Journal articles on the topic 'Composti organici persistenti'
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Barcauskaitė, Karolina. "Gas chromatographic analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls in compost samples from different origin." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 5 (February 17, 2019): 556–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19828156.
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Depending on the origin, the compost produced may contain not only nutrients but also pollutants, such as heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. It is very important to determine them in soil-improving substances, because persistent organic pollutants show environmental toxic, cancerogenic, mutagenic effects and do not decompose for a long time. The aim of this study was to determine seven polychlorinated biphenyls concentrations in different kinds of composts produced in Lithuania and to evaluate the appliance of these composts in agricultural land. First, before routine analysis was done a gas chromatography with electron-capture detector method was developed. In this study 145 samples of green waste, sewage sludge, cattle manure, food waste, mixed municipal waste, digestate and composts made from mixed municipal waste after mechanical–biological treatment were analysed. Obtained results show that 28% of investigated cattle manure composts (CMCs) and 10.5% of food waste composts (FWCs) were free from polychlorinated biphenyls. Other kinds of composts investigated in this study (green waste compost (GWC), sewage sludge compost (SSC), mixed municipal waste compost (MMWC), mixed municipal waste compost after mechanical biological treatment (MMWCABMT) and digestate (DIG)) were contaminated 100% with polychlorinated biphenyls. Despite the fact that polychlorinated biphenyls were forbidden 25 years ago, their concentration varied from 2.70 to 163.7 µg kg−1 in different kinds of composts produced in Lithuania. According to get an increasing average amount of Σ7 polychlorinated biphenyls, Lithuanian composts were distributed as follows CMC > GWC > DIG > FWC > SSC > MMWCABMT > MMWC.
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Marsh, Lurline, Corrie Cotton, Elizabeth Philip, Salina Parveen, and Fawzy Hashem. "(300) Safety and Productivity of Cool-season Salad Greens Grown in Soils Amended with Composts." HortScience 41, no. 4 (July 2006): 1023C—1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.4.1023c.
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Excessive amounts of poultry waste on the Delmarva Peninsula of the United States, coupled with the availability of yard waste, may be potential inexpensive nutrient sources for growing vegetables. However, these composts may contain unsafe microorganisms. This study, therefore, was conducted to determine the presence and persistence of biological agents in soil treated with poultry compost and yard waste. Tatsoi [Brassica rapa (Narinosa Group)] and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L. `F415' and `Seven R') were planted under a high tunnel to extend their fall growing season. Samples of soil–compost mixture and original poultry compost were collected once a month for 4 months. Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the samples was determined by enrichment and immunomagnetic separation, and was not detected in any of the soil-mixtures. However, this bacterium was detected in the original poultry compost in very low numbers. Plant leaves were harvested periodically. Results showed that tatsoi plants significantly produced larger leaves and higher fresh weight in soils amended with organic compost with the tendency for yield to increase with the increase in harvest date. Generally, the organic amendments did not influence size and total fresh weight of spinach leaves, although earlier harvests tended to produce significantly larger leaves and higher fresh weight.
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Heckman, Katherine, Dorisel Torres, Christopher Swanston, and Johannes Lehmann. "Carbon and nitrogen molecular composition of soil organic matter fractions resistant to oxidation." Soil Research 55, no. 8 (2017): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16182.
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The methods used to isolate and characterise pyrogenic organic carbon (PyC) from soils vary widely, and there is little agreement in the literature as to which method truly isolates the most chemically recalcitrant (inferred from oxidative resistance) and persistent (inferred from radiocarbon abundance) fraction of soil organic matter. In addition, the roles of fire, fuel type and soil morphology in the preservation of PyC are not yet defined. In an attempt to elucidate the importance of oxidative recalcitrance, fuel type and soil morphology to the persistence of soil organic matter, we examined two strongly contrasting soils using a variety of PyC isolation techniques coupled with quantifications of the molecular structure and mean residence time of the isolated organic materials. Surface and subsurface soil samples were examined from a Red Chromosol soil and a Black Vertosol soil. The δ13C values suggest that PyC in the Red Chromosol was sourced from eucalyptus, whereas PyC in the Black Vertosol was formed from grass. Soils were sieved at 53µm, treated with hydrofluoric acid to remove organics associated with mineral surfaces, then subjected to three common ‘PyC isolation’ treatments: chromic acid, photo-oxidation and chromic acid followed by photo-oxidation. Molecular structure of the organic residues remaining after each treatment was quantified by solid-state 13C cross polarisation magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance and near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, and the mean residence time of the organic residues was estimated based on radiocarbon abundance. In all cases, treatment with chromic acid followed by photo-oxidation isolated the smallest proportion of organic matter (5–10% of <53µm C) which also had the longest mean residence time (estimated 600–3460 years). Additionally, molecular structure measurements indicated that this fraction was not composed solely of aromatic compounds, suggesting a non-homogenous source for the most oxidative-resistant fraction of soil organic matter.
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Bünemann, E. K., G. D. Schwenke, and L. Van Zwieten. "Impact of agricultural inputs on soil organisms—a review." Soil Research 44, no. 4 (2006): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05125.
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External agricultural inputs such as mineral fertilisers, organic amendments, microbial inoculants, and pesticides are applied with the ultimate goal of maximising productivity and economic returns, while side effects on soil organisms are often neglected. We have summarised the current understanding of how agricultural inputs affect the amounts, activity, and diversity of soil organisms. Mineral fertilisers have limited direct effects, but their application can enhance soil biological activity via increases in system productivity, crop residue return, and soil organic matter. Another important indirect effect especially of N fertilisation is soil acidification, with considerable negative effects on soil organisms. Organic amendments such as manure, compost, biosolids, and humic substances provide a direct source of C for soil organisms as well as an indirect C source via increased plant growth and plant residue returns. Non-target effects of microbial inoculants appear to be small and transient. Among the pesticides, few significant effects of herbicides on soil organisms have been documented, whereas negative effects of insecticides and fungicides are more common. Copper fungicides are among the most toxic and most persistent fungicides, and their application warrants strict regulation. Quality control of organic waste products such as municipal composts and biosolids is likewise mandatory to avoid accumulation of elements that are toxic to soil organisms.
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Scott, Andrew, Yuan-Ching Tien, Craig F. Drury, W. Daniel Reynolds, and Edward Topp. "Enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes in soil receiving composts derived from swine manure, yard wastes, or food wastes, and evidence for multiyear persistence of swine Clostridium spp." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 64, no. 3 (March 2018): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0642.
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The impact of amendment with swine manure compost (SMC), yard waste compost (YWC), or food waste compost (FWC) on the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in soil was evaluated. Following a commercial-scale application of the composts in a field experiment, soils were sampled periodically for a decade, and archived air-dried. Soil DNA was extracted and gene targets quantified by qPCR. Compared with untreated control soil, all 3 amendment types increased the abundance of gene targets for up to 4 years postapplication. The abundance of several gene targets was much higher in soil amended with SMC than in soil receiving either YWC or FWC. The gene target ermB remained higher in the SMC treatment for a decade postapplication. Clostridia were significantly more abundant in the SMC-amended soil throughout the decade following application. Eight percent of Clostridium spp. isolates from the SMC treatment carried ermB. Overall, addition of organic amendments to soils has the potential to increase the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes. Amendments of fecal origin, such as SMC, will in addition entrain bacteria carrying antibiotic resistance genes. Environmentally recalcitrant clostridia, and the antibiotic resistance genes that they carry, will persist for many years under field conditions following the application of SMC.
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Mentag, Rachid, Isabelle Duchesne, and Jacques-André Rioux. "Leaching and Persistence of Oxidiazon in Several Organic-based Substrates." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 818F—818. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.818f.
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The objective of this study was to determine the persistence and leaching of the herbicide oxadiazon in five substrates. The substrate mixtures consisted of the following: peatmoss, compost, and sand in the following proportions: 1:1:0, 3:3:2, 1:1:2, 1:1:6, and 0:0:1 in 5-liter containers. Rates of oxadiazon used were 4 and 8 kg a.i./ha on two separate split-split plots. Each experimental design had three factors: five substrates, four harvest times (24 h; 1, 2, and 3 months) and five soil depths (0–2, 2–4, 4–6, 6–8, 8– cm). Only herbicide persistence and leaching from the various substrates were investigated in this experiment; therefore, we did not remove plant material. Substrate oxadiazon residues were determined by gas chromatography analysis, and it was shown that leaching was more evident in media with a lower percentage of organic matter. In addition, oxadiazon did not leach below 4 cm in conventional substrate (1 peatmoss: 1 compost: 1 sand, respectively). The persistence of oxadiazon was affected by soil composition and herbicide persisted more in substrates with great percentage of organic matter.
