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1
Adamcová, Dana, František Toman, Magdalena Vaverková, and Jana Kotovicová. "THE EFFECT OF BIODEGRADATION/DEGRADATION OF DEGRADABLE PLASTIC MATERIAL ON COMPOST QUALITY." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 783–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0054.
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Abstract The objective of this study was to find out whether the quality of compost would change during the process of composting carrier bags claimed by manufacturers as compostable or biodegradable in terms of parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 Industrial composts. Eight samples were subjected to the composting process in laboratory conditions. The compost samples were analyzed in the accredited laboratory. All samples met parameters stipulated for Class II. Seven samples of the eight met parameters stipulated in the standard ČSN 46 5735 for Class I. The samples had no influence on compost characteristics: strength, content of water and salt, pH value, content of nutrients or proportion of organic substances; other components of the compost remained unchanged. Optical changes of the compost did not occur either.
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Lasaridi, K. E., and E. I. Stentiford. "BIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS FOR COMPOST STABILITY ASSESSMENT AND PROCESS EVALUATION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 469 (July 1998): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1998.469.11.
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Borisova, Daniela V., Gergana S. Kostadinova, Georgi S. Petkov, Diyana M. Dermendzhieva, and Georgi G. Beev. "An Assessment of Two Types of Industrially Produced Municipal Green Waste Compost by Quality Control Indices." Applied Sciences 12, no. 20 (October 21, 2022): 10668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122010668.
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Municipal green waste (MGW) has significantly increased with the development of urban green areas, and its utilization by composting is a good alternative to solve the problem. This paper presents the results from the quality assessment of two industrial composts (from the composting facility of a regional nonhazardous waste landfill) based on their physicochemical properties, hygienic safety (microbiological parameters), fertilizing potential (by fertilizing index, FI) and heavy metal polluting potential (by clean index, CI). Compost 1 (C1) was made from MGW (100%) and Compost 2 (C2) was made from MGW (75%) and discarded green peppers (25%). The evaluation of physicochemical parameters was conducted according to Bulgarian Standards (BDS) methods and microbiological analysis using selective, chromogenic detection systems. It was found that the EC, P, K, Mg, Cu, Cr and Ni were lower for C1 (p < 0.05–0.001). On the other hand, Pb concentration was higher compared to C2 (p < 0.001); the concentrations of Cd, Hg and the E. coli were very low for both composts; presence of Salmonella was not detected. The estimated quality indexes (FI and CI) classified C1 as Class B compost (very-good-quality compost with medium fertilizing potential) and C2 as Class A compost (best-quality compost with high soil fertility potential and low heavy metal content). The C1 and C2 composts meet the requirements of EU and Bulgarian legislation and can be used as soil fertilizers.
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Leone, Alessandro, Roberto Romaniello, Antonia Tamborrino, Luciano Beneduce, Anna Gagliardi, Marcella Giuliani, and Giuseppe Gatta. "Composting of Olive Mill Pomace, Agro-Industrial Sewage Sludge and Other Residues: Process Monitoring and Agronomic Use of the Resulting Composts." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2021): 2143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092143.
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The viability of co-composting of olive mill pomace added to sewage sludge with other organic residues was evaluated and the agronomic use of the final composts was investigated. Two composting piles at different carbon-nitrogen ratios were performed, in which olive mill pomace (OMP), sewage sludge from vegetable processing (SS), fresh residues from artichoke processing residues (AR), and wheat straw (WS) were used. The two composting piles were placed inside a specially built greenhouse and a turning machine pulled by a tractor was used for turning and shredding the organic matrix (every 6 days) during the process. The humidity and temperature of organic matrices have been monitored and controlled during the entire composting process, which lasted 90 days. The process was also monitored to evaluate the microbiological safety of the final compost. The humidity of both piles was always kept just above 50% until the end of the thermophilic phase and the maximum temperature was about 50 °C during the thermophilic phase. The carbon-nitrogen ratio decreased from 21.4 and 28.2, respectively (initial value at day 1 in Pile A and B), to values ranging from 12.9 to 15.1, both composts that originated from the two different piles were microbiologically safe. During a two-year period, the effects of different types of compost on the main qualitative parameters of processing tomato and durum wheat was evaluated. Five fertilization treatments were evaluated for tomato and durum wheat crops: unfertilized control (TR1); compost A (TR2); compost B (TR3); ½ mineral and ½ compost A (TR4); and mineral fertilizer commonly used for the two crops (TR5). Concerning the processing tomato yield, TR5 and TR4 showed the best results (2.73 and 2.51 kg, respectively). The same trend was observed considering the marketable yield per plant. The only difference was related to the treatments that included the compost (2.32, 1.77, and 1.73 kg/plant for TR4, TR3, and TR2, respectively). As regards the qualitative parameters of tomato, the highest average weight of the fruits was found in the TR5, TR4, and TR3 treatments (respectively, 73.67 g, 70.34 g, and 68.10 g). For durum wheat, only the protein component was differentiated between treatments. Furthermore, wheat grain yield parameters generally increased by combined application of mineral fertilizer and compost.
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Malovanyy, Myroslav, and Uliana Storoshchuk. "OBTAINING AND USING SUBSTRATES WITH SEWAGE SLUDGE." Environmental Problems 7, no. 3 (2022): 154–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ep2022.03.154.
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The article is devoted to the study of the prospects of using compost with sewage sludge in the raw material for the recultivation of disturbed lands. A special installation was used for bio-composting, which allowed controlling of the process parameters. The results of bio-indication of composts obtained under different conditions of compositions of the raw material mixture are given. Based on the analysis of the results of bio-indication, the optimal composition of the raw material mixture using "fresh" and "old" sewage sludge is established. An analysis of the parameters of the bio-indication process was carried out for this compost of optimal composition, which makes it possible to develop recommendations for the implementation of the process in industrial conditions.
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Lin, Chitsan, Chih-Chiang Wei, and Chia-Cheng Tsai. "Prediction of Influential Operational Compost Parameters for Monitoring Composting Process." Environmental Engineering Science 33, no. 7 (July 2016): 494–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ees.2015.0259.
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Palma, Alberto, Victor M. Doña-Grimaldi, Mercedes Ruiz-Montoya, Inmaculada Giráldez, Juan Carlos García, Javier Mauricio Loaiza, Francisco López, and Manuel J. Díaz. "MSW Compost Valorization by Pyrolysis: Influence of Composting Process Parameters." ACS Omega 5, no. 33 (August 12, 2020): 20810–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c01866.
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Vannucchi, Francesca, Eleonora Peruzzi, Serena Doni, Davide Manzi, Lapo Azzini, Shamina Imran Pathan, Giacomo Pietramellara, et al. "Biological Assessment of Green Waste and Dredged Sediment Co-Composting for Nursery Plant Cultivation." Applied Sciences 14, no. 13 (July 1, 2024): 5767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14135767.
