together in the composting process will complement each other and potentially produce good compost. This research was conducted to find out how the composting process characteristics by utilizing the three raw materials with different characteristics in a composting process. The composting process was carried out using a berkeley method which was stacked with a layered bioreactor. The decomposition process that occurs involving decompisted bacteria, so the composting process runs aerobically. Aerobic composting corn waste with the addition of tithonia and cattle manure finished in about 4-5 weeks to become a mature compost. The quality of the compost produced is quite good because the content contained in compost fulfills most of the quality standards regulated in SNI 7763: 2018. The addition of tithonia and cattle manure has a positive impact in the process of composting corn plants in terms of duration and good compost. Key words : aerobic, cattle manure, composting, corn waste, tithonia
28
Zhao, Qing Song, Ping Ping Li, and De Ming Sun. "Effects of Inoculating Thermophiles and Rhizopus on Composting Process of Vinegar Residue and their Nutrients Status." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.68.
Abstract:
In order to increase the efficiency of composting vinegar residue, the effect of different strain combination,a thermophiles(OP-2) and two rhizopus(FM1,SL10) combined,on the composting pocess and effect was studied. The results showed: Inoculating thermophilic bacteria OP-2 can increase the speed of composting vinegar residue, which can increase the heap temperature to 70°C in 7days ahead. Also inoculating inocula accelerated the mineralization of organic nitrogen. In the end of composting, the contents of total nitrogen、total phosphorus and total potassium, as well as GI were higher than the control treatment, which showed that inoculating inocula can accelerate the maturity process of composting vinegar residue and increase the composting quality.
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Bruni, Cecilia, Çağrı Akyol, Giulia Cipolletta, Anna Laura Eusebi, Donatella Caniani, Salvatore Masi, Joan Colón, and Francesco Fatone. "Decentralized Community Composting: Past, Present and Future Aspects of Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083319.
Abstract:
Italy is among the top biowaste-generating countries in Europe, and has a well-structured waste management framework with quite a number of centralized composting facilities. In recent years, there has also been huge interest from local communities in decentralized composting. Although decentralized community composting is common in some countries, there is still a lack of information on the operative environment together with its potential logistical, environmental, economic, and social impacts. Considering the national Italian legislation on community composting as well as successfully implemented projects at EU level, Italy can set a model especially for Mediterranean countries that intend to build decentralized composting programs. Therefore, in the context of this review paper, a brief overview of the composting process was presented together with main applications in centralized and especially in decentralized composting, while the main focus was kept on the operative and legislative information gathered from Italian community composting. There is a huge difference in the number of composting plants between the regions, and the lack of centralized facilities in the central and southern regions can be supported by decentralized solutions. Decentralizing waste treatment facilities and thus creating local solutions to urban waste management strategies will help to achieve the resource recovery and valorization targets in line with the circular economy.
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Nsimbe, Pius, Hilbert Mendoza, Solomon Tsebeni Wafula, and Rawlance Ndejjo. "Factors Associated with Composting of Solid Waste at Household Level in Masaka Municipality, Central Uganda." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (November 19, 2018): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1284234.
Abstract:
The domestic solid waste stream composition of urban settings in many developing countries including Uganda is largely biodegradable in nature, and thus, composting provides the most suitable solid waste management option for these wastes. However, there is limited information about waste composting at the household level and associated determinants in Uganda. A cross-sectional study was employed to collect quantitative data from 368 residents of Masaka municipality, Central Uganda. A semistructured interviewer administered questionnaire was used which assessed knowledge, perceptions, and practices of composting. Data were analysed using STATA 13.0, and binary logistic regression was used to determine the factors that influence composting at the household level. Of the 368 participants, 11.4% were engaged in composting. Factors associated with household level composting were age of 46 years and above (aOR = 2.69, 95% CI = (1.06–6.80)), possession of a garden (aOR = 28.88, 95% CI = (3.85–216.72)), engagement in waste segregation (aOR = 5.56, 95% CI = (2.25–13.86)), and periurban residence (aOR = 3.81, 95% CI = (1.78–8.16)). The practice of composting at the household level was low. This therefore highlights the need for urban authorities to develop initiatives for promoting composting at the household level while considering the identified predictors associated with composting.
