Journal articles: 'Composting science'

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Hoitink, H. A. J. "The Science of Composting." Journal of Environmental Quality 27, no. 1 (January 1998): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1998.00472425002700010039x.

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Abdellah, Yousif Abdelrahman Yousif, and Chunyan Li. "Livestock Manure Composting in Cold Regions: Challenges and Solutions." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 66, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2020-0001.

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AbstractThis review investigates the significant challenges of the process of livestock manure composting in cold regions and assesses the critical features related to the quality of the final compost product. Recently, the composting process has grasped more attention because of environmental pollution concerns and seeks for environmentally-sound approaches for managing livestock manure. Despite recent progress in crucial areas like the microbiology of compost, further improvement is needed in composting process monitoring. Therefore, specific obstacles related to livestock manure composting in cold regions, such as the generation and preservation of temperature, and the solution of obstacles such as inoculation of coldadapted microorganisms, and the role of biochar in prolonging the thermophilic stage of composting were reviewed. Also, the challenges were adequately addressed, and promising strategies to improve composting of livestock manure under harsh conditions were proposed. Still, there is a need for more investigation to get a better understanding of the role of microbial inoculants and biochar amendment regarding the start-up of the composting process in cold regions.

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Keener, H., M. Wicks, F. Michel, and K. Ekinci. "Composting broiler litter." World's Poultry Science Journal 70, no. 4 (December 1, 2014): 709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043933914000798.

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Larney, Francis J., Dan M. Sullivan, Katherine E. Buckley, and Bahman Eghball. "The role of composting in recycling manure nutrients." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 597–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-116.

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Recently, composting has been gaining increased attention as an alternative means of handling manure generated by the livestock industry. Composting is not a new technology, it merely controls what is a natural decomposition process. A major advantage of composting is reduced mass, volume and water content compared with fresh manure which in turn reduces transportation requirements. Concomitant benefits include elimination of pathogens, parasites, weed seeds and odour emissions on land application. However, carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are associated with composting. Nutrients are stabilized during composting which slows their release once soil-applied. Compost also enhances soil physical and biological properties and has a disease suppression effect. Where the supply of manure currently exceeds land availability for application, or in some future scenario, if producers need to comply with stricter manure application rate regulations, composting may be an option to encourage nutrient export from high-loading watersheds to soils that may benefit from nutrient and organic matter inputs. Composting may be seen as a means of maximizing the potential for recycling manure nutrients by soils and crops while protecting surface and groundwater resources from manure-related contamination. Key words: Manure, compost, nutrients, cropping systems, soil quality

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Guilabert, Francisco J., Xavier Barber, María Dolores Pérez-Murcia, Enrique Agulló, Francisco Javier Andreu-Rodríguez, Raúl Moral, and María Ángeles Bustamante. "Management of Green Waste Streams from Different Origins: Assessment of Different Composting Scenarios." Agronomy 11, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 1870. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11091870.

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The organic wastes of plant origin and, in particular, those coming from sources related to tourism activities, such as those generated from golf courses and touristic coasts, constitute an increasing concern due to the rise in their production and their unsuitable management. Thus, this work aimed to assess the use of different composting strategies to manage these specific green wastes, such as grass clippings and pruning waste from a golf course and marine plant debris, mainly from posidonia (Posidonia oceanica L.). To this end, two composting scenarios were established: the first only considered green wastes in the composition of the composting mixtures, and the second used sewage sludge as a co-composting agent. The temperature of the piles was monitored, and physicochemical and chemical parameters were also studied throughout the process. The results obtained showed that composting is a feasible method to manage and recycle this type of green waste, obtaining end products with suitable physicochemical and chemical characteristics. However, proportions of sea plant wastes in the composting mixture higher than 30% can compromise the fertilizing value of the final compost. Moreover, the use of an additional co-composting agent (sewage sludge) improved the characteristics of the end products obtained, provided that this co-composting agent had suitable initial characteristics.

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Hotta, S., T. Noguchi, and N. Funamizu. "Experimental study on nitrogen components during composting process of feces." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 7 (April 1, 2007): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.143.

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We measured nitrogen components during composting process of feces in a batch test in which sawdust was used as a matrix. Further decomposition rates of fecal nitrogen and carbon were obtained in the batch tests of different feces loading. In composting material that was a mixture of sawdust and fresh feces, fecal organic matter decomposed to CO2 and fecal nitrogen mineralized to ammonia during the composting process. The biological response of organic matter and nitrogen in the composting material was evaluated by oxygen consumption (OUR) and ammonia production that was a sum of volatilized ammonia gas and ammonia remaining in the composting material. Since composting material contains two different sources of organic matter from feces and sawdust, the OUR by using the sawdust matrix only was evaluated in preliminary tests. The fecal contribution to the OUR in the composting material was therefore calculated by subtraction of the result in the preliminary tests from the one in the composting material. The ammonia production from the fecal nitrogen was obtained by the same procedure. The decomposition rates of input organic matter in feces were approximately 83 and 70% respectively, whereas ammonia production rates were approximately 73 and 58% of input fecal nitrogen. There was an interesting time lag of the peak time between volatilisation rates of ammonia and CO2 during the composting process while fecal carbon and nitrogen simultaneously decomposed to ammonia and CO2 in the composting material.

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Adani, F., P. L. Genevini, F. Gasperi, and F. Tambone. "Composting And Humification." Compost Science & Utilization 7, no. 1 (January 1999): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.1999.10701949.

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Vallini, G., S. Di Gregorio, A. Pera, and A. CF Cunha Queda. "Exploitation of composting management for either reclamation of organic wastes or solid-phase treatment of contaminated environmental matrices." Environmental Reviews 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2002): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a02-008.

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This paper is an overview of the potential use of composting technology in programmes aimed at organic waste recycling (product-oriented perspective) or decomposition of hazardous materials (process-oriented perspective). This latter approach includes composting as a tool for bioremediation of environmental matrices, such as contaminated soils and sediments. In all above-mentioned cases, biological reactions that characterize composting must be managed carefully to allow putrescible residues to become a humified agricultural fertilizer with no phytotoxic effects, or the degradation of organic pollutants (e.g., aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons or halogenated solvents) to proceed to the highest extent with formation of innocuous end products. Thus, the fundamental aspects of controlling the microbial environment in composting matrices are singled out as a means for better evaluating the range of adverse conditions possibly responsible for hindering the correct evolution of the process within different applications. Key words: biopiles, bioremediation, composting, ex situ soil biotreatments, in-vessel systems, open systems, organo-nitro explosives, organic waste reclamation, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, soil composting windrows.

