Relevant bibliographies by topics / Compostable plastic

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Compostable plastic'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 22 November 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Compostable plastic"

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Royer, Sarah-Jeanne, Francesco Greco, Michaela Kogler, and Dimitri D. Deheyn. "Not so biodegradable: Polylactic acid and cellulose/plastic blend textiles lack fast biodegradation in marine waters." PLOS ONE 18, no. 5 (May 24, 2023): e0284681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284681.

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The resistance of plastic textiles to environmental degradation is of major concern as large portions of these materials reach the ocean. There, they persist for undefined amounts of time, possibly causing harm and toxicity to marine ecosystems. As a solution to this problem, many compostable and so-called biodegradable materials have been developed. However, to undergo rapid biodegradation, most compostable plastics require specific conditions that are achieved only in industrial settings. Thus, industrially compostable plastics might persist as pollutants under natural conditions. In this work, we tested the biodegradability in marine waters of textiles made of polylactic acid, a diffused industrially compostable plastic. The test was extended also to cellulose-based and conventional non-biodegradable oil-based plastic textiles. The analyses were complemented by bio-reactor tests for an innovative combined approach. Results show that polylactic acid, a so-called biodegradable plastic, does not degrade in the marine environment for over 428 days. This was also observed for the oil-based polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate, including their portions in cellulose/oil-based plastic blend textiles. In contrast, natural and regenerated cellulose fibers undergo complete biodegradation within approximately 35 days. Our results indicate that polylactic acid resists marine degradation for at least a year, and suggest that oil-based plastic/cellulose blends are a poor solution to mitigate plastic pollution. The results on polylactic acid further stress that compostability does not imply environmental degradation and that appropriate disposal management is crucial also for compostable plastics. Referring to compostable plastics as biodegradable plastics is misleading as it may convey the perception of a material that degrades in the environment. Conclusively, advances in disposable textiles should consider the environmental impact during their full life cycle, and the existence of environmentally degradable disposal should not represent an alibi for perpetuating destructive throw-away behaviors.
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Artru, Maxime, and Antoine Lecerf. "Slow degradation of compostable plastic carrier bags in a stream and its riparian area." Annales de Limnologie - International Journal of Limnology 55 (2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/limn/2019017.

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There is no place on Earth where plastic debris could not be found. Impacts of plastics on aesthetics, biota and ecosystems are dependent on how long plastic items last, and what degradation products are released, in recipient environments. As bio-based plastics tend to replace petroleum-based plastics in everyday life, it is important to upgrade knowledge on the degradation of new polymers in natural environments. Single-use plastic carrier bags are nowadays made of bio-plastics certified as biodegradable and compostable. It is unclear, however, whether claims of biodegradability and compostability can be taken as evidence of rapid degradation of plastic bags outside recycling/composting facilities. This study sought to provide quantified information about the degradation of compostable plastic carrier bags in streams and riparian zones. We found that plastic samples enclosed in different types of mesh bags lost weight at extremely slow rates, albeit significant when submerged in a stream. 95% of initial plastic mass remained after 77 days spent in water whereas alder leaf litter allowed to decompose under the same condition had completely disappeared before the end of the study. Determination of respiration rate and invertebrate abundance in plastic samples showed a greater decomposer activity in the stream than in the riparian environment. However, biotically-mediated degradation by decomposers was probably overridden by dissolution processes in mediating plastic mass loss. Our findings suggest that mismanaged plastic carrier bags could impact recipient ecosystems even when they are claimed as biodegradable or compostable.
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Andarani, P., S. M. Zumaroh, E. Rosana, Y. M. Pusparizkita, S. Obaid, and W. D. Nugraha. "Short-term fragmentation of single-use plastic carrier bags in natural environment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1268, no. 1 (December 1, 2023): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1268/1/012027.