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Zeng, Jianfei, Frederick C. Michel, and Guangqun Huang. "Comparison and Evaluation of GHG Emissions during Simulated Thermophilic Composting of Different Municipal and Agricultural Feedstocks." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4 (February 9, 2023): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043002.
Abstract:
Composting is widely used to recycle a variety of different organic wastes. In this study, dairy manure, chicken litter, biosolids, yard trimmings and food waste were selected as representative municipal and agricultural feedstocks and composted in simulated thermophilic composting reactors to compare and evaluate the GHG emissions. The results showed that the highest cumulative emissions of CO2, CH4 and N2O were observed during yard trimmings composting (659.14 g CO2 kg−1 DM), food waste composting (3308.85 mg CH4 kg−1 DM) and chicken litter composting (1203.92 mg N2O kg−1 DM), respectively. The majority of the carbon was lost in the form of CO2. The highest carbon loss by CO2 and CH4 emissions and the highest nitrogen loss by N2O emission occurred in dairy manure (41.41%), food waste (0.55%) and chicken litter composting (3.13%), respectively. The total GHG emission equivalent was highest during food waste composting (365.28 kg CO2-eq ton−1 DM) which generated the highest CH4 emission and second highest N2O emissions, followed by chicken litter composting (341.27 kg CO2-eq ton−1 DM), which had the highest N2O emissions. The results indicated that accounting for GHG emissions from composting processes when it is being considered as a sustainable waste management practice was of great importance.
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Hotta, S., T. Noguchi, and N. Funamizu. "Experimental study on nitrogen components during composting process of feces." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 7 (April 1, 2007): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.143.
Abstract:
We measured nitrogen components during composting process of feces in a batch test in which sawdust was used as a matrix. Further decomposition rates of fecal nitrogen and carbon were obtained in the batch tests of different feces loading. In composting material that was a mixture of sawdust and fresh feces, fecal organic matter decomposed to CO2 and fecal nitrogen mineralized to ammonia during the composting process. The biological response of organic matter and nitrogen in the composting material was evaluated by oxygen consumption (OUR) and ammonia production that was a sum of volatilized ammonia gas and ammonia remaining in the composting material. Since composting material contains two different sources of organic matter from feces and sawdust, the OUR by using the sawdust matrix only was evaluated in preliminary tests. The fecal contribution to the OUR in the composting material was therefore calculated by subtraction of the result in the preliminary tests from the one in the composting material. The ammonia production from the fecal nitrogen was obtained by the same procedure. The decomposition rates of input organic matter in feces were approximately 83 and 70% respectively, whereas ammonia production rates were approximately 73 and 58% of input fecal nitrogen. There was an interesting time lag of the peak time between volatilisation rates of ammonia and CO2 during the composting process while fecal carbon and nitrogen simultaneously decomposed to ammonia and CO2 in the composting material.
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Kashmanian, Richard M., and Robert F. Rynk. "Creating positive incentives for farm composting." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 1 (March 1998): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007608.
Abstract:
AbstractWith the growing concern about the impact of agriculture on water quality and heightened interest in managing agricultural by-products economically, the use of composting by U.S. farmers is increasing. Over 8,000 farms are now composting animal mortalities, manure, crop residues, and selected organic materials from communities and industries. At least 75% of farm composting operations are composting poultry mortalities. Based on discussions with contacts in leading agricultural states and organizations, this paper provides examples of technical and economic incentive programs encouraging farmers to adopt composting as a way to manage farm by-products. These programs have been established largely by the public sector, including state agencies, public universities, USDA, and USEPA. However, they are often initiated by or conducted in partnership with the private sector entities such as farms, livestock and poultry product companies, and composting businesses. Examples of incentive programs include research and demonstration projects, extension educational programs, technical standards, regulatory incentives, cost-sharing, financial grants, and low-interest loans. Many projects have succeeded in expanding the practice of composting among farms. For example, the now common practice of composting poultry mortalities can be traced to research and educational programs at the Universities of Maryland and Delaware, which were followed by a national technical standard adopted by the USDA. Similar success stories are apparent in other composting incentive programs, such as for composting of swine mortalities in Missouri, dairy manure in Michigan, and non-farm materials in California and Pennsylvania.
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Wang, Xiaohan, Xiaoli He, and Jing Liang. "Succession of Microbial Community during the Co-Composting of Food Waste Digestate and Garden Waste." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 9945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169945.
