Journal articles: 'Composting process'

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Kollárová, M., V. Altmann, A. Jelínek, and M. Češpiva. "Effect of bio-technological agents on the composting process and gaseous emissions production from the composting process." Research in Agricultural Engineering 52, No. 4 (February 7, 2012): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4891-rae.

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In the contribution are presented results of two experiments with utilisation of bio-technological agents Bacteriocomposter Plus and Bio-Algeen G40. The effect of these agents on the course of the composting process and emissions production from the composting was investigated. The experiment was also carried out with utilisation of biofilter. The emissions measuring was carried out by the continual method utilising the measuring apparatus INNOVA MULTIGAS (monitor 1312)MultipointSampler 1309 INNOVA. The results of the experiments have confirmed that the bio-technological agents have effect on the reduction of the emissions production from the composting activity.

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Raza, Shahid, and Jalil Ahmad. "Composting process: a review." International Journal of Biological Research 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2016): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbr.v4i2.6354.

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Composting is one of the important and economical method of recycling organic waste. Composting process involve a number of microbes. Composting have several benefits, it improves manure handling , possible saleable product , improves land application, weed seed and pathogen destruction by high temperature in compost pile, minimum risk of different pollution problems, perfect soil conditioner. Composting is a process in which biological breakdown of organic waste under different controlled conditions takes place.

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Ribeiro, Noelly de Queiroz, Thiago Pereira Souza, Lívia Martinez Abreu Soares Costa, Cibelli Paula de Castro, and Eustáquio Souza Dias. "Microbial additives in the composting process." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 41, no. 2 (April 2017): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-70542017412038216.

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ABSTRACT Composting is the process of natural degradation of organic matter carried out by environmental microorganisms whose metabolic activities cause the mineralization and partial humification of substances in the pile. This compost can be beneficially applied to the soil as organic fertilizer in horticulture and agriculture. The number of studies involving microbial inoculants has been growing, and they aim to improve processes such as composting. However, the behavior of these inoculants and other microorganisms during the composting process have not yet been described. In this context, this work aimed to investigate the effects of using a microbial inoculum that can improve the composting process and to follow the bacterial population dynamics throughout the process using the high-resolution melt (HRM) technique. To do so, we analysed four compost piles inoculated with Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, B. cereus + B. megaterium and a control with no inoculum. The analyses were carried out using samples collected at different stages of the process (5th to 110th days). The results showed that the bacterial inocula influenced the process of composting, altering the breakdown of cellulose and hemicelluloses and causing alterations to the temperature and nitrogen levels throughout the composting process. The use of a universal primer (rDNA 16S) allowed to follow the microbial succession during the process. However, the design of a specific primer is necessary to follow the inoculum throughout the composting process with more accuracy.

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Hotta, S., T. Noguchi, and N. Funamizu. "Experimental study on nitrogen components during composting process of feces." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 7 (April 1, 2007): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.143.

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We measured nitrogen components during composting process of feces in a batch test in which sawdust was used as a matrix. Further decomposition rates of fecal nitrogen and carbon were obtained in the batch tests of different feces loading. In composting material that was a mixture of sawdust and fresh feces, fecal organic matter decomposed to CO2 and fecal nitrogen mineralized to ammonia during the composting process. The biological response of organic matter and nitrogen in the composting material was evaluated by oxygen consumption (OUR) and ammonia production that was a sum of volatilized ammonia gas and ammonia remaining in the composting material. Since composting material contains two different sources of organic matter from feces and sawdust, the OUR by using the sawdust matrix only was evaluated in preliminary tests. The fecal contribution to the OUR in the composting material was therefore calculated by subtraction of the result in the preliminary tests from the one in the composting material. The ammonia production from the fecal nitrogen was obtained by the same procedure. The decomposition rates of input organic matter in feces were approximately 83 and 70% respectively, whereas ammonia production rates were approximately 73 and 58% of input fecal nitrogen. There was an interesting time lag of the peak time between volatilisation rates of ammonia and CO2 during the composting process while fecal carbon and nitrogen simultaneously decomposed to ammonia and CO2 in the composting material.

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Qin, Xiaosheng, Guohe Huang, Guangming Zeng, Amit Chakma, and Beidou Xi. "A Fuzzy Composting Process Model." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 57, no. 5 (May 2007): 535–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.57.5.535.

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H. L. Person and W. H. Shayya. "Composting Process Design Computer Model." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 10, no. 2 (1994): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.25852.

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Huang, Chong Hao, Yong Zhang, and Jun Hong Luo. "Rapid and High-Efficient Composting Process of Municipal Sewage Surplus Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 464 (November 2013): 184–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.464.184.

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This thesis is based on the target of the sludge which was dehydrated and percolated by sewage treatment plant. It conducts the feasibility analysis for the agricultural usage of sludge in cities, and carries out composting experiment of dehydrated and filtered sludge which lasts for about fifteen days. This thesis also does some research on the techniques of composting and parameters of sludge. This thesis has some researches on the temperature of sludge, moisture, organic matter, pH, total phosphorus content of nitrogen, heavy metals content and forms, the germination rate index (GI), and other changes during the process of composting. The results show that, after the composting, there has a significant decline in moisture content of the sludge and the organic matters; pH remains neutral; nitrogen has declined; total phosphorus increased. Composting can make majority of heavy metals reduced which was absorbed by the plant that means the decline of unstable heavy metal content. After the composting, germinations rate index (GI) is more than 50 percent, which shows that the composting products have no toxicity and indicates the maturity of composting. Through the analysis of the organic matter of the sludge plant, PH, plant nutrients (N, P,) content, heavy metal content and its forms of distribution and germination rate index (GI), it shows that the sludge of this plant has a good agricultural prospect.