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Abstract About 50% of single-use plastic carrier bags are discarded after one use. There has been a gradual increase in awareness of the accumulation of end-of-life plastics and their impact on the environment, which has led to interest in the development of degradable polymers. Cassava bioplastics (polylactic acid), oxo-biodegradable, and compostable plastics are often considered a potential solution to the accumulation of plastic waste, but it was unknown whether they can be biodegraded in the natural environment. Thus, this study aims to determine the fragmentation of single-use plastic bags under various natural conditions, which are declared to have biodegradable, oxo-biodegradable, or compostable properties. Four types of degradable plastic and conventional single-use plastic carrier bags were stored in natural conditions (open-air, river water, and soil). After one month, we conducted an analysis of plastic bags, specifically examining factors such as their visual attributes, load-bearing capacity, polymer identification, and microplastic generation. Surprisingly, the compostable plastic, which was expected to demonstrate enhanced degradation when buried in soil, remained stable, as indicated by its polymer composition. This finding suggests that there is a need to improve the criteria for biodegradable plastic carrier bags to ensure that they undergo biological degradation.
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Xochitl, Quecholac-Piña, Hernández-Berriel María del Consuelo, Mañón-Salas María del Consuelo, Espinosa-Valdemar Rosa María, and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia. "Degradation of Plastics in Simulated Landfill Conditions." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 25, 2021): 1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071014.

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Different degradable plastics have been promoted as a solution for the accumulation of waste in landfills and the natural environment; in Mexico, the most popular options are oxo-degradable, which degrade in a sequential abiotic–biotic process, and compostable plastics. In this research, high-density polyethylene, oxo-degradable high-density polyethylene, and certified compostable plastic were exposed to simulated landfill conditions in an 854-day-long experiment to assess their degradation. High-density polyethylene showed limited degradation, due mainly to surface erosion, evidenced by a 13% decrease in elongation at break. The pro-oxidant additive in the oxo-degradable plastic increased this loss of mechanical properties to 27%. However, both plastic films kept their physical integrity and high molecular weight by the end of the experiment, evidencing degradation but no biodegradation. While the compostable film fragmented, had a lower molecular weight at the end of the experiment, and decreased the presence of C=O bonds, this degradation took place remarkably slower than expected from a composting process. Results show that oxo-degradable and compostable plastics will not biodegrade readily in landfills. This fact should be known and understood for decision-makers to match the characteristics of the materials to the features of the waste management systems.
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Sullivan, Sheila. "Are Bioplastics a Sustainable Alternative to Single-Use Plastic? A Pilot Project at the University of South Florida." SustainE 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2023): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.55366/suse.v1i1.4.

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Campaigns to ban single-use plastics have spread globally, increasing awareness about plastic pollution and driving consumer demand for bioplastics alternatives. Consumer perception is that plastics derived from plants are compostable. Biodegradable and compostable products are not the same. Arguably, everything will eventually biodegrade. Compostable, however, signifies that the product will decompose into the soil within a timeframe. A University of South Florida (USF) pilot research study has launched investigating the efficacy of single-use bioplastics in a home compost environment. The results will provide consumers with green product recommendations, call attention to the interdependence between bioplastics and Industrial Composting Facilities, and encourage behavior supportive of sustainable, reusable alternatives aligned with the SDG’s.
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Intaraksa, Parichat, Yositar Rudeekit, Pongsaks Siriyota, and Thanawadee Leejarkpai. "Comparative Study of the Bio-Disintegration Behavior of Polylactic Acid under Laboratory and Pilot-Scale Composting Conditions." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.678.

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In recent years, compostable plastics have gained a great attention as green materials due to the problems of more plastic waste generated each year over the world. One attractive of compostable plastics is that after use they can be biodegraded by natural microorganisms in the composting process within a specified period of time. Degree and rate of disintegration during composting is an important requirement that is used to determine the compostability of these plastics. This research work studied and compared the disintegration behaviors of PLA laboratory and pilot-scale composting conditions according to ISO 20200:2004 and ISO 16929:2002. Finally, the results from the disintegration testing could be used to evaluate the compostability, biological properties and impacted of a plastic material on the fermentation of organic waste in the composting plant.
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Kędzia, Grażyna, and Jolanta Turek. "What Hinders the Development of a Sustainable Compostable Packaging Market?" European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, no. 4 (October 1, 2022): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n4p180.