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Díaz, Manuel Jesús, Mercedes Ruiz-Montoya, Alberto Palma, and M. Violante de-Paz. "Thermogravimetry Applicability in Compost and Composting Research: A Review." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 1692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041692.

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Composting could be a suitable solution to the correct treatment and hygienization of several organic waste, producing compost that can be used in agriculture. The evolution and maturity of this process has been studied using a variety of techniques. One very promising technique for these studies is thermogravimetric analysis. On the other hand, the compost can be used for a variety of purposes different to the agricultural one, such as direct energy by combustion or energy and products by pyrolysis and its suitability can be measured by thermogravimetric techniques. With these goals, a bibliographic analysis has been done, applying Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses PRISMA methodology, to the use of thermogravimetric equipment applied to the study of composting and compost uses. According to the methodology for PRISMA systematic reviews, the following databases have been searched Google Scholar, Web of Science, Mendeley, Microsoft Academic, World Wide Science, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, Springer Link, Scopus, and PubMed by using the terms “thermogravimetry AND (compost OR composting) AND NOT plastic”.

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N'Dayegamiye, A., and D. Isfan. "Chemical and biological changes in compost of wood shavings, sawdust and peat moss." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 71, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss91-046.

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A comparative composting trial with wood shavings (WS), sawdust (SD) and peat moss (PM) was carried out under field conditions. In each, fresh material was mixed with cattle manure in a 2:1 ratio by volume. The initial pH of the WS, SD and PM composts (CST) were 6.2, 5.1 and 5.3, respectively. The chemical and biological changes in CST related to maturity were determined. Samples taken at 0, 12 and 24 mo of composting were also mixed with soil and increasing rates of N and tested as growing media for faba beans (Vicia faba L.) and corn (Zea mays L.) under greenhouse conditions. During composting, the C/N and E4/E6 values decreased in all cases but much more rapidly in WS pile. Thus, after 36 mo of composting, the C/N value decreased from 43 to 17 in WS pile and from 48 to only 35 in PM pile. As indicated by a low C/N ratio (17) and lower humic absorbance values (E4/E6 = 6.4), WS material was practically mature after 24 mo, more rapidly than SD and PM composts which presented initial lowest pH values. The microbial respiration rate (CO2), the pH and N–NO3 values increased during composting in all materials but much more in WS than in SD or PM pile. All composts were not harmful to plant growth even after a short time of composting (12 mo), but yields increased with the duration of composting. These data showed that it was possible to obtain, in field conditions, a compost from ligneous materials in 24 mo. Key words: Compost, composting, corn (Zea mays L.), faba beans (Vicia faba L.), microflora, peat moss, sawdust, wood shavings

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Gagnon, Bernard, Robert Robitaille, and Régis R. Simard. "Characterization of several on-farm and industrial composted materials." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 79, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s98-020.

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Manure management and composting methods may greatly affect compost characteristics. An experiment was conducted to characterize 23 on-farm and 6 industrial composts in Québec (Canada). Cluster analysis identified two major groups characterized by their chemical composition, source materials, management intensity and degree of decomposition. Electrical conductivity, total N and K, water-soluble NH4+, PO4, K, Al and organic C, and a cress test were the best chemical and biological parameters for grouping composts. These groups were strongly associated with bedding rate, turning frequency, composting duration, profile windrow appearance, material aggregation and odor. When restricted to dairy manure composts, no clear relationship could be established by cluster analysis between material grouping and their farm management. Statistical analysis on single chemical parameters of dairy manure composts, however, identified five farm management factors: type and amount of bedding, system of manure handling and storage, compost windrow turning, composting length and milk production intensity. These factors affected one or several major parameters: pH, dry matter, electrical conductivity, total and water-soluble C, N, P and K, and humic components characteristics. This study demonstrated the importance of leaching losses in the on-farm composting operations in humid cold regions and the need for more environmentally sustainable composting methods. Key words: Farm manure management, composting, chemical composition

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Kujawa, Sebastian, Damian Janczak, and Andrzej Mazur. "Image Analysis of Sewage Sludge and Barley Straw as Biological Materials Composted under Different Conditions." Materials 12, no. 22 (November 6, 2019): 3644. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12223644.

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Composting is one of the most important methods of sewage sludge management. This paper describes the methods of computer image analysis used for objective comparison of the appearance of composted materials under diverse conditions in terms of size and thermal insulation of the composting chambers. The research material was a mixture of sewage sludge and barley straw. The composting process was performed under strictly controlled laboratory conditions, using 10 composting chambers with five different volumes. In half of them additional thermal insulation was used, while in the others no insulation was applied. A proper composting process run was observed only in the three chambers with the largest volume and with additional thermal insulation. The images of the materials were subjected to a wide analysis, wherein the values of 17 parameters regarding color and texture were estimated. Significant differences were observed in the appearances between materials obtained during the properly running composting processes and those obtained in the chambers of insufficient size and thermal insulation. The values of the considered parameters determined for images of the composted material under normal and abnormal conditions were significantly different from each other. Thus, these parameters may be used as indicators of a correctly conducted composting process. In the cases of 15 parameters, the values of these differences exceeded 10%, and in the cases of 10 parameters 50%, while in the cases of three parameters as much as 100%.

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Zhang, Bangxi, Feifei Fan, Chao Guo, Mingji Yu, Mingcan Zhao, Yuan Song, and Yun Li. "Evaluation of Maturity and Odor Emissions in the Process of Combined Composting of Kitchen Waste and Garden Waste." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 5500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125500.