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Lew, Pei Sze, Nik Nor Liyana Nik Ibrahim, Suryani Kamarudin, Norashikin M. Thamrin, and Mohamad Farid Misnan. "Optimization of Bokashi-Composting Process Using Effective Microorganisms-1 in Smart Composting Bin." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 18, 2021): 2847. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082847.

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Malaysians generate 15,000 tons of food waste per day and dispose of it in the landfill, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. As a solution for the stated problem, this research aims to produce an excellent quality bokashi compost from household organic waste using a smart composting bin. The bokashi composting method is conducted, whereby banana peels are composted with three types of bokashi brans prepared using 12, 22, and 32 mL of EM-1 mother cultured. During the 14 days composting process, the smart composting bin collected the temperature, air humidity, and moisture content produced by the bokashi-composting process. With the ATmega328 microcontroller, these data were uploaded and synchronized to Google Sheet via WIFI. After the bokashi-composting process was completed, three of each bokashi compost and a control sample were buried in separate black soil for three weeks to determine each compost’s effectiveness. NPK values and the C/N ratio were analyzed on the soil compost. From the research, 12 mL of EM-1 shows the most effective ratio to the bokashi composting, as it resulted in a faster decomposition rate and has an optimum C/N ratio. Bokashi composting can help to reduce household food wastes. An optimum amount of the EM-1 used during the bokashi-composting process will produce good quality soil without contributing to environmental issues.

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Assandri, Davide, Niccolò Pampuro, Giacomo Zara, Eugenio Cavallo, and Marilena Budroni. "Suitability of Composting Process for the Disposal and Valorization of Brewer’s Spent Grain." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010002.

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The brewing industry is characterized by the large production of by-products. Following the fundamentals of a circular economy, several attempts to recycle brewers’ spent grain (BSG) have been investigated. However, little information is available on its use for composting. Considering the main parameters required for optimal development of composting, the objective of the present review was to analyze the literature to determine whether the microbial and physicochemical characteristics of BSG make it suitable for direct composting. As the main factors in the composting process, we considered the BSG moisture content, total carbon, total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and pH. As described in the literature, the BSG moisture content, C/N ratio, and pH range from 70.6% to 81.3%, 7.1 to 26.5, and 3.8 to 6.9, respectively. This C/N ratio range is lower than the composting target range (20–30). Instead, the mean moisture content in the literature is higher than the 60% to 65% recommended for composting. Optimum pH for aerobic stabilization of compost ranges from 5.5 to 7.5, while the BSG pH in the literature is typically more acidic. Therefore, BSG is not suitable for direct composting. Addition of lignocellulosic bulking agents improves the reduction of moisture content during composting, while also optimizing the substrate properties, such as C/N ratio, air spaces, and pH, to positively affect the composting process. Moreover, livestock manure should be included as a starting material to promote the composting process. In this context, two hypothetical initial mixtures of BSG plus a lignocellulosic bulking agent and livestock manure are presented.

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Vallini, G., A. Pera, M. Valdrighi, and F. Cecchi. "Process Constraints in Source-Collected Vegetable Waste Composting." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0110.

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A pilot plant for compost stabilization of the vegetable waste (green waste or residues) which daily accumulates at the garden-produce markets in Florence (Italy) is described here. The green residues are source-collected. After shredding they are mixed with a ligno-cellulosic bulking agent in order to reduce their high moisture content and to promote porosity of the vegetable biomass. Composting is carried out in a special kind of open reactor (Aerated Dynamic Composting Trench) with forced ventilation and turning machinery. Retention time for composting in the biooxidation trench is 35 days. Following this the compost is placed in a post-maturation yard. This paper gives information about the main aspects to be taken into account for the management of the composting process applied to vegetable waste in order to obtain a high-quality organic soil amendant.

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Raza, Shahid, and Jalil Ahmad. "SOPs of MSW Composting process by Lahore compost Private Limited." International Journal of Advances in Scientific Research 3, no. 6 (June 5, 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7439/ijasr.v3i6.4190.

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LCL is operating an aerobic composting plant at Lahore that has been purchased from and installed by the Menart Composting Company, Belgium. Since municipal solid waste (MSW) in Lahore is heterogeneous a screening drum (MTR 1850) installed to screen the waste before composting with additional possibility for hand-sorting of recyclables in a sorting belt. This Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) has been prepared for and adopted by the composting plant of the Lahore Compost Ltd (LCL). The SOP intends to ensure that LCL adopts the identified best practices in the plant, operates it through standard recommended procedures; and takes necessary corrective actions when required

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Lewicki, Andrzej, Jacek Dach, Piotr Boniecki, Wojciech Czekała, and Kamil Witaszek. "The Control of Air Humidity and Temperature in Relationship with a Biowaste Composting Process." Advanced Materials Research 909 (March 2014): 455–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.909.455.