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Numerous publications and expert reports indicate plastic pollution as a widespread environmental problem. About 10 million tonnes of litter end up in the seas and oceans each year. It is estimated that 80% of all litter in saltwater is mainly plastic food packaging. Facing this challenge compostable packaging seems to be an alternative to conventional plastic ones and a feasible solution. Despite the environmental opportunities of the packaging produced from bio-based biodegradable polymers, the compostable packaging market is growing relatively slowly. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to recognize the key factors hindering the expansion of the food compostable packaging market for sustainable development. To achieve this objective 29 in-depth interviews with respondents of the key groups of biopackaging market stakeholders were conducted. The results of the qualitative study allowed us to identify environmental, economic, social, and governance barriers in the light of four main problems disrupting compostable packaging market development. This is an important contribution to the business and academic discussion on the importance of compostable packaging in achieving sustainable development goals as well as implementing the circular economy concept. The paper is the effect of the international R&D project.
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Adamcová, Dana, Maja Radziemska, Jan Zloch, Helena Dvořáčková, Jakub Elbl, Jindřich Kynický, Martin Brtnický, and Magdalena Daria Vaverková. "SEM Analysis and Degradation Behavior of Conventional and Bio-Based Plastics During Composting." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 66, no. 2 (2018): 349–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201866020349.

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Recently, various materials have begun to be marketed that claim to be biodegradable or compostable. Terms such as “degradable”, “oxo-biodegradable”, “biological”, “compostable” and “green” are often used to describe and promote different plastics. Commercial bioplastics and a petrochemical plastic (claim to be degradable) were used for this study. The research was carried out in real conditions in the Central Composting Plant in Brno, Czech Republic. SEM analysis of the samples was done in order to analyze microstructure and morphology of specimens, validating dispersion results. It can be concluded that samples certified as compostable have degrade in real composting conditions. Samples (4 – 7) showed significant erosion on surface when subjected to the SEM analysis. Samples labeled (by their producers) as 100 % degradable (Samples 1 – 3) did not show any visual signs of degradation.
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Lettieri, Raffaella, Veronica Fazio, Donato Abruzzese, Elisabetta Di Bartolomeo, Cadia D'Ottavi, Andrea Micheletti, Alessandro Tiero, et al. "Influence of natural additives on the properties of a milk-based compostable bioplastic." RSC Advances 14, no. 27 (2024): 19041–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4ra02291b.

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The ongoing revolution in the plastic sector is the use of renewable and compostable materials obtained from biomass. In this paper the influence of natural reinforcing agents on the properties of a milk-based compostable bioplastic is investigated.
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Syeda Hijab Zehra, Said Akbar Khan, Saad Ali, and Syeda Mahnoor Zehra. "Appraisement and categorization of compostable and non-compostable plastic bags using HHXRF spectrophotometer, A study on brands in Islamabad." NUST Journal of Natural Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 23, 2024): 49–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53992/njns.v9i3.196.

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Plastic bags are polymers usually composed of polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene. Rapid development in the industrial sector manufacturing plastic bags is imposing tremendous side effects on human health and the environment. Conventional plastic bags are made from recycled or first use, but authorities restricted lightweight plastic bags (thickness of <50μm) with compostable material. This study examines the degradation of plastic bags collected from the markets of different sectors of Islamabad. Many samples (~100) were gathered from the public market. Using a Hands Held X-Ray Fluorescent (HHXRF) spectrophotometer and the standard approach, the study confirmed the proportions, amounts, and patterns of several heavy metals (additives) utilized in the production of both types of bags. The result showed Titanium (Ti), Copper (Cu) and Calcium (Ca) were used in massive amounts, other carcinogenic metals i.e., Mercury (Hg), Arsenic (Ar), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) were also detected. Long term exposure to this metal can disrupt living cells. We concluded that because of the photolytic qualities of the additives used in degradable plastic bags when the linkages of polymers are generated, degradable plastic bags may be more dangerous than non-degradable plastic bags.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compostable plastic"

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Karamanlioglu, Mehlika. "Environmental degradation of the compostable plastic packaging material poly(lactic) acid and its impact on fungal communities in compost." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/environmental-degradation-of-the-compostable-plastic-packaging-material-polylactic-acid-and-its-impact-on-fungal-communities-in-compost(6caccf89-2f88-461c-999b-8d89c6be67e9).html.