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Lü, Xing Dong, Xiao Hua Liu, and Guo Sheng Gai. "Study of Organic Modification for SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ Phosphors." Advanced Materials Research 58 (October 2008): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.58.169.
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Methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPS) coupling agent was used to pre-modify SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors, and then graft methylmethacrylate (MMA) on SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors. IR, SEM and TEM measurements showed that there is an organic encapsulation film composed of silane modified poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) on phosphor surface. This organic film encapsulated on phosphor surface like dense reticulation with a thickness of 20-30 nm. The water resistance and oil absorption measurements and persistent luminescent properties showed that after being encapsulated, SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ phosphors has much better water resistance and lower oil absorption with little loss of persistent phosphorescence. The emission intensity and afterglow lifetime of the encapsulated phosphors were reduced to 93% and 95% of the originals, respectively.
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Farrick, Kegan K., Zakiya Akweli, and Mark N. Wuddivira. "Influence of manure, compost additions and temperature on the water repellency of tropical soils." Soil Research 56, no. 7 (2018): 685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr17303.
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Soil water repellency is a major concern in many systems as it substantially reduces infiltration and enhances surface runoff. While it is recognised that repellency is affected by the soil organic matter in natural ecosystems, the impact of manure and compost additions on the development and persistence of repellency in agroecosystems, particularly in the tropics, is poorly understood. We therefore examined the impact of different manure, compost additions and temperature on soil water repellency of tropical soils. We monitored the change in repellency in a Cambisol (Talparo – clay loam), Acrisol (Piarco – silt loam) and Arenosol (Arena – loamy sand), amended with three different manure and compost combinations at three different concentrations and four temperatures. Water repellency was the strongest among soils with higher clay content, which was likely due to the higher levels of organic matter observed in the clay loam. The cattle manure produced the most severe repellency despite having the lowest total organic carbon, whereas the sugarcane bagasse produced the lowest repellency. The increases in temperature had the strongest influence on repellency in sandy soils. Our results strongly support the findings of other studies that the quality of the organic material is more important than the total organic carbon in controlling the severity of repellency. This exploratory work also highlighted the importance of plant compost in reducing the level of repellency caused by cattle manure while still having a positive influence on the nutrient status of soils.
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Sumekar, Yayan, Denny Kurniadie, Dedi Widayat, and Anni Yuniarti. "Effectiveness and Persistence of Metsulfuron-Methyl Herbicide in Rice Fields with Compost Organic Materials." Asian Journal of Plant Sciences 20, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ajps.2021.609.619.
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Urra, Alkorta, and Garbisu. "Potential Benefits and Risks for Soil Health Derived From the Use of Organic Amendments in Agriculture." Agronomy 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090542.
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The use of organic amendments in agriculture is a common practice due to their potential to increase crop productivity and enhance soil health. Indeed, organic amendments of different origin and composition (e.g., animal slurry, manure, compost, sewage sludge, etc.) can supply valuable nutrients to the soil, as well as increase its organic matter content, with concomitant benefits for soil health. However, the application of organic amendments to agricultural soil entails a variety of risks for environmental and human health. Organic amendments often contain a range of pollutants, including heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, potential human pathogens, and emerging pollutants. Regarding emerging pollutants, the presence of antibiotic residues, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and antibiotic-resistance genes in agricultural amendments is currently a matter of much concern, due to the concomitant risks for human health. Similarly, currently, the introduction of microplastics to agricultural soil, via the application of organic amendments (mainly, sewage sludge), is a topic of much relevance, owing to its magnitude and potential adverse effects for environmental health. There is, currently, much interest in the development of efficient strategies to mitigate the risks associated to the application of organic amendments to agricultural soil, while benefiting from their numerous advantages.
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Ibrahim Irka, Chaher, Pascale Prudent, Frédéric Théraulaz, Anne-Marie Farnet Da Silva, Laurence Asia, Didier Gori, Laurent Vassalo, et al. "Treatment of Sewage Sludge Compost Leachates on a Green Waste Biopile: A Case Study for an On-Site Application." Processes 10, no. 6 (June 15, 2022): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10061196.
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This work proposes a suitable treatment for the leachates from a sewage sludge composting process using a specific windrow (biopile). The biopile’s evolution and organic content degradation were followed for 2 months with regular leachate spraying to assess the physico-chemical and biological impacts, and determine the risk of enrichment with certain monitored pollutants. The final objective was the valorization of the biopile substrates in the composting process, while respecting the quality standards of use in a circular economy way. Classical physico-chemical parameters (pH, conductivity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), etc.) were measured in the leachates and in the water-extractable and dry-solid fractions of the biopile, and the catabolic evolution of the micro-organisms (diversity and activities), as well as the enrichment with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (prioritized PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)), were determined. The results showed that the microbial populations that were already present in the biopile, and that are responsible for biodegradation, were not affected by leachate spraying. Even when the studied compost leachate was highly concentrated with ammonium nitrogen (10.4 gN L−1 on average), it significantly decreased in the biopile after 2 weeks. A study on the evolution of the isotopic signature (δ15 N) confirmed the loss of leachate nitrogen in its ammoniacal form. The bio-physico-chemical characteristics of the biopile at the end of the experiment were similar to those before the first spraying with leachate. Moreover, no significant enrichment with contaminants (metal trace elements, volatile fatty acids, or persistent organic pollutants) was observed. The results show that it would be possible for composting platforms to implement this inexpensive and sustainable process for the treatment of leachates.
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Brändli, Rahel C., Thomas D. Bucheli, Thomas Kupper, Reinhard Furrer, Franz X. Stadelmann, and Joseph Tarradellas. "Persistent Organic Pollutants in Source-Separated Compost and Its Feedstock Materials-A Review of Field Studies." Journal of Environmental Quality 34, no. 3 (May 2005): 735–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2004.0333.
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Liu, Huihui, Baichuan Zhao, and Congyun Zhang. "Preparation of MOF/Au composite nanoparticles and their SERS properties." Characterization and Application of Nanomaterials 5, no. 1 (January 8, 2022): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/can.v5i1.1412.
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Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectrum has the characteristics of fast-detection, high-sensitivity and low-requirements for sample pretreatment. It plays a more and more important role in the detection of organic pollutants. In this study, MIL-101 and Au nanoparticles were prepared by hydrothermal method and aqueous solution reduction method respectively, and MIL-101/Au composite nanoparticles were prepared by electrostatic interaction. The SERS properties of the composite substrate were optimized by adjusting the size of Au nanoparticles and the surface distribution density of MIL-101 nanoparticles. The detection limit of Rhodamine 6G (R6G) for the composite substrate with the optimal ratio was investigated, which was as low as 10–11 M. It is proved that MIL-101/Au composite nanoparticles have high sensitivity to probe molecules. When they are applied to the detection of persistent organic pollutants, the detection limit for fluoranthene can reach 10–9 M and for 3,3’,4,4’-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77) can reach 10–5 M.
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Li, Zan, Hongkun Zhang, and Wenrui Jiang. "Research on the Sustainable Heterogeneous Catalyst Development for Photocatalytic Treatment of Phenol." Sustainability 13, no. 9 (April 22, 2021): 4670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13094670.
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A large amount of wastewater from various and discharged sources that are not treated in any way could affect properties of both land and water, causing severe problems for the environment. Advanced oxidation processes seem to be a feasible option to address effluent treatment with regard to salvation of the environment. In this work, a CdO/ZnO/Yb2O3 composite composed of trimetallic semiconductors was synthesized through a simple one-pot hydrophile approach at low temperatures and then was employed as a photocatalyst. The degradation of phenol, a common organic persistent pollutant in industrial wastewater, was efficiently catalyzed in the presence of simulated sunlight. It was demonstrated that the synthesized CdO/ZnO/Yb2O3 photocatalyst was significantly active after 15 min of reaction and facilitated the effective degradation of the phenol. The CdO/ZnO/Yb2O3 photocatalyst achieved 71.5% and 97.81% degradation of the phenol without and with the existence of H2O2, correspondingly. The results show that the synthesized composite possesses high oxygen reduction capability and is available for rapid and potent photodegradation of the organic persistent pollutants such as phenol, with minimal damage to the environment.
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Vermes, László, and B. Biró. "Study on the Revitalization Potential of Thermal-treated Soils." Agrokémia és Talajtan 51, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2002): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.51.2002.1-2.16.