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With the development of urbanization, kitchen waste and garden waste have become an important part of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is in urgent need of resource treatment. This study investigated the impacts of garden waste as auxiliary materials on maturity and odor emissions (NH3 and H2S) during kitchen waste composting. The result showed that the combined composting product of kitchen waste and garden waste achieved the maturity effect, and the co-composting effect was better than that of separate composting of kitchen waste. Meanwhile, compared with the separate composting treatment of kitchen waste, the co-composting treatment of kitchen waste and garden waste can effectively reduce the cumulative emissions of H2S by more than 85%, and effectively reduce the cumulative emissions of NH3 by more than 75%. This study provides a technical reference for the green fertilizer utilization of kitchen waste and garden waste.

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Żukowska, Grażyna, Jakub Mazurkiewicz, Magdalena Myszura, and Wojciech Czekała. "Heat Energy and Gas Emissions during Composting of Sewage Sludge." Energies 12, no. 24 (December 15, 2019): 4782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12244782.

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The composting of sewage sludge and maize straw mixtures was investigated in this study. The aim was to analyze the influence of different proportions of sewage sludge and maize straw in the mixtures on composting process dynamics (expressed by heat production) and gas emissions. The results showed that all examined mixtures reached a strong thermophilic phase of composting; however, the lowest dynamic of temperature growth was observed in the case of the biggest sewage sludge content (60% of sewage sludge in the composting mixture). The ammonia concentration inside bioreactor chambers was directly related to the content of sewage sludge in the composted mixture. Excessive contents of sewage sludge had a considerable effect on very low C/N ratios and high losses through ammonia emissions. Tests were carried out in reactors with a capacity of 160 dm3 under controlled conditions. All mixtures were aerated by the average air-flow of about 2.5 dm3∙min−1, i.e., the minimum air-flow that allows a temperature of about 70 °C to be reached and a sufficiently long thermophilic phase, which ensures proper composting.

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Wynia, Wendy, Anne Sudar, and Gary Jones. "Recycling Human Waste: Composting Toilets as a Remedial Action Plan Option for Hamilton Harbour." Water Quality Research Journal 28, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 355–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1993.017.

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Abstract Hamilton Harbour has been designated as an Area of Concern in Ontario by the International Joint Commission due to water quality and ecosystem quality problems. One option that has been suggested as a means of reducing sewage loadings to local sewage treatment plants is the composting toilet. To investigate this option, background research was conducted regarding the design and functioning of the composting toilet over the years. It was found that composting toilets break down organic material through an aerobic microbial process with the end products being largely carbon dioxide, water and a humus-like material that can be used as a soil conditioner. Identified composting toilet owners (14 in total), mainly cottagers, were contacted and surveyed regarding their experience and degree of satisfaction with this type of toilet. Various related problems and benefits were identified. A random sample survey was then mailed out to 1200 Hamilton/Burlington residents to gauge the social acceptability of the composting toilet option in an urban setting. Responses tended to be quite positive and concern for environmental problems, specifically water quality, was apparent. Results indicated that nearly a quarter of the homeowners in the Hamilton/Burlington area would consider installing a composting toilet in their homes.

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Assandri, Davide, Niccolò Pampuro, Giacomo Zara, Angela Bianco, Eugenio Cavallo, and Marilena Budroni. "Co-Composting of Brewers’ Spent Grain with Animal Manures and Wheat Straw: Influence of Two Composting Strategies on Compost Quality." Agronomy 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11071349.

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The main challenge of this work is to identify a novel approach to reuse and valorize brewers’ spent grain (BSG) to produce a new source of income for the brewers in terms of self-consumption or selling goods. Therefore, this study explored the composting behavior of BSG mixed with different organic materials: wheat straw with pig slurry solid fraction and wheat straw with sheep manure, MIX1 and MIX2, respectively. The composting process was carried out in bins by comparing two different composting strategies: manual turning (MT) and static composting xxx– without turning operations (ST). During the experimental trial, BSG mixtures were chemically analyzed for pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen, total organic carbon, volatile solids, carbon to nitrogen ratio, and moisture content. Furthermore, the final composted materials were evaluated according to the physicochemical and biological limits fixed by the European regulation (2019/1009) and the Italian law (D.Lgs 75/2010). At the end of the composting process, the C/N ratio ranged from 11.6 to 15.5, the humification ratio ranged from 12.4 to 13.8 and the NH4+-N/NO3−-N ratio was lower than 0.5 indicating, in all investigated treatments, a good degree of maturation. However, as evidenced by the high pH values and low Germination Index, the sheep manure, as starting material, proved less effective than the solid fraction of pig slurry, probably due to excessive trampling and slow litter change. Finally, concerning the two composting strategies investigated, the obtained results highlighted that the composting strategy did not affect the final compost quality.

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Hoque, MMM, and S. Islam. "Temporal Changes of Physical Parameters of Solid Waste During Barrel Composting." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 11, no. 1-2 (October 1, 2019): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v11i1-2.43382.

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In this study solid waste were collected from 09 waste generating points of Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University during the study for composting. Volume reduction rate of solid waste was quick throughout 5-20 days and became slower during 25-35 days and finally became constant for last 10 days of observation, which indicated that quantity of nutrient materials for the bacterial growth became depleted and consequently the rate of decomposition of organic waste maybe slower at the last 10 days of observation. During the initial days, the increased temperature in the composting barrel was mainly caused by the more exothermic reactions associated with the respiratory metabolism of the microorganism involved in the composting of wastes. Volume reduction of organic wastes and the moisture contents shows similar trend. This result indicates that bacterial activities decrease with the reduction of moisture content of the wastes in the composting barrel. J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 11(1-2): 153-157 2018

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Garcia, C., T. Hernández, F. Costa, B. Ceccanti, and C. Ciardi. "Changes in ATP content, enzyme activity and inorganic nitrogen species during composting of organic wastes." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 72, no. 3 (August 1, 1992): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss92-023.