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Biowaste composting is one of the main technologies of waste management in Poland. Composting process run is influenced by many parameters which can accelerate or slow down the phenomena. However, there is no information about the influence of humidity of the air pumped to composted mass on process run. Thus, the aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of air humidity on parameters of composting process. The results have showed that there is no significant influence of the air humidity on a dynamics of composting process. Even in case when the difference in air humidity exceeded 60%, the temperature remained similar. The research proved utility of new kind of temperature sensors. Temperature analysis in the whole volume of composting chamber allows to control composting process in much more effective way.

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Nguyen, Phuong Thanh, Phuoc Van Nguyen, Dan Phuoc Nguyen, and Trang Nha Vu. "COMPOSTING PROCESS WITH PASSIVE (NATURAL) AERATION." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 2 (June 30, 2011): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i2.1919.

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Municipal solid waste (MSW) treating technologies used popularly in Vietnam are landfills, whereas medical waste is usually treated by incinerators. Due to the disadvantages such as: large invest-ment and operational cost, high capital in case of small scales, producing secondary waste like exhaust gas from landfills and leachate that needs collecting and treating properly. Therefore, application of biotechnology based on microorganism’s aerobic decomposing process has opened a new potential way in treating MSW. However, the actual experience of composting facilities that apply aerobic decomposing process with active aeration (forced aeration) show that the efficiency is not high, energy cost is large and some problems with leachate. The research has successfully applied the composting technology with passive or natural aeration in order to treat MSW in small scale and the operational cost is pretty low. The research has also determined that the decrease of volume is 81,25%, the decrease of weigh is 75%; the rate of raw compost and original MSW after 28 days is 25% and the rate of compost after 56 days is

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Kadir, Wan Rasidah, Rozita Ahmad, Hoi Why Kong, and Ognian Stoyanov Kostov. "Amelioration of Composting Process by Fertilizers." Compost Science & Utilization 12, no. 1 (January 2004): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2004.10702161.

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Burg, Patrik, Tomáš Vítěz, Jan Turan, and Jana Burgová. "Evaluation of Grape Pomace Composting Process." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 5 (2014): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462050875.

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The paper deals with the problems of composting of grape pomace in strip compost piles. The three variants of compost piles formed from grape pomace and vegetables waste, wood chips and mature in varying proportions were tested. Turning of piles was performed using windrow turner PKS 2.8, in which the achieved performance was monitored. On the performance of windrow turner has a significant influence also cross section or width and height of turning piles and the bulk density of ingredients including their moisture. In evaluating, attention has been paid to assessment of selected parameters (temperature, moisture content) of the composting process. From the viewpoint of temperature course, the highest temperature reached at the piles in Var. I (64.1 °C) and Var. II (55.3 °C). Moisture of compost piles in the individual variants did not differ significantly and ranged between 25–35%.

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Giusti, E., and S. Marsili-Libelli. "Fuzzy modelling of the composting process." Environmental Modelling & Software 25, no. 5 (May 2010): 641–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.05.010.

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Herner, Željko, Dajana Kučić, and Bruno Zelić. "Biodegradation of imidacloprid by composting process." Chemical Papers 71, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-016-0031-5.

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Zhao, Qing Song, Ping Ping Li, and De Ming Sun. "Effects of Inoculating Thermophiles and Rhizopus on Composting Process of Vinegar Residue and their Nutrients Status." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.68.

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In order to increase the efficiency of composting vinegar residue, the effect of different strain combination,a thermophiles(OP-2) and two rhizopus(FM1,SL10) combined,on the composting pocess and effect was studied. The results showed: Inoculating thermophilic bacteria OP-2 can increase the speed of composting vinegar residue, which can increase the heap temperature to 70°C in 7days ahead. Also inoculating inocula accelerated the mineralization of organic nitrogen. In the end of composting, the contents of total nitrogen、total phosphorus and total potassium, as well as GI were higher than the control treatment, which showed that inoculating inocula can accelerate the maturity process of composting vinegar residue and increase the composting quality.

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Burg, Patrik, Pavel Zemánek, and Milan Michálek. "Evaluating of selected parameters of composting process by composting of grape pomace." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 6 (2011): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159060075.

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In Europe, there is annually available 8 million tons of grape pomace. From the viewpoint of waste management, pomace represents biotic waste produced in the FDM (Food–Drink–Milk) sector. Composting process represents an effective use of grape pomace. Introduced experiment deals with monitoring of the composting process of grape pomace provided by 2 different variants of different composition of composting piles. Obtained results indicate that dynamics of process is affected by the share of raw materials. According to the temperature curve characteristics, the temperature above 45 °C for at least 5 days was necessary for compost sanitation. Such temperature was achieved in piles with higher proportion of pomace (Var.II). Analysis of results shows that the compost made of grape pomace is a quality organic fertilizer, which may have in addition to agronomic point of view also great hygienic and ecological importance.

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Sayara, Tahseen, Rezq Basheer-Salimia, Fatina Hawamde, and Antoni Sánchez. "Recycling of Organic Wastes through Composting: Process Performance and Compost Application in Agriculture." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111838.