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A pot experiment was set up at the Experimental Farm of the Faculty of Horticultural Sciences of the Szent István University in 2001 investigating the revitalization effect of selected treatments on thermal-treated soils and other production substances. In the experiment 6 factors and 7 treatments were used, each in 4 replicates, using rape ( Brassica napus DC ) as test plant. During the time period of the experiment (29 May-17 August) continuous observations and measurements were conducted, plant and soil analyses - chemical and microbiological - were made to establish the main effects and results of the different treatments. These are discussed in the paper in detail. Although the soil-vitalization procedures were of great success, no treatment in the experiment had an extremely positive effect. Various additives, however could enhance the re-colonization processes significantly. According to the basic factors (the soils or substrates) the best treatments were: the A1 (clay-pearl) additive and the C2, C3 factors (the medium and low temperature soil treatments). Among the treatment combinations, treatments IV and VII were the best ( compost and compost + inocula addition). This fact shows that the compost in a good quality, and the compost enriched, compost extracted microbial inocula can play the most important role in the revitalization of thermal-treated soils. Manure addition and the manure + inocula treatment can also be used as a prominent treatment in the restoration, to increase the organic matter content and the microbial activity in soils. The single alga- and microbial inocula treatment was not successful permanently, therefore their use - without adding any parallel organic matter - cannot be recommended. Investigations of the soil microbial activity showed that the lowest temperature of thermal treatments had resulted a more effective revitalization. The clay-pearl additive increased the persistency and activity of the microbes in the soil. It was also obviously found that the organic additives with or without the microbial inoculations could be used potentially as the best soil revitalization treatments.
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Zhao, Chao, and Jun Zhao Gao. "Microstructure Analysis of the Influence of Composite Polymers on Concrete Mechanical Performance." Applied Mechanics and Materials 477-478 (December 2013): 895–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.477-478.895.
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Based on the research of various kinds of composite polymers of redispersible latex powder, cellulose ether, organic silicon water repellent and so on , with additions of polymers and the additive of mineral powder-silica fume composite minerals, the paper studies on the influence of composite polymer mainly made of materials on concrete mechanical performance and microstructure. With the addition of composite polymers, despite that the early hydration reaction is delayed, the hydration reaction of 28d speeds up evidently and its internal structure becomes tighter, which is beneficial for the improvement of concrete persistence.
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GURTLER, JOSHUA B., MICHAEL P. DOYLE, MARILYN C. ERICKSON, XIUPING JIANG, PATRICIA MILLNER, and MANAN SHARMA. "Composting To Inactivate Foodborne Pathogens for Crop Soil Application: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 11 (October 15, 2018): 1821–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-217.
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ABSTRACT Compost is organic material that has been degraded into a nutrient-stabilized humus-like substance through intense microbial activity, which can provide essential plant nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) to aid in the growth of fruits and vegetables. Compost can be generated from animal waste feedstocks; these can contain human pathogens, which can be inactivated through the heat and microbial competition promoted during the composting process. Outbreaks of infections caused by bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes on fruit and vegetable commodities consumed raw emphasize the importance of minimizing the risk of pathogenic contamination on produce commodities. This review article investigates factors that affect the reduction and survival of bacterial foodborne pathogens during the composting process. Interactions with indigenous microorganisms, carbon:nitrogen ratios, and temperature changes influence pathogen survival, growth, and persistence in finished compost. Understanding the mechanisms of pathogen survival during the composting process and mechanisms that reduce pathogen populations can minimize the risk of pathogen contamination in the cultivation of fruits and vegetables.
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Blasioli, Sonia, Ilaria Braschi, Maria V. Pinna, Alba Pusino, and Carlo E. Gessa. "Effect of Undesalted Dissolved Organic Matter from Composts on Persistence, Adsorption, and Mobility of Cyhalofop Herbicide in Soils." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 11 (June 2008): 4102–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf7036906.
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Vu, Anh-Tuan, Thi Anh Tuyet Pham, Thi Thuy Tran, Xuan Truong Nguyen, Thu Quynh Tran, Quang Tung Tran, Trong Nghia Nguyen, et al. "Synthesis of Nano-Flakes Ag•ZnO•Activated Carbon Composite from Rice Husk as A Photocatalyst under Solar Light." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 15, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 264–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.15.1.5892.264-279.
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This study aimed to synthesize Ag•ZnO•Activated carbon (Ag•ZnO•AC ) composite from rice husk for degradation of dyes. The deposition of Ag and ZnO on AC led to decreasing the surface area and pore volume of Ag•ZnO•AC composite. In addition, when Ag and ZnO were dispersed on activated carbon, the Ag•ZnO flakes became denser and tighter, but the particle size of Ag became smaller from 5 to 7 nm. The photocatalytic ability of Ag•ZnO•AC composite was evaluated by degradation of Janus Green B (JGB) and compared with that of AC, ZnO, Ag•ZnO, and ZnO•AC samples. The effects of catalyst dosages, pH values, and initial dye concentrations on photocatalytic degradation were investigated in detail. The Ag•ZnO•AC composite had a high degradation efficiency of 100% in 60 min, showing the reaction rate of 0.120 min-1 and degradation capacity of 17.8 mg/g within 20 min. The photocatalytic performance of the Ag•ZnO•AC composite was also evaluated by cyclic test and the degradation of other persistent dyes such as Methylene Blue, Tartrazine, Congo Red, and organic compounds (Caffeine and Bisphenol A). Based on the experimental results, the possible destruction route of JGB by the as-synthesized Ag•ZnO•AC composite was suggested. Copyright © 2020 BCREC Group. All rights reserved
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Spirescu, Vera Alexandra, Cristina Chircov, Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu, Bogdan Ștefan Vasile, and Ecaterina Andronescu. "Inorganic Nanoparticles and Composite Films for Antimicrobial Therapies." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 9 (April 27, 2021): 4595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094595.
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The development of drug-resistant microorganisms has become a critical issue for modern medicine and drug discovery and development with severe socio-economic and ecological implications. Since standard and conventional treatment options are generally inefficient, leading to infection persistence and spreading, novel strategies are fundamentally necessary in order to avoid serious global health problems. In this regard, both metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) demonstrated increased effectiveness as nanobiocides due to intrinsic antimicrobial properties and as nanocarriers for antimicrobial drugs. Among them, gold, silver, copper, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, and iron oxide NPs are the most preferred, owing to their proven antimicrobial mechanisms and bio/cytocompatibility. Furthermore, inorganic NPs can be incorporated or attached to organic/inorganic films, thus broadening their application within implant or catheter coatings and wound dressings. In this context, this paper aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the most recent studies investigating inorganic NPs and their integration into composite films designed for antimicrobial therapies.
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Green, Stefan J., Ehud Inbar, Frederick C. Michel, Yitzhak Hadar, and Dror Minz. "Succession of Bacterial Communities during Early Plant Development: Transition from Seed to Root and Effect of Compost Amendment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 6 (June 2006): 3975–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02771-05.
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ABSTRACT Compost amendments to soils and potting mixes are routinely applied to improve soil fertility and plant growth and health. These amendments, which contain high levels of organic matter and microbial cells, can influence microbial communities associated with plants grown in such soils. The purpose of this study was to follow the bacterial community compositions of seed and subsequent root surfaces in the presence and absence of compost in the potting mix. The bacterial community compositions of potting mixes, seed, and root surfaces sampled at three stages of plant growth were analyzed via general and newly developed Bacteroidetes-specific, PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis methodologies. These analyses revealed that seed surfaces were colonized primarily by populations detected in the initial potting mixes, many of which were not detected in subsequent root analyses. The most persistent bacterial populations detected in this study belonged to the genus Chryseobacterium (Bacteroidetes) and the family Oxalobacteraceae (Betaproteobacteria). The patterns of colonization by populations within these taxa differed significantly and may reflect differences in the physiology of these organisms. Overall, analyses of bacterial community composition revealed a surprising prevalence and diversity of Bacteroidetes in all treatments.
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Cécillon, Lauric, François Baudin, Claire Chenu, Sabine Houot, Romain Jolivet, Thomas Kätterer, Suzanne Lutfalla, et al. "A model based on Rock-Eval thermal analysis to quantify the size of the centennially persistent organic carbon pool in temperate soils." Biogeosciences 15, no. 9 (May 9, 2018): 2835–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-2835-2018.