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Changes in several biochemical parameters, exchangeable [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were evaluated during the composting of sewage sludge and city refuse. Except for casein-protease activity, all enzyme activities were higher in sewage sludge than in city refuse, at all times, denoting larger microbial populations; this was also confirmed by a high initial ATP level. In addition to differences in microbial biomass, the lower enzyme activity in city refuse might also depend on inhibition by a high content of heavy metals. Absolute urease and phosphatase activities decreased during composting, showing a minimum at 91 and 65 d, respectively; thereafter they increased slightly. ATP also decreased markedly during the first month, then it stabilized to a low level. The correlation found between urease-phosphatase-ATP and the lack of correlation between proteases, and between both proteases and ATP-urease-phosphatase, confirmed the different synthesis and behaviour of these enzymes. Proteases might partially exist outside living cells, thus playing an important role in composting when microbial activity is low. High levels of ATP and enzyme activity at the beginning of the composting, their sharp decrease and the increase in casein-protease followed by a decrease, characterized the "mineralization" phase, while low levels in ATP and casein-protease and a re-activation of the other hydrolases, characterized the "maturation" phase of the composting. The ammonium content decreased during composting while nitrate increased, indicating that the process evolved exhaustively and under fully aerobic conditions. Key words: ATP, city refuse, enzyme activity, hydrolases, sewage sludge

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Stocks, C., A. J. Barker, and S. Guy. "The Composting of Brewery Sludge." Journal of the Institute of Brewing 108, no. 4 (2002): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2050-0416.2002.tb00575.x.

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Larney, Francis J., Andrew F. Olson, Paul R. DeMaere, Brian P. Handerek, and Bonnie C. Tovell. "Nutrient and trace element changes during manure composting at four southern Alberta feedlots." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, no. 1 (February 1, 2008): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07044.

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Interest in composting as a means of handling the large volumes of manure generated by southern Alberta beef cattle feedlots has increased in recent years. We measured concentrations of 19 elements (C, N, P, Na, Ca, Mg, K, S, Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, P b , Co, Mo and Cd) in fresh manure, interim-composted manure and finished compost, at four commercial feedlots. Thirteen elements showed increased concentrations (by 26–73%) with composting, while four (C, Cr, Ni and Mo) showed concentration declines. Of the remaining two, the trend in N concentration was feedlot dependent, while Pb was largely unaffected. Total mass loss during composting averaged 54%, which represents a substantial decrease in haulage requirements. Overall average C losses were 61% and N losses 33%. On an equivalent wet weight basis ("as-is"), composting allowed haulage of 56% more N, 84% more P, 91% more Zn, and 76% more Cu than fresh manure, which is advantageous in terms of moving nutrients and trace elements from high to low-loading areas. Our study quantifies nutrient and trace element behaviour during composting, provides comparative data with fresh manure, and helps tailor end-use decisions (e.g., haulage distance, application rate) on the compost product. Key words: Manure, compost, beef cattle feedlots, nutrients, trace elements

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CEKMECELIOGLU, DENIZ, ALI DEMIRCI, and ROBERT E. GRAVES. "Feedstock Optimization of In-Vessel Food Waste Composting Systems for Inactivation of Pathogenic Microorganisms." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 589–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.3.589.

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An optimum composting recipe was investigated to reduce pathogenic microorganisms in a forced-aerated in-vessel system (55 liters). The feedstocks used for in-vessel composting were food waste, cow manure, and bulking materials (wood shavings and mulch hay). A statistical extreme vertices mixture design method was used to design the composting experiments and analyze the collected data. Each mixture (nine total) was replicated randomly three times. Temperature was monitored as an indicator of the efficiency of the composting experiments. The maximum temperature values of the mixtures were used as a response for both extreme vertices mixture design and statistical analyses. Chemical changes (moisture content, carbon/nitrogen ratio, volatile solids, and pH) and reductions of indicator (fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci) and pathogenic microorganisms (Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7) were measured by the most-probable-number method before and after a 12-day composting period. Maximum temperatures for the tested compost mixtures were in the range of 37.0 to 54.7°C. Extreme vertices mixture design analysis of the surface plot suggested an optimum mixture containing 50% food waste, 40% manure, and 10% bulking agents. This optimum mixture achieved maximum temperatures of 54.7 to 56.6°C for about 3.3 days. The total reduction of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 were 92.3%, whereas fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci reductions were lower (59.3 and 27.1%, respectively). Future study is needed to evaluate the extreme vertices mixture design method for optimization of large-scale composting.

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Elwell, D. L., H. M. Keener, D. S. Carey, and P. P. Schlak. "Composting Unamended Chicken Manure." Compost Science & Utilization 6, no. 2 (March 1998): 22–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.1998.10701918.

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Sharma, S., R. C. Mathur, and P. Vasudevan. "Composting Silkworm Culture Waste." Compost Science & Utilization 7, no. 2 (March 1999): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.1999.10701967.

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Timms, C. E., and B. W. Baetz. "Sizing of centralized leaf and yard waste composting facilities." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 25, no. 5 (October 1, 1998): 967–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-022.

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Many communities are facing serious solid waste disposal problems and considerable efforts are being made to reduce the quantities of municipal solid waste requiring disposal. Centralized composting of leaf and yard materials is gaining widespread popularity across North America in an attempt to divert these materials from landfill and process them into a valuable organic soil amendment for agricultural and horticultural purposes. To ensure the success of new centralized composting facilities, they must be adequately sized so that the incoming organic material can be suitably accommodated. This note presents a structured methodology for the sizing of centralized window composting facilities for leaf and yard materials, with land area requirements being determined for receiving, preprocessing, processing, and finishing operations. This approach may prove to be a useful tool to municipalities in the preliminary design of their centralized leaf and yard waste composting facilities.Key words: composting, municipal solid waste management, facility sizing.

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González, Daniel, Nagore Guerra, Joan Colón, David Gabriel, Sergio Ponsá, and Antoni Sánchez. "Characterization of the Gaseous and Odour Emissions from the Composting of Conventional Sewage Sludge." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020211.

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Many different alternatives exist to manage and treat sewage sludge, all with the common drawback of causing environmental and odour impacts. The main objective of this work is to present a full inventory of the gaseous and odorous emissions generated during the bench-scale composting of conventional sewage sludge, aiming at assessing the process performance and providing global valuable information of the different gaseous emission patterns and emission factors found for greenhouse gases (GHG) and odorant pollutants during the conventional sewage sludge composting process. The main process parameters evaluated were the temperature of the material, specific airflow, average oxygen uptake rate (OUR), and final dynamic respiration index (DRI), resulting in a proper performance of the sewage sludge composting process and obtaining the expected final product. The obtained material was properly stabilized, presenting a final DRI of 1.2 ± 0.2 g O2·h−1·kg−1 Volatile Solids (VS). GHGs emission factor, in terms of kg CO2eq·Mg−1 dry matter of sewage sludge (DM–SS), was found to be 2.30 × 102. On the other hand, the sewage sludge composting odour emission factor (OEF) was 2.68 × 107ou·Mg−1 DM–SS. Finally, the most abundant volatile organic compounds (VOC) species found in the composting gaseous emissions were terpenes, sulphur compounds, ketones, and aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas the major odour contributors identified were dimethyldisulphide, eucalyptol, and α-pinene.