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Composting has become a preferable option to treat organic wastes to obtain a final stable sanitized product that can be used as an organic amendment. From home composting to big municipal waste treatment plants, composting is one of the few technologies that can be practically implemented at any scale. This review explores some of the essential issues in the field of composting/compost research: on one hand, the main parameters related to composting performance are compiled, with especial emphasis on the maturity and stability of compost; on the other hand, the main rules of applying compost on crops and other applications are explored in detail, including all the effects that compost can have on agricultural land. Especial attention is paid to aspects such as the improvement of the fertility of soils once compost is applied, the suppressor effect of compost and some negative experiences of massive compost application.

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Thi Thu Hang, Pham, Nguyen Thanh Minh, Tran Thi Yen Nhi, Nguyen Thi Hoanh, and Dinh Hoang Dang Khoa. "Diversity of micro-fungi associated with aerobic composting process of organic wastes." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 2 (November 3, 2020): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/2/15641.

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Organic waste is gradually degraded during composting process, producing carbon dioxide, water, heat, and humus, the relatively stable end product. The degradation process is carried out by living organisms, of which fungi appear to have the most important role since they break down tough debris (cellulose, lignin, and other resistant materials), enabling other microorganisms to continue the decomposition process. In Binh Duong province, municipal organic wastes, recently, being treated by aerobic composting process at industrial scale. In order to properly control the biological composting process and maximize its efficiency, the understanding of involved microorganisms is essential. Therefore, the objective of this study was to isolate and identify the fungi associated with large scale municipal biosolid waste composting process in Vietnam. In this study, we have isolated 10 morphologically different fungal strains from the composting materials, and classified based on morphological characteristics and 18S rDNA sequences. The results showed that these fungal strains belonged to four different genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Monascus, and Trichoderma. Our observation is in consistent with previous study, which found that Aspergillus, Penicillium are dominant fungi in composting materials due to their able to survive high temperatures and break down variety of bio-solid wastes. Beside of that, the two other genera Trichoderma and Monascus are widely known for their ability to break down lignin-rich materials which difficult for biodegradation. The results would be a useful reference for further studies of diversity, and functions of fungi that involved in municipal biosolid waste composting process in Vietnam environmental conditions.

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Cao, Yun, Lin Wang, Yuting Qian, Yueding Xu, Huashan Wu, Jing Zhang, Hongying Huang, and Zhizhou Chang. "Contributions of thermotolerant bacteria to organic matter degradation under a hyperthermophilic pretreatment process during chicken manure composting." BioResources 14, no. 3 (July 5, 2019): 6747–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6747-6766.

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Composting technology comprising hyperthermophilic pretreatment (at ≥85 °C for 2 to 4 h, HTPRT) and aerobic composting was adopted to accelerate organic matter transformation and enhance nitrogen retention in chicken manure composting. The differences in physio-chemical parameters, successions, and metabolism functions of the bacterial community between HTPRT (85 °C, 4 h) and conventional composting (CK) were compared. The HTPRT composting system reached maturity 18 days in advance of CK. The HTPRT piles showed a lower maximum N loss (27.1% vs. 39.0%). The bacterial structure in the HTPRT system differed remarkably from that in CK. Ureibacillus (22.7%) and Ammoniibacillus (14.1%) were the most predominant species in the thermophilic phase of HTPRT pile, while the curing phase was dominated by Thermobifida (12.8%) and Saccharomonospora (11.8%). The authors’ results suggest that HTPRT improved the physical properties of the feedstock by reducing the bulk density, which favored microbiological activity, and thus improving composting efficiency.

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Stegenta, Sylwia, Karolina Sobieraj, Grzegorz Pilarski, Jacek Koziel, and Andrzej Białowiec. "The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Process Gases within the Biowaste Compost." Data 4, no. 1 (March 1, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data4010037.

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Composting is generally accepted as the sustainable recycling of biowaste into a useful and beneficial product for soil. However, composting processes can produce gases that are considered air pollutants. In this dataset, we summarized the spatial and temporal distribution of process gases (including rarely reported carbon monoxide, CO) generated inside full-scale composting piles. In total 1375 cross-sections were made and presented in 230 figures. The research aimed to investigate the phenomenon of gas evolution during the composting of biowaste depending on the pile turning regime (no turning, turning once a week, and turning twice a week) and pile location (outdoors, and indoors in a composting hall). The analyzed biowaste (a mixture of tree leaves and branches, grass clippings, and sewage sludge) were composted in six piles with passive aeration including additional turning at a municipal composting plant. The chemical composition and temperature of process gases within each pile were analyzed weekly for ~49–56 days. The variations in the degree of pile aeration (O2 content), temperature, and the spatial distribution of CO, CO2 and NO concentration during the subsequent measurement cycles were summarized and visualized. The lowest O2 concentrations were associated with the central (core) part of the pile. Similarly, an increase in CO content in the pile core sections was found, which may indicate that CO is oxidized in the upper layer of composting piles. Higher CO and CO2 concentrations and temperature were also observed in the summer season, especially on the south side of piles located outdoors. The most varied results were for the NO concentrations that occurred in all conditions. The dataset was used by the composting plant operator for more sustainable management. Specifically, the dataset allowed us to make recommendations to minimize the environmental impact of composting operations and to lower the risk of worker exposure to CO. The new procedure is as follows: turning of biowaste twice a week for the first two weeks, followed by turning once a week for the next two weeks. Turning is not necessary after four weeks of the process. The recommended surface-to-volume ratio of a compost pile should not exceed 2.5. Compost piles should be constructed with a surface-to-volume ratio of less than 2 in autumn and early spring when low ambient temperatures are common.