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Abstract. Changes in global soil carbon stocks have considerable potential to influence the course of future climate change. However, a portion of soil organic carbon (SOC) has a very long residence time (> 100 years) and may not contribute significantly to terrestrial greenhouse gas emissions during the next century. The size of this persistent SOC reservoir is presumed to be large. Consequently, it is a key parameter required for the initialization of SOC dynamics in ecosystem and Earth system models, but there is considerable uncertainty in the methods used to quantify it. Thermal analysis methods provide cost-effective information on SOC thermal stability that has been shown to be qualitatively related to SOC biogeochemical stability. The objective of this work was to build the first quantitative model of the size of the centennially persistent SOC pool based on thermal analysis. We used a unique set of 118 archived soil samples from four agronomic experiments in northwestern Europe with long-term bare fallow and non-bare fallow treatments (e.g., manure amendment, cropland and grassland) as a sample set for which estimating the size of the centennially persistent SOC pool is relatively straightforward. At each experimental site, we estimated the average concentration of centennially persistent SOC and its uncertainty by applying a Bayesian curve-fitting method to the observed declining SOC concentration over the duration of the long-term bare fallow treatment. Overall, the estimated concentrations of centennially persistent SOC ranged from 5 to 11 g C kg−1 of soil (lowest and highest boundaries of four 95 % confidence intervals). Then, by dividing the site-specific concentrations of persistent SOC by the total SOC concentration, we could estimate the proportion of centennially persistent SOC in the 118 archived soil samples and the associated uncertainty. The proportion of centennially persistent SOC ranged from 0.14 (standard deviation of 0.01) to 1 (standard deviation of 0.15). Samples were subjected to thermal analysis by Rock-Eval 6 that generated a series of 30 parameters reflecting their SOC thermal stability and bulk chemistry. We trained a nonparametric machine-learning algorithm (random forests multivariate regression model) to predict the proportion of centennially persistent SOC in new soils using Rock-Eval 6 thermal parameters as predictors. We evaluated the model predictive performance with two different strategies. We first used a calibration set (n = 88) and a validation set (n = 30) with soils from all sites. Second, to test the sensitivity of the model to pedoclimate, we built a calibration set with soil samples from three out of the four sites (n = 84). The multivariate regression model accurately predicted the proportion of centennially persistent SOC in the validation set composed of soils from all sites (R2 = 0.92, RMSEP = 0.07, n = 30). The uncertainty of the model predictions was quantified by a Monte Carlo approach that produced conservative 95 % prediction intervals across the validation set. The predictive performance of the model decreased when predicting the proportion of centennially persistent SOC in soils from one fully independent site with a different pedoclimate, yet the mean error of prediction only slightly increased (R2 = 0.53, RMSEP = 0.10, n = 34). This model based on Rock-Eval 6 thermal analysis can thus be used to predict the proportion of centennially persistent SOC with known uncertainty in new soil samples from different pedoclimates, at least for sites that have similar Rock-Eval 6 thermal characteristics to those included in the calibration set. Our study reinforces the evidence that there is a link between the thermal and biogeochemical stability of soil organic matter and demonstrates that Rock-Eval 6 thermal analysis can be used to quantify the size of the centennially persistent organic carbon pool in temperate soils.
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Kudernac, Tibor, Natalia Shabelina, Wael Mamdouh, Sigurd Höger, and Steven De Feyter. "STM visualisation of counterions and the effect of charges on self-assembled monolayers of macrocycles." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 2 (October 11, 2011): 674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.2.72.
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Despite their importance in self-assembly processes, the influence of charged counterions on the geometry of self-assembled organic monolayers and their direct localisation within the monolayers has been given little attention. Recently, various examples of self-assembled monolayers composed of charged molecules on surfaces have been reported, but no effort has been made to prove the presence of counterions within the monolayer. Here we show that visualisation and exact localisation of counterions within self-assembled monolayers can be achieved with scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The presence of charges on the studied shape-persistent macrocycles is shown to have a profound effect on the self-assembly process at the liquid–solid interface. Furthermore, preferential adsorption was observed for the uncharged analogue of the macrocycle on a surface.
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Li, Yu, Xiaojing Yang, and Baohui Li. "Composite MOFs as adsorbents for solid phase extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 06011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913606011.
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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a kind of porous materials, which has large specific surface area, high porosity, diverse structure, excellent thermal stability and solvent stability etc. So, it has attracted extensive attention as an adsorbent for solid phase extraction (SPE). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a kind of persistent organic pollutants that can lead serious hurts to the ecological environment and human health. The purpose of this paper is to optimize the types and proportion of mixed lanthanum based MOFs, and to improve the enrichment efficiency of SPE. Then a method to analysis PAHs by SPE-HPLC was established. Several main factors that could effected the pre-treatment efficient, such as the amount of adsorbent, the amount and pH of PAHs water sample, and the volume of eluent, were investigated. After optimized, the extraction of seven PAHs in water sample was achieved and the recovery rates were 80.67%, 80.06%, 54.69%, 82.62%, 118.87%, 70.30% and 95.57% respectively.
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Jun, Kim, Han, Yoon, Kim, and Park. "Preparation of Activated Biochar-Supported Magnetite Composite for Adsorption of Polychlorinated Phenols from Aqueous Solutions." Water 11, no. 9 (September 11, 2019): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091899.
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For this study, we applied activated biochar (AB) and its composition with magnetite (AB-Fe3O4) as adsorbents for the removal of polychlorophenols in model wastewater. We comprehensively characterized these adsorbents and performed adsorption tests under several experimental parameters. Using FTIR, we confirmed successful synthesis of AB-Fe3O4 composite through cetrimonium bromide surfactant. We conducted adsorption tests using AB and AB-Fe3O4 to treat model wastewater containing polychlorophenols, such as 2,3,4,6-Tetrachlorophenol (TeCP), 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol (TCP), and 2,4-Dichlorophenol (DCP). Results of the isotherm and the kinetic experiments were well adapted to Freundlich’s isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. Main adsorption mechanisms in this study were attributed to non-covalent, π-electron acceptor–donor interactions and hydrophobic interactions judging from the number of chloride elements in each chlorophenol and its hydrophobic characteristics. We also considered the electrostatic repulsion effect between TeCP and AB, because adsorption performance of TeCP at basic condition was slightly worse than at weak acidic condition. Lastly, AB-Fe3O4 showed high adsorption selectivity of TeCP compared to other persistent organic pollutants (i.e., bisphenol A and sulfamethoxazole) due to hydrophobic interactions. We concluded that AB-Fe3O4 may be used as novel adsorbent for wastewater treatment including toxic and hydrophobic organic pollutants (e.g., TeCP).
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Xie, Juan, Yongjing Hao, Meixia Li, Yiwei Lian, and Li Bian. "Preparation of TiO2/ZnO composite catalysts and their photocatalytic activity for degradation of pentachlorophenol." World Journal of Engineering 14, no. 4 (August 7, 2017): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-08-2016-0066.
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Purpose This paper aims to report a novel preparation method of titanium dioxide (TiO2)/zinc oxide (ZnO) composites with different mole ratios of TiO2:ZnO and their photocatalytic activity. Design/methodology/approach TiO2/ZnO composites are prepared by a facile route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and ultra-violet–visible diffuse reflectance spectra (UV-vis DRS) are used to characterize the products. Photocatalytic activity of the samples is evaluated by degradation of persistent organic pollutant pentachlorophenol under ultra-violet (UV) irradiation. Findings It is found that all the as-prepared TiO2/ZnO composites not only have good catalytic activity under UV light irradiation, but also have excellent circulation stability. The optimal mole ratio of TiO2:ZnO is 0.75:1. Originality/value This report presents a simple and rapid method for the preparation of TiO2/ZnO composites with excellent photocatalytic activity. Experimental results could provide useful reference for the treatment of chlorophenols in the future.
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Chen, Yuxin, Dan Zhi, Yaoyu Zhou, Anqi Huang, Shikang Wu, Bin Yao, Yifei Tang, and Chaoran Sun. "Electrokinetic techniques, their enhancement techniques and composite techniques with other processes for persistent organic pollutants remediation in soil: A review." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 97 (May 2021): 163–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.009.
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Tunçal, Tolga, and Orhan Uslu. "Industrial sludge remediation with photonic treatment using Ti–Ag nano-composite thin films: Persistent organic pollutant removal from sludge matrix." Journal of Environmental Management 149 (February 2015): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.040.
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Cooper, Michelle, Stephen E. Lewis, and Scott G. Smithers. "Spatial and temporal dynamics of suspended sediment causing persistent turbidity in a large reservoir: Lake Dalrymple, Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 7 (2017): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf16316.
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High turbidity in reservoirs may negatively affect aquatic ecology and water infrastructure. Although many reservoirs are turbid, the origin and intra- and interannual variability of turbidity is not well understood. To examine the cause and variability of turbidity, we measured the concentration, particle size, organic content and mineralogy of suspended and benthic sediment samples from Lake Dalrymple, a large reservoir in northern dry tropical Queensland. Samples were collected during the dry season (May–November) in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2011. Water in the reservoir is turbid (>45 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU)) throughout the year, predominantly due to colloidal particles (<0.9μm) composed of clay and mica minerals. Benthic sediments range from 1 to 30μm in size, suggesting that resuspension of lake bottom sediments has little effect on turbidity. Dry season turbidity levels are strongly affected by the magnitude and duration of inflow waters from the preceding wet season, reflecting the limited availability of suspended particles delivered from the upstream catchment. Elevated turbidity in the reservoir and downstream irrigation areas during the dry season is now a common feature and must be incorporated into all agricultural and wetland management plans.