Abstract:
Microorganisms are of critical importance during the composting process. The aim of this study was to reveal the bacterial and fungal compositions of a composting pile of food waste digestate and garden waste, where the succession of the microbial communities was monitored using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. We explored the efficiency of composting of different microorganisms to judge whether the composting system was running successfully. The results showed that the composting process significantly changed the bacterial and fungal structure. Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota were the dominant phyla of the bacterial communities, while Ascomycota was the dominant phylum of the fungal communities. Moreover, the highest bacterial and fungal biodiversity occurred in the thermophilic stage. The physical and chemical properties of the final compost products conformed to the national standards of fertilizers. The efficient composting functional microbes, including Cladosporium, Bacillus and Saccharomonospora, emerged to be an important sign of a successfully operating composting system.
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Salleh, Nurul Azita, Mohd Wira Mohd Shafiei, Aviasti Anwar, Faisal Zulhumadi, and Siti Khadijah Hubadillah. "Sustaining the Environment: Critical Success Factors and Barriers of Solid Waste Management through Composting Practices by Rural Communities in Malaysia." Sustainability 14, no. 20 (October 20, 2022): 13541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142013541.
Abstract:
Generally, rural areas can contain large amounts of organic and household wastes, which on average, is rarely managed well. Meanwhile, composting is a waste management method that decomposes organic waste biologically, thus contributing toward better waste management and environmental sustainability. However, exposure to more efficient waste management methods and the knowledge of the importance of composting are still low among rural communities. These communities also do not realise that composting has the added potential benefit of increasing household income. Therefore, this exploratory study was performed guided by two objectives, first to identify the critical success factors of composting practice for improving the economy and quality of life among rural communities, and second, to identify factors that hinder this composting practice. A quantitative approach was used for this purpose, where data were obtained through non-probability sampling from respondents located in 32 rural villages in the Kubang Pasu District of Kedah, Malaysia. The results of this study revealed that villagers living outside of city limits do not practice composting as part of their waste management. Among the barriers that were identified as preventing composting practice in these rural village communities, were the lack of knowledge, awareness, and interest in composting. However, some of these respondents indicated that they were aware of composting through television, radio, social media, newspapers, and from various programmes organised by certain organisations. In conclusion, this study has provided information as a guide to stakeholders for them to act by further educating rural communities about composting, perhaps highlighting more the potential benefits of earning a side income through the adoption of composting practices by producing and selling compost fertilisers.
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Ayoub Moubareck, Carole. "The effectiveness of project-based learning on Emirati undergraduate students in a microbiology course." Learning and Teaching in Higher Education: Gulf Perspectives 18, no. 2 (December 8, 2022): 95–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/lthe-06-2021-0047.
Abstract:
PurposeA composting project was introduced into an undergraduate microbiology course, to evaluate its efficacy against traditional lecturing for teaching environmental sustainability.Design/methodology/approachThe research project was a semester-long intervention. Three groups of students participated in the study: a group of 47 female undergraduate students were involved in a composting project, a group of 43 female students were exposed to a traditional lecture and a group of 34 students were the control group. A pretest and a posttest were used, along with poster presentations for the composting project students. In addition, a questionnaire was used to examine students' attitudes toward composting and their waste management practices.FindingsThe project and lecture groups showed significant increases in average test-scores, with the post-project increase (20.9 points) being higher than the post-lecture increase (12.3 points). The questionnaire revealed that nonorganic waste recycling was practiced irregularly, while food waste was reused as livestock feed by 38% of the students. Composting was not common, but 23% of the students in the project group started household composting during the project. The students who were most satisfied with the project outcomes were willing to spend higher prices for a composting box (p = 0.036), showing a high correlation between awareness raising and environmental sustainability practices.Social implicationsThe project-based learning approach had more impact than the traditional lecture in teaching environmental sustainability to the students. The project succeeded in improving students' composting knowledge and increased their interest in continuing the composting practices at home.Originality/valueThe study is the first attempt to measure the direct impact of composting education on Emirati students' knowledge of, and interest in environmental sustainable practices, vis-à-vis composting.
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SINHA, Satish Kumar, Tarun Kumar UPADHYAY, Sushil Kumar SHARMA, and Manju SHARMA. "A Review: Bacterial Diversity, Physicochemical Factors and Quality of Compost for White Button Mushroom Cultivation." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 77, no. 2 (November 20, 2020): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:2020.0010.