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Huang, Yuanping, Xiaoxi Sun, Keke Liao, Lujia Han, and Zengling Yang. "Real-time and field monitoring of the key parameters in industrial trough composting process using a handheld near infrared spectrometer." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 28, no. 5-6 (July 9, 2020): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033520939323.

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Producing organic fertilizer by aerobic composting is an effective way to solve the livestock manure pollution problem and to achieve economic utilization of the valuable resource. To control the composting process effectively and ensure the quality of such organic fertilizers, it is necessary to quantify the key parameters and provide timely feedback of their changes during the composting process. In the industrial field, the traditional laboratory analysis is being transferred into process analysis. This study explored the application of real-time and field monitoring of the key parameters in the industrial trough composting process using handheld near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and evaluated its ability to accurately predict these changes. The results showed that the handheld NIR could accurately detect moisture content (MC), total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC), the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratio, organic matter (OM) and electrical conductivity (EC) during the trough composting process, with excellent predictions for MC, good predictions for TN and OM, approximate predictions for TC, C/N ratio and EC. Changes in NIR-predicted values and measured values were consistent as the composting process progressed. The handheld NIR sensor shows good potential for real-time and field monitoring of the composting process and organic fertilizer quality assurance.

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Zhang, Bangxi, Feifei Fan, Chao Guo, Mingji Yu, Mingcan Zhao, Yuan Song, and Yun Li. "Evaluation of Maturity and Odor Emissions in the Process of Combined Composting of Kitchen Waste and Garden Waste." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 14, 2021): 5500. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125500.

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With the development of urbanization, kitchen waste and garden waste have become an important part of municipal solid waste (MSW), which is in urgent need of resource treatment. This study investigated the impacts of garden waste as auxiliary materials on maturity and odor emissions (NH3 and H2S) during kitchen waste composting. The result showed that the combined composting product of kitchen waste and garden waste achieved the maturity effect, and the co-composting effect was better than that of separate composting of kitchen waste. Meanwhile, compared with the separate composting treatment of kitchen waste, the co-composting treatment of kitchen waste and garden waste can effectively reduce the cumulative emissions of H2S by more than 85%, and effectively reduce the cumulative emissions of NH3 by more than 75%. This study provides a technical reference for the green fertilizer utilization of kitchen waste and garden waste.

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Rose, Effebi Kokoh, Kouame Bene Lucien, Kouassi Yeboua Firmin, Kouadio Louis, and Gone Droh Lancine. "Characterization of Mineral Macronutrients Kinetics During Faeces-Based Composting Process in Composting Toilets." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 36 (December 31, 2017): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n36p177.

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Given the environmental concerns and public health risks that could arise, the use of composting toilets by-products requires compliance with quality standards beforehand. However, such quality assessment is often lacking for those by-products in rapidly urbanizing sub-Saharan cities. This study examines the kinetics of major mineral nutrients [i.e., nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), which are among the key indicators of a compost’s stability] during a composting process of fecal matters from composting toilets. The monitoring was carried out at Abobo-Sagbé, Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire over a 4.5-month period. Feces-based compost data collected on 6 different dates (i.e., on the 28th , 48th , 62nd , 76th , 90th , and 133nd day from the start of the composting process) were analyzed, and screened for their contents in total N, total P and K. Results showed a rapid decrease of the content of all three elements during the first 29 days, followed by a sharp increase, especially for P and K, and then a quite stable variation during the last 2 months of the monitoring. Variations of C/N ratio during the study were similar to those reported previously. Although the proportions of P and K were satisfactory at the end of the monitoring period, the final C/N ratio was relatively high compared to suitable ratios characterizing mature composts, suggesting therefore additional time may be required before any use of the compost as fertilizer in agriculture.

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Abdellah, Yousif Abdelrahman Yousif, and Chunyan Li. "Livestock Manure Composting in Cold Regions: Challenges and Solutions." Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 66, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agri-2020-0001.

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AbstractThis review investigates the significant challenges of the process of livestock manure composting in cold regions and assesses the critical features related to the quality of the final compost product. Recently, the composting process has grasped more attention because of environmental pollution concerns and seeks for environmentally-sound approaches for managing livestock manure. Despite recent progress in crucial areas like the microbiology of compost, further improvement is needed in composting process monitoring. Therefore, specific obstacles related to livestock manure composting in cold regions, such as the generation and preservation of temperature, and the solution of obstacles such as inoculation of coldadapted microorganisms, and the role of biochar in prolonging the thermophilic stage of composting were reviewed. Also, the challenges were adequately addressed, and promising strategies to improve composting of livestock manure under harsh conditions were proposed. Still, there is a need for more investigation to get a better understanding of the role of microbial inoculants and biochar amendment regarding the start-up of the composting process in cold regions.

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Kang, Jian, Jinping Li, and Lei Feng. "The Changing Principles Study of Multiple Parameters in the High Temperature Composting Process with Agricultural Livestock Manure." Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy 14, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 558–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2020.1987.

