Academic literature on the topic 'Compost quality indicators'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compost quality indicators"
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Puyuelo, Belén, Joseba S. Arizmendiarrieta, Ignacio Irigoyen, and Ramón Plana. "Quality assessment of composts officially registered as organic fertilisers in Spain." Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 17, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): e1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2019171-13853.
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Composting of organic wastes is a management strategy linked to circular economy models through the transformation of these wastes into an organic product, compost, which can be used as fertiliser, soil amendment or growing media. However, the concept of ‘compost quality’ is not enough defined to take a technical decision about which is its best use or application. In the last decade, different guidelines and regulations about organic fertilisers have been developed. For instance, in Spain the Fertilisers Regulation categorises compost under five kinds according to the raw materials used - organic amendment compost (OaC), manure compost (MaC), green compost (GrC), vermicompost (VC), ‘alperujo’ compost (AlC) -, and under three quality levels (A, B or C) depending exclusively on the heavy metals content. This work analyses the national database of all composts (307) marketed in Spain, considering the analytical parameters declared, with the objective of proposing a methodology to define a global quality index. For this assessment, two indicators are employed: a fertility indicator, related to the nutrients content, and a clean indicator, related to the heavy metals content. Results show an average compost formulation 2.5:2.5:2.5 (N:P2O5:K2O). MaC and OaC present the highest fertility indicator, whereas VC the lowest. Regarding the clean indicator, GrC, MaC and VC are cleaner than OaC. In the future, this new quality assessment should be completed by including other indicators related to physical and biological characteristic (e.g. porosity, stability/maturity, phytotoxicity) that could determine the most proper use of compost.
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Kopytkov, V. V. "Development of organomineral compost for growing forest planting material." Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus 65, no. 3 (July 16, 2021): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1561-8323-2021-65-3-380-384.
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The organomineral compost compositions, which provide increased biometric indicators of seedlings of forest plants, are described. Compost is obtained on the basis of the secondary resources of forest and agricultural production. The compost readiness indicator, depending on the composition and composting time, is proposed. The influence of the polymer structure-forming agent of the soil on the compost quality is shown. The influence of compost composition variations on the morphometric parameters of seedlings is studied. The recommended ratios of ingredients in organomineral compost for growing planting material in forest nurseries are given.
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BRINTON, W. F., P. STORMS, and T. C. BLEWETT. "Occurrence and Levels of Fecal Indicators and Pathogenic Bacteria in Market-Ready Recycled Organic Matter Composts." Journal of Food Protection 72, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 332–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-72.2.332.
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Landfill diversion of organic wastes through composting is making compost products available for agricultural and horticultural crops. On certified organic farms, nonsludge green waste and manure composts are widely used because the use of these products removes harvest date restrictions imposed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture when raw manure is applied. We quantified several pathogens in point-of-sale composts from 94 nonsludge facilities processing 2.2 million m3 year−1 of recycled green waste. Only one compost contained Salmonella (1.8 most probable number [MPN]/4 g), 28% had fecal coliforms exceeding the Environmental Protection Agency 503 sludge hygiene limits (1,000 MPN g−1), and 6% had detectable Escherichia coli O157:H7. In 22 of 47 samples, very low levels of Listeria spp. were found. However, in one sample the Listeria level was very high, coinciding with the highest overall level of all pathogen indicators. Seventy percent of the compost samples were positive for Clostridium perfringens, but only 20% of the samples had levels >1,000 CFU/g. All samples were positive for fecal streptococci, and 47% had >1,000 MPN g−1. Statistical analyses conducted using documented site characteristics revealed that factors contributing to elevated pathogen levels were large facility size, large pile size, and immaturity of compost. Application of the California Compost Maturity Index distinguished compost products that had very low levels of E. coli from those with high levels. Products produced with windrow methods were of higher microbiological quality than were those produced with static pile methods, and point-of-sale bagged composts scored very high. These data indicate that compost that is hygienic by common standards can be produced, but more effort is required to improve hygiene consistency in relation to management practices.
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Florida-Rofner, Nelino, José Dolores Levano-Crisóstomo, and Santos Jacobo-Salinas. "Effect of feather compost on soil chemical indicators in CCN-51 cocoa plantation (Theobroma cacao L.)." Producción + Limpia 15, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22507/pml.v15n1a2.
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Introduction. Organic management of cocoa accounts for 60% of production in Peru and large amounts of compost prepared with different inputs are used, in order to improve the quality of the soil and cocoa yields. Objective. Evaluated the effect of the application of chicken feather compost on the main soil chemical indicators in a cocoa plantation CCN-51 un the Town of Nuevo Progreso, province of Padre Abad in the Ucayali-Peru region was evaluated. Materials and methods. A randomized complete block design was used, with four treatments and four repetitions where: FC1 was an absolute witness, FC2 feather compost at a rate of 2,000 kg. ha-1, FC3 feather compost at a rate of 4,000 kg. ha-1 and FC4 feather compost at a rate of 6 000 kg. ha-1. The main chemical indicators of soil quality were evaluated: hydrogen potential (pH), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) , aluminum (Al3+), available cadmium (Cd2+), changeable acids (AC) and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Results. The results showed a decrease in exchangeable aluminum and changeable acidity and increases in organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, depending on the proportion of compost applied, these indicators presented significant differences (p <0.05); The pH, calcium and cadmium available did not show significant differences (p <0.05). Conclusion. Feather compost (FC) significantly improved the levels of OM, N, P and K+, indicators that define soil quality and reduce aluminum levels, the latter of utmost importance in acidic soils.
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Situmeang, Yohanes P. "Soil quality in corn cultivation using bamboo biochar, compost, and phonska." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 13001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819713001.
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This study aims to determine the status of soil quality after biochar treatment, compost, and phonska in the cornfield. Soil samples were taken from 48 experimental plots after harvesting of maize. Assessment of soil quality is done by collecting selected indicator data including soil physical and chemical properties to observe changes in soil due to land use and agricultural cultivation practices. The soil quality status in this study was determined by calculating the value of soil quality rating (SQR) based on the weighting of 11 indicators of soil quality. The results showed that soil quality before the research was bad (SQR 30) and improved to moderate (SQR 27) until a good (SQR 20) after the research of biochar, compost and NPK phonska on the cornfield. Improved soil quality in biochar formulations 10.52 t ha-1, compost, and phonska, due to improved soil physical properties such as porosity, bulk density, and soil moisture content, which has encouraged the process of exchange and chemical reactions in the soil to release nutrients for the plant. Giving of bamboo biochar, compost, and NPK phonska on dry land cultivated maize has resulted in good soil quality (SQR 20) or approaching sustainability status is very good (highly sustainable).
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Bhattacharyya, P., K. Chakrabarti, and A. Chakraborty. "Effect of MSW Compost on Microbiological and Biochemical Soil Quality Indicators." Compost Science & Utilization 11, no. 3 (June 2003): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1065657x.2003.10702130.
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Bedolla-Rivera, Héctor Iván, Eloy Conde-Barajas, Sandra Lizeth Galván-Díaz, Francisco Paúl Gámez-Vázquez, Dioselina Álvarez-Bernal, and María de la Luz Xochilt Negrete-Rodríguez. "Compost Quality Indexes (CQIs) of Biosolids Using Physicochemical, Biological and Ecophysiological Indicators: C and N Mineralization Dynamics." Agronomy 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2022): 2290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12102290.
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The increasing production of biosolids (BS) as a result of urban wastewater treatment generates pollution problems in their management and final disposal, and a better management is needed for their disposal. The composting of BS is an alternative process for obtaining a product with potential application as an organic amendment in the recovery of agricultural soils. As a biotechnological contribution, this study analyzed a composting process with BS, bovine manure (BM) and rice husks using four treatments T1 (C/N = 24); T2 (C/N = 34); T3 (C/N = 44); T4 (C/N = 54) for 120 days, in order to develop compost quality indexes (CQIs) through the analysis of 18 physicochemical, biological and ecophysiological indicators. Subsequently, three methodologies—successfully used on soils—were implemented for the development of the CQIs called “unified”, “additive” and “nemoro”. The indicators that comprised the CQIs were nitrification index (NI) and synthetic enzymatic index (SEI). The CQIs made it possible to differentiate the quality of the compost according to the treatments applied. The treatments used resulted in composts considered phytonutritious whose average quality value depending on the CQI developed was considered high (CQIw = 0.62), moderate (CQIa = 0.56) and low (CQIn = 0.30). The developed CQIs can be applied to determine the quality of BS composting systems reducing the cost of monitoring.
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Živanov, Milorad, Srđan Šeremešić, Bojan Vojnov, Jovica Vasin, Stanko Milić, Vladimir Ćirić, and Predrag Umičević. "The variation of labile organic matter content following the application of industrial compost in maize production." Ratarstvo i povrtarstvo 60, no. 3 (2023): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/ratpov60-47555.
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This study examined the influence of compost application on alterations in soil organic matter levels and the content of labile organic matter fractions in soil during maize sowing. Due to the lack of organic fertilizers, industrial compost is being investigated as an alternative. The research aims to identify relevant soil quality and fertility indicators and their effects on agricultural production. Short-term compost application as an organic fertilizer may increase the content of labile organic matter fractions in the soil, especially in less fertile plots. The results indicate a significant influence of compost application on soil quality, confirming its role as a nutrient source and enhancer of soil physical, chemical, and biological properties. This highlights its potential for preserving soil quality and supporting agricultural production.
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Pandelea (Voicu), Georgica, Mirela Florina Călinescu, Ivona Cristina Mazilu, Daniela Simina Ștefan, and Camelia Ungureanu. "Enhancing Red Currant Berry Quality through Fertilization Using Compost from Municipal Sludge and from Vegetal Waste." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2023): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051363.