Abstract:
Composting is an aerobic biotic decomposition route that is governed by physicochemical and microbiological factors. The importance of bacterial flora throughout composting is well recognized. Though, diversity of the bacterial population during composting may differ with the composting material and nutrients content. Therefore, it is essential to study the different types of bacteria during the composting of various agricultural byproducts. The aim of this review is to evaluate the diversity of bacteria, physicochemical factors and quality of compost for cultivation of Agaricus bisporus (white button mushroom) for enhancement of better productivity.
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Yan, Wencong, Jingbo Qu, Youpei Qu, Tian Yue, Quanguo Zhang, Weiming Yi, Xiaofeng Liu, and Yong Sun. "Effect of Biochar Addition on Mechanism of Heavy Metal Migration and Transformation in Biogas Residue Aerobic Compost." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 8, 2022): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100523.
Abstract:
In this study, biogas residue fermented by biogas engineering was used as compost raw material, and different quality biochar was added in the composting process to explore the effect of biochar on the transformation of heavy metals in the composting process. The composting process was comprehensively analyzed with the potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals and redundancy analysis. The addition of 10.0% biochar during composting had a strong passivation effect on exchangeable Cu and Cd, with passivation rates of 11.75 and 63.89%, respectively; the addition of 2.5 and 7.5% biochar had strong passivation ability for exchangeable Zn and Pb, and the passivation rates were 15.26 and 45.02%, respectively. At the end of composting, the potential ecological risk indexes of each treatment were T4 (10.0% biochar) > T3 (7.5% biochar) > T2 (5.0% biochar) > T1 (2.5% biochar) > CK (no biochar added). The risk of heavy metal pollution during the aerobic composting of biogas residue was low, which significantly reduced secondary pollution during the composting process.
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Amiruddin, N. N. H. N., N. A. Rozamri, F. Baharudin, and I. N. Mohamad. "A Study on household food waste management and composting practice." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1205, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1205/1/012018.
Abstract:
Abstract Food waste had been such an alarming issue, not only in Malaysia, but throughout the world. Composting is an environmentally friendly way to reduce food waste by using a less costly and less time of the system. Composting is considered the most common method used to compost by having organic materials and water only. This study aims to identify the level of awareness among respondents about food waste composting and to assess the effectiveness of composting method at home basis. An online survey and experimental work were conducted. The online survey was conducted among the population in Taman Seri Tanjung, Kota Bharu, Kelantan. Quantitative analysis from the online survey showed that respondents had awareness of the advantages of composting. While, 29-day observation during food waste composting show pH and temperature were recorded as in the range of 29°C to 40°C and 5 to 7 respectively. The result from this study shows promising findings on the effectiveness of the composting method. The findings from this study will enhance the understanding and awareness of the public on the importance of composting at the household level.
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Oviedo-Ocaña, Edgar Ricardo, Angélica María Hernández-Gómez, Marcos Ríos, Anauribeth Portela, Viviana Sánchez-Torres, Isabel Domínguez, and Dimitrios Komilis. "A Comparison of Two-Stage and Traditional Co-Composting of Green Waste and Food Waste Amended with Phosphate Rock and Sawdust." Sustainability 13, no. 3 (January 21, 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13031109.
Abstract:
The composting of green waste (GW) proceeds slowly due to the presence of slowly degradable compounds in that substrate. The introduction of amendments and bulking materials can improve organic matter degradation and end-product quality. However, additional strategies such as two-stage composting, can deal with the slow degradation of green waste. This paper evaluates the effect of two-stage composting on the process and end-product quality of the co-composting of green waste and food waste amended with sawdust and phosphate rock. A pilot-scale study was developed using two treatments (in triplicate each), one being a two-stage composting and the other being a traditional composting. The two treatments used the same mixture (wet weight): 46% green waste, 19% unprocessed food waste, 18% processed food waste, 13% sawdust, and 4% phosphate rock. The traditional composting observed a higher degradation rate of organic matter during the mesophilic and thermophilic phases and observed thermophilic temperatures were maintained for longer periods during these two phases compared to two-stage composting (i.e., six days). Nonetheless, during the cooling and maturation phases, the two treatments had similar behaviors with regard to temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity, and the end-products resulting from both treatments did not statistically differ. Therefore, from this study, it is concluded that other additional complementary strategies must be evaluated to further improve GW composting.