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Castillo-Castillo, Yamicela, Robin Anderson, Michael Hume, Michael Flythe, David Nisbet, Claudio Arzola-Alvarez, Francisco Castillo, et al. "PSXII-18 Treatment of composted poultry litter with natural hop extracts, effects on nitrogen accumulations, coliforms and select Gram-positive pathogenic and antimicrobial resistant bacteria." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.765.

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Abstract Poultry litter, produced by intensive poultry production systems, is a potentially valuable crude protein feedstuff for ruminants if effectively treated to kill pathogens before feeding. Composting effectively kills pathogens but risks losses of ammonia during uric acid degradation. To test if hop extracts may help preserve uric acid concentrations during composting, 11-g portions of used wood chip litter (WCL, 88% dry matter) were treated with 6 mL water containing Galena or Chinook hop extracts to achieve 0.06 g of either extract/g WCL. Control WCL was treated with buffer alone. The WCL was distributed to 50-mL tubes (3 tubes/treatment), capped and incubated in Gas Pac jars for 8 days at 30oC, followed by 3 days at 37oC and an additional 2 days at 42oC to simulate a 13-day compost period. A repeated measures analysis of variance revealed a treatment by day interaction on uric acid (P < 0.05), with concentrations being highest upon initiation of composting (41.9 ± 3.6 µmol/g), lowest on day 13 for the untreated compost (17.5 ± 9.2 µmol/g) and intermediate for Galena and Chinook hop-treated compost (28.0 ± 4.7 and 25.8 ± 0.8 µmol/g, respectively). Effects of treatment, day of composting or their interaction, however, were not observed (P > 0.05) on concentrations of ammonia and urea, which averaged 1.2 ± 1.0 and 2.9 ± 0.6 µmol/g, respectively. As expected, an effect of day-of composting on survivability (P < 0.05) of select bacterial populations was confirmed, with counts being decreased more than 3.0 log10 units after 13 days composting than on day 0 for enterococci, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria, coliforms and total aerobes (6.7 ± 0.09, 9.0 ± 0.01, 5.8 ± 0.16, 5.9 ± 0.09 and 9,9 ± 0.06 log10 CFU/g, respectively). These results indicate that hops-treatment may help preserve crude protein within WCL during composting.

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Milczarek, M., E. Neczaj, and K. Parkitna. "Co-composting as an oxygen stabilization of an organic fraction of municipal solid waste and industrial sewage sludge." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 8 (October 1, 2013): 1697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.402.

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The purpose of this work is to study the characteristics of the co-composting of municipal solid waste (MSW), sewage sludge, grass and sawdust. Differing proportions of biodegradable waste were investigated through changes of temperature, oxygen consumption, organic matters, moisture content, carbon, nitrogen, C/N ratio as well as heavy metals and pathogen microorganisms content. The present study has shown that addition of MSW above 10% had a negative impact on the composting process. The initial C/N of the mixtures with a higher MSW content was below 18. Lower losses of organic matter occurred during composting for the mixture with the highest addition of MSW. Although studies have shown that composting is a good method for the disposal of organic waste additional research is required in order to optimize the organic and nitrogen compounds degradation during the co-composting process. In conclusion, a 1:4:4:1 mixture of MSW:sewage sludge:grass:sawdust is recommended because it can achieve high temperature as well as the highest organic matter degradation and highest N content in the final composting product. The concentration of heavy and light metals in all composts was within the limits of regulation of the Polish Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development.

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Hsu, J. H., and S. L. Lo. "Recycling of separated pig manure: characterization of maturity and chemical fractionation of elements during composting." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0027.

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Composting of separated pig manure (SPM) was studied to evaluate criteria indicating compost maturity and to determine the effect of composting on the fractionation of trace elements in SPM compost. Composting was performed in turn piles and the following parameters were measured in 10 samples during 122 days of composting: temperature, C/N ratio, ash content, metal contents, humic substance contents, and fractions (humic acid, fulvic acid, and nonhumic fractions - HA, FA, and NHF, respectively). A sequential extraction scheme was used to partition Cu, Mn, and Zn in SPM compost. The C/N ratio and ash content exhibited a typically high rate of change during the first 33 days and levelled off thereafter. The fresh SPM was enriched with Cu, Mn, and Zn due to feed additives. All metal concentrations increased approximately 2.6-fold in the final compost due to decomposition of organic matter. The HA content increased to a maximum at 80 days, representing the degree of humification and maturity of the compost. During the composting process, the major portions of Cu, Mn, and Zn were found in the organic, oxide, and carbonate fractions, respectively. Metal distributions in different chemical fractions were generally independent of composting age and, thus, respective total metal concentrations in the composts.

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Adamcová, Dana, Joanna Fronczyk, Maja Radziemska, Magdalena Vaverková, and Jan Zloch. "Research of the biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable plastic material in various types of environments." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 26, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2017.26.1.01.

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Research was carried out in order to assess biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable materials made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive) or made of polyethylene (PE) with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive), advertised as 100% degradable or certifi ed as compostable within various types of environments. Research conditions were: (i) controlled composting environment – laboratory-scale, (ii) real composting conditions – domestic compost bin, (iii) real composting conditions – industrial composting plant and (iv) landfill conditions. The results demonstrate that the materials made of HDPE and mixed with totally degradable plastic additive (TDPA additive) or made of polyethylene (PE) with the addition of pro-oxidant additive (d2w additive) or advertised as 100% degradable did not biodegrade in any of the above-described conditions and remained completely intact at the end of the tests. Biodegradation of the certified compostable plastic bags proceeded very well in laboratory-scale conditions and in real composting conditions – industrial composting plant, however, these materials did not biodegrade in real composting conditions – domestic compost bin and landfill conditions.