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Adding compost to the soil is an ecological and economical approach to providing the nutrients needed to support crops, improve soil characteristics, and increase the orchard’s durability. Over three years, at the Research Institute for Fruit Growing Pitesti, Romania, data regarding the influence of fertilization with municipal sludge and vegetal origin compost (MSVOC, 20 and 40 t ha−1 doses) and vegetal origin compost (VOC, 30 and 40 t ha−1 doses) on berry quality at ‘Jonker Van Tets’ red currant cv. Were recorded. Berry dry matter, soluble solids, sugar, titratable acidity, vitamin C, phenolic, and anthocyanin content are discussed. The correlations between berry quality indicators with climatic factors (temperatures and sunshine hours) and soil chemical characteristics are discussed. Strong correlations have been identified between anthocyanins, vitamin C, and phenolics with average temperature, maximum temperature, and sunshine hours in April. Except for Fe and Mn, berry phenolics were negatively correlated with all other soil quality indicators. In the third after the application, the results indicated that VOC 40 t ha−1 had a beneficial effect, increasing berry weight, and TTA, while VOC 30 t ha−1 significantly increased DW, TTA, and vitamin C content. Therefore, vegetal origin compost can be used as fertilizer in the sustainable growth of red currants.
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Gondek, Krzysztof, Piotr Micek, Monika Mierzwa-Hersztek, Jerzy Kowal, Krzysztof Andres, Katarzyna Szczurowska, Marcin Lis, and Krzysztof Smoroń. "Effects of Functionalized Materials and Bacterial Metabolites on Quality Indicators in Composts." Materials 15, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 8564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15238564.
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The addition of functionalized materials (biochar, zeolite, and diatomite) and lyophilized metabolic products of Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus subtilis to composted biomass may bring many technological and environmental benefits. In this study, we verify the effects of biochar, zeolite Na-P1 (Na6Si10Al6O32·12 H2O), diatomite (SiO2_nH2O), and bacterial metabolites on the composting of biomass prepared from poultry litter, corn straw, grass, leonardite, and brown coal. The experimental design included the following treatments: C—biomass without the addition of functionalized materials and bacterial metabolites, CB—biomass with the addition of biochar, CBM—biomass with the addition of biochar and bacterial metabolites, CZ—biomass with the addition of zeolite, CZM—biomass with the addition of zeolite and bacterial metabolites, CD—biomass with the addition of diatomite, and CDM—biomass with the addition of diatomite and bacterial metabolites. Composts were analyzed for enzymatic and respiratory activities, mobility of heavy metals, and the presence of parasites. The results of this study revealed that, among the analyzed functionalized materials, the addition of diatomite to the composted biomass (CD and CDM) resulted in the most effective immobilization of Cd, Zn, Pb, and Cu. Zinc immobilization factors (IFHM) for diatomite-amended composts averaged 30%. For copper, each functionalized material was found to enhance mobilization of the element in bioavailable forms; similar observations were made for lead, except for the compost to which biochar and bacterial metabolites were added (CBM). The determined values of biochemical indicators proved the different effects of the applied functionalized materials and bacterial metabolites on the microbial communities colonizing individual composts. The dehydrogenase activity (DhA) was lower in all combinations as compared with the control, indicating an intensification of the rate of processes in the studied composts. The highest basal respiration (BR) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) activities were determined in composts with the addition of bacterial metabolites (CBM, CZM, and CDM). The addition of functionalized materials completely inactivated Eimeria sp. in all combinations. In the case of Capillaria sp., complete inactivation was recorded for the combination with zeolite as well as biochar and diatomite without bacterial metabolites (CB, CZ, and CD).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Compost quality indicators"
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Jävervall, Niclas, and Wilhelm Wass. "Market value and patent quality : A panel study of Swedish firms." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388301.
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We explore the relationship between the stock market value of firms and patent quality using a recently developed composite index measure. The study is conducted on 137 firms during 1991-2015, which provides 914 unique firm year observations. By defining patent quality through patent value indicators, we analyze each indicator’s relationship to the market value of firms. We find that an extra citation per patent increases a firm’s market value by 5 %, and an extra patent family member per patent increases a firm’s market value by 4 %. Patent counts and patent grants show slight negative effects on the market value of firms. Using the composite index measure, we divide our sample into quartiles containing the most important and least important patents. With the use of this methodological framework, we show that the market can identify and separate the more important patents from the less important patents.
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Profit, Jochen, Katri Typpo, Sylvia Hysong, LeChauncy Woodard, Michael Kallen, and Laura Petersen. "Improving benchmarking by using an explicit framework for the development of composite indicators: an example using pediatric quality of care." BioMed Central, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610160.
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BACKGROUND:The measurement of healthcare provider performance is becoming more widespread. Physicians have been guarded about performance measurement, in part because the methodology for comparative measurement of care quality is underdeveloped. Comprehensive quality improvement will require comprehensive measurement, implying the aggregation of multiple quality metrics into composite indicators.OBJECTIVE:To present a conceptual framework to develop comprehensive, robust, and transparent composite indicators of pediatric care quality, and to highlight aspects specific to quality measurement in children.METHODS:We reviewed the scientific literature on composite indicator development, health systems, and quality measurement in the pediatric healthcare setting. Frameworks were selected for explicitness and applicability to a hospital-based measurement system.RESULTS:We synthesized various frameworks into a comprehensive model for the development of composite indicators of quality of care. Among its key premises, the model proposes identifying structural, process, and outcome metrics for each of the Institute of Medicine's six domains of quality (safety, effectiveness, efficiency, patient-centeredness, timeliness, and equity) and presents a step-by-step framework for embedding the quality of care measurement model into composite indicator development.CONCLUSIONS:The framework presented offers researchers an explicit path to composite indicator development. Without a scientifically robust and comprehensive approach to measurement of the quality of healthcare, performance measurement will ultimately fail to achieve its quality improvement goals.
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Labenne, Amaury. "Méthodes de réduction de dimension pour la construction d'indicateurs de qualité de vie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0239/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de développer et de proposer de nouvellesméthodes de réduction de dimension pour la construction d’indicateurs composites dequalité de vie à l’échelle communale. La méthodologie statistique développée met l’accentsur la prise en compte de la multidimensionnalité du concept de qualité de vie, avecune attention particulière sur le traitement de la mixité des données (variables quantitativeset qualitatives) et l’introduction des conditions environnementales. Nous optonspour une approche par classification de variables et pour une méthode multi-tableaux(analyse factorielle multiple pour données mixtes). Ces deux méthodes permettent deconstruire des indicateurs composites que nous proposons comme mesure des conditionsde vie à l’échelle communale. Afin de faciliter l’interprétation des indicateurscomposites construits, une méthode de sélection de variables de type bootstrap estintroduite en analyse factorielle multiple. Enfin nous proposons la méthode hclustgeode classification d’observations qui intègre des contraintes de proximité géographiqueafin de mieux appréhender la spatialité des phénomènes mis en jeuThe purpose of this thesis is to develop and suggest new dimensionreduction methods to construct composite indicators on a municipal scale. The developedstatistical methodology highlights the consideration of the multi-dimensionalityof the quality of life concept, with a particular attention on the treatment of mixeddata (quantitative and qualitative variables) and the introduction of environmentalconditions. We opt for a variable clustering approach and for a multi-table method(multiple factorial analysis for mixed data). These two methods allow to build compositeindicators that we propose as a measure of living conditions at the municipalscale. In order to facilitate the interpretation of the created composite indicators, weintroduce a method of selections of variables based on a bootstrap approach. Finally,we suggest the clustering of observations method, named hclustgeo, which integratesgeographical proximity constraints in the clustering procedure, in order to apprehendthe spatiality specificities better
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Petkovová, Ludmila. "Možnosti využití kompozitních indikátorů při hodnocení udržitelného rozvoje a kvality života." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-203710.
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The main objective of this thesis is to assess the applicability of methods that are based on the employment of composite indicators when evaluating the 'sustainable development' and 'quality of live' indexes. The first issue observed in here is whether the composite indicators as such even represent a suitable tool for assessing the above mentioned area of analysis; if the answer is yes, then, secondly, under which conditions the composite indicators may be applied in the context of our analysis. After answering the questions above, it is crucial to find suitable methods for the particular steps of constructing the composite indicator for the sustainable development and quality of life categories, whereby it is also necessary to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages resulting from the application of the selected composite indicators for the purposes of the respective analysis. Within this thesis, the comparison of individual methods of constructing the indicators was performed by means of applying the individual indicators on the established set of data, as well as a subsequent comparison of results and the assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the individual methods has been done with respect to the factual side of the particular composite indicators (i.e. with respect to the sustainable development and quality of life in our case). Various composite indicators for the quality of life and sustainable development have already been established; the necessity of composing additional composite indicators for the above mentioned categories reflects the problematic nature of finding a suitable tool that would be generally accepted in this case. This thesis provides for relevant conclusions and recommendations that should contribute to establish a suitable approach towards the construction of composite indicators for the sustainable development and quality of life assessment. Furthermore, the thesis provides for the comparison of methods as employed in practical construction of composite indicators in our context with methods based on a professional theory. The professional theory/literature addresses and recommends certain methods for the construction of composite indicators in the relevant context, however, these methods are typically not applied in the practical construction of the most frequently/commonly used composite indicators for measuring the sustainable development and quality of life. The critical aspects that have been observed within comparison of the individual methods are transparency of calculation, interpretability of results, robustness of the composite indicator closely linked to the nature and character of the data, and the level of applicable compensation of the individual parameters within the respective indicator that is allowed by the particular aggregation mechanism employed. The thesis concludes on a rather questionable use of composite indicators in case of assessing the sustainable development, whereby deduces on recommending the application of composite indicators only in case of assessing the quality of life, which may also be understood as a part (sub-item) of the sustainable development and which is easier to be quantitatively expressed. In parallel, the circumstances of the quality of life are better to be compared across various items, e.g. regions. The results indicate that it is not possible to establish a uniform recommendation when selecting the most suitable method; in case of every construction of the particular composite indicator it is necessary to take into account the strengths and weaknesses of all the considered methods. At the same time, the results lead to consideration of relevancy of conclusions resulting from the evaluation of quality of life by means of composite indicators, especially by means of a single number.
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Danatoiu, Cristina. "Étude des phénomènes d'adsorption et désorption de composes organiques volatils sur charbon actif : Application to the improvement of industrial atmospheres." Lyon, INSA, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ISAL0118.