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The reasonable utilization of livestock manure could decrease the utilization of primary energy, possessing huge potential and meaning for sustainable development of economy. In this work, agricultural composting was runned with the material of fresh cow manure, pig manure and chicken manure as well as the bulking agent of 10% corn straw. The changing trends of parameters such as temperature, pH, the conductivity and the density were mainly studied. It showed that the composting temperature in three composting stages demonstrated a trend of initial increasing and then decreasing. The composting temperature in boxes of R1, R2 and R3 all exceeded 45 °C on the 3rd d of the composting reaction. On the 6th d of the composting reaction, the temperature of the boxes of R1, R2 and R3 reached the maximum of 65.7, 66.3 and 66.8 °C, respectively, which have satisfied the requirement of the hygienic standard of the fecal decontamination (GB7959-87). The initial water contents of the composting material of there were 65.28, 66.34 and 64.58%, respectively. The conductivity during experiments demonstrated a change of initial decreasing, then increasing and final decreasing. The conductivities were stable with values of 1.7, 1.9 and 2.0 S/cm, respectively when the compost is finished. e livestock manure.

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Bonifacio, Henry F., C. Alan Rotz, and Tom L. Richard. "A Process-Based Model for Cattle Manure Compost Windrows: Part 1. Model Description." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 877–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12057.

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Abstract. Composting is an alternative management practice for handling and storing manure in intensive cattle production systems. With composting, cattle manure is converted into a soil amendment with improved nutrient and physical properties and is easier to handle. Despite its benefits, composting can produce large amounts of gaseous carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) emissions that include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and ammonia (NH3). A process-based model for cattle manure compost windrows was developed and incorporated into the Integrated Farm System Model (IFSM, v. 4.3), a whole-farm simulation model of crop, dairy, and beef production systems. Designed to simulate the different processes that influence C and N balances in windrows, the compost windrow model predicts changes in C (organic C, microbial C) and N (organic N, microbial N, ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3--N)) contents in the windrow; CO2, CH4, N2O, and NH3 emissions throughout composting; and corresponding C and N losses. To increase its accuracy in simulating the different processes occurring during composting, the compost windrow model was also designed to predict environmental conditions within windrows, which include moisture content, temperature, and oxygen availability, and changes in windrow material physical properties, such as bulk and particle densities. Modeling routines and relationships of the compost windrow model are described. Evaluation of its performance in predicting windrow environmental conditions, physical and chemical properties, and gaseous emissions is documented in an accompanying article. Keywords: Cattle manure, Composting, Emissions, IFSM, Process-based modeling..

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Sanchuki, Carlos Eduardo, Carlos Ricardo Soccol, Júlio Cesar de Carvalho, Vanete Thomaz Soccol, Camila do Nascimento, and Adenise Lorenci Woiciechowski. "Evaluation of poultry litter traditional composting process." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 54, no. 5 (October 2011): 1053–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132011000500024.

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Greenway, Gillian M., and Qi Jun Song. "Heavy metal speciation in the composting process." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 4, no. 2 (February 22, 2002): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b110608m.

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Sironi, Selena, Laura Capelli, Paolo Centola, and Renato Del Rosso. "Odour emissions from MSW composting process steps." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 7, no. 3/4 (2007): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2007.015148.

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Keener, H. M., K. Ekinci, and F. C. Michel. "Composting Process Optimization – Using On/Off Controls." Compost Science & Utilization 13, no. 4 (September 2005): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2005.10702253.

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de Bertoldi, Marco, and Marcello Civilini. "High Rate Composting with Innovative Process Control." Compost Science & Utilization 14, no. 4 (September 2006): 290–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2006.10702299.

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SEKI, Hirakazu, and Tomoaki KOMORI. "Structure of Energy Conversion in Composting Process." Journal of Agricultural Meteorology 48, no. 3 (1992): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2480/agrmet.48.225.

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Hotta, Shinya, and Naoyuki Funamizu. "Biodegradability of fecal nitrogen in composting process." Bioresource Technology 98, no. 17 (December 2007): 3412–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.045.

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Kulcu, Recep. "New kinetic modelling parameters for composting process." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 18, no. 4 (March 27, 2015): 734–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10163-015-0376-9.

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Rahman Muhammad Firdaus, Abdul, Mohd Armi Abu Samah, Khairul Bariyah Abd Hamid, and Ahmed Jalal Khan Chowdhury. "The Discovery of Physical Properties of Food Waste in Composting Process." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.29 (May 22, 2018): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.29.13799.

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Composting as a method of solid waste management should be given attention. It gives means of producing a valuable end product, by treating of organic wastes in an environmentally friendly method which does not release any hazardous chemical which can affect human health without causing a major disruption to the surrounding ecosystem. Nevertheless, the issue of time-consuming arises and this correspond to the sink of market demand. The optimized pre-composting process was done through drying, grinding and controlled aeration resulted in the fast-compost formation and cost-effective. This study aimed to discover the physical properties of food waste in composting process. The controlled parameter of the composting which is aeration time where pre-composting processes applied was drying and grinding. The manipulated parameter of composting process happened within two durations: rotation and rest. Each container has been rotated for 15 minutes yet different resting time was applied which are 15, 25, 50, 150 minutes namely A, B, C and D. The data collection has been done in hourly basis for the total of 72 hours. Based on the statistical analysis, results show that mass reduction of samples (A=38.6%, B=32.6%, C=24.6%, D=22.6%). The compost temperature ranged between (23°C - 39°C) while the compost pH was (5.12 – 5.85). Peak level of surrounding temperature was (35.7°C) while surrounding relative humidity (53%) in normal condition. Among the highest moisture content was (52.63%) while the lowest discovered in sample D (24.81%) respectively. Results show that with the longer the aeration time, the better physical properties of compost formed. The obtained data will provide evidence on its significances application to the agencies, the public and the industrial player to cope up with this major environmental threat. This study found a significant relationship between physical factors and compost formation which contribute to better analysis, especially to food waste management.