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Valente, Beatriz Simões, Robson Andreazza, Eduardo Gonçalves Xavier, Mario Conill Gomes, Heron da Silva Pereira, and Fernanda Dias de Ávila. "Composting for valuation of marine fish waste." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 18, no. 4 (December 2017): 594–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402017000400010.

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SUMMARY This trial evaluated the composting for valuation of marine fish waste. The study was carried out in a composting cell (1.10m length, 1.50m width, 1.20m height, and 2.50m headroom), which received a mixture of marine fish waste (skin and fin) and reused wood shavings at a 7:3 proportion. The efficiency of the composting process was evaluated through analysis of biomass temperature, moisture, pH, ash, compost mineralization index, carbon/nitrogen ratio, total organic matter, total organic carbon and total nitrogen. Data were tested by analysis of variance and polynomial regression, and the means compared by Tukey's test at 5%. The results showed that composting is an efficient alternative for the valuation of fish residues. The compost complies with the Brazilian Standards (Normative Instruction 25/2009 of the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply). The C/N ratio lower than 15/1 combined with the high moisture content of the substrates inhibit the increase in the biomass temperature. The wood shavings reused for three consecutive times provide nitrogen. The addition of water to the composting process should be suppressed when using the proportion of 7kg fish waste and 3kg reused wood shavings.

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JIANG, XIUPING, JENNIE MORGAN, and MICHAEL P. DOYLE. "Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 during Composting of Bovine Manure in a Laboratory-Scale Bioreactor." Journal of Food Protection 66, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-66.1.25.

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Inactivation profiles of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in inoculated bovine manure–based compost ingredients were determined by composting these ingredients in a bioreactor under controlled conditions. A 15-liter bioreactor was constructed to determine the fate of E. coli O157:H7 and changes in pH, moisture content, temperature, and aerobic mesophilic and thermophilic bacterial counts during composting. Fresh cow manure, wheat straw, cottonseed meal, and ammonium sulfate were combined to obtain a moisture content of ca. 60% and a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 29:1. The compost ingredients were held in the bioreactor at a constant external temperature of 21 or 50°C. Self-heating of the ingredients due to microbial activity occurred during composting, with stratified temperatures occurring within the bioreactor. At an external temperature of 21°C, self-heating occurred for 0 to 3 days, depending on the location within the bioreactor. E. coli O157:H7 populations increased by 1 to 2 log10 CFU/g during the initial 24 h of composting and decreased by ca. 3.5 log10 CFU/g near the bottom of the bioreactor and by ca. 2 log10 CFU/g near the middle and at the top during 36 days of composting. At an external temperature of 50°C, E. coli O157:H7 was inactivated rapidly (by ca. 4.9 log10 CFU/g at the top of the bioreactor, by 4.0 log10 CFU/g near the middle, and by 5.9 log10 CFU/g near the bottom) within 24 h of composting. When inoculated at an initial level of ca. 107 CFU/g, E. coli O157:H7 survived for 7 days but not for 14 days at all three sampling locations, as indicated by either direct plating or enrichment culture. At the top of the bioreactor a relatively constant moisture content of 60% was maintained, whereas the moisture content near the bottom decreased steadily to 37 to 45% over 14 days of composting. The pH of the composting mixture decreased to ca. 6 within 1 to 3 days and subsequently increased to 8 to 9. Results obtained in this study indicate that large populations (104 to 107 CFU/g) of E. coli O157:H7 survived for 36 days during composting in a bioreactor at an external temperature of 21°C but were inactivated to undetectable levels after 7 to 14 days when the external temperature of the bioreactor was 50°C. Hence, manure contaminated with large populations (e.g., 107 CFU/g) of E. coli O157:H7 should be composted for more than 1 week, and preferably for 2 weeks, when held at a minimum temperature of 50°C.

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Kazemi, Khoshrooz, Baiyu Zhang, Leonard M. Lye, and Zhiwen Zhu. "Evaluation of state and evolution of marine fish waste composting by enzyme activities." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, no. 5 (May 2017): 348–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0377.

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The feasibility of using enzyme activities for indicating the state of marine fish waste composting was examined in this study and the evolution of the composting process for a 60 day period was evaluated. Results indicated that stable and mature fish waste compost has been generated. During the composting process, oxidoreductase enzyme (dehydrogenase) and hydrolase enzyme (β-glucosidase and phosphatase) activities decreased with time since available organic compounds decreased. A good correlation among enzyme activities and different physiochemical parameters including oxygen uptake rate, carbon/nitrogen ratio, and germination index led to the conclusion that both hydrolytic and dehydrogenase enzyme activities could be feasible indicators of the state and evolution of the composting process.

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Rantala, P. R., K. Vaajasaari, R. Juvonen, E. Schultz, A. Joutti, and R. Mäkelä-Kurtto. "Composting of Forest Industry Wastewater Sludges for Agricultural Use." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (December 1, 1999): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0711.

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The feasibility of composting of pulp and paper industry sludges was studied. The aim was to study the progress of the composting process and the toxicity and applicability of the sludges in agriculture. Five different sludges were used: two biosludges and three biosludge and primary sludge mixtures. The sludges were composted in seven piles, two smaller of them founded with leachates collection systems. The piles were monitored throughout the composting period by physical measurements, chemical analyses and toxicity tests. Also the lignin concentrations were measured from the sludges and from the soil as well as the amount of mycelium. The results showed that all sludges were easily composted and they will be suitable for the use as soil improvement in agricultural plant production. Toxicity of the sludges decreased during composting and all the sludges were proved to be non-toxic at the end of the composting. Heavy metal concentrations were low in all sludges and leachates. The leachates were also non-toxic and the concentrations of nutrients were low.