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Une étude des phénomènes d'adsorption et de désorption sur charbons actifs des composés organiques volatils (COY) a été effectuée en vue du traitement de l'air pollué des ateliers de peinture automobile. Ce travail a été effectué à partir des solvants existants dans cette atmosphère, toluène, butanol, acétate de n-butyle, xylène et cyclohexanone, sur quatre charbons actifs, deux roumains, R-CAFS, AD3,commercialisés par ROMCARBON et deux français, AC35 et AC40 commercialisés par CECA. Nous avons utilisé pour cette étude de techniques d'analyse diverses: chromatographie en phase gazeuse, analyse thermique, spectrométrie de masse. L'étude prend en compte l'aspect théorique, au niveau microscopique, du processus de rétention des solvants sur les solides poreux à l'aide des isothermes d'adsorption du toluène sur les charbons. Les courbes de percées des charbons par les solvants purs et par un mélange commercial ont été obtenues, au but de déterminer les conditions optimales et les valeurs des constantes qui interviennent dans la modélisation d'un adsorbeur. La désorption par l'air chaud a ensuite été étudiée, avec comme objectif la régénération des charbons et, en même temps, la récupération des solvants. Des cycles d'adsorption-désorption ont permis de vérifier le comportement du charbon dans le temps Une étude en programmation de température a été effectuée par couplage thermogravimétrie- spectrométrie de masse (DTG-DTP/SM). Elle a permis de retrouver en quantités plus ou moins importantes selon le charbon le liant naphténique (goudron) de fabrication. Elle a permis également d'évaluer les énergies de désorption. Le regroupement de tous ces résultats permet de calculer le fonctionnement d'un adsorbeur muni de ces charbons actifsA study of the adsorption and desorption processes of organic volatile compounds on active charcoal vas performed, in order to improve the quality of the atmosphere in car painting places. This work was done with solvents that already exist in these atmospheres, particularly toluene, butanol, n-butyl-acetate, xylene and cyclohexanone, onto four active charcoals, two Romanian: RCAFS and AD3 commercialised by ROMCARBON and two french ones, AC35 and AC40, commercialised by CECA. Several analysis techniques were used: gas-chromatography, thermal analysis and mass spectrometry. The study takes into account the theoretical aspects of the retention processes of the solvents onto porous solids, at microscopical level, with the help of adsorption isotherms of the toluene on the charcoals. The breakthrough of the charcoals by the pure solvents was obtained, in order to determine the optimal conditions and the values of the constants that intervene in the modelisation of an adsorber. The desorption with hot air was also studied, aiming to the regeneration of the charcoals and in the same time the recuperation of the sol vents. The adsorption-desorption cycles permitted also the verification of the behaviour of the charcoals intime. Coupling thermogravimetrical analysis with mass spectrometry (DTG-DTP/SM) allowed to perform a programmed temperature study who retrieved the fabrication tar (naphthenic compound) in greater or smaller quantities, depending on the charcoal used. The desorption energies were also evaluated. The association of all the results made possible the calculation of the working of an adsorber provided with these active charcoals
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Leduc, François. "Evaluation de la qualité des poissons frais par des approches chimiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10122/document.
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La fraîcheur est un paramètre déterminant de la qualité sanitaire du poisson. S’agissant d’une matrice très altérable, l’évaluation objective de sa fraîcheur est essentielle pour les opérateurs de la filière mais également pour les services d’inspection. Différents outils et techniques sensoriels, chimiques, physiques et microbiologiques ont été développés pour essayer de déterminer le niveau d’altération mais présentent plusieurs limites et caractérisent le plus souvent des seuils de rejet. L’objectif de la thèse est de proposer une nouvelle méthode basée sur l’étude des composés volatils de la chair du poisson qui permette de déterminer sa qualité de manière fiable et objective dès les premiers stades d’altération. Pour cela, différentes méthodes d’extraction des composés volatils [Headspace Statique avec la Micro-Extraction en Phase Solide (HS-SPME) et Headspace Dynamique (DH) avec le système « Purge and Trap »] ont été employées, et différents outils analytiques [Chromatographie en phase Gazeuse à une et deux dimensions (GC et GC-GC) couplée à la Spectrométrie de Masse (MS) ou à l’Olfactométrie (O)] ont été testés sur diverses espèces de poissons entiers ou en filets [merlan (Merlangius merlangus), bar commun (Dicentrarchus labrax), dorade royale (Sparus aurata), cabillaud (Gadus morhua) et saumon (Salmo salar)] au cours de plusieurs suivis d’altération. Les analyses en HS-SPME-GC-MS, DH-GC-MS-8O et DH-GC-GC-MS-O des fractions volatiles de ces cinq espèces en complément des analyses sensorielles, à différents jours de conservation (1, 4, 7, 10 et 15), ont permis d’identifier plus de 122 composés volatils communs aux 5 espèces, qui font partie principalement des familles des aldéhydes, des alcools et des cétones. Différentes études statistiques basées sur des analyses descriptives (ACP et CAH) ont permis d’identifier des marqueurs de qualité du poisson dès les premiers stades d’altération (3-méthyl-1-butanol, 3-méthyl-butanal, diméthyl-sulfide, éthyl-acetate, 2-éthyl-furan…) et sur des analyses prédictives (ANOVA et RLM) pour aboutir à un modèle qui prédit un indice de fraicheur en relation avec le profil volatil du poissonFreshness is a key parameter for assessing the quality of fish. As fish is a very sensitive matrix to spoilage, the purpose of the freshness assessment is essential for all professionals of the seafood industry and for official fish inspection authorities as well. Various tools and sensorial, chemical, physical and microbiological technics have been developed to try to determine the level of spoilage but have several limitations and most of the time characterizes rejection thresholds. The aim of the thesis is to propose a new method based on the study of volatile compounds that may ensures to clearly and objectively determine the quality of the fish from the first stage of spoilage. Indeed, different extraction methods of volatile compounds [Static Headspace with Solid Phase Micro-Extraction (SH-SPME) and Dynamic Headspace (DH) with the system "Purge and Trap"] were used, and different analytical tools [Gas chromatography with one and two-dimensional (GC and GC-GC) coupled with Mass Spectrometry (MS) or Olfactometry (O)] were tested on various species of whole fish or fillets [Whiting (Merlangius merlangus), sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), cod (Gadus morhua) and salmon (Salmo salar)] during the storage. In addition to the sensory analysis at different days of storage (1, 4, 7, 10 and 15), SH-SPME-GC-MS, DH-GC-MS-8O and DH-GC-GC-MS-O analysis of volatile fractions of these five species have shown over 122 volatile compounds common to those species, which are mainly parts of aldehydes, alcohols and ketones groups. Various statistical studies based on descriptive analysis (PCA and AHC) were used to identify markers of fish quality from the first stage of spoilage (3-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-butanal, dimethyl-sulfide, ethyl-acetate, 2-ethyl-furan…) and predictive analysis (ANOVA and MLR) to produce a model that predicts an index of freshness in relation to the volatile profile of the fish
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Vildozo, Daniel. "Performance study of photocatalytic oxidation for the abatement of volatile organic compounds from indoor air environments." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10110.
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Ces derniers temps, des procédés commerciaux basés sur la technologie photocatalytique, sont arrivés sur le marché, afin de satisfaire la demande croissante du traitement de l’air intérieur. L’objectif de ce présent travail est de développer une nouvelle méthodologie pour évaluer l’efficacité de ce nouveau procédé. Pour l’étude de l’application de la photocatalyse au traitement de l’air intérieur, un dispositif expérimental a été mis au point et deux méthodes analytiques ont été développées (ATD-GCMS et GC-PDHID). La performance de la dégradation photocatalytique du 2-propanol et du toluène à faibles concentrations (ppbv) a été étudiée. L’influence des différents paramètres (humidité relative, débit, concentration initiale, etc.) et leurs interactions sur la conversion, la formation des intermédiaires et la minéralisation au CO2 a été établieMany commercial systems based in the photocatalytic technology have reached the market recently in order to address the growing demand for improve poor indoor air qualities. The present work deals with the development of a new methodology in order to evaluate the efficiency of this process. For the study of photocatalytic oxidation for indoor air applications, an experimental set-up was designed and two analytical tools (ATD-GC-MS and GC-PDHID) were developed. The performance of the photocatalytic treatment of 2-propanol and toluene at indoor air concentrations levels (ppbv) were realised. The influence of several parameters and their interactions effects on the conversion, by-product formation and mineralization to CO2 were established
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PANTINI, SARA. "Analysis and modelling of leachate and gas generation at landfill sites focused on mechanically-biologically treated waste." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203393.
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Despite significant efforts have been directed toward reducing waste generation and encouraging alternative waste management strategies, landfills still remain the main option for Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) disposal in many countries. Hence, landfills and related impacts on the surroundings are still current issues throughout the world. Actually, the major concerns are related to the potential emissions of leachate and landfill gas into the environment, that pose a threat to public health, surface and groundwater pollution, soil contamination and global warming effects. To ensure environmental protection and enhance landfill sustainability, modern sanitary landfills are equipped with several engineered systems with different functions. For instance, the installation of containment systems, such as bottom liner and multi-layers capping systems, is aimed at reducing leachate seepage and water infiltration into the landfill body as well as gas migration, while eventually mitigating methane emissions through the placement of active oxidation layers (biocovers). Leachate collection and removal systems are designed to minimize water head forming on the bottom section of the landfill and consequent seepages through the liner system. Finally, gas extraction and utilization systems, allow to recover energy from landfill gas while reducing explosion and fire risks associated with methane accumulation, even though much depends on gas collection efficiency achieved in the field (range: 60-90% Spokas et al., 2006; Huitric and Kong, 2006). Hence, impacts on the surrounding environment caused by the polluting substances released from the deposited waste through liquid and gas emissions can be potentially mitigated by a proper design of technical barriers and collection/extraction systems at the landfill site. Nevertheless, the long-term performance of containment systems to limit the landfill emissions is highly uncertain and is strongly dependent on site-specific conditions such as climate, vegetative covers, containment systems, leachate quality and applied stress. Furthermore, the design and operation of leachate collection and treatment systems, of landfill gas extraction and utilization projects, as well as the assessment of appropriate methane reduction
strategies (biocovers), require reliable emission forecasts for the assessment of system feasibility and to ensure environmental compliance. To this end, landfill simulation models can represent an useful supporting tool for a better design of leachate/gas collection and treatment systems and can provide valuable information for the evaluation of best options for containment systems depending on their performances under the site-specific conditions. The capability in predicting future emissions levels at a landfill site can also be improved by combining simulation models with field observations at full-scale landfills and/or with experimental studies resembling landfill conditions. Indeed, this kind of data may allow to identify the main parameters and processes governing leachate and gas generation and can provide useful information for model refinement.