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Conventional plastics have been used for decades in a diverse range of applications, however, many are resistant to degradation, leading to environmental pollution and their manufacture is dependent on non-renewable fossil fuels. Therefore, there has been an increasing need for eco-friendly biodegradable materials from renewable resources. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a compostable polyester with a hydrolysable backbone that is susceptible to biodegradation and produced from renewable feedstocks. PLA has mechanical qualities comparable to non-biodegradable plastics, and currently is commercialized as food-packaging polymer for short shelf-life products. However, while PLA hydrolysis at elevated temperatures proceeds abiotically, ultimately releasing lactic acid and short chain oligomers, the role of microorganisms is unclear. Since PLA short-shelf life products are disposed after use, understanding the role of microorganisms and the effect of degradation on microbial populations in the environment is important. Therefore, the aims of this research was to (a) determine the relative importance of biotic and abiotic factors on PLA degradation; (b) to isolate putative fungal PLA degraders from the surface of PLA when buried in compost or soil and to test their ability to degrade PLA; (c) to assess the impact of PLA degradation on fungal communities when entering compost systems. The roles of abiotic and biotic factors in the degradation of high molecular weight PLA were investigated by comparing degradation rates in compost, soil and sterile water at temperatures of 25°, 37°, 45°, 50° and 55°C. Tensile strength loss and molecular weight decline of PLA in microorganism-rich compost and soil were greater than chemical hydrolysis in sterile water at elevated temperatures (above 45°C) indicating microorganisms can directly enhance PLA degradation. Since extensive fungal growth was observed on the surface of PLA when buried in compost and soil, putative fungal PLA degraders were isolated from PLA surface and their community profile on PLA surface was compared with the compost and soil community with a molecular method, terminal restriction fragment polymorphism (TRFLP). Among the identified fungi, Thermomyces lanuginosus was the dominant isolate recovered and shown to enhance PLA degradation in compost at 50°C. The fungal community profile on PLA surface was different than the fungal profile in compost and soil suggesting enrichment for PLA degraders on the surface of PLA. In order to determine the impact of PLA degradation on the fungal compost community, two different high molecular weight PLA sources, films and granules were buried in compost at 10%, 25% and 50% (w/w) concentration for 4 months at 25°C and 50°C and the community profile analysed by TRFLP and pyrosequencing. TRFLP revealed that when PLA did not degrade, the fungal community shifted back toward the initial compost community profile, however, when PLA degraded to its monomers releasing lactic acid at 50°C at a concentration of 50% (w/w) it changed the fungal community profile and decreased the fungal diversity. Pyrosequencing revealed that the presence of PLA enriched for Thermomyces in the compost population over time.
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"Assessment and Solutions for Waste Handling of Compostable Biopolymers." Doctoral diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.36017.

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abstract: Fossil resources have enabled the development of the plastic industry in the last century. More recently biopolymers have been making gains in the global plastics market. Biopolymers are plastics derived from plants, primarily corn, which can function very similarly to fossil based plastics. One difference between some of the dominant biopolymers, namely polylactic acid and thermoplastic starch, and the most common fossil-based plastics is the feature of compostability. This means that biopolymers represent not only a shift from petroleum and natural gas to agricultural resources but also that these plastics have potentially different impacts resulting from alternative disposal routes. The current end of life material flows are not well understood since waste streams vary widely based on regional availability of end of life treatments and the role that decision making has on waste identification and disposal. This dissertation is focused on highlighting the importance of end of life on the life-cycle of biopolymers, identifying how compostable biopolymer products are entering waste streams, improving collection and waste processing, and quantifying the impacts that result from the disposal of biopolymers. Biopolymers, while somewhat available to residential consumers, are primarily being used by various food service organizations trying to achieve a variety of goals such as zero waste, green advertising, and providing more consumer options. While compostable biopolymers may be able to help reduce wastes to landfill they do result in environmental tradeoffs associated with agriculture during the production phase. Biopolymers may improve the management for compostable waste streams by enabling streamlined services and reducing non-compostable fossil-based plastic contamination. The concerns about incomplete degradation of biopolymers in composting facilities may be ameliorated using alkaline amendments sourced from waste streams of other industries. While recycling still yields major benefits for traditional resins, bio-based equivalents may provide addition benefits and compostable biopolymers offer benefits with regards to global warming and fossil fuel depletion. The research presented here represents two published studies, two studies which have been accepted for publication, and a life-cycle assessment that will be submitted for publication.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015
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Books on the topic "Compostable plastic"

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Rudnik, Ewa. Compostable Polymer Materials. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2010.

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Book chapters on the topic "Compostable plastic"

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Reske, Jöran. "Market Introduction of Compostable Packaging." In Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics, 73–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9240-6_6.

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Narayan, Ramani. "The Promise of Bioplastics - Bio-Based and Biodegradable-Compostable Plastics." In Bio-Based Plastics, 347–57. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118676646.ch14.