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Co-composting efficiently reclaims dredged sediments (S) and green waste (GW), creating stable products for agricultural applications. However, the use of S-GW co-composts can be limited by legislative thresholds, especially for co-composts with a high S percentage. The evaluation of S-GW co-compost stability by biological assessment can allow for a better understanding of S and GW recycling, as well as the S-GW co-compost application. For this purpose, the microbial biomass, composition, respiration, and eco-enzyme stoichiometry (EST) were assessed, coupled with chemical analysis, in the co-composting of S and GW in different ratios. The Photinia x fraseri and Viburnum tinus L. growth was monitored in a plant trial, comparing the studied co-composts with a control substrate. The EST approach was applied as an indicator of the co-composting stability during the process and after the plant cultivation. The chemical and biological parameters confirmed the suitability of co-composting in the GW and S recovery and the EST approach highlighted a better stability for the 3S:1GW co-compost at the end of the process and after plant cultivation. Viburnum tinus showed a similar growth to the control, while Photinia x fraseri resulted in being more sensitive to the co-compost. The biological assessments were good indicators of the S-GW compost stability for their application in crop cultivation.
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Villalba, Luisa, Jorge Paolini, and Carlos Rocha. "Some biological parameters in the evaluation of the stability and maturity of two compost." Revista de la Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad del Zulia 38, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 06–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47280/revfacagron(luz).v38.n1.01.
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Composting represents an alternative for the use of organic waste by transforming it into an organic amendment that improves the structure and fertility of soils. As it is a microbiological process, the objective was to analyze some biological parameters in the evaluation of the stability and maturity of two compost. Two compost was made with waste generated at the Simón Bolívar University one obtained from organic waste generated in the dining room and the other from plant remains from the pruning of the gardens. The parameters evaluated were temperature and microbial count, expressed as colony-forming units per gram of compost for yeast, and for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria (in turn classifying the bacteria by the Gram staining method), as well as the germination index determined by the phytotoxicity test. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that: the temperature of the compost pile is a good indicator of the evolution of the composting process, as it is closely associated with biological activity indicating the stages of the process, in the compost analyzed, the counting of microorganisms allowed to evaluate them as stable, the bacterial classification by Gram staining, represented a good indicator of the successions that occur in the composting process and was useful to help the classification of the bacteria present; the phytotoxicity test corroborated the degree of maturity and stability of the studied compost.
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McKinley, James W., Rebecca E. Parzen, and Álvaro Mercado Guzmán. "Impact of climate and bulking materials on characteristics of compost from ecological toilets." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.059.
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Urine-diversion dehydration toilets (UDDT) are common throughout the developing world, and the toilet product is widely used as compost. There is no comprehensive research to date that characterizes the compost to determine its quality, extent of pathogen inactivation, and the effects of climate and bulking materials on the compost. Compost was collected from 45 UDDT in Bolivia and analyzed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Eighty percent and 56% of samples did not meet acceptable compost guidelines for moisture content and pH, respectively, indicating desiccation was the dominant process in UDDT. Bulking materials significantly impacted compost characteristics in terms of pH, carbon, carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, and carbon stability (P < 0.05). Composts with ash exhibited, on average, low carbon concentrations (4.9%) and high pH values (9.7), which can be harmful to plants and composting microorganisms. Composts with sawdust exhibited, on average, high carbon concentrations (40.0%) and carbon-to-nitrogen ratios (31.0). Climate had no significant impact on chemical characteristics, however composts from humid regions had significantly higher moisture contents (34.4%) than those from arid climates (24.8%) (P < 0.05). Viable Ascaris lumbricoides ova were identified in 31% of samples, including samples with high pH, low moisture contents, and long storage times.
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Sayara, Tahseen, Rezq Basheer-Salimia, Fatina Hawamde, and Antoni Sánchez. "Recycling of Organic Wastes through Composting: Process Performance and Compost Application in Agriculture." Agronomy 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2020): 1838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111838.
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Composting has become a preferable option to treat organic wastes to obtain a final stable sanitized product that can be used as an organic amendment. From home composting to big municipal waste treatment plants, composting is one of the few technologies that can be practically implemented at any scale. This review explores some of the essential issues in the field of composting/compost research: on one hand, the main parameters related to composting performance are compiled, with especial emphasis on the maturity and stability of compost; on the other hand, the main rules of applying compost on crops and other applications are explored in detail, including all the effects that compost can have on agricultural land. Especial attention is paid to aspects such as the improvement of the fertility of soils once compost is applied, the suppressor effect of compost and some negative experiences of massive compost application.
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Burg, Patrik, Tomáš Vítěz, Jan Turan, and Jana Burgová. "Evaluation of Grape Pomace Composting Process." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 5 (2014): 875–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462050875.
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The paper deals with the problems of composting of grape pomace in strip compost piles. The three variants of compost piles formed from grape pomace and vegetables waste, wood chips and mature in varying proportions were tested. Turning of piles was performed using windrow turner PKS 2.8, in which the achieved performance was monitored. On the performance of windrow turner has a significant influence also cross section or width and height of turning piles and the bulk density of ingredients including their moisture. In evaluating, attention has been paid to assessment of selected parameters (temperature, moisture content) of the composting process. From the viewpoint of temperature course, the highest temperature reached at the piles in Var. I (64.1 °C) and Var. II (55.3 °C). Moisture of compost piles in the individual variants did not differ significantly and ranged between 25–35%.
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Yeh, Chin Ko, Chitsan Lin, Hsueh Chen Shen, Nicholas Kiprotich Cheruiyot, Mary Ellen Camarillo, and Chung Lung Wang. "Optimizing Food Waste Composting Parameters and Evaluating Heat Generation." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072284.
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The optimal initial moisture content and seeding proportion with mature compost (microbial inoculant) during food waste composting were investigated. This involved six different moisture contents (42%, 55%, 61%, 66%, 70%, and 78%) and four different mature compost seeding amounts (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% w/w). The temperature variation of these different setups during the first four days of composting was used to determine the most effective one. Our findings showed that the initial moisture contents of 55–70% and the 20% w/w of mature compost were optimal for effective food waste composting. A 400 kg compost pile with the optimal compost mixture ratio was then used to study the evolution and spatial distribution of the temperature during a 30-day composting period. Finally, the heat produced during the 30-day composting process was estimated to be 2.99 MJ/kg. Further investigations, including a cost–benefit analysis from a pilot facility, would be required to comprehensively conclude the feasibility of food waste composting as a bioenergy source.
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Lasaridi, K. E., E. I. Stentiford, and T. Evans. "Windrow composting of wastewater biosolids: process performance and product stability assessment." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 9 (November 1, 2000): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0211.
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The composting process at the Thames Water composting facility at Little Marlow, Buckinghamshire, UK, was monitored in order to access the value of both process parameters (temperature, drying tendency) and compost stability indicators (VS, COD, respiration rate) for process performance evaluation. A simple model was developed to describe the process rate on the basis of volatile solids and respirometric results. Pile core temperature exceeded 55°C in the first 2-3 days and reached ambient levels after 8-10 weeks. Compost stability, as determined by both wet (SOUR) and dry (DSOUR) respirometry increased with age, the two parameters correlating well with each other and composting time. The SOUR dropped from about 20 mg/g VS/hr for the fresh compost to 5 mg/g VS/hr at the end of the 4 weeks of turning and to 1.5 mg/g VS/hr after five months of maturation. The COD, optical density at 665, 465 and 280 nm, and the E4/E6 ratio of water extracts were also analysed as potential stability parameters, but the information revealed was limited.