In view of such need, the present research study was initially addressed to develop a new landfill screening model that, based on simplified mathematical and empirical equations, provides quantitative estimation of leachate and gas production over time, taking into account for site-specific conditions, waste properties and main landfill characteristics and processes. In order to evaluate the applicability of the developed model and the accuracy of emissions forecast, several simulations on four full-scale landfills, currently in operative management stage, were carried out. The results of these case studies showed a good correspondence of leachate estimations with monthly trend observed in the field and revealed that the reliability of model predictions is strongly influenced by the quality of input data. In particular, the initial waste moisture content and the waste compression index, which are usually data not available from a standard characterisation, were identified as the key unknown parameters affecting leachate production. Furthermore, the applicability of the model to closed landfills was evaluated by simulating different alternative capping systems and by comparing the results with those returned by the Hydrological Evaluation of Landfill Performance (HELP), which is the most worldwide used model for comparative analysis of composite liner systems. Despite the simplified approach of the developed model, simulated values of infiltration and leakage rates through the analysed cover systems were in line with those of HELP.
However, it should be highlighted that the developed model provides an assessment of leachate and biogas production only from a quantitative point of view. The leachate and biogas composition was indeed not included in the forecast model, as strongly linked to the type of waste that makes the prediction in a screening phase poorly representative of what could be expected in the field. Hence, for a qualitative analysis of leachate and gas emissions over time, a laboratory methodology including different type of lab-scale tests was applied to a particular waste material. Specifically, the research was focused on mechanically biologically treated (MBT) wastes which, after the introduction of the European Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Commission, 1999) that imposes member states to dispose of in landfills only wastes that have been preliminary subjected to treatment, are becoming the main flow waste landfilled in new Italian facilities. However, due to the relatively recent introduction of the MBT plants within the waste management system, very few data on leachate and gas emissions from MBT waste in landfills are available and, hence, the current knowledge mainly results from laboratory studies. Nevertheless, the assessment of the leaching characteristics of MBT materials and the evaluation of how the environmental conditions may affect the heavy metals mobility are still poorly investigated in literature. To gain deeper insight on the fundamental mechanisms governing the constituents release from MBT wastes, several leaching experiments were performed on MBT samples collected from an Italian MBT plant and the experimental results were modelled to obtain information on the long-term leachate emissions. Namely, a combination of experimental leaching tests were performed on fully-characterized MBT waste samples and the effect of different parameters, mainly pH and liquid to solid ratio (L/S,) on the compounds release was investigated by combining pH static-batch test, pH dependent tests and dynamic up-flow column percolation experiments. The obtained results showed that, even though MBT wastes were characterized by relatively high heavy metals content, only a limited amount was actually soluble and thus bioavailable. Furthermore, the information provided by the different tests highlighted the existence of a strong linear correlation between the release pattern of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and several metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, V, Zn), suggesting that complexation to DOC is the leaching controlling mechanism of these elements. Thus, combining the results of batch and up-flow column percolation tests, partition coefficients between DOC and metals concentration were derived. These data, coupled with a simplified screening model for DOC release, allowed to get a very good prediction of metal release during the experiments and may
provide useful indications for the evaluation of long-term emissions from this type of waste in a landfill disposal scenario.
In order to complete the study on the MBT waste environmental behaviour, gas emissions from MBT waste were examined by performing different anaerobic tests. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential gas generation capacity of wastes and to assess possible implications on gas generation resulting from the different environmental conditions expected in the field. To this end, anaerobic batch tests were performed at a wide range of water contents (26-43 %w/w up to 75 %w/w on wet weight) and temperatures (from 20-25 °C up to 55 °C) in order to simulate different landfill management options (dry tomb or bioreactor landfills). In nearly all test conditions, a quite long lag-phase was observed (several months) due to the inhibition effects resulting from high concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia that highlighted a poor stability degree of the analysed material. Furthermore, experimental results showed that the initial waste water content is the key factor limiting the anaerobic biological process. Indeed, when the waste moisture was lower than 32 %w/w the methanogenic microbial activity was completely inhibited. Overall, the obtained results indicated that the operative conditions drastically affect the gas generation from MBT waste, in terms of both gas yield and generation rate. This suggests that particular caution should be paid when using the results of lab-scale tests for the evaluation of long-term behaviour expected in the field, where the boundary conditions change continuously and vary significantly depending on the climate, the landfill operative management strategies in place (e.g. leachate recirculation, waste disposal methods), the hydraulic characteristics of buried waste, the presence and type of temporary and final cover systems.
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Nonyana, Thambulo Aubrey. "Restoring degraded soils with organic matter: a case study of the restoration process in macadamia orchards, Limpopo Province." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/322.
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Kanpinit, Kachakoch. "Composite indicators for educational quality management for a masters degree program in educational administration in private higher education institutions in Thailand." Thesis, 2008. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/1421/.
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This study investigates the key requirements for the development of a Masters Degree Program in Educational Administration in private higher education institutions in Thailand. The key requirements are concerned with the essential indicators of educational quality management for an effective program. The quality indicators recognise current best practice for educational effectiveness and quality management. The population sample consists of academics holding executive or administrative positions in Masters Degree Programs in Educational Administrations or related fields in state and private universities in Thailand. The research involves a Proactive Form of Evaluation, in which a set of benchmarks appropriate to the practical needs of program designers in educational administration was developed. A mixed methods approach, using both quantitative and qualitative methodology, was applied. The quantitative research involved a three-round modified Delphi survey of nineteen Thai experts in the field of educational administration, all of whom were purposively selected. The Delphi survey identified four best practice and composite indicators and their variables: visionary leadership; learning centred education; organisation and personal learning; and valuing faculty, staff, and partners. A second survey, based on the findings of the initial Delphi survey, verified the key variables amongst the composite indicators. The qualitative research components involved a research review of best practice in the use of composite indicators and their variables, and semistructured interviews. The four composite indicators of best practice, and their associated fifty-eight variables concerned with input, process and output, were validated by triangulation of the results obtained from the initial Delphi survey, the second survey, and the outcomes of the series of semi-structured interviews held at the conclusion of the two surveys. Ultimately, the study produced an Educational Quality Management model for a Masters Degree Program in Educational Administration in private higher education institutions in Thailand.
Books on the topic "Compost quality indicators"
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Programme, United Nations Development, ed. Human development report 2003: Millenium development goals: a compact among nations to end human poverty. New York: UNDP, 2003.
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Tufis, Claudio D., and Alexander Hudson. The Global State of Democracy Indices: Technical Procedures Guide. Version 8 (2024). The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2024.45.
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The Global State of Democracy is a report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices, in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. This document describes the procedures used to construct Version 8 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2023. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 165 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different approaches, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Skaaning, Svend-Erik. The Global State of Democracy Indices Methodology, Conceptualization and Measurement Framework, Version 5 (2021). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.112.
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The Global State of Democracy is a biennial report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices, in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. This document revises and updates the conceptual and measurement framework that guided the construction of Version 5 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2020. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 116 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of source, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Tufis, Claudiu D., and Alexander Hudson. The Global State of Democracy Indices: Technical Procedures Guide, Version 7 (2023). 7th ed. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2023.39.
Full textAbstract:
The Global State of Democracy is a report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy Indices (GSoD Indices), in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. This document revises and updates the conceptual and measurement framework that guided the construction of Version 7 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2022. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 157 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different approaches, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Skaaning, Svend-Erik, and Alexander Hudson. The Global State of Democracy Indices Methodology: Conceptualization and Measurement Framework, Version 8 (2024). The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2024.43.
Full textAbstract:
The Global State of Democracy is a Report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices, in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. This document revises and updates the conceptual and measurement framework that guided the construction of Version 8 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2023. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 165 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of source, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Tufis, Claudi D., and Alexander Hudson. The Global State of Democracy Indices Codebook, Version 5 (2021). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2021.111.
Full textAbstract:
The Global State of Democracy is a biennial report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy Indices (GSoD Indices), in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. This document presents revised and updated information about all the variables included in the GSoD indices data set that enabled the construction of Version 5 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2020. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 116 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of source, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Tufis, Claudio D., and Alexander Hudson. The Global State of Democracy Indices Codebook: Version 8 (2024). The International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2024.44.
Full textAbstract:
The Global State of Democracy is a report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy (GSoD) Indices, in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. This document presents revised and updated information about all the variables included in the GSoD Indices data set that enabled the construction of Version 8 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2023. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 165 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of sources, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Tufis, Claudiu D. The Global State of Democracy Indices Codebook, Version 4 (2020). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assitance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.71.
Full textAbstract:
The Global State of Democracy is a biennial report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy Indices (GSoD Indices), in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. The second edition of the report provides a health check of democracy and an overview of the current global and regional democracy landscape. This document presents revised and updated information about all the variables included in the GSoD indices data set that enabled the construction of Version 4 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2019. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 116 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of source, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Skaaning, Svend-Erik. The Global State of Democracy Indices Methodology: Conceptualization and Measurement Framework, Version 4 (2020). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.72.
Full textAbstract:
The Global State of Democracy is a biennial report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy Indices (GSoD Indices), in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. The second edition of the report provides a health check of democracy and an overview of the current global and regional democracy landscape. This document presents revised and updated information about all the variables included in the GSoD indices data set that enabled the construction of Version 4 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2019. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 116 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of source, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
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Tufis, Claudiu D. The Global State of Democracy Indices Technical Procedures Guides, Version 4 (2020). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31752/idea.2020.56.
Full textAbstract:
The Global State of Democracy is a biennial report that aims to provide policymakers with an evidence-based analysis of the state of global democracy, supported by the Global State of Democracy Indices (GSoD Indices), in order to inform policy interventions and identify problem-solving approaches to trends affecting the quality of democracy around the world. The second edition of the report provides a health check of democracy and an overview of the current global and regional democracy landscape. This document presents revised and updated information about all the variables included in the GSoD indices data set that enabled the construction of Version 4 of the GSoD Indices, which depicts democratic trends at the country, regional and global levels across a broad range of different attributes of democracy in the period 1975–2019. The data underlying the GSoD Indices is based on a total of 116 indicators developed by various scholars and organizations using different types of source, including expert surveys, standards-based coding by research groups and analysts, observational data and composite measures.