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Lew, Pei Sze, Nik Nor Liyana Nik Ibrahim, Suryani Kamarudin, Norashikin M. Thamrin, and Mohamad Farid Misnan. "Optimization of Bokashi-Composting Process Using Effective Microorganisms-1 in Smart Composting Bin." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082847.
Abstract:
Malaysians generate 15,000 tons of food waste per day and dispose of it in the landfill, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As a solution for the stated problem, this research aims to produce an excellent quality bokashi compost from household organic waste using a smart composting bin. The bokashi composting method is conducted, whereby banana peels are composted with three types of bokashi brans prepared using 12, 22, and 32 mL of EM-1 mother cultured. During the 14 days composting process, the smart composting bin collected the temperature, air humidity, and moisture content produced by the bokashi-composting process. With the ATmega328 microcontroller, these data were uploaded and synchronized to Google Sheet via WIFI. After the bokashi-composting process was completed, three of each bokashi compost and a control sample were buried in separate black soil for three weeks to determine each compost’s effectiveness. NPK values and the C/N ratio were analyzed on the soil compost. From the research, 12 mL of EM-1 shows the most effective ratio to the bokashi composting, as it resulted in a faster decomposition rate and has an optimum C/N ratio. Bokashi composting can help to reduce household food wastes. An optimum amount of the EM-1 used during the bokashi-composting process will produce good quality soil without contributing to environmental issues.
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Chang, Yao-Tsung, Chia-Hsing Lee, Chi-Ying Hsieh, Ting-Chien Chen, and Shih-Hao Jien. "Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy to Assess Compost Maturity Degree during Composting." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (July 15, 2023): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071870.
Abstract:
Uncertainty remains over composting time and maturity degree for compost production. The objectives of this study were to establish maturity indicators for composting based on spectral and chemical components and to provide a reference for future composting management. Several indicators of composting were assessed for three commercial composts at 0, 7, 15, 30, 45, and 60 days during the germination of Chinese cabbage, including (1) central temperature, (2) moisture content, (3) pH, (4) electrical conductivity, (5) C/N ratio, (6) E4/E6 ratio, (7) fluorescence humification index (HIX), and (8) germination index (GI). We evaluated the optimal composting time using these indicators, reflecting the changes in hog manure, chicken manure, and agricultural by-product composts throughout their composting process to provide a basis for maturity time. The results showed that the E4/E6 ratio, C/N ratio, humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA), and germination rate, which reached a stable status after 30 days of composting, could be the indicators of “early-stage” maturity. In contrast, central temperature, electrical conductivity, HIX, and GI reached stable values after 45 days of composting and thus could be more suitable indicators of full maturity. Based on our results, we recommend a minimum composting time of 30 days to achieve primary maturity, while fully matured compost may be obtained after 45 days.
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Waliczek, Tina, Amy McFarland, and Megan Holmes. "The Relationship between a Campus Composting Program and Environmental Attitudes, Environmental Locus of Control, Compost Knowledge, and Compost Attitudes of College Students." HortTechnology 26, no. 5 (October 2016): 592–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03320-16.
Abstract:
Food waste is one of the most abundant materials contributing to landfills in the United States. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates 96% of uneaten food ends up in landfills. Food and other organic wastes generate potent greenhouse gases in the atmosphere precipitating global climate change. College campus cafeterias generate a large amount of food waste and some universities are making efforts to capture and compost food waste. The purpose of this study was to measure the relationship between participation in a university composting program and students’ environmental attitudes, environmental locus of control (refers to the belief that an individual’s actions play a direct role in the result of any affair), compost knowledge, and compost attitudes. Undergraduate and graduate students were given a survey, which included an environmental attitude scale, an environmental locus of control inventory and sections where students reported their composting habits, knowledge of the composting process, and how composting made them feel. A total of 660 surveys were collected from two universities, one that acted as the treatment and the other as the control group. The results indicated a statistically significant difference between the school with a composting program and the school without a composting program on the variables of environmental attitudes, environmental locus of control, and composting knowledge. Furthermore, composting attitudes were positively related to environmental attitudes, environmental locus of control, and compost knowledge at the university with a composting program. Demographic comparisons found differences within the treatment group on the composting attitude and knowledge and environmental attitude inventories but not locus of control.