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Burg, Patrik, Pavel Zemánek, and Milan Michálek. "Evaluating of selected parameters of composting process by composting of grape pomace." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 59, no. 6 (2011): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201159060075.
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In Europe, there is annually available 8 million tons of grape pomace. From the viewpoint of waste management, pomace represents biotic waste produced in the FDM (Food–Drink–Milk) sector. Composting process represents an effective use of grape pomace. Introduced experiment deals with monitoring of the composting process of grape pomace provided by 2 different variants of different composition of composting piles. Obtained results indicate that dynamics of process is affected by the share of raw materials. According to the temperature curve characteristics, the temperature above 45 °C for at least 5 days was necessary for compost sanitation. Such temperature was achieved in piles with higher proportion of pomace (Var.II). Analysis of results shows that the compost made of grape pomace is a quality organic fertilizer, which may have in addition to agronomic point of view also great hygienic and ecological importance.
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Bouadam, Roukia, Halima Zaidi, Imen Soukehal, Sonia Makhloufi, and Hamada Badreddine. "Composting as a sustainable alternative to eliminate household and similar Waste in developing countries." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 10, no. 6 (November 8, 2022): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2022.1061.
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Purpose of study: The interest of this study is to show that the composting of various organic materials makes it possible to contribute to reducing the quantities of Waste sent to landfills and, consequently, the removal of their environmental impact. The aim is to show that aerobic composting of organic Waste can be an alternative to sustainable waste management in Algeria by examining the potential for producing compost from different organic waste streams.
Methodology: The method is based on analyzing documentary data, field surveys and experiments. The latter examines the potential for producing compost from different organic waste streams in Algeria. Three types of Waste are composted and analyzed: green Waste, kitchen waste and a combination. The experiment was carried out from March until June 2021; it involved using organic Waste to produce three different composts in their composition. Research has focused on studying the complex interplay between physical, chemical and biological factors that occur during composting and compost quality parameters.
Result: The results showed that composting the organic fraction of Waste reduced its mass by 22% for green Waste, 70% for kitchen waste and 63% for the mixture of the two. The variation of the process monitoring parameters (temperature, humidity, pH) corresponds perfectly to those established in previous studies. Through analysis and the germination test, the result has made it possible to obtain good-quality compost that can be used in agriculture.
Conclusion: The maturity of the composts obtained was checked by the germination test, demonstrating that the highest germination rate was recorded at the level of the soil-compost mixtures, regardless of the type of compost used. However, compost made from kitchen scraps alone has the highest rate. Chemical analyses of the composts confirmed these results, which are acceptable to French standards, given the lack of Algerian standards. This study demonstrates that composting has significantly reduced the Waste mass and obtained good quality compost.
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Ulhasanah, Nova, Mega Mutiara Sari, and Argiffari Akhmad. "The Mascot (Market Waste Composter) for Market Waste of Developing Country—case Study: Jakarta, Indonesia." Journal of Solid Waste Technology and Management 48, no. 3 (August 1, 2022): 443–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5276/jswtm/2022.443.
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The large generation of biodegradable waste in developing countries, such as Indonesia, has made composters one of the best processing solutions. Kebayoran Lama Market, as one of the central markets in Jakarta province, has a high waste generation due to its 24-hour market activities. This study aims to design Mascot, a compact aerobic composter with practical, hygienic, and easy-to-operate characteristics. The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was employed to determine the appropriate material for the composter drum. The parameters measured are physical parameters which are easy to do by the general public. The parameters observed included pH, temperature, material shrinkage, and leachate level. By considering the characteristics of market waste, which has high water content, it was designed to have two main compartments to accommodate compost and leachate. The percentage of compostable volume shrinkage that occurs during the composting process is 61.25%, and the leachate produced is 26.46 liters. The highest temperature of the composting material was 45°C, with a final composting temperature of 31°C. The lowest pH condition occurred 1 day after composting started with a value of 5.5, then the pH value increased gradually until the final composting process (pH 7). The composting process takes 30 days to produce mature compost, while general composting takes 40–60 days to produce mature compost.
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Ujj, Apolka, Kinga Percsi, Andras Beres, Laszlo Aleksza, Fernanda Ramos Diaz, Csaba Gyuricza, and Csaba Fogarassy. "Analysis of Quality of Backyard Compost and Its Potential Utilization as a Circular Bio-Waste Source." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 4392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104392.
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The use and quality analysis of household compost have become very important issues in recent years due to the increasing interest in local food production and safe, self-produced food. The phenomenon was further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic quarantine period, which gave new impetus to the growth of small home gardens. However, the knowledge associated with making high-quality compost is often lacking in home gardeners. Therefore, the objective of this research was to find answers to the following questions: can the quality of backyard compost be considered safe in terms of toxicity and nutrient content? Can weed seed dispersion affect the usability of backyard compost? In general, can the circulation of organic matter be increased with the spread of home composting? In this study, 16 different house composts were analysed for stability, weed seed contamination, toxic elements, and nutrient content using analysis of variance. The results of the research showed that the quality properties of the composts (including their weed seed dispersion effect) were greatly influenced by the different techniques and raw materials used. The toxicity levels, as well as the content of macro and microelements, were within the parameters of safe-quality compost. The specific macronutrient (Ca, Mg) and micronutrient (Fe, Mn) contents of the tested composts have a similar and, in some cases, more favorable nutrient supply capacity in crop production than the frequently-used cow manure-based composts. With a plan of basic education on composting, there is potential to encourage farmyard composting.
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Fatmalia, Enida, and Dini Yuliansari. "Kualitas Kompos dari Sampah Organik Rumah Tangga Menggunakan Variasi Jenis Mikroorganisme Lokal." Bioscientist : Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 10, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/bioscientist.v10i2.6374.
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One of the effects of plant fertility is the addition of compost which contains bioactivators. One of the bioactivators that can be used in the composting process is to use MOL (Local Microorganisms). MOL can be made from various types of organik waste that is around us, such as MOL from Banana Stem, Used/Stale Rice, Used/Rotten Fruits, and can also use EM4 purchased at a farm shop. The different types of MOL materials added to the composting will also affect the quality of the compost produced based on SNI 19-7030-2004. Therefore, it is necessary to test the quality of the compost with the addition of different MOLs. This research is experimental research with a qualitative approach. This research was conducted in the Workshop and STTL Mataram Biology and Chemistry Laboratory. The results showed that the four composts that have been researched, there are several parameters that are still not in accordance with the Good Compost Quality Standards based on SNI 19-7030-2004, included the color parameters in the compost with the addition of MOL. there are leaf pieces that have not been completely decomposed, the chemical parameter of COrganik in the compost with the addition of MOL of used rice that exceeds the maximum level of 32.74%, and the level of C/N-Ratio in the compost with the addition of MOL banana stem which is still below the minimum level of 22,7% only. Compost that has good quality and according with SNI 19-7030-2004 is compost with the addition of MOL from EM4.