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Bansal, O. P., and Anjul Singh. "A REVIEW ON MICROPLASTIC IN THE SOILS AND THEIR IMPACT ON SOIL MICROBES, CROPS AND HUMANS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 10, no. 9 (October 20, 2022): 245–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i9.2022.4812.
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For modern human life, since the beginning of the 21st century, plastic become indispensable. The golden period for the plastic industry was the second half of the 20th century when plastic-based products bucket to the car were manufactured. Due to mismanagement, and indiscriminate use microplastics are emerging as persistent terrestrial pollutants. In the last decade, environmental scientists and other stakeholders have paid serious attention to soil pollution by microplastics. In soils, the microplastic particles act as a vector for the toxic persistent organic pollutants and potentially toxic metals which are easily sorbed by plants and enter the food chain.Microplastic pollutants not only influence the soil’s physicochemical properties but also impact the feeding habits of soil biota. Microplastic in soils is due to sewage sludge, bio waste compost amendments, plastic mulching, wastewater irrigation, leachate from landfills and atmospheric deposition. The quantity of microplastic particles in the soils varied from nil to13000 items per kg of soil. The quantity of microplastic in the soil is 5-23 times that in the ocean. The microplastic in soil retards seed germination and plant growth. Enzymatic activities of the soil are also influenced by microplastic. Plastic Pellets, Personal Care Products and Cosmetics, Synthetic Textiles, the Abrasion of Tyres, City Dust, and the Abrasion of Road Markings etc. are the environmental sources of microplastic. Intake by humans via food causes respiratory toxicity, cytotoxicity, immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity among other effects. The present work reports the sources and distribution of microplastic in the soil environment and their impact on soil biota, plants, and human health.
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Wang, Jian-Xin, Han Zhang, Li-Ya Niu, Xin Zhu, Yan-Fei Kang, Roman Boulatov, and Qing-Zheng Yang. "Organic Composite Crystal with Persistent Room-Temperature Luminescence Above 650 nm by Combining Triplet–Triplet Energy Transfer with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence." CCS Chemistry 2, no. 5 (October 2020): 1391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.31635/ccschem.020.202000158.
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Crump, Byron C., George W. Kling, Michele Bahr, and John E. Hobbie. "Bacterioplankton Community Shifts in an Arctic Lake Correlate with Seasonal Changes in Organic Matter Source." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 4 (April 2003): 2253–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.4.2253-2268.2003.
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ABSTRACT Seasonal shifts in bacterioplankton community composition in Toolik Lake, a tundra lake on the North Slope of Alaska, were related to shifts in the source (terrestrial versus phytoplankton) and lability of dissolved organic matter (DOM). A shift in community composition, measured by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rRNA genes, occurred at 4°C in near-surface waters beneath seasonal ice and snow cover in spring. This shift was associated with an annual peak in bacterial productivity ([14C]leucine incorporation) driven by the large influx of labile terrestrial DOM associated with snow meltwater. A second shift occurred after the flux of terrestrial DOM had ended in early summer as ice left the lake and as the phytoplankton community developed. Bacterioplankton communities were composed of persistent populations present throughout the year and transient populations that appeared and disappeared. Most of the transient populations could be divided into those that were advected into the lake with terrestrial DOM in spring and those that grew up from low concentrations during the development of the phytoplankton community in early summer. Sequencing of DNA in DGGE bands demonstrated that most bands represented single ribotypes and that matching bands from different samples represented identical ribotypes. Bacteria were identified as members of globally distributed freshwater phylogenetic clusters within the α- and β-Proteobacteria, the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides group, and the Actinobacteria.
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Pracht, Lara E., Malak M. Tfaily, Robert J. Ardissono, and Rebecca B. Neumann. "Molecular characterization of organic matter mobilized from Bangladeshi aquifer sediment: tracking carbon compositional change during microbial utilization." Biogeosciences 15, no. 6 (March 26, 2018): 1733–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-1733-2018.
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Abstract. Bioavailable organic carbon in aquifer recharge waters and sediments can fuel microbial reactions with implications for groundwater quality. A previous incubation experiment showed that sedimentary organic carbon (SOC) mobilized off sandy sediment collected from an arsenic-contaminated and methanogenic aquifer in Bangladesh was bioavailable; it was transformed into methane. We used high-resolution mass spectrometry to molecularly characterize this mobilized SOC, reference its composition against dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface recharge water, track compositional changes during incubation, and advance understanding of microbial processing of organic carbon in anaerobic environments. Organic carbon mobilized off aquifer sediment was more diverse, proportionately larger, more aromatic, and more oxidized than DOC in surface recharge. Mobilized SOC was predominately composed of terrestrially derived organic matter and had characteristics signifying that it evaded microbial processing within the aquifer. Approximately 50 % of identified compounds in mobilized SOC and in DOC from surface recharge water contained sulfur. During incubation, after mobilized SOC was converted into methane, new organosulfur compounds with high S-to-C ratios and a high nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC) were detected. We reason that these detected compounds formed abiotically following microbial reduction of sulfate to sulfide, which could have occurred during incubation but was not directly measured or that they were microbially synthesized. Most notably, microbes transformed all carbon types during incubation, including those currently considered thermodynamically unviable for microbes to degrade in anaerobic conditions (i.e., those with a low NOSC). In anaerobic environments, energy yields from redox reactions are small and the amount of energy required to remove electrons from highly reduced carbon substrates during oxidation decreases the thermodynamic favorability of degrading compounds with a low NOSC. While all compound types were eventually degraded during incubation, NOSC and compound size controlled the rates of carbon transformation. Large, more thermodynamically favorable compounds (e.g., aromatics with a high NOSC) were targeted first, while small, less thermodynamically favorable compounds (e.g., alkanes and olefinics with a low NOSC) were used last. These results indicate that in anaerobic conditions, microbial communities are capable of degrading and mineralizing all forms of organic matter, converting larger energy-rich compounds into smaller energy-poor compounds. However, in an open system, where fresh carbon is continually supplied, the slower degradation rate of reduced carbon compounds would enable this portion of the organic carbon pool to build up, explaining the apparent persistence of compounds with a low NOSC in anaerobic environments.
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Tao, Junhong, Jie Yang, Chengxiao Ma, Junfeng Li, Keqing Du, Zhen Wei, Cuizhong Chen, Zhaoyang Wang, Chun Zhao, and Xiaoya Deng. "Cellulose nanocrystals/graphene oxide composite for the adsorption and removal of levofloxacin hydrochloride antibiotic from aqueous solution." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 10 (October 2020): 200857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200857.
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Residual antibiotics in water are often persistent organic pollutants. The purpose of this study was to prepare a cellulose nanocrystals/graphene oxide composite (CNCs-GO) with a three-dimensional structure for the removal of the antibiotic levofloxacin hydrochloride (Levo-HCl) in water by adsorption. The scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and other characterization methods were used to study the physical structure and chemical properties of the CNCs-GO. The three-dimensional structure of the composite material rendered a high surface area and electrostatic attraction, resulting in increased adsorption capacity of the CNCs-GO for Levo-HCl. Based on the Box–Behnken design, the effects of different factors on the removal of Levo-HCl by the CNCs-GO were explored. The composite material exhibited good antibiotic adsorption capacity, with a removal percentage exceeding 80.1% at an optimal pH of 4, the adsorbent dosage of 1.0 g l −1 , initial pollutant concentration of 10.0 mg l −1 and contact time of 4 h. The adsorption isotherm was well fitted by the Sips model, and kinetics studies demonstrated that the adsorption process conformed to a quasi-second-order kinetics model. Consequently, the as-synthesized CNCs-GO demonstrates good potential for the effective removal of antibiotics such as levofloxacin hydrochloride from aqueous media.
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Jawad, Shireen, Matthias Winter, Zain-Aldeen S. A. Rahman, Yasir I. A. Al-Yasir, and Anwar Zeb. "Dynamical Behavior of a Cancer Growth Model with Chemotherapy and Boosting of the Immune System." Mathematics 11, no. 2 (January 12, 2023): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11020406.