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Assandri, Davide, Niccolò Pampuro, Giacomo Zara, Eugenio Cavallo, and Marilena Budroni. "Suitability of Composting Process for the Disposal and Valorization of Brewer’s Spent Grain." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010002.
Abstract:
The brewing industry is characterized by the large production of by-products. Following the fundamentals of a circular economy, several attempts to recycle brewers’ spent grain (BSG) have been investigated. However, little information is available on its use for composting. Considering the main parameters required for optimal development of composting, the objective of the present review was to analyze the literature to determine whether the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of BSG make it suitable for direct composting. As the main factors in the composting process, we considered the BSG moisture content, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and pH. As described in the literature, the BSG moisture content, C/N ratio, and pH range from 70.6% to 81.3%, 7.1 to 26.5, and 3.8 to 6.9, respectively. This C/N ratio range is lower than the composting target range (20–30). Instead, the mean moisture content in the literature is higher than the 60% to 65% recommended for composting. Optimum pH for aerobic stabilization of compost ranges from 5.5 to 7.5, while the BSG pH in the literature is typically more acidic. Therefore, BSG is not suitable for direct composting. Addition of lignocellulosic bulking agents improves the reduction of moisture content during composting, while also optimizing the substrate properties, such as C/N ratio, air spaces, and pH, to positively affect the composting process. Moreover, livestock manure should be included as a starting material to promote the composting process. In this context, two hypothetical initial mixtures of BSG plus a lignocellulosic bulking agent and livestock manure are presented.
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Abdallah, Said Elshahat, Yasser S. A. Mazrou, Tamer Elsakhawy, Reda Elgarhy, Adel H. Elmetwalli, Salah Elsayed, and Wael M. Elmessery. "Optimizing the In-Vessel Composting Process of Sugarbeet Dry-Cleaning Residue." Agriculture 12, no. 3 (March 18, 2022): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030427.
Abstract:
Rapid urbanization and industrialization around the world have created massive amounts of organic residues, which have been prioritized for conversion into valuable resources through the composting process to keep their harmful effect at a minimum. This research aimed to assess the influence of active and passive aeration on composting mass of sugar beet residues in the case of using additives (e.g., charcoal only or manure only or combination). Some physicochemical properties of composting mass were analyzed on certain days of composting. Some parameters including temperature–time profile, carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio), moisture content, electrical conductivity, pH, germination and microbial population enumeration of compost were measured. Cress germination test was conducted for each medium of germination which contains a mixture of soil and compost (at a ratio of 3:1) taken from each treatment. The results showed that temperature–time profile data of composting mass showed an irregularity. Forcedly aerated composting mass did not demonstrate a thermophilic phase while passively aerated ones did not show a mesophilic phase. Carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio reduction was greater in most forcedly aerated composting mass than passively aerated on days from 1 to 33 of composting period. The results further showed that electrical conductivity decreased at the end of the composting period where it ranged from 2.55 to 3.1 dS/m. Germination medium containing forcedly aerated compost treated with a combination of charcoal and manure achieved the highest germination index which was higher than the control sample by 58.63% followed by forcedly aerated composting mass treated by charcoal only which exceeded the control sample by 5.35%. Strong correlation coefficient (r > 0.80) for the relationship between germination index and number of bacteria was obtained on day 17th of composting period.
46
Khatun, H., F. Alam, MA Hashem, and SME Rahman. "Preparation of compost using layer droppings with different materials." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 41, no. 2 (March 10, 2013): 120–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14131.