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Nalepa, Krzysztof, Maciej Neugebauer, and Piotr Sołowiej. "Dedicated control and measurement system for bioreactors to study the composting process." E3S Web of Conferences 132 (2019): 01018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913201018.

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During the composting process, waste biomass with high moisture content undergoes various transformation in the presence of oxygen. The composting process is analyzed in dedicated bioreactors which are air-tight facilities with external air supply. Subject to the type of composted plant material, biomass should be periodically turned to promote even aeration. The following information is required to build a model of the composting process: oxygen (air) uptake, moisture content of exhaust gas, production of carbon dioxide, ammonia and other gases in the composting process, and temperature distribution inside the bioreactor. A temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor is difficult to build due to challenging operating conditions including the airtight structure of a bioreactor, high moisture content, the operation of temperature sensors in a highly aggressive environment, problems with uninterrupted power supply for the monitoring system in a bioreactor. This article presents a patented temperature monitoring system for a bioreactor. The system’s design and structure are discussed, and recommendations for functional improvements are made.

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Zhi-Qiang, Xiong, Wang Guo-Xing, Huo Zhao-Chen, Yan Lei, Gao Ya-Mei, Wang Yan-Jie, Gu Ji-Dong, and Wang Wei-Dong. "Effect of Aeration Rates on the Composting Process and Loss of Nitrogen during Composting." Applied Environmental Biotechnology 2, no. 1 (September 21, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26789/aeb.2015.01.003.

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Composting is a controlled biological process used to stabilize and transform waste into a soil treatment. Aeration rate is one factor that controls the process of composting, as it ensures the growth of adequate aerobic microbe populations. To investigate the effect of aeration rates on the physicochemical indexes of compost and the loss of nitrogen content during composting, aerobic composting processes with different aeration rates (A: 0.2 L min-1 kg-1 TS, B: 0.05 L min-1 kg-1 TS and C: 0 L min-1 kg-1 TS) were studied. Ammonium-nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, total nitrogen and other factors in compost samples from different periods were measured. The results showed that aeration rate significantly affected O2 content under different conditions. The aeration rate also significantly affected water content, nitrate nitrogen, and nitrogen loss. NH3 emissions increased as aeration rates increased at high temperatures owing to nitrogen loss. These results showed that aeration rate had a significant effect on total nitrogen and ammonia emissions (p<0.05). Thus, optimization of the ventilation method could significantly increase seed germination rate.

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Czekała, Wojciech, Jacek Dach, Damian Janczak, Anna Smurzyńska, Agnieszka Kwiatkowska, and Kamil Kozłowski. "Influence of maize straw content with sewage sludge on composting process." Journal of Water and Land Development 30, no. 1 (September 1, 2016): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2016-0020.

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Abstract After entrance to EU in 2004, the management of sewage sludge has become more and more important problem for the new members. In Poland, one of the most promising technologies is composting process of sewage sludge with carbonaceous materials. However, the high price of typically used cereal straw forces the specialists to look for new and cheap materials used as donor of carbon and substrates creating good, porous structure of composted heap. This work presents the results of sewage sludge composting mixed with sawdust and maize straw used to create structure favorable for air exchange. The results show dynamic thermophilic phase of composting process in all cases where maize straw was used.

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Ratnawati, Rhenny, and Sugito Sugito. "REDUCTION OF AMMONIA EMISSIONS FROM THE COMPOSTING OF SLAUGHTERHOUSE SOLID WASTE USING ZEOLITE." INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF URBAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v3i2.5795.

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The process of aerobic composting the slaughterhouse (SH) solid waste generate ammonia emissions. Aim: The objective of this research to study the ability of the adsorbent to use zeolite to reduce ammonia gas emissions during the composting process of SH solid waste. Methodology and Results: Reduction of ammonia emission is conducted during the aerobic composting process which is 50 days. The raw material composition of the composting process used was 100% rumen contents, 60% rumen contents: 40% straw, 50% rumen contents: 50% straw, and 40% rumen contents: 60% straw. Zeolite used in the form of granular size 100 mesh. The result of the research showed that the level of release of ammonia gas emissions during the composting process could be reduced by zeolite. Conclusion, significance, and impact study: The efficiency of reducing ammonia gas emissions using zeolite adsorbents in the composting process of SH solid waste ranges from 98.09 - 99.40% on average. Zeolite is an adsorbent that has high adsorption power because it has many pores and has a high ion exchange high capacity and serves as an absorbent cation that can cause environmental pollution.

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Plūme, I. "Energy Effectiveness Assessment of Composting Technologies." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 26, 2006): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2003vol1.2010.