Book chapters on the topic "Compost quality indicators"
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Helmstetter, Craig, Paul Mattessich, Andi Egbert, Susan Brower, Nancy Hartzler, Jennifer Franklin, and Bryan Lloyd. "Sustaining the Operations of Community Indicators Projects: The Case of Twin Cities Compass." In Community Quality-of-Life Indicators: Best Cases V, 47–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0535-7_3.
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Imbrenda, Vito, Rosa Coluzzi, Bogdana Nosova, Pavel Cudlin, Rosario Turco, Luca Salvati, and Maria Lanfredi. "Vulnerability to Wildfires and Peri-urban Areas: An Integrated Socioenvironmental Assessment." In Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, 95–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50446-4_8.
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AbstractAssuming landscape transformations as a process fueling the local level of vulnerability to wildfires, this work investigates the spatial distribution of selected land-use classes for two years (1975 and 2018) in a metropolitan region of the Mediterranean basin (Athens, central Greece). Built-up settlements and cropland expanded moderately over time, facing a slight decline in forests and semi-natural areas. These changes resulted in the inherent growth in local vulnerability to wildfires estimated using a composite indicator, namely the Fire Risk (FR) index developed in the framework of the MEDALUS international research project financed by the European Commission. Crop mosaics and discontinuous settlements were the classes contributing the most to FR growth. The empirical findings of our work suggest how the conversion of fringe landscapes toward simplified (and, likely, low-quality) cropland and pasture land, as well as the inherent fragmentation of natural/semi-natural landscape patches, is detrimental to environmental quality, increasing the potential exposure to peri-urban fires.
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Steffens, Jasper, Robin Kühnast-Benedikt, Florian Leber, Philipp Rosenberg, and Frank Henning. "Deploying Machine Learning in High Pressure Resin Transfer Molding and Part Post Processing: A Case Study." In Machine Learning for Cyber-Physical Systems, 31–39. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47062-2_4.
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AbstractHigh pressure resin transfer molding (HP-RTM) is well suited to medium volume automated production of composites. The process complexities of HP-RTM however often make its application insular. Data is not carried forward along the production chain and process reliability is assessed as a unified indicator with minimal granular consideration of individual contributing factors. Cause and effect relationships spanning the process chain remain undetected. Predator (10/2020–09/2023) is an ongoing Eurostars project aiming to bridge this divide by developing an intelligent data processing system across the industrial process chain of composite production. The consortium has already developed an approach to acquire and transfer meaningful process related data from molding to post-processing of parts. The data collection merges RTM tooling, equipment sensors, structure-borne sound data and tool wear measurements during the milling process. Unique part identifiers allow traceability of production parameters for online quality assurance and data-based optimization across the process chain. The developed approach enables tool wear monitoring as well as tailored predictive maintenance and enhanced remote customer support in addition to a data-driven understanding of the production process.
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Lazcano, Cristina, Charlotte Decock, Connie T. F. Wong, and Kamille Garcia-Brucher. "Assessing the effects of compost on soil health." In Improving soil health, 221–80. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0094.06.
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As agricultural producers embrace the principles of the circular economy and regenerative practices, the use of organic fertilizers is becoming increasingly common. Composting is a robust, low-cost technology that stabilizes organic waste materials into organic fertilizers that can be safely applied to crops. Numerous experiments carried out in the last decades show that compost has well-known short- and long-term, direct, and indirect benefits for soil health, albeit these are extremely variable. This uncertainty may decrease grower adoption rates. This chapter provides a critical evaluation of the potential of compost to improve soil health. Looking at a wide range of soil health indicators, we identify those that are consistently responsive to compost. We identify sources of variability and potential risks of compost for environmental quality, pointing at future research needs. Two case studies evaluate the tradeoffs between benefit and risks in the use of compost in perennial and annual crops.
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Calvo, Leonor, Sara Huerta, Víctor Fernández-García, José Manuel Fernández-Guisuraga, Paula Monte, Reyes Tárrega, Luz Valbuena, et al. "The loss of ecosystem multifunctionality in Pinus pinaster forests as one of the main footprints of large wildfires." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 1345–50. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_204.
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The main objective of this study was to analyse the effect of recurrence and burn severity on ecosystem multifunctionality in Pinus pinaster forests. We selected a large wildfire that occurred in the Sierra del Teleno in 2012 (NW Spain), where we differentiated two recurrences and two burn severity situations. As a result, four scenarios were identified: low recurrence plus low severity, low recurrence plus high severity, high recurrence plus low severity, high recurrence plus high severity. In each one, a number of 1 m x 1 m plots proportional to the burned area were established. Three years after the wildfire we evaluated in each plot: (1) percentage of covered soil, (2) total percentage cover of herbaceous species, (3) percentage cover of each woody species, (4) total plant species richness. Also, a composite soil sample was collected from each plot. Chemical (total organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus) and microbiological (microbial biomass carbon) properties were analysed in each soil sample. The following variables were used as indicators of ecosystem functions: percentage of covered soil, total cover of herbaceous species, Pinus pinaster cover, total plant richness, total organic carbon, total soil nitrogen, available phosphorus and microbial biomass carbon. Another indicator of ecosystem functions was calculated: floral colours of shrub species diversity using the Shannon index. The values of each ecosystem function indicator were standardized. The indicators/functions of regulating ecosystem services were: Climate regulation (indicator: total % of organic soil carbon) and Erosion protection (indicator: covered soil %). The functions/ indicators of supporting ecosystem services were: soil fertility (indicator: total nitrogen and available phosphorous) and soil quality (indicator: microbial biomass C). The indicators/functions of cultural ecosystem services were: species diversity (indicator: plant species richness) and aesthetic value (indicator: the Shannon index of floral colours). The functions/indicators of provisioning ecosystem services were: grass for livestock (indicator: % cover of herbaceous species) and timber production (indicator: % cover of Pinus pinaster). The results indicated that all scenarios apart from low recurrence plus low severity negatively affected the multifunctionality of the ecosystems.
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Vega, Yuridia, Roberto Romero-López, Norma Alicia Barboza-Tello, Alex Bernardo Pimentel-Mendoza, and Manuel Javier Rosel-Solis. "Indicators for Measuring Changeover Activities." In Advances in Psychology, Mental Health, and Behavioral Studies, 214–36. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1052-0.ch010.
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At present, the manufacturing industries require the implementation of more efficient and flexible fabrication processes to offer high-quality products. The changeover methodologies can be used to reduce the setup times, allowing the industries to be more competitive. The application of changeover methodologies is mainly influenced by the 4Ps model, which is composed of organizational and design factors, such as people, practices, product, and processes. However, this model is not useful in determining the relationship between each one of the Ps and the changeover activities. In this chapter, the authors have developed an exhaustive review of the references to establish the indicators to design an instrument composed of 79 items and divided into the five constructs of the 4P model, which was statistically validated using the Kendall W indicator and the Cronbach´s alpha indicator.
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Jankovic-Milic, Vesna, and Marija Džunić. "Measuring Governance." In Open Government, 675–99. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9860-2.ch032.
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The governance concept has become very popular in recent decades and in this regard has increased interest in measuring its quality. The most widely used measures of governance are World Governance Indicators, which represent composite perceptions-based indicators, published by World Bank Institute. There are six composite indicators and the data for constructing those indicators are obtained from 32 individual data sources. The objective of this chapter is to highlight the applicability of Grey Relational Analysis in the ranking of EU countries according to the governance quality. The Grey Relational Analysis entails calculation of Grey relational grade for governance quality. The final stage of the Grey Relational Analysis procedure involves ranking of EU countries according to Grey relational grade and their comparison with ranks obtained from World Bank Institute. The full contribution of Grey Relational Analysis arises on this stage, where ranks of countries have been changed.
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Jankovic-Milic, Vesna, and Marija Džunić. "Measuring Governance." In Advances in Finance, Accounting, and Economics, 104–28. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0959-2.ch005.
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The governance concept has become very popular in recent decades and in this regard has increased interest in measuring its quality. The most widely used measures of governance are World Governance Indicators, which represent composite perceptions-based indicators, published by World Bank Institute. There are six composite indicators and the data for constructing those indicators are obtained from 32 individual data sources. The objective of this chapter is to highlight the applicability of Grey Relational Analysis in the ranking of EU countries according to the governance quality. The Grey Relational Analysis entails calculation of Grey relational grade for governance quality. The final stage of the Grey Relational Analysis procedure involves ranking of EU countries according to Grey relational grade and their comparison with ranks obtained from World Bank Institute. The full contribution of Grey Relational Analysis arises on this stage, where ranks of countries have been changed.
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Moreira, Sandrina B., and Nuno Crespo. "Composite Indicators of Development." In Advances in Data Mining and Database Management, 140–62. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0714-7.ch007.
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Development is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon. The quantification of such a phenomenon requires indicators that may capture its most important components. In this chapter we present an extensive list of composite indicators of development, identifying their main possible common dimensions: income, income distribution, education, health, employment, infrastructures, values, and environment. We also discuss in detail five recent indices characterized by their comprehensiveness: 1) Regional Quality of Development Index (QUARS) of Sbilanciamoci!; 2) Wellbeing Index (WI) and Wellbeing/Stress Index (WSI) for measuring sustainable development; 3) Gross National Happiness (GNH) from the Center for Bhutan Studies; 4) Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI) of Bertelsmann Stiftung; and 5) World competitiveness scoreboard from the Institute for Management Development (IMD).
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Pimentel, Liliana Marques, and Susana Margarida Faustino Jorge. "Earnings Quality and Firm Valuation." In International Financial Reporting Standards and New Directions in Earnings Management, 1–31. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7817-8.ch001.
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The quality of earnings is a summary metric in firm performance evaluation and a focal question to assess the quality of accounting information. A high-quality earnings figure will reflect a firm's current operating performance, being a good indicator of future operating performance; it also accurately annuitizes the intrinsic value of the firm. The multidimensional nature of the earnings quality (EQ) concept has given form to a multiplicity of constructs and measures. This chapter offers a systematic literature review on EQ and its implication on firm value. On the one hand, it discusses the different existent definitions of EQ and the multidimensional nature of the concept; on the other hand, it highlights a “new” EQ perspective taking into account the virtuosities of the residual income model. An empirical model is proposed that reinterprets rebuilding the linear information dynamics in relation to market value added and captures, in a composite measure, the three-dimensional facet of the EQ concept: persistence, predictability, and informativeness of earnings.