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Rudnik, Ewa. "Compostable Polymer Properties and Packaging Applications." In Plastic Films in Food Packaging, 217–48. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-3112-1.00013-2.

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Maciá-Torregrosa, María Eugenia, and Javier Camacho-Diez. "Shaping a Sustainable Future." In Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering, 325–70. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-3398-3.ch012.

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This paper examines 21st-century temporary architectural designs, primarily plastic-based, aiming to promote architectural guidelines for utilizing biodegradable materials, emphasizing their return to nature. It explores the rising interest in bioplastics across industries due to the global shift towards sustainability. It discusses types of bioplastics, their applications, and environmental benefits, distinguishing between degradable, biodegradable, and compostable plastics. The study emphasizes the importance of proper end-of-life management for biodegradable materials and outlines production projections and environmental implications. It defines characteristics, advantages, and manufacturing processes of biodegradable plastics, including regulatory standards and certification processes, and explores research on enhancing biodegradability. Analysis of fifty small architectures highlights the need for appropriate waste management and the potential for redesigning projects towards a circular economy with biodegradable materials.
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Lunetta, Erika. "Biocomposites Based on Biopolymers and Waste Products for Food Packaging." In ATHENA Research Book, Volume 2, 519–22. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.4.2023.44.

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The employment of biopolymers in the food sector has grown widely in recent times since petrochemical plastic products caused a significant environmental impact. This work will be aimed at the development of innovative compostable ecosustainable systems, based on biopolymers and agri-food waste extracts and fillers, in order to find a new use for them in the Circular Economy and in the zero-waste standard context. The introduction of natural fillers into a biopolymeric material could lead to the realization of a packaging with good thermal, mechanical and antimicrobial properties, with the ability of preserving the food and extending its shelf-life.
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Silva, Welleson Roberto de Lira, Júlia Guedes de Lima, and Galba Maria Campos-Takaki. "Plastics in the environment and trends for the future." In INNOVATION IN HEALTH RESEARCH ADVANCING THE BOUNDARIES OF KNOWLEDGE. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/innovhealthknow-039.

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The studies carried out are about the first molecules, classification, properties and environmental problems caused by the rampant disposal of plastics. In this context, with the increase in the unbridled consumption of plastic, which has been contributing to major contamination in all environments, mostly culminating in the oceans. It should be noted that polypropylene is one of the most used polymers in the manufacture of flexible plastic packaging and the accumulation of these materials in the environment, especially in the oceans, has been causing several negative impacts on the planet's biodiversity. An alternative to the problems caused by the improper disposal of this waste would be the replacement of traditional plastics with biodegradable and compostable polymers from renewable sources whose life cycle tends to be less polluting, since, under favorable conditions, they degrade in biologically active environments, not producing toxic waste for the environment. Therefore, it becomes necessary to implement legislations that favor the use of bioplastics over conventional plastics and the changes in consumer behavior that drive the market for biopolymers. The problems of plastics in the environment and in human health are presented as a function of the understanding of the concerns, in addition to a look at priorities, challenges, opportunities that bring benefits with the application of plastics in the future. However, about the use and disposal that have been increasing, and the need to recycle and reverse this trend, so that they can be considered end-of-life materials, as valuable raw materials for new production, instead of waste.
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Rudnik, Ewa. "Compostable Polymer Materials." In Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics, 189–211. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-2834-3.00010-0.

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"15. Collection of biowaste with biodegradable and compostable plastic bags and treatment in anaerobic digestion facilities: Advantages and options for optimisation." In Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers, 427–54. De Gruyter, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781501511967-015.

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Rudnik, Ewa. "Biodegradability Testing of Compostable Polymer Materials." In Handbook of Biopolymers and Biodegradable Plastics, 213–63. Elsevier, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4557-2834-3.00011-2.

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Grewell, D. "Overview of Bioplastics." In Bioplastics and Biocomposites, 63–71. Royal Society of Chemistry, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/bk9781788010085-00063.