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Jerônimo, Guilherme Junqueira, Ana Paula Milla dos Santos Senhuk, Mário Sérgio da Luz, Julio Cesar de Souza Inácio Gonçalves, and Deusmaque Carneiro Ferreira. "Efficiency of biocompost potentiated with chemical fertilizer and facilitated aeration." Ciência e Natura 42 (January 22, 2020): e31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x41908.
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The aims were to reduce composting time, to evaluate the application of produced composts and to size two composting yards (conventional and potentiated). Eight compost heaps with 400 kg of food industry or urban organic waste were built: 1) control; 2) facilitated aeration; 3) potentiated with facilitated aeration and chemical fertilizer; and 4) chemical fertilizer. The analyzed parameters were pH, temperature, humidity and C/N ratio. Compost heap reached stabilization at 90 days without chemical fertilizer and at 25 days when potentiated, regardless of the waste origin. Stabilized composts were applied to lettuce crop under natural conditions and compared with commercial compost. Composts with chemical fertilizer were the most effective in enabling lettuce seedling growth. For medium-sized cities, the conventional composting yard requires 6.58 ha, whereas the potentiated composting yard requires 1.69 ha, considering the recorded stabilization time of 90 and 25 days, respectively. The potentiated composting was the most efficient because its shorter stabilization time, did not require manual turning and produced compost with higher nutrient content. Besides that, requires an area 74.32% smaller than the conventional yard, fact that enables using this process to treat industrial and urban solid organic waste.
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Silva, Adriana Lins, Rita De Cássia Costa Araújo, Marcos Rodrigues, Áurea Izabel Aguiar Fonseca e. Souza, and Wilton Pires da Cruz. "Composting and vermicomposting residues of açaí and babassu for sustainable agriculture in Amazon." Cultura Agronômica: Revista de Ciências Agronômicas 29, no. 2 (July 13, 2020): 217–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32929/2446-8355.2020v29n2p217-231.
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Agroindustrial wastes in southeastern Amazon are abundant and there are policies encouraging proper disposal for such wastes for sustainable agriculture. In this study we compared the chemical parameters of composts resulting from composting and vermicomposting sheep manure added to agroindustrial wastes as a bulking agent. Piles of compost were created using sheep manure, fruit waste, and a bulking agent. The treatments consisted of compost piles of: Tc - sheep manure and fruit pulp; Ta - sheep manure, fruit pulp and triturated açaí seeds; Ts - sheep manure, fruit pulp and sawdust, and Tb - sheep manure, fruit pulp and babassu coconut residue. After 50 days, a fraction of the compost from each pile was transferred to vermireactors to compare processes. At the end of the experiment, samples were taken in triplicate from all treatments in both composting and vermicomposting units for chemical analysis. The assessed variables were daily temperature of compost piles and vermireators, C/N ratio, Volatile solids (VS), total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), boron (Bo). Sawdust-based and babassu-based compost, from composting process, has the lower time for stabilization (about 40 days), pH closer to neutral and more efficient in reducing the C:N ratio than vermicomposts. Vermicomposting process increased the concentration of almost all nutrients in treatments, except for babassu-based compost.
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Zakarya, Irnis Azura, Somendiran Muniandy, Tengku Nuraiti Tengku Izhar, Nor Anis Nadhirah Md Nasir, Muna’amirah Mohamad, and Georgeta Tudor. "Performance On Nitrogen Rich Component for Composting of Food Waste." E3S Web of Conferences 437 (2023): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343704003.
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Nitrogen-rich components are crucial to achieving successful composting. The problem lies in the lack of comprehensive understanding and evaluation of the performance of different nitrogen-rich components used in composting food waste. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of nitrogen-rich components (NRC) (cow dung, tea leaves, and coffee ground) for composting food waste in terms of compost quality (temperature, moisture content, nutrients content, and plant growth height). The materials used in composting are 1kg of NRC, 1kg of black soil, 1kg of rice husk, 2kg of food waste, and 1 L of Takakura EM in every compost bin. A total of 4 composts were examined, such as compost A (cow dung), B (coffee ground), C (tea leaves), and D (blank). During the composting process, all parameters of the compost were examined, and data collected. Firstly, total nitrogen (N) content results for compost A, B, C, and D are 1.2%, 1.6%, 3%, and 0.7%, respectively, whereas total phosphorus (P) content in compost A, B, C, and D is 3.7 mg/L, 3.8 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 3.01 mg/L. Lastly, the potassium (K) content in compost A, B, C, and D is 4.56 mg/L, 4.1 mg/L, 5.13 mg/L, and 4.6 mg/L, respectively. Based on the data analysis, Compost C is the most effective compost compared to other NRC compost.
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Pezzolla, Daniela, Mirko Cucina, Primo Proietti, Roberto Calisti, Luca Regni, and Giovanni Gigliotti. "The Use of New Parameters to Optimize the Composting Process of Different Organic Wastes." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 19, 2021): 2090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102090.
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The correct development of the composting process is essential to obtain a product of high value from organic wastes. Nowadays, some composting mixture parameters (i.e., air-filled porosity, moisture and the C/N ratio) are used to optimize the composting process, but their suitability is still debated because the literature reports contrasting results. This paper aimed to find other parameters that control the correct development of composting. The relationship between these and the compost quality was then verified. Twelve different composting mixtures were prepared using different organic wastes and bulking agents and were aerobically treated in a 300 L composter. The physico-chemical and chemical parameters of initial mixtures were analyzed, with particular regard to the total and water-extractable forms of organic C and N and their ratios and correlated with the temperature measured during composting. A positive correlation between temperature parameters during the active phase and soluble forms of N in the initial mixtures was found. A high total organic C to soluble N ratio in the composting mixtures was correlated with the low quality of the compost produced. Based on the results, a minimum content of WEN (water-extractable N) (0.4% w/w) or a TOC/WEN (total organic C/WEN) ratio in the range of 40–80 was recommended to ensure the correct development of the process and to produce compost of high quality.
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Sowiński, Józef, Anna Jama-Rodzeńska, Peliyagodage Chathura Dineth Perera, Elżbieta Jamroz, and Jakub Bekier. "The changes of willow biomass characteristics during the composting process and their phytotoxicity effect on Sinapis alba L." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): e0275268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0275268.