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In this study, we set up and analyze a cancer growth model that integrates a chemotherapy drug with the impact of vitamins in boosting and strengthening the immune system. The aim of this study is to determine the minimal amount of treatment required to eliminate cancer, which will help to reduce harm to patients. It is assumed that vitamins come from organic foods and beverages. The chemotherapy drug is added to delay and eliminate tumor cell growth and division. To that end, we suggest the tumor-immune model, composed of the interaction of tumor and immune cells, which is composed of two ordinary differential equations. The model’s fundamental mathematical properties, such as positivity, boundedness, and equilibrium existence, are examined. The equilibrium points’ asymptotic stability is analyzed using linear stability. Then, global stability and persistence are investigated using the Lyapunov strategy. The occurrence of bifurcations of the model, such as of trans-critical or Hopf type, is also explored. Numerical simulations are used to verify the theoretical analysis. The Runge–Kutta method of fourth order is used in the simulation of the model. The analytical study and simulation findings show that the immune system is boosted by regular vitamin consumption, inhibiting the growth of tumor cells. Further, the chemotherapy drug contributes to the control of tumor cell progression. Vitamin intake and chemotherapy are treated both individually and in combination, and in all situations, the minimal level required to eliminate the cancer is determined.
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Sleutel, S., M. A. Kader, K. Demeestere, C. Walgraeve, J. Dewulf, and S. De Neve. "Subcritical water extraction to isolate kinetically different soil nitrogen fractions." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 17, 2013): 9765–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-9765-2013.
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Abstract. Soil organic N is largely composed of inherently biologically labile proteinaceous N and its persistence in soil is mainly explained by stabilization through binding to minerals and other soil organic matter (SOM) components at varying strengths. In order to separate kinetically different soil N fractions we hypothesize that an approach, which isolates soil N fractions on the basis of bonding strength is required, rather than employing chemical agents or physical methods. We developed a sequential subcritical water extraction (SCWE) procedure at 100 °C, 150 °C and 200°C to isolate SOM fractions. We assessed these SCWE N fractions as predictors for aerobic and anaerobic N mineralization measured from 25 paddy soil cores in incubations. SCWE organic carbon (SCWE OC) and N (SCWE N) increased exponentially with the increase of temperature and N was extracted preferentially over OC. The efficiency of SCWE and the selectivity towards N were both lower in soils with increasingly reactive clay mineralogy. The 100–150 °C SCWE N and the 100 °C + 100–150 °C SCWE N correlated slightly better with the aerobic N mineralization than soil N content. The resulting explained percentages (46–49%) are, however, too small to allow accurate fertilizer recommendations. No correlations were found between the SCWE fractions and anaerobic N mineralization rate and consequently alternative driving factors should be looked for. Nonetheless, perhaps SCWE does, still hold potential to separate kinetically different SOM pools from upland soils, in which the bio-availability of N is more likely to be a key constraint in the N mineralization process. This in contrast to the studied paddy soils, in which N mineralization appeared to be largely decoupled from SOM quantity and quality or its availability, perhaps due to an overriding control of abiotic factors on the anaerobic N mineralization process.
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Aji, Alfian Chrisna, Mohammad Masykuri, and Retno Rosariastuti. "Fitoremediasi Logam Kromium di Tanah Sawah dengan Rami (Boehmeria nivea) dan Environmental Health Agriculture System (EHAS)." Bioeksperimen: Jurnal Penelitian Biologi 5, no. 2 (November 14, 2019): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/bioeksperimen.v5i2.9232.
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Chromium metal is one of the heavy metal wastes from various industries and is persistent for the agricultural environment, especially in rice fields. Chromium metal can change biodiversity and ecosystem function in paddy soil. Chromium metal phytoremediation that pollutes paddy soils with hemp (Boehmeria nivea) is important because paddy soils play a role as a living medium for food crops, especially rice (Oryza sativa). One indicator of the success of phytoremediation is the reduction of chromium metal content in the soil, so it requires a policy system to maintain a healthy environmentally friendly agriculture. This study aimed to determine the ability of Boehmeria nivea to reduce levels of chromium metal in the soil and provide policy solutions to keep environmentally healthy agriculture. This study used a complete randomized block design, random sampling of chromium metal data. The results showed the initial concentration of chromium metal in the soil was 2.36 ppm, after treatment with the interaction between Agrobacterium sp. I3 with Boehmeria nivea (P0B1T1) and interaction of organic matter (compost) with Boehmeria nivea (P0B2T1) obtained Cr 1.37 ppm metal content with a decrease of 42.01%. The resulting policy solution is the Environment Health Agriculture System (EHAS). The conclusion of this study was phytoremediation of chromium metal using Boehmeria nivea combined with the Environment Health Agriculture System can create a healthy environmentally friendly agricultural system.
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Williams, A., M. Cusack, and J. O. Buckman. "Chemico–structural phylogeny of the discinoid brachiopod shell." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 353, no. 1378 (December 29, 1998): 2005–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1998.0350.
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Stratiform shells of living discinids are composed of membranous laminae and variously aggregated, protein–coated granules of apatitic francolite supported by proteinaceous and chitinous nets in glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) to form laminae in rhythmic sets. The succession is like that of living lingulids but differs significantly in the structure of the periostracum, the nature of baculate sets and in its organic composition. In particular, discinids have a higher level of amino acids although with relatively lower acidic and higher basic concentrations; and their overall lower organic content is owing to lower levels of hydrophilic components, like GAGs and chitin. The organic constituents are not completely degraded during fossilization; but data are presently too meagre to distinguish between linguloid and discinoid ancestries. Many differences among three of the four described extant genera emanate from transformations with a long geological history. Pelagodiscus is characterized by regular, concentric rheomorphic folding (fila) of the flexible periostracum and the plastic primary layer and by sporadically developed hemispherical imprints of periostracal vesicles. Both features are more strikingly developed in Palaeozoic discinids. In the oldest discinid, the Ordovician Schizotreta , and the younger Orbiculoidea and related genera, vesicles were persistent, hexagonal close–packed arrays fading out over fila. They must have differed in composition, however, as the larger vesicles of Schizotreta were simple (possibly mucinous), whereas the smaller vesicles of Orbiculoidea and younger genera were composites of thickly coated spheroids, possibly of lipoproteins, which survive as disaggregated relicts in Pelagodiscus . Baculate sets within the secondary layer are also less well developed in living discinids, being incipient in Pelagodiscus and restricted to the dorsal valve of Discinisca . The trellised rods (baculi) with proteinaceous cores are composed of pinacoids or prisms of apatite, depending on whether they are supported by chitinous nets or proteinaceous strands in GAGs. This differentiation occurred in Schizotreta but in that stock (and Trematis ) the baculate set is symmetrical with baculi subtended between compact laminae, whereas in younger and post–Palaeozoic species the outer bounding lamina(e) of the set is normally membranous and/or stratified. The most striking synapomorphy of living discinids is the intravesicular secretion of organsiliceous tablets with a crystalline habit within the larval outer epithelium and their exocytosis as a close– or open–packed, transient, biomineral cover for larvae. Canals, on the other hand, are homologous with those pervading lingulid shells. Both systems interconnect with chitinous and proteinaceous sets and have probably always served as vertical struts in an organic scaffolding supporting the stratiform successions. A phylogenetic analysis based mainly on shell structure confirms the discinoids as the sister group of the linguloids but, contrary to current taxonomic practice, also supports the inclusion of acrotretoids within a ‘discinoid’ clade as a sister group to the discinids.
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Rosales Córdova, Carlos Aldebarán, Antonio de Ita de la Torre, and Rosalba Castañeda Guzman. "Photoacoustic Analysis of Natural Indigo, Palygorskite and Synthetic Maya Blue." MRS Proceedings 1374 (2012): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2012.1396.
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ABSTRACTMaya blue is an organic / inorganic pigment which is composed principally by two elements: a white clay known as palygorskite (in the Mayan dialect Sakalum), and a blue dye called indigo, this dye is extracted from the plant Indigofera suffruticosa. The mixture and the warming of these two elements produce the Maya blue, which exhibits unusual features such as: resistance to the assault of the acids in warm or high temperatures, his persistent color in spite of having been exposed to different climatic conditions as a result of the passage of time and the specific chemical composition that this pigment presents.In the present investigation natural indigo, palygorskite and synthetic maya blue were analyzed with a new implementation technique called photoacoustic analysis, which detects the structural changes that happen in the material under a controlled increase of temperature. Due to the fact that this technology detects with clarity where the structural changes happen but not that type of changes happen, it used as base termogravimetric analysis. One of the important findings, it was that in the spectrum of the synthetic maya blue were detected the structural changes of the clay and the dye, something that with other used technologies had not been achieved to observe.
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Sleutel, S., M. A. Kader, K. Demeestere, C. Walgraeve, J. Dewulf, and S. De Neve. "Subcritical water extraction to isolate kinetically different soil nitrogen fractions." Biogeosciences 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2013): 7435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-7435-2013.