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Wee, Choon, and Jung-Jeng Su. "Biofuel Produced from Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Cattle Manure in Coordination with Black Soldier Fly Larvae Decomposition." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 8, 2019): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050911.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of applying a two-step biological treatment process, solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) composting, for the treatment of dairy cattle manure. Biogas from the SSAD of dairy cattle manure, and the digestate of SSAD was fed to BSFL. In turn, BSFL can be fed to animals as a protein supplement. Adjustment of the pH and 30% inoculation ratio (IR30) during SSAD produced the highest theoretical methane yield, 626.1 ± 28.7 L CH4/kg VSdes, with an ultimate methane yield of 96.81 ± 2.0 L CH4/kg VSload. For BSFL composting, the groups with a feeding rate of 75 and 100 mg/day/larvae had the highest body weight change, which was 969.6 ± 28.4% and 984.1 ± 177.6%, respectively. The combination process of SSAD and BSFL composting increases the incentive for dairy cattle manure treatment instead of conventional composting and produced more valuable products.

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LUNG, A. J., C. M. LIN, J. M. KIM, M. R. MARSHALL, R. NORDSTEDT, N. P. THOMPSON, and C. I. WEI. "Destruction of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis in Cow Manure Composting†." Journal of Food Protection 64, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 1309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-64.9.1309.

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Application of cow manure and composted manure in agricultural practice could potentially cause contamination of foodstuffs with pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7. In this study, rifampicin-resistant (RifR) E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Enteritidis at a level of 7 log CFU/g of raw compost feed were used to determine the effect of a bench-scale composting system on their survival. RifR E. coli O157:H7 was not detected after 72 h of composting at 45°C, and RifR Salmonella Enteritidis was not detected after 48 h. The use of selective media for enrichment failed to recover in the composting samples held at 45°C for 96 h. However, the pathogens showed no change in bacterial numbers when the composting system was held at room temperature. Thus, properly composted manure can be safely used in food crop production while minimizing the likelihood of microbial contamination.

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Shuval, Hillel, Roberto Jodice, Michaele Consiglio, Giancarlo Spaggiarri, and Cianluigi Spigoni. "Control of Enteric Micro-Organisms by Aerobic–Thermophilic Co-Composting of Wastewater Sludge and Agro-Industry Wastes." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 2 (July 1, 1991): 401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0099.

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A field scale, pilot plant study of aerobic-thermophilic co-composting of digested) dewatered, wastewater sludge together with the agro-industry wastes, poplar bark and grape vine stalks was carried out by A.G.A.C in Reggio-Emilia, Province of Northern Italy. The compost piles reached a temperature of over 55°C for extended periods and concentration of the bacterial indicator organisms fecal coliforms, fecal streptococcus and Salmonella were reduced drastically to acceptable levels. The mean C/N ratio of the mixture was reduced during the composting period from 25 to 17. The final compost proved effective as a soil fertility additive in plant growth experiments. The special value of co-composting sludge with ligneous-cellulose residuals, which stimulate the biological interactions essential for effective composting were revealed in this study.

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Cronje, A., C. Turner, A. Williams, A. Barker, and S. Guy. "Composting under controlled conditions." Environmental Technology 24, no. 10 (October 2003): 1221–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09593330309385664.

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Barnes, L. M. "Tunnel Composting at Ipswich." Water and Environment Journal 12, no. 2 (April 1998): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1998.tb00160.x.

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Barker, Allen V., and Gretchen M. Bryson. "Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Organic Toxicants by Composting." Scientific World JOURNAL 2 (2002): 407–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2002.91.

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Hazardous organic and metallic residues or by-products can enter into plants, soils, and sediments from processes associated with domestic, municipal, agricultural, industrial, and military activities. Handling, ingestion, application to land or other distributions of the contaminated materials into the environment might render harm to humans, livestock, wildlife, crops, or native plants. Considerable remediation of the hazardous wastes or contaminated plants, soils, and sediments can be accomplished by composting. High microbial diversity and activity during composting, due to the abundance of substrates in feedstocks, promotes degradation of xenobiotic organic compounds, such as pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). For composting of contaminated soils, noncontaminated organic matter should be cocomposted with the soils. Metallic pollutants are not degraded during composting but may be converted into organic combinations that have less bioavailability than mineral combinations of the metals. Degradation of organic contaminants in soils is facilitated by addition of composted or raw organic matter, thereby increasing the substrate levels for cometabolism of the contaminants. Similar to the composting of soils in vessels or piles, the on-site addition of organic matter to soils (sheet composting) accelerates degradation of organic pollutants and binds metallic pollutants. Recalcitrant materials, such as organochlorines, may not undergo degradation in composts or in soils, and the effects of forming organic complexes with metallic pollutants may be nonpermanent or short lived. The general conclusion is, however, that composting degrades or binds pollutants to innocuous levels or into innocuous compounds in the finished product.

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Narihiro, Takashi, and Akira Hiraishi. "Microbiology of Fed-batch Composting." Microbes and Environments 20, no. 1 (2005): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1264/jsme2.20.1.

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Edelmann, W., and H. Engeli. "Combined Digestion and Composting of Organic Industrial and Municipal Wastes in Switzerland." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 2 (January 1, 1993): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0099.

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The potential of the organic solid wastes in Switzerland from household, industry, gardens, public grounds and treatment of wood has been determined to be about 955 000 tons Total Solid (TS) per year. While lignified wastes have to be composted, wet and easily degradable wastes are suitable for anaerobic digestion. These humid wastes cause odor problems in composting facilities. For more than one third of the total potential digestion is a better solution than composting. Combined plants, where the digestion is directly combined with composting, show many advantages, such as the appropriate treatment for different substrate fractions, use of the same machineries for the pre- and the post-treatment, self-sufficiency in energy as well as utilization of the waste water derived from liquid-solid separation at the end of the digestion for the irrigation of the windrows. Detailed investment and operating costs for different aerobic and anaerobic treatment methods are presented. It is shown, that anaerobic digestion is significantly cheaper than composting. Combined plants cost rather less than plants which treat the wastes exclusively by way of composting. Therefore, the treatment of solid organic wastes in combined plants is recommended.

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Zheng, G. D., T. B. Chen, D. Gao, and W. Luo. "Dynamic of lead speciation in sewage sludge composting." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 9 (November 1, 2004): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0539.