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This study evaluated in 2019–2021 the use of willow chips for compost production and its effect on Sinapis alba L. germination index and seedling growth. Peatlands and peat are of very important economic but above all environmental significance. The conservation of peatland resources is one of the most crucial future challenges. Composts and other forms of lignin-cellulosic biomass are potentially the best renewable alternative to peat in its economic use. Composted lignin-cellulosic biomass can replace peat and be used as a substrate for vegetable transplant production. The impact of modifying the willow lignin-cellulosic biomass composting process has not been well analysed. A compost experiment with willow biomass was conducted to study its effect on selected compost indexes (particle size structure in %, bulk density (kg m-3), and total nitrogen content). The quality assessment of the willow composts was determined after six months of composting process based on the N content and morphological characteristics of tested plant in vegetative chamber. Sinapis alba L. was germinated on a water extract made from willow compost using the following additives to willow biomasses: W0—without additives, WN—with the addition of nitrogen, WF—with the addition of mycelium, WNF—with the addition of nitrogen and mycelium. During the composting process, samples were taken after each mixing of the biomass pile to assess their maturity through the use of a bioassay. Willow biomass did not have a negative effect on biological evaluation parameters, and in some indicators, such as the length of embryonic roots in the VI period of the measurements, it was stimulating (61–84% longer in W0 and WF than in the control). The addition of nitrogen during the composting process, especially in the initial composting period, had a strong inhibitory effect.
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Hendriani, Nuniek, Sri Rachmania Juliastuti, Hamida Nuur Masetya, and Imam Tianto Aditiyas Saputra. "Composting of Corn By-Product using EM4 and Microorganism Azotobacter sp. as Composting Organism." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i5.988.
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<p>Nowadays the organic compost is very important for farmers because of its environmentally friendly character. However, the production technology of organic compost is not well-known yet for the farmers. This study aimed to utilize corn by-product compost as fertilizer for plants growth. Composting process was accelerated by addition of composting organism called as effective microorganism (EM4) and <em>Azotobacter</em>. Their composition were EM4:<em>Azotobacter</em> 1:1 ; 1:3, EM4 alone, <em>Azotobacter</em> alone and without addition of composting microorganism. The composting process was conducted in a composter for 15 d and mixed three times per day. The process should be carried out under controlled aerobic conditions. The observed parameters were carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphor (P), and potassium (K) content. The parameters was measured before and after composting process. The resulted compost were applied to the growing corns, chilis, and tomatoes as fertilizer. The result showed that the best compost was obtained on 3:1 composition of EM4 : <em>Azotobacter</em>. This composition was able to reduce 0.74 % carbon content, and increase 151.46 %, 147.9 %, and 238.42 % of N, P, K content respectively. Moreover this particular compost was able to bring 3.75 mm corn stem and 1.0 mm corn leaf growth per day, lead to harvesting of two tomatoes and eight chilie</p>
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Correa-Bustos, Amelia, Francesca Berti, María del Carmen Salas-Sanjuán, and María Luz Segura-Pérez. "Characterization of Mixtures of Rugulopteryx okamurae Compost and Plant Residues to Determine the Most Effective Composition as a Substrate and Source of Nutrients." Horticulturae 10, no. 6 (May 28, 2024): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10060567.
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The increasing invasion of Rugulopteryx okamurae algae along the coast of southeastern Spain has prompted efforts to explore its potential as a resource. Consequently, composting this alga is considered a viable solution for agricultural applications. This study investigates the composting process of mixtures of R. okamurae seaweed with plant residues and characterizes the final compost for its use as a substrate and/or source of nutrients to determine the most effective composition of the mixture. The composting process was conducted using varying proportions of seaweed (100%, 30–35%, and 15%) combined with plant residues (from vegetable plants, fruits, and gardens) and included both washed and unwashed seaweed. The first trials revealed challenges associated with Rugulopteryx okamurae, such as a low C/N ratio and algae washing. Consequently, a second trial was conducted to optimize the mixtures, aiming for a C/N ratio close to 30. Additionally, it was decided not to wash the algae to reduce the electrical conductivity (EC) in the mixtures. The findings indicate that the composting process remains unaffected by high electrical conductivity when algae are unwashed. However, washing the algae before composting did affect the compost quality, as the composts with washed algae with garden waste (SwP 34.0 dS m−1) had a lower electrical conductivity (EC) than did the unwashed composts with garden waste (SP 51.6 dS m−1 and SFP 64.9 dS m−1). On the other hand, the compost-only horticultural and garden waste (FHP 43.7 dS m−1) had a high EC; therefore, the EC was not increased with low proportions of unwashed algae, as was seen with the compost with 15% unwashed algae (SFHP 47.6 dS m−1). The other quality parameters were not affected by the absence of algae washing at the beginning of the composting process.
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Sayara, Tahseen, and Antoni Sánchez. "Bioremediation of PAH-Contaminated Soils: Process Enhancement through Composting/Compost." Applied Sciences 10, no. 11 (May 26, 2020): 3684. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10113684.
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Bioremediation of contaminated soils has gained increasing interest in recent years as a low-cost and environmentally friendly technology to clean soils polluted with anthropogenic contaminants. However, some organic pollutants in soil have a low biodegradability or are not bioavailable, which hampers the use of bioremediation for their removal. This is the case of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which normally are stable and hydrophobic chemical structures. In this review, several approaches for the decontamination of PAH-polluted soil are presented and discussed in detail. The use of compost as biostimulation- and bioaugmentation-coupled technologies are described in detail, and some parameters, such as the stability of compost, deserve special attention to obtain better results. Composting as an ex situ technology, with the use of some specific products like surfactants, is also discussed. In summary, the use of compost and composting are promising technologies (in all the approaches presented) for the bioremediation of PAH-contaminated soils.
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Franke-Whittle, Ingrid H., Marina Fernández-Delgado Juárez, Heribert Insam, Simon Schweizer, Andreas Naef, Anne-Rosemarie Topp, Markus Kelderer, et al. "Performance evaluation of locally available composts to reduce replant disease in apple orchards of central Europe." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, no. 6 (February 8, 2018): 543–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000091.
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AbstractA study on locally available composts in Austria, Germany, Italy and Switzerland was conducted to investigate the potential of these non-chemical based tools to increase soil health in orchards afflicted by apple replant disease (ARD). A total of 26 different composts (six to seven per country) were chosen for the study. Composts were divided into ten types according to the waste materials used as substrates in the composting process. Growth reduction is the main symptom associated with replant disease; therefore compost performance was evaluated based on the growth responses of apple rootstock plantlets in compost-amended soils in pots. These greenhouse trials were performed in one research station per country, located in an intensive apple-growing area, and soil was taken from an apple orchard affected by replanting disease. Plant growth response was measured as shoot elongation at the end of each greenhouse trial, and results showed increases in growth compared with the respective controls of 2–26% in 20 out of 26 composts evaluated. The heterogeneous nature of the composts most likely attributed to the finding that similar compost types originating from the different countries had varying effects on plant growth. Overall, no significant changes in chemical and biological properties were observed in amended soils as compared with non-amended controls. The high soil resilience was in part expected given the good organic matter content in the original soils (>2%). The bacterial communities of the composts were investigated using the COMPOCHIP microarray, and analyses showed that differences in plant growth response were mainly attributed to the microbial changes introduced into the soil through composts rather than to changes in soil chemical and biological parameters. However, the bacterial communities of composts appeared to be more influenced by geographical origin than by compost type. The results have shown that soil amendment with composts generated from locally produced wastes have the potential to reduce the effects of ARD, although the effects appear to be both compost and soil specific.