Conference papers on the topic "Compost quality indicators"
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ČERNIAUSKIENĖ, Judita, Jurgita KULAITIENĖ, Honorata DANILČENKO, and Elvyra JARIENĖ. "MULCHING IMPACT ON THE QUALITY OF OIL PUMPKIN’S (CUCURBITA PEPO L.) FRUIT." In Rural Development 2015. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2015.034.
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Nutritious value of great (Cucurbita maxima) and musky (Cucurbita moschata) pumpkin pulp has been widely investigated, but chemical and qualitative analysis of pulp of oil pumpkin fruits has been superficial so far. The aim of two years research – to investigate the influence of compost/organic mulch to the quality of organically grown oil seed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) fruit quality. In 2013–2014, in Kaunas district farm, oil seed pumpkins cultivars 'Heracles', 'Hamlet', 'Danaja' were grown for research. The aim of two years research – to investigate the influence of compost/organic mulch to the quality of organically grown oil seed pumpkin fruit. Pumpkin seedlings were mulched with 5 and 10 cm thick layer of compost mulch. Standard methods were applied to identify the following: dry matter, soluble dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and amounts of MADF, NDF, ADF fibre and crude in the pumpkin flesh. The results have determined that 5 and 10 cm compost mulch layer had a significant effect on the amount of dry matter in the pumpkin flesh. Basically, mulching has increased the amount of soluble dry matter in the pumpkin flesh. Crude protein accumulation in the fruit flesh was essentially affected by 5 cm thick layer of compost. Mulching with 5 and 10 cm compost layer has significantly increased the amount of crude fibre in 'Hamlet' and 'Heracles' cultivars. 5 and 10 cm compost mulch had a significant effect on the amount of crude ash. According to the researched indicators set parameters in ecologic system of the researched oil-seed pumpkins, the best cultivator to be grown with organic mulching is 'Hamlet'.
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Jašková, Dana. "Development of Human Capital Quality Based on Quantitative Indicators." In 6th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2022 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2022.145.
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Human capital represents the knowledge, skills and characteristics of an individual that facilitate the creation of personal, social and economic well-being. Measuring, analyzing and subsequently developing human capital is a prerequisite for the region’s prosperity. Human capital is a set of human abilities and skills that has a direct impact on the potential of social activity. Measuring and monitoring human capital development is an important part of regional policy. This process is complex because human capital is a qualitative characteristic of man. The links, correlations and causal links between the different sets of human resources data are identified. The assessment of human capital levels must be based on many quantitative indicators. This paper evaluates the development of human capital in Slovakia using an aggregated, composite indicator. The composite indicator is constructed using selected weighted indicators. By applying more complex multidimensional statistical methods, the assessed indicators are aggregated into a composite indicator, and its development is then evaluated.
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JASINSKAS, Algirdas, Ramūnas MIELDAŽYS, Juozas PEKARSKAS, Sigitas ČEKANAUSKAS, Antonin MACHALEK, and Jiri SOUČEK. "THE ASSESSMENT OF ORGANIC AND NATURAL MAGNESIUM MINERAL FERTILIZERS GRANULATION AND THE DETERMINATION OF PRODUCED PELLET PROPERTIES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.040.
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The research was carried out in Aleksandras Stulginskis University with a natural magnesium mineral fertilizer – magnesium silicate Serpentine rocks that were grounded and granulated with an impact granulation technology, organic cattle manure compost fertilizer, which was granulated using a device with a horizontal granulator matrix (the diameter of pellets is 6 mm), and the mixture of Serpentine and manure pellets (mixture ratio 1:1, diameter of pellets is6 mm). There were investigated and estimated the biometric and physical-mechanical properties of produced fertilizer granules – pellet granulometric composition and biometric indicators, moisture content, density and pellet strength (resistance to impact forces). Research results showed that the pellet moisture content was sufficiently low, varied from 4.7 % to 14.7 %, and the density of produced pellet was considerably high as it reached more than 1000 kg m-3 DM (dry matter). Results on resistance to the deformation of the investigated mineral magnesium and organic fertilizers indicate that the most resistant granules are the ones that are made of the mixture of Serpentine and manure pellets as they decompose to 550.5 N force, whereas granules of manure pellets (without Serpentine) disintegrate to a 271.4 N force, which is about twice as small as the above mentioned one. Research results have shown that fertilizer granules made of organic manure and mixture with magnesium silicate Serpentine are of high quality, these granules are sufficiently resistant to compression on a static force as well as convenient for storage, transportation and mechanical spreading in the field.
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van den Besselaar, Peter, and Charlie Mom. "Bibliometric indicators as items." In 27th International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators (STI 2023). International Conference on Science, Technology and Innovation Indicators, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55835/6443beef034d53c59822fa40.
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The question of what bibliometric indicator indicate has been discussed for several decades. Over that period, the use of indicators has increased, the number of indicators too, but the question of what the indicators exactly measure remains to be debated. In this paper we propose to approach it from the perspective of scale construction. Basically, this means that we interpret the publication-based and citation-based indicators as items that measure aspects of the scientific quality, but at the same time we accept that all these indicators are characterized by error. However, several indicators together, may lead to a valid and reliable variable, representing a latent quality dimension. This approach should not be confused with composite indicators, such as deployed in university rankings.
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Revyakina, N. A. "INFLUENCE OF PECTIN EXTRACTS ON QUALITY INDICATORS OF BREAD FROM COMPOSITE MIXTURES." In INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE AGRO-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX: NEW APPROACHES AND RELEVANT RESEARCH, 295–99. Federal Scientific Rice Centre, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33775/conf-2024-295-299.
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Štercová, Jana, Dana Hübelová, Alice Kozumplíková, and Ludmila Floková. "Zdraví obyvatelstva v okresech hospodářsky problémových regionů." In XXIII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách / 23rd International Colloquium on Regional Sciences. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9610-2020-52.
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Health is considered to be a crucial factor of regional development and competitiveness. The main goal of the article is to evaluate selected public health factors in economically problematic areas in the Czech Republic in the years 2007 and 2016. A total of 14 indicators in four thematic areas were selected: 1) mortality structure (mortality from circulatory, respiratory and digestive system diseases, neoplasms and external causes), 2) sickness rate (average time of incapacity for work, hospitalized and treated diabetics), 3) reproduction health (total fertility, spontaneous abortion and infant mortality) and 4) medical intervention (the proportion of physicians, general practitioners for adults and general practitioners for children and adolescents). A composite indicator for year 2007 and 2016 was established in each area and each district. The highest value of the indicators sum was proved in Znojmo district, on the other hand, the least favourable situation was detected in the district of Teplice. In districts, where a lower values of indicator was determined, a high accrual in treated diabetics dominates, and most of the districts also show growth in death from circulatory system diseases. The results proved, that it is necessary to pay attention to public health factors not only in its complexity, but also on the basis of component indicators, which can significantly influence the health quality.
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Saborido, Rubén, Ana B. Ruiz, Sandra Gonzalez-Gallardo, Mariano Luque, and Antonio Borrego. "Composite Quality Indicators to Evaluate the Performance of Population-based Multiobjective Optimization Algorithms." In GECCO '24 Companion: Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Companion. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3638530.3654201.
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Siletti, Elena, and Francesca De Battisti. "High order PLS path modeling to evaluate well-being merging traditional and big data: A longitudinal study." In CARMA 2020 - 3rd International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2020.2020.11599.
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We propose using high order partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) todefine a synthetic Italian well-being index merging traditional data,represented by the Quality of Life index proposed by “Il Sole 24 Ore”, andinformation provided by big data, represented by a Subjective Well-beingIndex (SWBI) performed extracting moods by Twitter. High order constructs,which allow to define a more abstract higher-level dimension and its moreconcrete lower-order sub-dimensions, have gained wide attention inapplications of PLS-PM, and many contributions in literature proposed theiruse to build composite indicators. The aim of the paper is to underline somecritical issues in the use of these models and to suggest the implementation ofa new spurious repeated indicator approach. Furthermore, following somerecommendations proposed on the use of PLS-PM in longitudinal studies, wecompare the situation in 2016 and 2017.
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Volkova, A. V., and S. P. Kuzmina. "THE USE OF DRY GERM FLAKES IN THE PRODUCTION OF BREAD FROM WHEAT FLOUR." In Agrobiotechnology-2021. Publishing house of RGAU - MSHA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1855-3-2021-5.
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The paper analyzes the effect of dry wheat germ flakes on bread quality indicators. It is recommended in the production of bread from wheat flour of the highest grade with the use of dry wheat germ flakes to make them in an amount of 3% by weight of the composite mixture.
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Tatyana, Zhgun, and Chalov German. "The use of principal component analysis in creating an composite indicators of change in the quality of system." In 2017 Tenth International Conference Management of Large-Scale System Development (MLSD). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mlsd.2017.8109716.
Full textReports on the topic "Compost quality indicators"
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Alaimo, Veronica. Better Jobs Index - Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006374.
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The Better Jobs Index measures jobs in countries based on two dimensions: quantity and quality. The quantity dimension is composed of two indicators: the labor participation rate and the employment rate. Quality, on the other hand, consists of the formality rate and living wage sufficient to overcome poverty. Thus, the index is the weighted average of these four indicators*, and their scores range from 0 to 100. For a country to get 100 points, all people who participate in the labor force must be employed with a formal job that provides them with a living wage.* Indicators are calculated using the population aged 15-64, excluding those who are studying and who, therefore, are not working or looking for work. If you want to know more, consult the methodology document.
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Jansson, Tor, Damian von Stauffenberg, Naomi Kenyon, Julie Abrams, and Frank Abate. Indicateurs de performance pour les institutions de microfinance: Guide technique: 2e edition. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010336.