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The incorrect biomass composting improperly results in considerable emission of greenhouse gases, loss of effluent and composting heat into environment. The composting heat and gases utilisation is especially suitable for plant enrichment and heating of greenhouses. The mathematical model is worked out for assessment of energy effectiveness and sustainability of biomass composting process. Coefficient of energy effectiveness for traditional litter manure composting technologies is 0.45 and can be increased up to 1.50 if the effluent, composting heat, carbon dioxide and ammonia were utilised during the composting cycle.

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Vuorinen, Arja H., and M. H. Saharinen. "EFFECTS OF PROCESS CONDITIONS ON COMPOSTING EFFICIENCY AND NITROGEN IMMOBILIZATION DURING COMPOSTING OF MANURE IN A DRUM COMPOSTING SYSTEM." Acta Horticulturae, no. 469 (July 1998): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.469.8.

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Thu Hang, Pham Thi, Le Thi Quynh Tram, Tran Phuong Anh, Ho To Thi Khai Mui, Dang Nguyen Thao Vi, and Dinh Hoang Dang Khoa. "ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH COMPOSTING PROCESS OF MUNICIPAL BIOSOLID WASTE." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 15, no. 4 (December 14, 2018): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/15/4/13421.

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Organic waste is gradually degraded during composting process, producing carbon dioxide, water, heat, and humus, the relatively stable end product. The degradation process is carried out by living organisms, of which fungi appear to have the most important role since they break down tough debris (cellulose, lignin, and other resistant materials), enabling other microorganisms to continue the decomposition process. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the fungi associated with large scale municipal biosolid waste composting process in Vietnam. In this study, we have isolated 10 morphologically different fungal strains from the composting materials, and classified based on morphological characteristics and 18S rDNA sequences. The results showed that these fungal strains belonged to four different genera, including Aspergillus, Penicillium, Monascus, and Trichoderma. The results would be a useful reference for further studies of diversity, and functions of fungi that involved in municipal biosolid waste composting process in Vietnam environmental conditions.

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Baharuddin, Azhari Samsu, Nakamura Kazunori, Suraini Abd-Aziz, Meisam Tabatabaei, Nor’ Aini Abdul Rahman, Mohd Ali Hassan, Minato Wakisaka, Kenji Sakai, and Yoshihito Shirai. "Characteristics and Microbial Succession in Co-Composting of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch and Partially Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent." Open Biotechnology Journal 3, no. 1 (September 15, 2009): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874070700903010087.

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Microbial communities and cellulolytic enzymes activities were analyzed during the co-composting of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and partially treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) in pilot scale. The physicochemical parameters were also measured during the composting. The diversity of the bacterial community was investigated using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE). The results indicated that the composting process of EFB with partially treated POME was dominated by uncultured bacteria species. The dominant bacterial group changed from the phylum proteobacteria in the thermophilic stage to the phylum chloroflexi in the maturing stage. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis exhibited the significant degradation of EFB structure during the composting process. The maximum cellulase activity for carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase), filter paperase (FPase) and β-glucosidase were 13.6, 4.1 and 20.3 U/g of dry substrate, respectively at day 30 of composting. The results of this study significantly contributed to a better understanding of mechanisms involved in co-composting process in pilot scale.

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Kukenienė, Žydrūnė, and Vaidotas Vaišis. "POSSIBILITIES OF USING STONE WOOL WASTE IN COMPOSTING." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 2, no. 5 (October 31, 2010): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2010.089.

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The aim of research is to check the possibility of composting stone wool waste using sewage sludge. The problem is huge amounts of dumped waste (sewage sludge, production waste in the stone wool) without any treatment. There is no practice to compost production waste in the stone wool in Lithuania. Stone wool waste can be one of bulk materials in the process of sewage sludge composting and can improve the quality of the prepared compost. Production waste in the stone wool contains phenol and formaldehyde that are very hazardous pollutants, and therefore it is important to follow its concentration during the composting process. The paper analyses the degradation of formaldehyde concentration. Adding stone wool waste made no degradation in the composting process. The most remarkable reduction in formaldehyde concentration is observed during the first half of the composting period. The average composting duration is two months which is a sufficient period for formaldehyde degradation.

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Shaw, K., M. Day, S. Sheehan, M. Krzymien, and R. Mohmad. "The role of feed composition on the composting process. I. Effect on composting activity*." Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A 34, no. 6 (June 1999): 1341–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10934529909376900.

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Xiao, Yong, Guang-Ming Zeng, Zhao-Hui Yang, Yan-He Ma, Cui Huang, Wen-Jun Shi, Zheng-Yong Xu, Jing Huang, and Chang-Zheng Fan. "Effects of Continuous Thermophilic Composting (CTC) on Bacterial Community in the Active Composting Process." Microbial Ecology 62, no. 3 (May 25, 2011): 599–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00248-011-9882-z.

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Sun, Qin Hua, Jian Kun Zhang, and Hui Fang Zhang. "Research on Sewage Sludge Composting Experimental." Advanced Materials Research 1030-1032 (September 2014): 313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1030-1032.313.

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Sludge composting is an effective method of urban sewage sludge by composting,It can make the sludge into the organic fertilizer for plant growth. In this experiment, straw as bulking agents, through aerobic composting experiment, analysis the changes of temperature, moisture, pH, water soluble organic carbon and germination index during the composting process,The results showed: through aerobic composting can achieve for urban sludge harmless, stabilization and reduction.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Composting process'

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