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Khalid, Hira, Amir Ikhlaq, Usman Pervaiz, Young-Min Wie, Eui-Jong Lee, and Kang-Hoon Lee. "Municipal Waste Degradation by Vermicomposting Using a Combination of Eisenia fetida and Lumbricus rubellus Species." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (May 12, 2023): 1370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051370.
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Earthworms have been commonly used for solid waste management by employing the process of vermicomposting. In this study, we used two different types of earthworm for vermicomposting and analyzed their efficacy for plant production in comparison to chemical fertilizer. The worms used for vermicomposting included Eisenia fetida (EF) and Lumbricus rubellus (LR), and we studied compost efficiency for the harvesting of spinach and turnips. The parameters we used to evaluate the performance of the produced compost on crops were variations in sprouting time, harvesting time, plant height, and plant yield. For the production of compost, the waste was collected and degraded in an environment where various parameters, including pH, moisture content, temperature, carbon, and nitrogen, were measured regularly throughout the experiment. The compost obtained from these three setups was used as a fertilizer to grow spinach and turnip. Compost efficiency was compared based on plant yield, plant height, sprouting, and harvesting time. In the case of turnip, the combination worm compost yielded 38% and 58% more than the compost obtained using EF and LR, respectively. For spinach, the EF–LR combined compost gave similar results, 17.4% and 37.9% more yield than the above two worms individually. The study’s results showed that the compost obtained by the combination of worms is more promising than the compost obtained from a single species and applied as fertilizer. Moreover, the comparative evaluation by statistical analysis confirmed that growing spinach by combined compost would be a better option compared to growing turnip, due to higher significant difference in outcome parameters.
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Hsu, J. H., and S. L. Lo. "Recycling of separated pig manure: characterization of maturity and chemical fractionation of elements during composting." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0027.
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Composting of separated pig manure (SPM) was studied to evaluate criteria indicating compost maturity and to determine the effect of composting on the fractionation of trace elements in SPM compost. Composting was performed in turn piles and the following parameters were measured in 10 samples during 122 days of composting: temperature, C/N ratio, ash content, metal contents, humic substance contents, and fractions (humic acid, fulvic acid, and nonhumic fractions - HA, FA, and NHF, respectively). A sequential extraction scheme was used to partition Cu, Mn, and Zn in SPM compost. The C/N ratio and ash content exhibited a typically high rate of change during the first 33 days and levelled off thereafter. The fresh SPM was enriched with Cu, Mn, and Zn due to feed additives. All metal concentrations increased approximately 2.6-fold in the final compost due to decomposition of organic matter. The HA content increased to a maximum at 80 days, representing the degree of humification and maturity of the compost. During the composting process, the major portions of Cu, Mn, and Zn were found in the organic, oxide, and carbonate fractions, respectively. Metal distributions in different chemical fractions were generally independent of composting age and, thus, respective total metal concentrations in the composts.
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Ganjar, Samudro, Syafrudin Syafrudin, Wisnu Wardhana Irawan, Cagayana Cagayana, Ariyanti Meishinta, and Lucitawati Erika. "Effect of Moisture Content on Power Generation in Dual Graphene Anode Compost Solid Phase Microbial Fuel Cells (DGACSMFCs)." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 05004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305004.
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Moisture content which affects the decomposition of organic material is one of composting parameters. The optimum moisture content indicates the higher power generation. This research aims to determine the optimum moisture content toward power density during the composting process in DGACSMFCs. The reactor was designed with dual graphene anode placed on the base and a half of reactor height in 2 L effective volume. Moisture content was varied at 40%; 50%; 60%; with 4 turning frequency, C/N ratio 30:1, and the mixed waste-leaves litter and canteen based food waste, during 23 days of the observation time. Other parameters of the composting process such as pH, temperature, C-Organic, N-Total, P-Total, and K-Total were also observed as control parameters. The result shows that the optimum moisture content is 60% with power density 17.74 mW/m2, and the final compost characteristics are meet the compost requirement based on SNI 19-7030-2004 about the specification of compost from domestic waste..
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Zakarya, Irnis Azura, Siti Noor Baya Khalib, and Norhasykin Mohd Ramzi. "Effect of pH, temperature and moisture content during composting of rice straw burning at different temperature with food waste and effective microorganisms." E3S Web of Conferences 34 (2018): 02019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183402019.
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Rice straw is considered as one of the most important agricultural residues and represented as one of the major by-products from rice production process. Normally, rice straw that produced after harvesting season been directly burned on-farm. Conversion of rice straw into value added compost will improve the productivity of plant, reduction of pollution towards environment and reduction of local pollution due to open burning activity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of composting rice straw ash (RSA) with food waste (FW) and effective microorganisms (EM) in term of the compost quality (pH, temperature, moisture content). RSA was prepared by burning the raw rice straw at three different temperature of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C for one hour. EM used during the composting process was prepared by mixing of brown sugar, ‘tempe’ and water that can be used after one week of fermentation process. There are four treatments of RSA-compost; RSA (300°C), RSA (400°C), RSA (500°C) and control (raw rice straw) with the same amount of compost medium; 1kg black soil, 0.5kg RSA, 3L EM and 1kg FW. The composting process happens for 30 days. During the composting process, all the parameters of RSA-compost obtained in a range like; pH value 8-10, temperature 20-50°C and moisture content 40-60%. The result showed that all compost quality of rice straw ash compost obtained in an acceptable range for final compost to establish.
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Singh, Randhir, Jinkyung Kim, Marion W. Shepherd, Feng Luo, and Xiuping Jiang. "Determining Thermal Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Fresh Compost by Simulating Early Phases of the Composting Process." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 12 (April 15, 2011): 4126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02873-10.
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ABSTRACTA three-strain mixture ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 was inoculated into fresh dairy compost (ca. 107CFU/g) with 40 or 50% moisture and was placed in an environmental chamber (ca. 70% humidity) that was programmed to ramp from room temperature to selected composting temperatures in 2 and 5 days to simulate the early composting phase. The survivingE. coliO157:H7 population was analyzed by direct plating and enrichment. Optimal and suboptimal compost mixes, with carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 25:1 and 16:1, respectively, were compared in this study. In the optimal compost mix,E. coliO157:H7 survived for 72, 48, and 24 h in compost with 40% moisture and for 72, 24, and 24 h with 50% moisture at 50, 55, and 60°C, respectively, following 2 days of come-up time (rate of heating up). However, in the suboptimal compost mix, the pathogen survived for 288, 72, and 48 h in compost with 40% moisture and for 240, 72, 24 h in compost with 50% moisture at the same temperatures, respectively. Pathogen survival was longer, with 5 days of come-up time compared with 2 days of come-up. Overall,E. coliO157:H7 was inactivated faster in the compost with 50% moisture than in the compost with 40% at 55 and 60°C. Both moisture and come-up time were significant factors affecting Weibull model parameters. Our results suggest that slow come-up time at the beginning of composting can extend pathogen survival during composting. Additionally, both the C/N ratio and the initial moisture level in the compost mix affect the rate of pathogen inactivation as well.
