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Avery, I. "Composting." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 139, no. 3 (September 2000): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.2000.139.3.159.
Juwanda, Muhammad, Sakhidin, Saparso, and Kharisun. "The Long Composting Period Effect of Leaf Shallots on the Compost Quality." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1097, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1097/1/012045.
Abstract Compost is a solid organic material that biologically changes into a final product that can be used as fertilizer. Utilizing shallot leaf waste as raw material for composting is the latest technology and has never been applied by shallot farmers. This study aimed to determine the best quality of shallot leaf compost with the long treatment of the composting process. This process was supported through Trichoderma, sp activator with 106 cfu/mL density. The treatment design was arranged as follows: K0 = no composting (leaves were simply dried in the sun), K1 = composting for 1 day, K2 = composting for 2 days, K3 = composting for 3 days, K4 = composting for 4 days, K5 = composting for 5 days, K6 = composting for 6 days, K7 = composting for 7 days, K8 = composting for 14 days, K9 = composting for 21 days, and K10 = composting for 28 days. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the shallot leaf waste with the composting process was dried by the sunlight (natural composting) and had a C/N ratio. Meanwhile, the C-organic and N-total of this composting process were better than that of composting using a solution containing Trichoderma sp. activator.
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Cottle, L. M., L. A. Baker, R. E. DeOtte, B. W. Auvermann, J. L. Pipkin, D. R. Topliff, and B. Blaser. "Composting carcass tissue in controlled composting columns." Journal of Equine Veterinary Science 33, no. 5 (May 2013): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.106.
Wang, Jizhang, Han Mao, Jing Zhou, Chenzhi Yao, and Yuechen Wang. "Process Control of a Compost-Reactor Turning Operation Based on a Composting Kinetics Model." Processes 11, no. 11 (November 10, 2023): 3206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11113206.
Composting is a biochemical as well as a heterogeneous process, and the turning operation is important to maintain aerobic conditions and improve the efficiency of the composting process. Therefore, the turning frequency is an important factor for the precise control of the composting reactor. It is necessary to determine the changes in the physical and chemical parameters of the composting process and to simulate them. Pretreated vinegar residue and wool washing sludge were mixed at a mass ratio of 6:4 for the composting process. The composting reactor’s temperature, CO2, CH4, and organic matter content were collected during the composting process. According to the principles of composting, a kinetic model of composting based on the change in CO2 gas concentration and heat balance in the composting reactor is developed, which provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent control of the composting reactor. The comparison of the model predictions to the measured results of the composting reactor shows that the SSE, R2, and RMSE for the organic matter content simulation are 8.122, 0.943, and 1.274 g/kg, respectively, and the SSE, R2, and RMSE for the temperature simulation are 29.54, 0.959, and 2.71 °C, respectively. Based on the prediction of the temperature in the reactor based on the composting kinetics model, the process control for the turning operation is proposed to achieve precise control of the composting process. The results show that the duration of high temperature in a composting reactor is prolonged for 2 days, the degradation rate of organic matter occurs at a more rapid speed, and the operation efficiency of the production line can be improved by more than 10%. This indicates that the decision-making method based on the composting kinetics model can improve the composting efficiency.
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Waqas, Muhammad, Sarfraz Hashim, Usa Wannasingha Humphries, Shakeel Ahmad, Rabeea Noor, Muhammad Shoaib, Adila Naseem, Phyo Thandar Hlaing, and Hnin Aye Lin. "Composting Processes for Agricultural Waste Management: A Comprehensive Review." Processes 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11030731.
Composting is the most adaptable and fruitful method for managing biodegradable solid wastes; it is a crucial agricultural practice that contributes to recycling farm and agricultural wastes. Composting is profitable for various plant, animal, and synthetic wastes, from residential bins to large corporations. Composting and agricultural waste management (AWM) practices flourish in developing countries, especially Pakistan. Composting has advantages over other AWM practices, such as landfilling agricultural waste, which increases the potential for pollution of groundwater by leachate, while composting reduces water contamination. Furthermore, waste is burned, open-dumped on land surfaces, and disposed of into bodies of water, leading to environmental and global warming concerns. Among AWM practices, composting is an environment-friendly and cost-effective practice for agricultural waste disposal. This review investigates improved AWM via various conventional and emerging composting processes and stages: composting, underlying mechanisms, and factors that influence composting of discrete crop residue, municipal solid waste (MSW), and biomedical waste (BMW). Additionally, this review describes and compares conventional and emerging composting. In the conclusion, current trends and future composting possibilities are summarized and reviewed. Recent developments in composting for AWM are highlighted in this critical review; various recommendations are developed to aid its technological growth, recognize its advantages, and increase research interest in composting processes.