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Les indicateurs présentés dans ce Guide ont été regroupés en quatre catégories principales: qualité du portefeuille, efficacité et productivité, gestion financière et rentabilité. Bien entendu, d'autres aspects peuvent aussi éclairer sur la performance des institutions de microfinance et, même pour chacune des catégories citées, il existe bien d'autres mesures de performance. Cependant, ce Guide n'a pas pour vocation d'être complet et détaillé, il présente seulement les indicateurs les plus pertinents qui, pris ensemble, donnent une vue d'ensemble raisonnable sur la performance, le niveau de risque et la situation financière d'une institution de microfinance.
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Li, Richard. LegalOne Stellar Accolade 2023 - China. LegalOne Global Limited, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.62436/a-1702224947429.
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The LegalOne Stellar Accolade is an honour roll serving as an illustrious recognition of the practical prowess and expertise of legal professionals. The evaluation process is rooted in the thorough assessment of commercial projects submitted by the legal professionals. LegalOne’s editorial team reviews each submission, encompassing a broad spectrum of commercial transactions, dispute cases, and intellectual property matters. The declaration of the LegalOne Stellar Accolade winners is based on a composite of factors, include the quality and level of LegalOne Merits ratings awarded to the applicants, supplemented by client feedback and other indicators of professional capability.
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Scheier, Johannes. Verbesserung von Konjunkturprognosen mittels des OECD Composite Leading Indicators und den Ergebnissen der ifo World Economic Survey - eine empirische Untersuchung für die G7-Staaten. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627093.
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An Konjunkturprognosen werden die verschiedensten Forderungen gestellt. Die Hauptforderung ist zunächst einmal eine gute Qualität, damit Sie als Planungsgrundlage für Staaten, Unternehmen und Akteure an den Finanzmärkten dienen können. Der Fokus liegt bei dieser Untersuchung auf Frühindikatoren mit einem hohen qualitativen Anteil. Einen frühen Hinweis auf ihren Nutzen liefert Kirchgässner (1982), der die Ergebnisse der Neujahrsumfrage des Allensbach-Instituts für die Wirtschaftsentwicklung in Deutschland mit der Konjunkturprognose des Sachverständigenrats der Bundesregierung vergleicht. Die Umfrageergebnisse weisen dabei einen stärkeren Zusammenhang zur Wirtschaftsentwicklung des Folgejahres auf als die professionellen Konjunkturprognosen. Der Nutzen qualitativer Frühindikatoren wird vor allem für die rechtzeitige Erkennung konjunktureller Wendepunkte immer wieder festgestellt (Fritsche 1999, Hüfner / Schröder 2002, Kunkel 2003, Abberger / Nierhaus 2007, Seiler 2009, Ziegler 2009). Claveria, Pons und Ramos (2007) testen die Verwendung solcher Indikatoren in ökonometrischen Prognosemodellen. Ein Vergleich mit tatsächlich abgegebenen Konjunkturprognosen für die Wirtschaftsentwicklung auf Jahresbasis liegt jedoch nicht vor. Ein solcher Vergleich erfolgt in dieser Studie mittels zweier Datenreihen, die auf ihre Relevanz für die Konjunkturprognosen hin untersucht werden. Zum einen erfolgt eine Betrachtung des monatlich von der OECD veröffentlichten Composite Leading Indicators (CLI). Dieser wird für jede Volkswirtschaft individuell konstruiert und beinhaltet sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Frühindikatoren. Zum anderen erfolgt eine Überprüfung einer weltweiten Umfrage des Münchener ifo-Instituts, der World Economic Survey (WES). Dabei werden weltweit Wirtschaftsexperten unter anderem hinsichtlich ihrer Einschätzung zur Lage der Weltkonjunktur in den nächsten 6 Monaten befragt. Stellvertretend für die Konjunkturprognosen werden Konsensprognosen der britischen Fachzeitschrift Consensus Forecasts als Datenbasis verwendet. Ihre Veröffentlichung erfolgt monatlich, wobei sich je eine Prognose auf das laufende und eine auf das kommende Jahr bezieht. Für jedes Jahr liegen also 24 separate Prognosen vor. Die Untersuchung erstreckt sich auf den Zeitraum 1991 – 2009 und umfasst die G7-Staaten. Der 2. Abschnitt dieser Untersuchung dient der Beurteilung der Qualität der untersuchten Konjunkturprognosen. Im 3. Abschnitt erfolgt ein Vergleich des Zukunftsbezugs der Prognosen mit den Zeitreihen der OECD und des ifoInstituts. Der 4. Abschnitt zeigt schließlich, dass die Berücksichtigung dieser Zusatzinformationen mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit zu einer Verbesserung der Konjunkturprognosen beigetragen hätte.
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Schlossnagle, Trevor H., Janae Wallace,, and Nathan Payne. Analysis of Septic-Tank Density for Four Communities in Iron County, Utah - Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah. Utah Geological Survey, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ri-284.
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Iron County is a semi-rural area in southwestern Utah that is experiencing an increase in residential development. Although much of the development is on community sewer systems, many subdivisions use septic tank soil-absorption systems for wastewater disposal. Many of these septic-tank systems overlie the basin-fill deposits that compose the principal aquifer for the area. The purpose of our study is to provide tools for waterresource management and land-use planning. In this study we (1) characterize the water quality of four areas in Iron County (Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah) with emphasis on nutrients, and (2) provide a mass-balance analysis based on numbers of septic-tank systems, groundwater flow available for mixing, and baseline nitrate concentrations, and thereby recommend appropriate septic-system density requirements to limit water-quality degradation. We collected 57 groundwater samples and three surface water samples across the four study areas to establish baseline nitrate concentrations. The baseline nitrate concentrations for Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 1.51 mg/L, 1.42 mg/L, 2.2 mg/L, and 1.76 mg/L, respectively. We employed a mass-balance approach to determine septic-tank densities using existing septic systems and baseline nitrate concentrations for each region. Nitrogen in the form of nitrate is one of the principal indicators of pollution from septic tank soil-absorption systems. To provide recommended septic-system densities, we used a mass-balance approach in which the nitrogen mass from projected additional septic tanks is added to the current nitrogen mass and then diluted with groundwater flow available for mixing plus the water added by the septic-tank systems themselves. We used an allowable degradation of 1 mg/L with respect to nitrate. Groundwater flow volume available for mixing was calculated from existing hydrogeologic data. We used data from aquifer tests compiled from drinking water source protection documents to derive hydraulic conductivity from reported transmissivities. Potentiometric surface maps from existing publications and datasets were used to determine groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradients. Our results using the mass balance approach indicate that the most appropriate recommended maximum septic-tank densities in Newcastle, Kanarraville, Summit, and Paragonah are 23 acres per system, 7 acres per system, 5 acres per system, and 11 acres per system, respectively. These recommendations are based on hydrogeologic parameters used to estimate groundwater flow volume. Public valley-wide sewer systems may be a better alternative to septic-tank systems where feasible.
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Daudelin, Francois, Lina Taing, Lucy Chen, Claudia Abreu Lopes, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, and Hamid Mehmood. Mapping WASH-related disease risk: A review of risk concepts and methods. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/uxuo4751.
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The report provides a review of how risk is conceived of, modelled, and mapped in studies of infectious water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related diseases. It focuses on spatial epidemiology of cholera, malaria and dengue to offer recommendations for the field of WASH-related disease risk mapping. The report notes a lack of consensus on the definition of disease risk in the literature, which limits the interpretability of the resulting analyses and could affect the quality of the design and direction of public health interventions. In addition, existing risk frameworks that consider disease incidence separately from community vulnerability have conceptual overlap in their components and conflate the probability and severity of disease risk into a single component. The report identifies four methods used to develop risk maps, i) observational, ii) index-based, iii) associative modelling and iv) mechanistic modelling. Observational methods are limited by a lack of historical data sets and their assumption that historical outcomes are representative of current and future risks. The more general index-based methods offer a highly flexible approach based on observed and modelled risks and can be used for partially qualitative or difficult-to-measure indicators, such as socioeconomic vulnerability. For multidimensional risk measures, indices representing different dimensions can be aggregated to form a composite index or be considered jointly without aggregation. The latter approach can distinguish between different types of disease risk such as outbreaks of high frequency/low intensity and low frequency/high intensity. Associative models, including machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI), are commonly used to measure current risk, future risk (short-term for early warning systems) or risk in areas with low data availability, but concerns about bias, privacy, trust, and accountability in algorithms can limit their application. In addition, they typically do not account for gender and demographic variables that allow risk analyses for different vulnerable groups. As an alternative, mechanistic models can be used for similar purposes as well as to create spatial measures of disease transmission efficiency or to model risk outcomes from hypothetical scenarios. Mechanistic models, however, are limited by their inability to capture locally specific transmission dynamics. The report recommends that future WASH-related disease risk mapping research: - Conceptualise risk as a function of the probability and severity of a disease risk event. Probability and severity can be disaggregated into sub-components. For outbreak-prone diseases, probability can be represented by a likelihood component while severity can be disaggregated into transmission and sensitivity sub-components, where sensitivity represents factors affecting health and socioeconomic outcomes of infection. -Employ jointly considered unaggregated indices to map multidimensional risk. Individual indices representing multiple dimensions of risk should be developed using a range of methods to take advantage of their relative strengths. -Develop and apply collaborative approaches with public health officials, development organizations and relevant stakeholders to identify appropriate interventions and priority levels for different types of risk, while ensuring the needs and values of users are met in an ethical and socially responsible manner. -Enhance identification of vulnerable populations by further disaggregating risk estimates and accounting for demographic and behavioural variables and using novel data sources such as big data and citizen science. This review is the first to focus solely on WASH-related disease risk mapping and modelling. The recommendations can be used as a guide for developing spatial epidemiology models in tandem with public health officials and to help detect and develop tailored responses to WASH-related disease outbreaks that meet the needs of vulnerable populations. The report’s main target audience is modellers, public health authorities and partners responsible for co-designing and implementing multi-sectoral health interventions, with a particular emphasis on facilitating the integration of health and WASH services delivery contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 3 (good health and well-being) and 6 (clean water and sanitation).
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Bingham, Sonia, Craig Young, and Tanni Hubbard. Sentinel wetlands in Cuyahoga Valley National Park: II. Condition trends for wetlands of management concern, 2008?2018. National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2301705.