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As noted in Chapter 1, bioplastics are in general plastics that are derived at least in part from biomass. There are bioplastics that are fully bio-based as well as bioplastics that are only partially bio-based. Bioplastics can be synthesized from monomers that are derived from microbial activity and other bio-based feedstocks, such as fermentation, to produce monomers or be directly produced by microbial activities. In addition, it is possible to use natural polymers, such as starch and proteins, to produce plastics. While many have a misconception that bioplastics can be readily degraded in nature, many bioplastics are not degradable nor compostable. This chapter will review these bioplastics in general and additional details will be provided in other chapters.
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Conference papers on the topic "Compostable plastic"

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MARLITA, Marlita, Nhung H. A. NGUYEN, and Alena ŠEVCŮ. "INTERACTION BETWEEN UNICELLULAR GREEN ALGA RAPHIDOCELIS SUBCAPITATA WITH BIO-COMPOSTABLE PLASTIC BAGS." In NANOCON 2023. TANGER Ltd., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/nanocon.2023.4760.

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Cappiello, G. "Study of compostable materials for the production of transparent food containers." In Italian Manufacturing Association Conference. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644902714-4.

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Abstract. The aim of this work is to develop a new class of transparent containers for food packaging relying on bioderived polyesters and additives. Usually, transparent containers are manufactured using different plastic materials to achieve mechanical strength, thermal resistance, printability, good visual appearance. Yet, these containers cannot be recycled, being made by multiple polymers. This makes the management of their end-of-life troublesome. In contrast, bioderived polyester can be composted or recycled. In the present study blends of polylactic acid PLA with N,N’-ethylene(bis-stearamide) were processed by a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The compounds were reprocessed by cast extrusion to make transparent films. Fine dispersion of ethylene(bis-stearamide), EBS, in PLA resulted in increased crystallinity, mechanical strength and thermal resistance, without compromising the transparency of the extruded films. The films were thermoformed to get the containers, whose thermo-mechanical performance were assessed.
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Grigorova-Pesheva, Bilyana, and Boyka Malcheva. "COMPOSTING OF BIODEGRADABLE PLASTIC WASTE - CHANGES IN THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITY." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/4.2/s18.03.

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The present study aimed to track the changes in microbial communities during home composting of biodegradable plastic products (PLA). 6 waste mixtures and controls were prepared, with C:N about 30, placed in containers. The amount of PLA compared to the compostable mixture is 1%. Different depositing methods were used - active composting and placing part of the material in biodegradable bags. Temperature, humidity, pH, C:N ratio were measured. The amounts of bacteria, actinomycetes, micromycetes were recorded during the individual phases of composting, including the initial mixing of the materials. The microbiological analyzes were performed using the counting plate method. The reading is done in colony forming units. Total microbial number (TMN) was calculated. The ratio of the microbial populations in the studied samples with PLA was compared with the dynamics of development of the microbial populations in the control samples. Samples with added PLA have a higher TMN. For samples placed in a biodegradable bag, the thermophilic phase occurs faster and the amounts of microorganisms are higher. In all tested variants, the controls gave lower values of TMN. Some of the biodegradable materials (cutlery) are still discernible at the end stage of the composting process. Standard dynamics were observed in changing the percentage participation of individual microbial groups during the different phases of composting, regardless of added PLA. PLAs stimulate the composting process.
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Severi, Alice, and Claudia Polverini. "PLASTIC VS BIOPLASTIC - DEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE WASTES IN EVERYDAY LIFE - AN E-LEARNING PROCESS IN INQUIRY BASED SCIENCE EDUCATION." In 15th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2021.1891.

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Paraschiv (Ganea), Gabriela Iuliana, Stefania-Rodica Hubel (Angel), and Elena Condrea. "The Life Cycle of Biodegradable and Compostable Packaging from the Perspective of Developing a Sustainable Bioeconomy." In 2nd International Conference Global Ethics - Key of Sustainability (GEKoS). LUMEN Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/lumproc/gekos2021/13.