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Plūme, I. "Energy Effectiveness Assessment of Composting Technologies." Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 1 (June 26, 2006): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2003vol1.2010.
The incorrect biomass composting improperly results in considerable emission of greenhouse gases, loss of effluent and composting heat into environment. The composting heat and gases utilisation is especially suitable for plant enrichment and heating of greenhouses. The mathematical model is worked out for assessment of energy effectiveness and sustainability of biomass composting process. Coefficient of energy effectiveness for traditional litter manure composting technologies is 0.45 and can be increased up to 1.50 if the effluent, composting heat, carbon dioxide and ammonia were utilised during the composting cycle.
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Anusha, G., K. Maruthi Venkatesh, M. Aravind, and S. Ramakrishnan. "Microbial Composting." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1145, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1145/1/012019.
During the past decade, numerous commercial composting systems have been developed. Time, as well as economics, are determining which of these systems are feasible. Systems that take time but can operate at low cost are surviving, as are more costly systems capable of producing a mature compost in the shortest possible time. Which system to use can be determined by the amount of space available and the amount of feedstock to be composted. Where space is limited and the volume of feedstock is high, more intensively managed systems are necessary. When space is not a limiting factor, more passive systems may be adequate. Of the more costly system developed, those systems with the least amount of down time and with a high degree of versatility appear to be surviving. Although it is possible to optimize the rate of composting through good engineering and management, there exists a given time period, depending on the feedstock necessary to produce quality mature compost. Minimizing production time to the point where the quality of the compost is jeopardized will result in wide-spread rejection. As horticulturists, we must stand firm in demanding compost standards with qualities based on our needs. Based on the diversity of our industry, the horticultural industries are likely to be the largest potential users of commercial compost.
Master of Landscape Architecture Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning Jason S. Brody Kansas City is currently under achieving in its capacity of divert recyclable and compostable solid waste from city landfills. The city recycling system provides free access to single family residents, but it does not provide access to high density residential and commercial land uses commonly found Downtown. To solve this dilemma, KCDC has studied the current solid waste systems in the city, and developed its [re]considered proposal through a MARC Solid Waste Management District grant to improve Kansas City waste diversion. This is achieved through a system of links, clusters and nodes which will help to promote and facilitate greater recycling (KCDC 2015 Fall Studio 2015) Compost | KC seeks to answer if the organic nodes as proposed in can effectively compost residential organic waste in down town
Kansas City.
As part of this system, the organic node at 12th and Holmes functionally demonstrates the potential feasibility and benefits of residential compost of organic solid waste. Through the site design, the proposed organic node creates an integrated system of residential organic waste collection, processing and utilization. Collected form a 15 minute radius the waste is processed into a rich organic compost that is used in various ways to improve soil quality for stormwater management, carbon sequestration, and increased biomass production in and around the site. To compost the organic waste, the site contains a series of in-vessel composting drums, agitated compost piles connected to greenhouses, and an external maturing pile visibly demonstrating and educating the public composting benefits. Managed through a local non-profit organization, compost is used to grow a variety of produce and nursery stock sold to help fund the site management. Organic waste is brought to the site by organized collection with apartment complexes and free public drop-off points.
By incentivizing access, ease and appeal of composting in Kansas City for residences, the organic node at 12th and Holmes achieves the goals of both the site design and [re] considered proposals. By meeting those goals, the organic node helps to increase organic waste diversion and increase education and awareness about the benefits of composting in downtown Kansas City.