Abstract:
The experiment was carried out by anaerobic composting with layer droppings (T1), layer droppings with straw (T2), layer droppings with fodder residues (T3) and layer droppings with saw dust (T4) under soil surface to study the suitable method with layer droppings and their nutrient composition. The sample from composted materials was collected at 0, 10, 20 and 30 d for proximate analysis. In 30 d of composting dry matter and organic matter were gradually decreased in every method and which were also differed among the treatments (p<0.01). Crude protein (CP) gradually increased in every method and was higher in T3 (19.43%) and then T1 (18.93%), T4 (15.99%) and T2 (14.61%) (p<0.01) at 20 d of composting. The crude fiber content gradually decreased in every method and was higher in T2 followed by T4, T1 and T3 (p<0.01) considerably with the composting period. Ash content was increased in all treatments with the advancing of composting period (p<0.01). The C/N ratio was higher in T4 (22.4) followed by T2 (22.2), T1 (22.0) and T3 (21.9) (p<0.01) considerably with the composting period. The PH value in all treatments decreased up to first ten days then gradually increased with the increase of composting period. The pH value was higher in T1 (8.54) followed by T2 (8.15), T3 (8.10) and T4 (8.00) (p<0.01) at 30 d of composting period. The proximate compositions of all treatments were in acceptable range up to the end of composting period. Therefore, the results suggest that composting layer droppings with fodder residues improve the nutritional value of compost at 20d of composting time.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v41i2.14131Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2012. 41 (2): 120-123
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Kaneesamkandi, Zakariya, and Abdul Sayeed. "Assessment of Energy-Efficient Spouted Bed Aerobic Composting Performance for Municipal Solid Waste: Experimental Study." Processes 11, no. 12 (December 13, 2023): 3427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11123427.
Abstract:
Municipal solid waste contains a high percentage of organic waste, and when it is not disposed of, it becomes a threat to the environment by contaminating the air, water, and soil. Composting is one of the recovery techniques in which the end product of waste eventually contributes to the agriculture industry, reducing the harmful effects on the environment. Composting municipal solid waste is a clean and effective technique for waste disposal. The mechanized composting process is carried out by several methods, like the windrow method or the rotary drum method. However, large-scale composting processes involve energy consumption and labor costs for waste preparation and handling. This increases the market cost of compost. Hence, an energy-efficient composting technique with minimum environmental impact is needed. This research work aims to analyze the performance of an energy-efficient spouted bed technique for aerobic composting of municipal solid waste for the first time using spouted bed technology with sand as the bed material. Spouted bed composting handles the waste using a pneumatic method with minimum power consumption in comparison to conventional mechanical methods with windrow processes or rotary composting machines. The experimental procedure involves a test run of waste along with bed material and the collection of temperature variations, pH variations, moisture variations, and volatile matter content during the progression of the composting process. The results of this experimental study on a single batch of waste are then used to analyze the quality of the compost generated and compare it with existing results. Specific energy consumption for the process was less than 800 kJ/ton of raw waste input, which is much less than the energy used for conventional composting techniques. pH, volatile content, moisture, and temperature measurements indicated agreement with the established parameters of the composting process.
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Wang, Fang, Hong Yuan Li, and Xin Li. "Research and Application of Greening Waste Composting." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1882.
Abstract:
The present situation of composting greening wastes was reviewed in this paper. The feasibility of composting garden wastes was analyzed, and some related technical processes including the treatment of materials, the adjustment of C/N ratio, and the choice of strains were described. Then the use of composting products was analyzed at home and abroad. Finally, the prospect of waste composting in China was discussed.
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Office, Editorial. "Die invloed van ouderdom op die komposterings - koers van organiese materiaal deur Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta)." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 14, no. 4 (July 10, 1995): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v14i4.621.
Abstract:
One of the main objectives of a vermicomposting plant is to achieve a maximum composting rate of organic waste. Apart from population densities, substrate characteristics and environmental factors, age structure of the population is expected to affect the rate of composting. The composting rate of worms was studied in the laboratory under optimal conditions over a period of 55 days. Growth and sexual maturity were monitored as well as the composting rate during various stages of the life-cycle of Eisenia fetida. The composting rate was initially slow and reached a maximum peak when the worms were pre-clitellate.
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Lewicki, Andrzej, Jacek Dach, Piotr Boniecki, Wojciech Czekała, and Kamil Witaszek. "The Control of Air Humidity and Temperature in Relationship with a Biowaste Composting Process." Advanced Materials Research 909 (March 2014): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.909.455.
Abstract:
Biowaste composting is one of the main technologies of waste management in Poland. Composting process run is influenced by many parameters which can accelerate or slow down the phenomena. However, there is no information about the influence of humidity of the air pumped to composted mass on process run. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of air humidity on parameters of composting process. The results have showed that there is no significant influence of the air humidity on a dynamics of composting process. Even in case when the difference in air humidity exceeded 60%, the temperature remained similar. The research proved utility of new kind of temperature sensors. Temperature analysis in the whole volume of composting chamber allows to control composting process in much more effective way.