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Simonič, Marjana, Mirjana Čurlin, and Lidija Fras Zemljič. "Analysis of electrocoagulation process efficiency of compost leachate with the first order kinetic model." Holistic approach to environment 10, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33765/thate.10.2.2.
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Large quantities of leachate are generated from the water release during the decomposition of the biodegradable waste. The composition of compost leachate is very complex and its treatment is necessary before releasing into the environment. The possibilities of treating compost leachate by electrocoagulation have been extensively studied. The scope of this work was to investigate applicability of the first order kinetic model for degradation of metal and organic compounds from compost leachate by electrocoagulation process. Experimental results showed 75 % removal efficiency of Cu2+ and 65 % of Zn2+, while chemical oxygen demand was reduced by 36 %. According to obtained kinetic parameters, simulation of metal removal efficiency was performed in batch reactor. This way optimal electrocoagulation time which is needed for 95 % efficiency of metal removal was determined at 120th min for Zn2+ and 102nd min for Cu2+.
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Dazzi, Juliana Glicerio, Poliana Daré Zampirolli Pires, Adriana Márcia Nicolau Korres, Wanda Maria Risso Günther, Fernando Servare Dadalto, and Jacqueline Rogéria Bringhenti. "Comparative evaluation of performance and usability of small-scale household composting with different geometric models." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 56, no. 1 (2020): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2176-947820200757.
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The evaluation of layout influence on the operational performance and usability of small-scale composters contributes to produce compact solutions with simplified operation and sanitary safety, suitable for reduced spaces and continued use. This study aims to report the influence of different designs on the composting process and the usability of compost bins. Five composters of similar scale (3 liters) and different geometric shapes were designed, manufactured, and tested. Bench tests were carried out for 60 days, and physical, chemical, and sanitary parameters were monitored, as well as the quality of the compost, according to agronomic parameters. The composters were filled with the same proportions of organic res-idues (food residues, dry leaves, and lawn trimming) to obtain the ideal C:N ratio. Three ge-ometrical layouts were tested concerning usability (hexagonal prism, cube, and parallelepi-ped) by volunteers for 50 days. The performed tests associated with the statistical treatment of results showed that the geometry of the prototypes interfered with the quality of the final compost and the composter operation. The hexagonal prism and the cube showed greater us-ability. The results represent a significant contribution to the advancement of solutions in decentralized composting.
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Dazzi, Juliana Glicerio, Poliana Daré Zampirolli Pires, Adriana Márcia Nicolau Korres, Wanda Maria Risso Günther, Fernando Servare Dadalto, and Jacqueline Rogéria Bringhenti. "Comparative evaluation of performance and usability of small-scale household composting with different geometric models." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais (Online) 56, no. 1 (2020): 180–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/2176-947820200757.
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The evaluation of layout influence on the operational performance and usability of small-scale composters contributes to produce compact solutions with simplified operation and sanitary safety, suitable for reduced spaces and continued use. This study aims to report the influence of different designs on the composting process and the usability of compost bins. Five composters of similar scale (3 liters) and different geometric shapes were designed, manufactured, and tested. Bench tests were carried out for 60 days, and physical, chemical, and sanitary parameters were monitored, as well as the quality of the compost, according to agronomic parameters. The composters were filled with the same proportions of organic res-idues (food residues, dry leaves, and lawn trimming) to obtain the ideal C:N ratio. Three ge-ometrical layouts were tested concerning usability (hexagonal prism, cube, and parallelepi-ped) by volunteers for 50 days. The performed tests associated with the statistical treatment of results showed that the geometry of the prototypes interfered with the quality of the final compost and the composter operation. The hexagonal prism and the cube showed greater us-ability. The results represent a significant contribution to the advancement of solutions in decentralized composting.
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Ruslinda, Yenni, Rizki Aziz, and Lutfina Lutfina. "Pengaruh Penambahan Serpihan Kayu terhadap Kualitas Kompos Sampah Organik Sejenis dalam Komposter Rumah Tangga." Jurnal Dampak 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/dampak.14.1.13-22.2017.
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One way to improve compost quality of typical organic waste is by addition of additive such as wood chips. This study aims to analyze the impact of the wood chips addition (ratio 1:10) on compost quality of typical organic waste (fruits, vegetables, yard waste, and food waste) in home composter, and to compare the compost quality with the standard of domestic compost according SNI 19-7030-2004. Analysis was conducted on composts raw material, compost maturity process in every 5 days measurement, and on compost product. Analysis of compost product of typical organic waste with addition of wood chips showed that parameters of temperature, moisture content, and pH of vegetables and yard waste has complied the standard whilst parameter of C/N ratio has not complied. The addition of wood chips caused the drop of compost temperature and moisture content, resulted in the decomposition process located in aerobic condition, resulted in production of compost in form of humus in greater volume. The addition of wood chips also caused the compost pH and C/N ratio increased.Keywords: compost quality, home composter, typical organic waste, wood chipsAbstrakSalah satu upaya untuk memperbaiki kualitas kompos sampah organik adalah dengan penambahan bahan aditif, seperti serpihan kayu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penambahan serpihan kayu (perbandingan 1:10) terhadap kualitas kompos sampah organik sejenis (buahan, sayuran, halaman dan sisa makanan) dalam komposter rumah tangga dan membandingkan kualitas akhir kompos ini dengan kualitas kompos sampah domestik menurut SNI 19-7030-2004. Analisis dilakukan terhadap bahan dasar kompos, proses kematangan dengan pengukuran setiap lima hari sekali, dan kualitas akhir kompos. Dari analisis akhir kualitas kompos sampah organik sejenis dengan penambahan serpihan kayu, parameter yang telah memenuhi standar adalah temperatur, kelembapan, pH untuk sampah sayuran dan sampah halaman, sedangkan untuk parameter rasio C/N belum memenuhi standar. Penambahan serpihan kayu menyebabkan temperatur dan kelembaban kompos menurun, sehingga proses dekomposisi berada pada suasana aerobik, yang menghasilkan kompos dalam bentuk humus dengan volume yang lebih banyak. Penambahan serpihan kayu juga meningkatkan pH dan rasio C/N kompos. Kata kunci: komposter rumah tangga, kualitas kompos, sampah organik sejenis, serpihan kayu
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Niu, Jun Ling, and Jun Hui He. "Study on the Enzyme Activity Change during the Aerobic Composting Process of Sewage Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (June 2014): 706–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.706.