In this thesis, a study was undertaken on the premise that the world population living in urban centers is expected to increase from 3.8 billion to 5.2 billion, from 2005 to 2025, representing 54% and 65% of total world population, respectively. The urban population (UP) growth will produce remarkable amounts of urban food waste (UFW) that will add more pressure on already overloaded municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems of cities. This problem is more serious in countries experiencing major economic growth such as China where UP is expected to increase from 44% to 66% of the total country population, from 1995 to 2025. Asia produces the largest amount of UFW, which is expected to increase from 251 million ton to 418 million ton (45% to 53% of total world UFW) from 1995 to 2025. On site treatment of UFW along with a limited movement of world population from rural to urban areas are suggested to reduce pressure on MS W management system for the upcoming decades. In this thesis, a project was also undertaken to develop compost recipes for urban center such as downtown Montreal. Monthly (June to August) average residential FW production was found to 0.61 (+/-0.13) kg capita-1 day-1 and that of a restaurant was found to be 0.56 (+/-0.23) kg customer-1 day-1. From trial tests, the best compost recipes mixed 8.9 kg, 8.6 kg and 7.8 kg of UFW for every kg of wheat straw, hay and wood shaving, on a wet mass basis. However, quantity and characteristics of FW vary from one month to another; therefore, regular adjustment of compost recipe is recommended. When using wood shavings as bulking agent, it is strongly recommended to correct the acid pH.
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Mohamed, Taha M. P. B. "Bioaerosol release from composting facilities." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/1978.
The use of composting is expected to increase dramatically due to its economic and environmental benefits. For public health protection, regulators and licensing authorities are requesting risk assessments to be conducted prior to the development and operation of composting. Significant amounts of microrganisms can be aerosolised and transported by winds to points of exposure. However, the source term factors that influence their release and their dispersal are not fully understood. In this thesis a method to measure viable bioaerosols emission rates from static compost pile surfaces and during the agitation of compost was developed. The factors that influence the emission of bioaerosols from compost piles of different ages and during different agitation activities were evaluated. A wind tunnel analysis was successfully used to measure the surface flux bioaerosols emission rate. Newly estimated emission rates from various source terms were then modelled to produce source depletion curves. The surface emission flux of a static pile was estimated to be 102 to 104cfu/m2/s for both A. fumigatus and actinomycetes. The turning of compost releases the highest bioaerosols concentration range from 104 to 108cfu/s compared with the shredding and screening. The turning of an early stage compost windrow emitted the highest amount of bioaerosols. This study introduces a new method for quantifying bioaerosols dispersal, thus improving the risk assessments required for environmental permitting.
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Shepherd, Marion W. "The microbiological analysis of composting." Connect to this title online, 2007. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1181669123/.
Yates, Philippa Dawn. "Microbial ecology of windrow composting." Thesis, University of Hull, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418762.
Taha, Mohd Pauze Bin Mohamad. "Bioaerosol releases from composting facilities." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427158.
Joly, Elsa. "Comparison of home-composting and large-scale composting for organic waste management in Québec, Canada." Thesis, KTH, VA-teknik, Vatten, Avlopp och Avfall, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-96296.
The management of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste has become a major issue lately in the province of Québec, Canada. Most of it is landfilled today, which increases the burden on landfills and is environmentally unsound. In order to comply with new government guidelines, municipalities have to develop solutions to recover and recycle organic waste. In this context, this study examines two solutions for treating organic waste: home-composting and a separate biodegradable waste collection system combined with large-scale composting. The two scenarios are compared in terms of costs and environmental performance to a reference scenario where all waste is landfilled, using as a case study a fictional city of 50 000 inhabitants. Results indicate that a centralized collection system, combined to large-scale composting, has greater environmental benefits than home-composting. It cuts greenhouse gas emissions by 240% compared to the reference scenario, while emissions from home-composting remain at the reference level. However, when compared to the reference scenario, home-composting reduces waste management costs by 15% while they represent an increase of 4% with large-scale composting. The study concludes that separate biodegradable waste collection combined to large-scale composting is the best way for a municipality to achieve high environmental goals, despite a slight increase of municipal costs. The participation rate of citizens is suggested to be a crucial parameter for the success of organic waste management in the two scenarios and it should be enhanced by different means to ensure the successful implementation of the chosen solution.
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Myers, Spencer Gabriel. "Effectiveness of Windrow Composting Methodology in Killing a Thermo-Tolerant Species of Salmonella During Mortality Composting." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2019.