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This paper aims to present a study linked with the evaluation of the life cycle of both biodegradable and compostable packaging focusing on the impact these have upon the environment, regardless of the life-cycle stage, actually looking at it as a whole. In this article, the evaluation process will focus on the final stage of the product's life - decommissioning and reintegration into the environment. At present, in order for products to be approved by consumers, who are increasingly selective about health and environmental protection, they need to send an appropriate message. The message for consumers can take different forms, being informed about: rational use of resources in the production process, economical and sustainable packaging, attestation of the quality of the product in question, the fact that they are sustainable (compared to similar products in trade). The explosive development of design technologies and software allows the identification of design solutions that lead to the optimization of the project in a new, clean, environmentally friendly formula. Eco-design must ensure technical and aesthetic accuracy, while identifying the optimal shape depending on the chosen material. Consumers are particularly concerned about its persistence in the environment, due to the decomposition time of 100 to 400 years (Zins Beauchesne et al., 2008), its non-renewable fossil resources and the amount of waste allocated to it. The presence of dispersed plastics in nature associated with their persistence in the environment causes major impacts on terrestrial and marine ecosystems (Allsopp et al., 2006). In this context, the objectives of this article are risk assessment, environmental performance assessment, environmental impact assessment and identification of possible changes in each phase of the life cycle of both biodegradable as well as compostable packaging, which in turn may be the originator source of environmental benefits.
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Olofsson, Mattias, Johan Sundberg, and Jenny Sahlin. "Evaluating Waste Incineration as Treatment and Energy Recovery Method From an Environmental Point of View." In 13th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec13-3168.

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During the last two decades, several research groups as well as consultants have been analysing the environmental impacts of incineration in comparison to other waste treatment options. Methods and models for describing these systems have been developed. Systems studies on local, regional and national level have been performed using a wide range of different modelling approaches. The aim of this paper is to describe the environmental performance of incineration with energy recovery in Europe in comparison with other options for waste treatment/recovery. This includes identifying key factors that largely affect the outcome from environmental systems studies where such comparisons are made. The paper focuses on mixed solid waste and on waste fractions where there has been a lot of controversy whether the material should be recycled, incinerated or treated biologically (e.g. paper, plastics, compostable material). The paper is based on a meta-study, where the above research field is mapped out in order to gather relevant systems studies made on local, regional and national levels in Europe. By thoroughly examining these studies, conclusions are drawn regarding the environmental performance of incineration with energy recovery and regarding key factors affecting the environmental results.
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Reports on the topic "Compostable plastic"

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Käb, Harald, Florence Aeschelmann, Lara Dammer, and Michael Carus. Consumption of biodegradable and compostable plastic products in Europe. Nova-Institut GmbH, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.52548/hhtp8922.

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van der Zee, Maarten, and Karin Molenveld. The fate of (compostable) plastic products in a full scale industrial organic waste treatment facility. Wageningen: Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/514397.

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Short, Samuel. Alternatives to single-use plastics in food packaging and production. Food Standards Agency, August 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.taf512.

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This rapid evidence assessment undertaken by RSM UK Consulting LLP (RSM) and Dr Samuel Short (University of Cambridge) aimed to develop an understanding of the alternatives to single-use plastics in food packaging and production in terms of their risks and opportunities, as well as potential future developments. Literature from within and beyond the UK was gathered from academic databases and reports published by government and non-governmental organisations such as environmental charities. Evidence from the literature was supplemented by findings from a workshop with experts in the field from a variety of industries such as academia, manufacturing, and government. Two broad groups of alternatives were established: material/product alternatives (traditional materials, natural fibres, biopolymers synthesised from biomass, biopolymers synthesised from bioderived monomers, biopolymers produced by microorganisms) and, and system/process alternatives (reducing, reusing, and recycling food packaging and, active and intelligent packaging). These alternatives and systems vary considerably in terms of their properties, such as effectiveness as a barrier to moisture or contamination, convenience for consumers, production costs, and potential for commercialisation. Our review also highlighted gaps in the current knowledge, for example in terms of consumer acceptance and carbon footprint at each stage of their life cycle. The capacity to produce bioplastics (i.e. biopolymers that look and feel similar to conventional plastics but are made from natural materials rather than fossil fuels and are biodegradable or compostable) is anticipated to increase globally from 2.1 million tonnes in 2019 to 6.3 million tonnes by 2027. This growth appears to be enabled by increased consumer awareness of environmental issues and existing regulation and legislation encouraging the development and establishment of a circular economy. However, there are barriers that may challenge this growth. These include already established industry regimes, high production cost of novel materials and a lack of waste management guidance. Overall, fossil-based conventional plastics are a very cheap, versatile material compared to the alternatives currently being developed and tested. Because of this, they might remain the preferred industry choice for certain applications, while alternatives continue to be optimised and commercially scaled. To add to this, the reviewed evidence suggests that there is unlikely to be one single solution to the single-use plastics problem. The solution will likely draw on a range of materials and systems depending on food type and context.
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