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Twenty important management areas (wetlands of management concern) and reference wetlands compose the sentinel wetlands at Cuyahoga Valley National Park. These wetlands are monitored more intensively than other wetlands in the program. This is the second report in a two-part series, designed to summarize the results from intensive vegetation surveys completed at sentinel wetlands from 2008 to 2018. The first report (Bingham and Young 2023) characterized the conditions in each wetland and provided baseline reference information for other reports and site-specific projects. In this report, we examine results from five selected metrics more closely within and across three natural wetlands of management concern groups (restoration wetlands, mitigation wetlands, and rare habitat wetlands) using the reference wetlands as overall benchmarks. We used the Ohio Rapid Assessment Method (ORAM) to evaluate habitat in the sentinel wetlands. In addition, a total of 37 long-term sample plots were established within these wetlands to monitor biological conditions over time using vegetation as an indicator. Multiple plots were located in larger wetland complexes to capture spatial differences in condition. Vegetation was intensively surveyed within the plots using the Vegetation Index of Biotic Integrity (VIBI), where all plant species are identified to the lowest taxonomic level possible (genus or species). The sample plots were surveyed twice, and the five evaluation metrics included the VIBI score, Floristic Quality Assessment Index (FQAI), percent sensitive plant species, percent invasive graminoids, and species richness. For the analysis, VIBI plot locations were rank ordered based on their 2018 scores, the range and average for each metric was examined across the wetlands of management concern groups and plotted against reference wetlands for comparison, and the two survey years (pre-2015 and 2018) were plotted against each other for substantial changes from the established baseline. Across the sample plot locations, VIBI scores ranged from a low of 7 (Stanford Run SF1) to a high of 91 (Columbia Run 554). The top scoring plots were at four reference wetlands (Stumpy Basin 526, Virginia Kendall Lake 241K, Columbia Run 554, and Boston Mills 683) and one rare habitat wetland (Beaver Marsh BM3). All of these plots fell within an excellent condition range in one or both survey years. They each have unique habitats with some specialized plant species. The majority (24) of the sentinel wetlands plots ranked within the poor or fair ranges. These include the three mitigation wetlands: Brookside 968, Rockside RS2, and Krejci, as well as all plots within the Pleasant Valley and Stanford Run wetlands. Most of the large wetlands had dramatic condition differences within their boundaries? effected by pollution sources, land-use modifications, and/or invasive species in some areas more than others. We documented these wide condition ranges at Fawn Pond, Virginia Kendall Lake, Beaver Marsh and Stumpy Basin, but the most pronounced within-wetland differences were at Virginia Kendall Lake, which had a 58-point difference between the highest and lowest scoring plot. Fawn Pond is in good condition at most plots and scored very high in comparison to other wetlands within the riverine mainstem hydrogeomorphic class. The average and range of most metric scores were notably different across the four different wetlands groups. Average values at rare habitat wetlands plots were similar to reference plots for VIBI and FQAI scores, percent invasive graminoids, and percent sensitive metrics. Krejci KR1 and Fawn Pond FP3 had unusually high percent cover of sensitive species (31.0% and 27.9%, respectively) for the mitigation and restoration groupings. However, average overall metric scores across the restoration and mitigation wetlands were generally very low, with Stanford Run being the lowest scoring restoration wetland and Brookside being the lowest scoring mitigation wetland. With restoration efforts completed, the expectation is that mitigation wetlands should be performing much higher. Two of the three mitigation wetlands sites are not meeting the mitigation benchmarks that were created for them by the US Army Corp of Engineers and the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency. Contractor reports state that the wetlands met the criteria within the first five years of establishment. However, upon release from monitoring and maintenance, invasive species have gradually re-established, which has led to condition deterioration over time, and lower metric scores. VIBI scores stayed the same or improved (only slightly in many cases) in the majority of plots (67.6%) between survey years. The Krecji mitigation wetlands had the largest improvement in VIBI scoring. Scores at six plots decreased by at least 10 points from the baseline survey. Two of the park?s most beloved wetlands, Beaver Marsh (at one location) and the Stumpy Basin reference plot, had the two most notable declines in VIBI scores. In 2018, 11 plots (29.7%) had greater than 25% invasive graminoid cover (e.g. cattail, common reed grass, reed canary grass) and 18 plots (48.7%) experienced an increase in invasive graminoid cover between survey years. A marked increase (>10% cover) in invasive graminoids was documented at eight locations (Rockside 1079RS2, Beaver Marsh BM5, Fawn Pond FP3 and FP4, Brookside 968, Stumpy Basin SB1, and two other Pleasant Valley plots: 1049 and 969). These trends are likely to continue, and biological conditions are expected to deteriorate at these wetlands in response. Regardless of invasive species increases, many of the wetlands showed remarkable resilience over the last decade with fairly stable VIBI categories.
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Weinberg, Zwi G., Adegbola Adesogan, Itzhak Mizrahi, Shlomo Sela, Kwnag Jeong, and Diwakar Vyas. effect of selected lactic acid bacteria on the microbial composition and on the survival of pathogens in the rumen in context with their probiotic effects on ruminants. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598162.bard.
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This research project was performed in context of the apparent probiotic effect of selected lactic acid bacteria (LAB) silage inoculants on the performance of ruminants (improved feed intake, faster live-weight gain, higher milk yields and improved feed efficiency). The overall objective was to find out how LAB affect ruminant performance. The project included several “chapters” as follows: 1. The effect of LAB silage inoculants on the survival of detrimental bacteria in rumen fluid, in vitro study (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). An in vitro model was developed to study the interaction between selected LAB and an E. coli strain tagged with green fluorescence protein (GFP) in buffered RF. Results indicated that both LAB inoculants and E. coli survived in the RF for several days; both LAB inoculants and LAB-treated silages did not affect survival of E. coli in rumen fluid in vitro. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the performance of high-lactating cows (Weinberg et al., The Volcani Center). Treatments included control (no additive), Lacobacillusbuchneri40788 (LB), Lactobacillus plantarumMTD1 40027 (LP) and Pediococcuspentosaceus30168 (PP), each applied at 10⁶ cfu/g FM. The silages were included in the TMR of 32 high milking Holstein cows in a controlled feeding experiment. All baled silages were of good quality. The LB silage had the numerically highest acetic acid and were the most stable upon aerobic exposure. The cows fed the LB silages had the highest daily milk yields, percent milk fat and protein. The microbiome of baled wheat silages and changes during ensiling of wheat and corn (Sela et al., The Volcani Center). Bacterial community of the baled silages was dominated mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Lactobacillus and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 with 300 other genera at very low abundance. Fungal community was composed mainly of two genera in total, dominated by Candida and Monascuswith 20 other genera at very low abundance. In addition, changes in the microbiome during ensiling of wheat and corn with and without addition of L. plantarumMTD1 was studied in mini-silos. Overall 236 bacterial genera were identified in the fresh corn but after 3 months Lactobacillus outnumbered all other species by acquiring 95% of relative abundance. The wheat silage samples are still under analysis. The effect of applying LAB inoculants at ensiling on survival of E. coli O157:H7 in alfalfa and corn silages(Adesogan et al., University of Florida). E. coli (10⁵ cfu/g) was applied to fresh alfalfa and corn at ensiling with or without L. plantarumor L. buchneri. The pathogen was added again after about 3 moths at the beginning of an aerobic exposure period. The inoculants resulted in faster decrease in pH as compared with the control (no additives) or E. coli alone and therefore, the pathogen was eliminated faster from these silages. After aerobic exposure the pathogen was not detected in the LAB treated silages, whereas it was still present in the E. coli alone samples. 5. The effect of feeding corn silage treated with or without L. buchnerion shedding of E. coli O157:H7 by dairy cows (Adesogan et al., UFL). BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 2 of 12 Five hundred cows from the dairy herd of the University of Florida were screened for E. coli shedding, out of which 14 low and 13 high shedders were selected. These cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) which was inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 for 21 days. The TMR included corn silage treated with or without L. buchneri. The inoculated silages were more stable upon aerobic exposure than the control silages; the silage inoculant had no significant effect on any milk or cow blood parameters. However, the silage inoculant tended to reduce shedding of E. coli regardless of high or low shedders (p = 0.06). 6. The effect of feeding baled wheat silages treated with or without three selected LAB silage inoculants on the rumen microbiome (Mizrahi et al., BGU). Rumen fluid was sampled throughout the feeding experiment in which inoculated wheat silages were included in the rations. Microbial DNA was subsequently purified from each sample and the 16S rRNA was sequenced, thus obtaining an overview of the microbiome and its dynamic changes for each experimental treatment. We observed an increase in OTU richness in the group which received the baled silage inoculated with Lactobacillus Plantarum(LP). In contrast the group fed Lactobacillus buchneri(LB) inoculated silage resulted in a significant decrease in richness. Lower OTU richness was recently associated in lactating cows with higher performance (Ben Shabatet al., 2016). No significant clustering could be observed between the different inoculation treatments and the control in non metric multi-dimentional scaling, suggesting that the effect of the treatments is not the result of an overall modulation of the microbiome composition but possibly the result of more discrete interactions. Significant phylum level changes in composition also indicates that no broad changes in taxa identity and composition occurred under any treatment A more discrete modulation could be observed in the fold change of several taxonomic groups (genus level analysis), unique to each treatment, before and after the treatment. Of particular interest is the LB treated group, in which several taxa significantly decreased in abundance. BARD Report - Project 4704 Page 3 of 12
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Better Jobs Index - Chile. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006371.
Full textAbstract:
The Better Jobs Index measures jobs in countries based on two dimensions: quantity and quality. The quantity dimension is composed of two indicators: the labor participation rate and the employment rate. Quality, on the other hand, consists of the formality rate and living wage sufficient to overcome poverty. Thus, the index is the weighted average of these four indicators, and their scores range from 0 to 100. For a country to get 100 points, all people who participate in the labor force must be employed with a formal job that provides them with a living wage.
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Better Jobs Index - Costa Rica. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006370.
Full textAbstract:
The Better Jobs Index measures jobs in countries based on two dimensions: quantity and quality. The quantity dimension is composed of two indicators: the labor participation rate and the employment rate. Quality, on the other hand, consists of the formality rate and living wage sufficient to overcome poverty. Thus, the index is the weighted average of these four indicators, and their scores range from 0 to 100. For a country to get 100 points, all people who participate in the labor force must be employed with a formal job that provides them with a living wage.