In a large agricultural operation, such as the one at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, disposal of deceased animals is an immense issue. The cost of transporting and rendering every dead animal is inhibitory to the general function of the agricultural operations and their thin budget. Therefore, we propose that composting mortalities could be an economical alternative. Composting is a recognized method for taking animal waste products along with carbon waste and turning it into a pathogen-free, nutrient-rich topsoil. Carcass composting is in fact performed in other countries and states to varying degrees of success. However, the California EPA limits carcass composing to only private land. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the efficacy of killing pathogens by composting using bench top composting models. Ultimately, our goal is to provide “proof of concept” data in order to gain permission for a full-scale carcass compost pile to be set up at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo.
Using thermo tolerant Salmonella senftenberg as an indicator organism, we performed bench top trials of traditional and carcass compost in the lab. Samples were inoculated with S. senftenberg and kept at 55°C for 15 days in accordance with the California EPA and Test Method for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC). Samples were then plated and processed for multiple tube analysis and most probable number. Samples were also partitioned for a viability qPCR with propidium monoazide (PMA) to compare to the classic techniques. Using these methods we were then able to track and produce thermal death time data for S. senftenberg in both traditional and carcass compost. By comparing the types of compost, we were able to determine that the composting method presented by the California EPA and the TMECC produces safe, pathogen free compost, even when inoculated carcasses were introduced. However, even with removal of dead cells by PMA, qPCR did not outperform the classical microbiological methods for as tracking pathogen killing.
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von, Fahnestock Frank Michael. "Niche applications of in-vessel composting." Connect to resource, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1127237412.
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 233 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 185-192). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Ducatel, Estelle. "Composting of ethane pyrolysis quench sludge." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0017/MQ48061.pdf.
Water Environment Federation. Task Force on Biosolids Composting. and Water Environment Federation. Residuals Subcommittee., eds. Biosolids composting. Alexandria, VA: Water Environment Federation, 1995.
Cairncross, Sandy, and Richard Feachem. "Composting." In Environmental Health Engineering in the Tropics, 242–50. Third edition. | Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018. |Includes bibliographical references and index.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315883946-13.
Barker, Allen V. "Composting." In Science and Technology of Organic Farming, 109–20. 2nd ed. Second edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003093725-6-6.
Mathur, S. P. "Composting processes." In Bioconversion of Waste Materials to Industrial Products, 154–93. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5821-7_4.
Shammas, Nazih K., and Lawrence K. Wang. "Biosolids Composting." In Biological Treatment Processes, 669–714. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-156-1_16.
Haug, Roger T. "Composting Design." In The Science of Composting, 1050–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_104.
Stentiford, E. I. "Composting Process." In The Science of Composting, 1037–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1569-5_99.
Strom, Peter F., and Melvin S. Finstein. "Leaf Composting." In Handbook of Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, 311–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4191-2_20.
Naylor, Lewis. "Biosolids Composting." In Advances in Water and Wastewater Treatment, 284–302. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784407417.ch16.
Strom, Peter F., and Melvin S. Finstein. "Leaf Composting." In Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast, 349–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4289-8_20.
Stentiford, Edward, and Marco de Bertoldi. "Composting: Process." In Solid Waste Technology & Management, 513–32. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470666883.ch34.
Wetterauer, Donald. "Clarion Composting Project." In Proceedings of the 1995 Integrated Crop Management Conference. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/icm-180809-521.
James P. Murphy, Joseph P. Harner, Trent Strahm, and Joel DeRouchey. "Composting Cattle Mortalities." In 2004, Ottawa, Canada August 1 - 4, 2004. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16757.
Retherford, Leah, Gregory P. McCarron, and Marguerite Manela. "Decentralized Urban Composting." In International Conference on Sustainable Infrastructure 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784481219.015.
RAGAZZI, MARCO, and MARCO SCHIAVON. "TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF UPGRADING COMPOSTING TO ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND POST-COMPOSTING." In ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2017. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/esus170281.
Parviainen, Emmi, Ellinor Lagerström, and Preben Hansen. "Composting as Interior Design." In DIS '17: Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2017. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3064857.3079139.