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Abstract. Soil organic N is largely composed of inherently biologically labile proteinaceous N and its persistence in soil is mainly explained by stabilization through binding to minerals and other soil organic matter (SOM) components at varying strengths. In order to separate kinetically different soil N fractions we hypothesize that an approach which isolates soil N fractions on the basis of bonding strength is required, rather than employing chemical agents or physical methods. We developed a sequential subcritical water extraction (SCWE) procedure at 100, 150 and 200 °C to isolate SOM fractions. We assessed these SCWE N fractions as predictors for aerobic and anaerobic N mineralization measured from 25 paddy soil cores in incubations. SCWE organic carbon (SCWE OC) and N (SCWE N) increased exponentially with the increase of temperature and N was extracted preferentially over OC. The efficiency of SCWE and the selectivity towards N were both lower in soils with increasingly reactive clay mineralogy. Stepwise linear regression found no relations between the SCWE fractions and the anaerobic N mineralization rate but instead with pH and a model parameter describing the temperature dependency of SCWE extraction. Both were linked to texture, mineralogy and content of pedogenic oxides, which suggests an indirect relation between anaerobic NH4+ release and these edaphic soil factors. N mineralization appeared to be largely decoupled from SOM quantity and quality. From the present study on young paddy soils low in pedogenic oxides and with high fixed NH4+ content we cannot infer the performance of SCWE to isolate bio-available N in more developed upland soils. There may be potential to separate kinetically different SOM pools from upland soils because 1° for aerobic N mineralization at 100–150 °C SCWE N was the best predictor; and 2° SCWE selectively extracted N over C and this preference depended on the mineralogical composition. Hence N fractions differing in bonding strength with minerals or SOM might be isolated at different temperatures, and specifically this association has frequently been found a prominent stabilization mechanism of N in temperate region cropland soils.
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Zhu, Jiaojiao, Ruimin Chang, Benliang Wei, Yao Fu, Xiang Chen, Hong Liu, and Wenhu Zhou. "Photothermal Nano-Vaccine Promoting Antigen Presentation and Dendritic Cells Infiltration for Enhanced Immunotherapy of Melanoma via Transdermal Microneedles Delivery." Research 2022 (September 5, 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2022/9816272.
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Immunotherapy has demonstrated the potential to cure melanoma, while the current response rate is still unsatisfactory in clinics. Extensive evidence indicates the correlation between the efficacy and pre-existing T-cell in tumors, whereas the baseline T-cell infiltration is lacking in low-response melanoma patients. Herein, we demonstrated the critical contribution of dendritic cells (DCs) on melanoma survival and baseline T-cell level, as well as the efficacy of immunotherapy. Capitalized on this fact, we developed a photothermal nano-vaccine to simultaneously promote tumor antigens presentation and DCs infiltration for enhanced immunotherapy. The nano-vaccine was composed of polyserotonin (PST) core and tannic acid (TA)/Mn2+ coordination-based metal-organic-framework (MOF) shell for β-catenin silencing DNAzyme loading, which was further integrated into dissolving microneedles to allow noninvasive and transdermal administration at melanoma skin. The nano-vaccine could rapidly penetrate skin upon microneedles insertion and exert a synergistically amplified photothermal effect to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD). The MOF shell then dissociated and released Mn2+ as a cofactor to self-activate DNAzyme for β-catenin suppression, which in turn caused a persistent CCL4 excretion to promote the infiltration of DCs into the tumor. Meanwhile, the liberated PST core could effectively capture and facilitate tumor antigens presentation to DCs. As a result, potent antitumor efficacies were achieved for both primary and distal tumors without any extra treatment, indicating the great promise of such a nano-vaccine for on-demand personalized immunotherapy of melanoma.
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Kim, Hee-Jun, Uje Lee, Hyun-Woo Kim, Min Cho, and Jaewoo Lee. "Zero Discharge of Dyes and Regeneration of a Washing Solution in Membrane-Based Dye Removal by Cold Plasma Treatment." Membranes 12, no. 6 (May 25, 2022): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12060546.
Full textAbstract:
Although dye removal from wastewater streams has been investigated via several approaches using adsorbents, resins, or membranes, it is still hard to avoid the fact that dyes are persistently left in the adsorption materials or washing solutions used to regenerate the used adsorbents. In particular, given that cleaning agents are composed of acid/base, organic solvents, or electrolytes, dye adsorption and adsorbent regeneration processes leave behind more hard-to-manage wastewater containing dyes. In this study, we demonstrated that cold plasma (CP) treatment, which is one of the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), can be used for zero discharge of dyes and regeneration of a washing solution in a membrane-based dye removal process. Specifically, CP treatment was found to successfully remove dyes released from a washing process to regenerate a used membrane, thereby effectively recycling a cleaning solution. As a result, the regenerated washing solution was more favorable for the adsorbed dyes’ elution, leading to the successful regeneration of a used membrane without a significant loss of dye removal efficiency. This fact was evidenced by a comparative study on the effect of CP treatment on the reusability of membranes and washing solutions and the kinetic analysis of the AOP of the desorbed dyes. We hope that this study contributes to opening a new door for environmentally friendly and sustainable dye removal.
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Carpio, María José, Jesús M. Marín-Benito, María J. Sánchez-Martín, and M. Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz. "Accelerated Dissipation of Two Herbicides after Repeated Application in Field Experiments with Organically-Amended Soil." Agronomy 11, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061125.
Full textAbstract:
Organic wastes applied as composted amendments may improve the quality of degraded soils and modify the fate of pesticides. This work has set out to study the dissipation kinetics of the herbicides chlorotoluron and flufenacet during their second-year application in field experimental plots with a sandy-loam agricultural soil without amendment (S) and amended with spent mushroom substrate (S + SMS) or green compost (S + GC). The SMS and GC were applied to the soil during the previous winter’s wheat crop campaign (1 year before the second herbicide application) at rates of 140 and 85 t ha−1 (dry weight basis), respectively. The experiment involved randomized complete blocks with plots of 81 m2, including three replicates per soil treatment. Surface soils were sampled after herbicide application for 225 days, and herbicide residues in the soil samples were determined by HPLC-MS. The dissipation curves of both herbicides for the three soil treatments were better fitted to the first order multi-compartment (FOMC) kinetic model. The dissipation rates of the most hydrophobic herbicide, flufenacet, were slower than those for chlorotoluron in both unamended and amended soils. The half-life (DT50) values ranged between 20.7 to 41.1 days for chlorotoluron, and 42.9 to 75.6 days for flufenacet, and they followed the order S > S + SMS > S + GC. The DT50 values of chlorotoluron were close for S + SMS and S + GC, and the DT50 of flufenacet for S was similar to that for S + SMS. These DT50 values decreased up to four times with respect to those calculated after the first application indicating an accelerated dissipation of the herbicides after the second application especially in amended soil in comparison with unamended soil. The persistence of chlorotoluron and flufenacet in an agricultural soil was modified by the effect of the organic amendments, weather conditions, and possibly the repeated application of the compounds under real field conditions.
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Roberts, Mary F., Anne Gershenson, and Nathalie Reuter. "Phosphatidylcholine Cation—Tyrosine π Complexes: Motifs for Membrane Binding by a Bacterial Phospholipase C." Molecules 27, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 6184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196184.
Full textAbstract:
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) enzymes are a virulence factor in many Gram-positive organisms. The specific activity of the Bacillus thuringiensis PI-PLC is significantly increased by adding phosphatidylcholine (PC) to vesicles composed of the substrate phosphatidylinositol, in part because the inclusion of PC reduces the apparent Kd for the vesicle binding by as much as 1000-fold when comparing PC-rich vesicles to PI vesicles. This review summarizes (i) the experimental work that localized a site on BtPI-PLC where PC is bound as a PC choline cation—Tyr-π complex and (ii) the computational work (including all-atom molecular dynamics simulations) that refined the original complex and found a second persistent PC cation—Tyr-π complex. Both complexes are critical for vesicle binding. These results have led to a model for PC functioning as an allosteric effector of the enzyme by altering the protein dynamics and stabilizing an ‘open’ active site conformation.
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Neirijnck, Papaioannou, and Nef. "The Insulin/IGF System in Mammalian Sexual Development and Reproduction." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 18 (September 9, 2019): 4440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20184440.