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A large-scale sewage sludge composting experiment was conducted to develop an understanding of changes that occur to Pb chemical speciation, distribution and bio-availability during the course of composting. The four-stage Tessier sequential extraction method was employed to investigate the dynamics of heavy metal Pb speciation (exchangeable, bound to carbonates, bound to Fe-Mn oxides, bound to organic matter and sulphides, residual) during the course of sewage sludge composting. The concentrations of the total Pb and the five Pb fractions concentrations were increased during the whole stage of compost. However, the percentages of Pb distribution with respect to total Pb were changed in the following manner: exchangeable, bound to Fe-Mn oxides and bound to carbonates Pb with respect to total Pb were increased, while the percentages of bound to organic matter and sulphides, and residual Pb with respect to total Pb were decreased during composting. The data showed that the quantity of Pb in the less toxic portion, such as consisting of organic matter and sulphides bound and residual Pb, was increased, and that the contamination and bio-availability of heavy metal Pb in sewage sludge was reduced during the composting process.

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Vallini, G., A. Pera, M. Valdrighi, and F. Cecchi. "Process Constraints in Source-Collected Vegetable Waste Composting." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0110.

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A pilot plant for compost stabilization of the vegetable waste (green waste or residues) which daily accumulates at the garden-produce markets in Florence (Italy) is described here. The green residues are source-collected. After shredding they are mixed with a ligno-cellulosic bulking agent in order to reduce their high moisture content and to promote porosity of the vegetable biomass. Composting is carried out in a special kind of open reactor (Aerated Dynamic Composting Trench) with forced ventilation and turning machinery. Retention time for composting in the biooxidation trench is 35 days. Following this the compost is placed in a post-maturation yard. This paper gives information about the main aspects to be taken into account for the management of the composting process applied to vegetable waste in order to obtain a high-quality organic soil amendant.

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San Martin Ruiz, Macarena, Martin Reiser, and Martin Kranert. "Composting and Methane Emissions of Coffee By-Products." Atmosphere 12, no. 9 (September 7, 2021): 1153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12091153.

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In the last 20 years, the demand for coffee production has increased detrimentally, heightening the need for production, which is currently driving the increase in land cultivation for coffee. However, this increase in production ultimately leads to the amplification of waste produced. This study aims to develop an experimental methodology for sustainable coffee by-products (Pulp (CP)) in Costa Rica for nutrient-rich compost. The performance of the experiments is to explore and optimize composting processes following its key parameters. This will allow quantifying the emissions rate to obtain an emission factor for CP during the open composting process and optimizing the conditions to minimize CH4 emissions using P and green waste (GW) materials. Five CP and GW mixtures were analyzed for the composting process for ten weeks, acting P as primary input material as a by-product. Quantification of the methane emissions was performed in two areas: composting area and open field deposition. Peak temperatures of compost appeared at twenty-five days for control and five days for GW added treatments. CP emission factors provide a similar result with the standard values recommended by the literature, accomplishing the emission reductions. Thus, this study designed and validated a sustainable protocol for transforming coffee by-products into compost.

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Lo, K. V., A. K. Lau, and P. H. Liao. "Composting of Separated Solid Swine Wastes." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 54, no. 4 (April 1993): 307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1993.1023.

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Nakasaki, Kiyohiko, Sachiko Hiraoka, and Hiroyuki Nagata. "A New Operation for Producing Disease-Suppressive Compost from Grass Clippings." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64, no. 10 (October 1, 1998): 4015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.64.10.4015-4020.1998.

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ABSTRACT This study evaluated the use of grass clippings discharged from golf courses as the raw material for production of a suppressive compost to control Rhizoctonia large-patch disease in mascarene grass. Bacillus subtilis N4, a mesophilic bacterium with suppressive effects on the pathogenic fungusRhizoctonia solani AG2-2, was used as an inoculum in a procedure developed with the aim of controlling composting temperatures and inoculation timing. The population density of mesophilic bacteria in the raw material was reduced to around 5 log10 CFU/g (dry weight) of composting material in the self-heating reaction at the initial stage of composting by maintaining a temperature of 80°C for 1 day. The inoculum was applied immediately, and the composting material was maintained at 40°C for 3 days. This served both to highly concentrate the suppressive bacterium and to achieve sporulation. The temperature was then raised to 60°C and maintained, enabling hygienic, high-speed composting while maintaining the population density of the suppressive bacterium as high as 8 log10 CFU/g (dry weight) in the compost. The suppressiveness of compost made in this way was confirmed in a turf grass disease prevention assay.

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Chaturvedi, Shivani, Vishal Kumar, and Santosh Satya. "Composting effects ofPongamia pinnataon tomato fertilization." Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 55, no. 5 (October 2009): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03650340802516473.

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Thambirajah, J. J., and A. J. Kuthubutheen. "Composting of palm press fibre." Biological Wastes 27, no. 4 (January 1989): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90007-4.

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Smidt, E., P. Lechner, M. Schwanninger, G. Haberhauer, and M. H. Gerzabek. "Characterization of Waste Organic Matter by FT-IR Spectroscopy: Application in Waste Science." Applied Spectroscopy 56, no. 9 (September 2002): 1170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/000370202760295412.

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A series of experiments has shown that FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopy is a helpful tool for characterizing waste organic matter, its decomposition, and stabilization in rotting processes. A specific set of differently treated input materials, originating from various composting plants, was chosen to reflect a wide range of spectroscopic properties. The approach to FT-IR spectra interpretation is presented. Changes of relative absorbances of the band at 2925 cm−1 (methylene groups of aliphatics) reflect the progress and dynamics of composting processes. Different processes can be compared by the specific development of their 2925 cm−1 band. Nitrate was quantified by calibrating nitrate band heights with added amounts of KNO3. The concentrations and band heights (absorbances) were linearly correlated ( R2 = 0.9968, SD = 0.001). Bands of inorganic components are useful to assess the decomposition process because they also indicate the development of organic matter. Different wastes can be distinguished by their fingerprint region (1500–900 cm−1). This region also reveals fresh and undecomposed materials. The presence or absence of specific bands provides information about the decomposition status of materials.

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INABA, Nobuya, Kazuyuki MARUYAMA, Masaki MIYAKE, and Yusaku FUJIO. "Composting of the Processing Waste of Satsuma Mandarin(Citrus unshiu Marc.) with a Developed Composting Machine." NIPPON SHOKUHIN KAGAKU KOGAKU KAISHI 43, no. 11 (1996): 1205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3136/nskkk.43.1205.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Composting science'

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