Raul, Lile, Tiberiu Apostol, and Constantin Stan. "Optimizing Composting Efficiency and Odor Control in Intensive Tunnel Composting Systems: A Case Study of the Arad County Composting Facility." In 2023 11th International Conference on ENERGY and ENVIRONMENT (CIEM). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciem58573.2023.10349739.
Cremeneac, Larisa, and Mariana Caraman. "Particularitățile unor metode de compostare utilizate în procesul managementului deșeurilor organice." In Scientific and practical conference with international participation: "Management of the genetic fund of animals – problems, solutions, outlooks". Scientific Practical Institute of Biotechnologies in Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.61562/mgfa2023.51.
The article reflects the problem of using some composting methods in the organic waste management process. The results of the exposed investigations intended to show how the ecological situation can be improved by using various composting methods of biodegradable organic waste. Some methods of composting organic waste of various origins are synthesized. Composting represents the process of decomposition and transformation of solid organic substances by microorganisms (mainly bacteria and fungi) into a stable material, which can be used (depending on the characteristics) in agriculture, in as an organic fertilizer, replacing chemical fertilizers to improve of soil fertility. Only some methods of composting are characterized: the traditional method, worm cultivation and the method of effective microorganisms. All composting methods are welcome for agriculture because they solve complicated environmental problems: complete processing of organic waste, obtaining organic fertilizers and ecological agricultural pro-duction, improving the ecological situation of the environment.
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Huang, Xiaohong, Jing Jiao, Jihua Du, Zunxiang Li, Shuo Wang, Jinli Wang, and Changjin Guo. "Comparative Study about Influence of Earthworm Composting and Aerobic Composting on Biogas Residue." In 2017 2nd International Conference on Civil, Transportation and Environmental Engineering (ICCTE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/iccte-17.2017.114.
Magdum, Shubham Shankar, and Gopal M. Bhosale. "Studies on Application of Spent wash as a Nutrient for Agriculture waste Composting." In 7th GoGreen Summit 2021. Technoarete, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/978-93-92106-02-6.14.
Due to high organic loading rates, several chemicals in distillery spent wash have high B.O.D. and C.O.D. values. The cost of treating and disposing of spent wash is expensive. Hence Composting is one of the most effective methods for achieving this. Sugarcane farms agricultural waste is used as a raw material. The goal of this study is to figure out how to compost agricultural waste utilizing aerobic and windrow composting techniques. Pits should be 3m long, 1.5m wide and 1m high for aerobic composting, and 3m long, 1.5m wide, and 1.2m high for windrow composting (Composting, W.H.O Book). Turning should be done on the 5th, 17th, and 30th days of the interval for aerobic composting. For windrow composting, it should be provided after 2-4 weeks. To decompose the agricultural waste cow dung and spent wash were utilized as a media. The study research indicates that it should be cost-effective. The quality of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and the mass of carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) were analyzed. The parametric values, such as nitrogen 0.8 percent, phosphorous 0.4 percent, potassium 0.4 percent, and C/N ratio = 20 to 30, are all within acceptable ranges, and the results show that the compost is ideal for plant growth.
Reports on the topic "Composting":
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Lowe, William, Richard Williams, and Peter Marks. Composting of Explosives-Contaminated Soil Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada260912.
Kohl, Kris. Livestock Composting at the Allee Farm. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-228.
Williams, R. T., and P. J. Marks. Optimization of Composting for Explosives Contaminated Soil. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada246345.
Chambers, I. Safe and Legal Fish Waste Composting in Alaska. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/slfwca.2011.
Preston, Kurt T., Steven Seiden, and Kyoung S. Ro. Bench-Scale Remediation Composting: Process Principles and Protocol. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, February 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada323632.
Frable, Garth, Mike Clavell, and Doug Sallman. Intergovernmental Agreement Options for a Regional Composting Facility. University of Iowa, May 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/k8jw-1mth.
Sefeedpari, Paria, Marion de Vries, Fridtjof de Buisonjé, Deni Suharyono, Bram Wouters, and Windi Al Zahra. Composting dairy cattle feces at Indonesian small-scale dairy farmsa : results of a composting trial in Lembang Sub-District, West Java. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/515335.
Muller, D. Recycling and composting demonstration projects for the Memphis region. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7167174.