Full textAbstract:
Persistent research over the past few decades has clearly established that the insulin-like family of growth factors, which is composed of insulin and insulin-like growth factors 1 (IGF1) and 2 (IGF2), plays essential roles in sexual development and reproduction of both males and females. Within the male and female reproductive organs, ligands of the family act in an autocrine/paracrine manner, in order to guide different aspects of gonadogenesis, sex determination, sex-specific development or reproductive performance. Although our knowledge has greatly improved over the last years, there are still several facets that remain to be deciphered. In this review, we first briefly outline the principles of sexual development and insulin/IGF signaling, and then present our current knowledge, both in rodents and humans, about the involvement of insulin/IGFs in sexual development and reproductive functions. We conclude by highlighting some interesting remarks and delineating certain unanswered questions that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Yu, Yunjiang, Chang Liu, Chenyu Yang, Yang Yu, Lun Lu, Ruixue Ma, and Liangzhong Li. "One-Step Synthesized Iron-Carbon Core-Shell Nanoparticles to Activate Persulfate for Effective Degradation of Tetrabromobisphenol A: Performance and Activation Mechanism." Nanomaterials 12, no. 24 (December 18, 2022): 4483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12244483.
Full textAbstract:
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), as an emerging endocrine disrupter, has been considered one of the persistent organic contaminants in water. It is urgently necessary to develop an efficient technique for the effective removal of TBBPA from water. Herein, a one-step hydrothermal synthesis route was employed to prepare a novel iron-carbon core-shell nanoparticle (Fe@MC) for effectively activating persulfate (PS) to degrade TBBPA. Morphological and structural characterization indicated that the prepared Fe@MC had a typical core-shell structure composed of a 5 nm thick graphene-like carbon shell and a multi-valence iron core. It can be seen that 94.9% of TBBPA (10 mg/L) could be degraded within 30 min at pH = 7. This excellent catalytic activity was attributed to the synergistic effect of the porous carbon shell and a multi-valence iron core. The porous carbon shell could effectively prevent the leaching of metal ions and facilitate PS activation due to its electron transfer capability. Furthermore, numerous micro-reaction zones could be formed on the surface of Fe@MC during the rapid TBBPA removal process. Radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) technology indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS), including OH, SO4−, O2−, and 1O2, were involved in the TBBPA degradation process. Based on density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the carbon atoms linked by phenolic hydroxyl groups would be more vulnerable to attack by electron-rich groups; the central carbon was cracked and hydroxylated to generate short-chain aliphatic acids. The toxicity evaluation provides clear evidence for the promising application potential of our prepared material for the efficient removal of TBBPA from water.
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Cogger, C. G., T. A. Forge, and G. H. Neilsen. "Biosolids recycling: Nitrogen management and soil ecology." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 613–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-117.
Full textAbstract:
Biosolids are municipal wastewater treatment solids that meet regulatory standards for land application. Most biosolids are a rich source of N, P, and micronutrients. Although the use of biosolids on food crops remains controversial in the public eye, decades of research have led to the development of regulations for the safe and beneficial use of biosolids in agriculture. Emerging areas of research include biosolids in commercial and home horticulture, the fate of pathogens and organics in biosolids, the use of biosolids in the remediation of contaminated sites, and biosolids effects on soil ecology. Nutrient management remains the most critical day-to-day issue for land application of biosolids. Recent research on plant-available nitrogen (PAN) in biosolids has found that N availability is similar over a range of biosolids processing types, and that growing-season climate is a key factor affecting available N. Regionally based predictions of PAN have been developed for the United States, and could be extended into Canada. Relatively little is known about the effects of biosolids applications on soil ecology, but soil nematodes offer an opportunity to evaluate the structure and function of the soil ecosystem following biosolids applications. We have studied responses of nematode communities to application of municipal biosolids and composts, in forage production systems and orchards. Both types of amendments increased the abundance of enrichment opportunists, for up to 3 yr after single applications. These data on the persistence of increased enrichment opportunists have provided insight into the longevity of amendment-induced enhancement of biological activity and nutrient cycling. Cumulative biosolids applications of 90 Mg ha-1 have caused reductions in abundance of pollutant-sensitive Dorylaimida. The extent to which this change is the result of metal or nutrient loading is unclear and deserves more detailed study. Key words: Biosolids, plant-available nitrogen, soil ecology, nematodes
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Guo, Mingxin. "The 3R Principles for Applying Biochar to Improve Soil Health." Soil Systems 4, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4010009.
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Amending soil with biochar is a promising approach to persistently improve soil health and promote crop growth. The efficacy of soil biochar amendment, however, is soil specific, biochar dependent, and influenced by the biochar application programs. To maximize the benefits of biochar application, this paper proposes the 3R principles for applying biochar to soils: right biochar source, right application rate, and right placement in soil. The quality of biochar as a soil amendment varies significantly with the feedstock and the production conditions. Biochar products capable of everlastingly sustaining soil health are those with high stable organic carbon (OC) content and high water- and nutrient-holding capacities that are manufactured from uncontaminated biomass materials. Acidic, coarse-textured, highly leached soils respond remarkably more to biochar amendment than other types of soils. Soil amendment with particular biochars at as low as 0.1 mass% (equivalent to 2 Mg ha−1) may enhance the seasonal crop productivity. To achieve the evident, long-term soil health improvement effects, wood- and crop residue-derived biochars should be applied to soil at one time or cumulatively 2–5 mass% and manure-derived biochars at 1–3 mass% soil. Optimal amendment rates of particular biochar soil systems should be prescreened to ensure the pH of newly treated soils is less than 7.5 and the electrical conductivity (EC) below 2.7 dS m−1 (in 1:1 soil/water slurry). To maximize the soil health benefits while minimizing the erosion risk, biochar amendment should be implemented through broadcasting granular biochar in moistened conditions or in compost mixtures to cropland under low-wind weather followed by thorough and uniform incorporation into the 0–15 cm soil layer. Biochars are generally low in plant macronutrients and cannot serve as a major nutrient source (especially N) to plants. Combined chemical fertilization is necessary to realize the synergic beneficial effects of biochar amendment.
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Abushal, Ahad S., Fadilah S. Aleanizy, Fulwah Y. Alqahtani, Faiyaz Shakeel, Muzaffar Iqbal, Nazrul Haq, and Ibrahim A. Alsarra. "Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) of Apremilast: In Vitro Evaluation and Pharmacokinetics Studies." Molecules 27, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 3085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27103085.
Full textAbstract:
Psoriatic arthritis is an autoimmune disease of the joints that can lead to persistent inflammation, irreversible joint damage and disability. The current treatments are of limited efficacy and inconvenient. Apremilast (APR) immediate release tablets Otezla® have 20–33% bioavailability compared to the APR absolute bioavailability of 73%. As a result, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) of APR were formulated to enhance APR’s solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability. The drug assay was carried out using a developed and validated HPLC method. Various thermodynamic tests were carried out on APR-SNEDDS. Stable SNEDDS were characterized then subjected to in vitro drug release studies via dialysis membrane. The optimum formulation was F9, which showed the maximum in vitro drug release (94.9%) over 24 h, and this was further investigated in in vivo studies. F9 was composed of 15% oil, 60% Smix, and 25% water and had the lowest droplet size (17.505 ± 0.247 nm), low PDI (0.147 ± 0.014), low ZP (−13.35 mV), highest %T (99.15 ± 0.131) and optimum increases in the relative bioavailability (703.66%) compared to APR suspension (100%) over 24 h. These findings showed that APR-SNEDDS is a possible alternative delivery system for APR. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the major factors that influence the encapsulation efficiency and stability of APR-containing SNEDDS.
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Cacciotto, Carla, and Alberto Alberti. "Eating the Enemy: Mycoplasma Strategies to Evade Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) Promoting Bacterial Nucleotides Uptake and Inflammatory Damage." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 23 (November 30, 2022): 15030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms232315030.
Full textAbstract:
Neutrophils are effector cells involved in the innate immune response against infection; they kill infectious agents in the intracellular compartment (phagocytosis) or in the extracellular milieu (degranulation). Moreover, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), complex structures composed of a scaffold of decondensed DNA associated with histones and antimicrobial compounds; NETs entrap infectious agents, preventing their spread and promoting their clearance. NET formation is triggered by microbial compounds, but many microorganisms have evolved several strategies for NET evasion. In addition, the dysregulated production of NETs is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases. Mycoplasmas are reduced genome bacteria, able to induce chronic infections with recurrent inflammatory symptoms. Mycoplasmas’ parasitic lifestyle relies on metabolite uptake from the host. Mycoplasmas induce NET release, but their surface or secreted nucleases digest the NETs’ DNA scaffold, allowing them to escape from entrapment and providing essential nucleotide precursors, thus promoting the infection. The presence of Mycoplasma species has been associated with chronic inflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease, and cancer. The persistence of mycoplasma infection and prolonged NET release may contribute to the onset of chronic inflammatory diseases and needs further investigation and insights.