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Compost is widely used for treating urban garbage and sewage sludge. The enzyme activity is one of the important parameters of microbial quantity and its activity intensity change in the composting process, and all of the biochemical reactions during the composting process are carried out with the enzymes involving. The composting progress and the material change are directly reflected by the enzyme activity. In Zhengzhou Bagang sludge disposal plant, sludge was mixed with straw to compost together and with the technology of high temperature solid state aerobic slot for sludge treatment. This study was done to research the tendency of peroxide enzyme activity, cellulose enzyme activity, pH, conductivity, moisture content in the process of compost. The result showed that at the beginning of the compost, cellulase activity increased first and then decreased gradually and tended to be stable. The catalase activity was higher at the beginning of the compost and at the period of temperature raising it was stable basically, then decreases quickly and after that it maintain on the lower level. The moisture content declined gradually during the composting process, and in the period of high temperature there are more moisture loss. PH increased at first, and with the temperature raised to high the pH decreased gradually and tended to be stable. Conductivity increased first, then decreased gradually to steady.
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Kupich, Iwona, and Magdalena Madeła. "Determining the possibility of using selected composts to remove aqueous solutions from zinc ions in concentrations of up to 1000 mg.L-1." E3S Web of Conferences 86 (2019): 00025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20198600025.
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The high sorption capacity of compost indicates that it can be a cheap alternative to the currently used sorbents, also in the case of heavy metals. The sorption of zinc from aqueous solutions with the use of the selected compost types not meeting standards was carried out in accordance with the batch method in the constant contact conditions of a liquid (100 mL) and a solid (5,0 g) when the concentrations of Zn2+ were 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg·L-1. The efficiency of the process decreased with an increasing Zn2+ concentration and was strongly dependent on the quality of the compost and the composition of the initial compost mixture. For the highest concentration of zinc, the best efficiency (nearly 70%) was obtained in case of the commercial compost, while the lowest one (only 25%) in the case of the compost made only from green waste and prepared in a garden compost bin. The experimental results were described using the Freundlich isotherms and the obtained equation parameters show the adsorption process. It was found that compost can serve as an efficient sorbent with regard to zinc ions.
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Nagar, Ritu, Anurag Titov, and Praveesh Bhati. "Study of Changes in Physical Parameters of compost and vermicompost of Eucalyptus leaf litters." Advanced Journal of Graduate Research 4, no. 1 (April 4, 2018): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/ajgr.4.1.34-40.
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Vermicompost and compost of leaf litter of Eucalyptus was studied in plastic bins in duplicate sets with two different proportions (100 % and 50 %). For vermicompost experiments, epigeic earthworm species Eisenia foetida and Eudrilus eugeniae were employed at 10-10 numbers each per vermicompost bins. Cattle dung was taken as control. During the entire process physical factors viz. temperature, pH, moisture content and biomass were measured and compaired. The results were reveal that initial temperature was 35°C ± 2°C in both vermicompost and compost leaf litter and after several weeks, it was set at minimum level. In 50 % leaf litter temperature was 2-3°C higher than 100 % leaf litter. pH of both vermicompost and compost mixtures were acidic in beginning phase while set at alkaline at final stage. Vermicompost had lower pH than compost. Moisture content of leaf litter also decreased in initial phase due to generation of metabolic heat but at later phase it was increased due to decreasing of metabolic heat. More changed was seen in 100 % leaf litter followed by 50 % and then cattle dung. Biomass of leaf litter was more decreased in 100 % waste then 50 % and cattle dung.
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Sukmawati, Fitria Nugraheni, Afifah Irna, Yudhi Pramudya, Sukarji Sukarji, Saktiyono Sigit Tri Pamungkas, Ali Rahmat, Zuhud Rozaki, and Farrah Fadhillah Hanum. "Quality analysis of coffee waste compost with the addition of cassava tapai local microorganism (LMO) bioactivator." Applied Research in Science and Technology 3, no. 2 (February 3, 2024): 72–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.33292/areste.v3i2.46.
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Coffee waste contains a large amount of nutrients, making it a potential raw material for compost fertilizer. The nutrients contained in coffee waste include N, P, K, Mg, and Ca. Utilization of coffee waste as compost requires bioactivators to accelerate the decomposition process. This study aims to determine the difference in compost quality from coffee waste by using bioactivators in the form of local microorganisms (LMO) of cassava tapai. This study was conducted from April to May 2023 at the greenhouse of LPP Polytechnic Yogyakarta, consisting of two stages: making the LMO and making the compost. Cassava tapai LMO was prepared as a treatment for composting coffee waste. Each treatment was repeated three times. After that, the fermentation results in the form of compost were tested, then the results were compared with the standards of the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture No. 261/KPTS/SR.310/M/4/2019 on the minimum technical requirements for organic fertilizers, biological fertilizers, and soil conditioners. The results reveal that the provision of cassava tapai LMO bioactivator affected the quality of coffee waste compost produced. The quality of composts produced from control, cassava tapai LMO of 90 ml, and EM-4 treatment does not meet the standards of the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture in the parameter of chemical properties, namely the C/N ratio. The quality of compost produced from cassava tapai LMO of 120 ml meets the standards of the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture and SNI 2004 in all parameters of physical properties, chemical properties, and nutrient content.
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Stunžėnas, Edgaras, Irina Kliopova, Daina Kliaugaitė, and Rimas Pranas Budrys. "Industrial Symbiosis for Optimal Bio-Waste Management and Production of a Higher Value-Added Product." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 2228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122228.
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A considerable amount of food waste ends up in centralized treatment plants due to the lack of preventive measures, resulting in significant environmental impacts. Hospitality food waste management is even more resource-intensive because of animal by-products regulation. According to this regulation, companies must store and then consign waste to specific waste managers. The extensive need for transportation of high-moisture-content materials is the leading cause of the impact. Moreover, the management of category III animal by-products is costly for companies. A previous study has shown the economic benefits of decentralized animal by-product treatment by intensive composting in catering companies. Although the produced compost was characterized by exceptional quality parameters, it was phytotoxic. The investigation of hospitality waste management is scarcely discussed among scholars, and waste management on a regional scale is nearly absent. This study examines the regional management of hospitality food waste by exploiting the municipal waste management infrastructure and intensive composting at the source. The co-maturation experiment with animal by-products and municipal green waste primary composts showed that the phytotoxicity parameters of the cured compost were in the optimal range or below the thresholds (conductivity (1.1 mS cm−1), dissolved organic carbon (82 mg kg−1), and NH4+/NO3− ratio (0.0027)). Additionally, the amounts of total nitrogen, water-soluble nitrogen, and water-soluble phosphorus in the compost were rated as very high. Finally, inventory and environmental impact analysis of the current and planned management approaches showed a reduction in 12 of 18 impact categories.
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Rizzo, Pedro F., María C. Salinas, Virginia Della Della Torre, Juan P. Diez, Leonardo F. Sallesses, Nicolás I. Riera, Pablo S. Pathauer, Dimitrios Komilis, and Antoni Sánchez. "Effect of Poultry Manure-Derived Compost on the Growth of eucalypts spp. Hybrid Clones." Processes 10, no. 11 (October 25, 2022): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10112182.
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Interspecific hybrids of E. grandis × E. camaldulensis were generated to widen the plantation area. The aim of this study was to assess root capability and development for six different clones of eucalyptus grown in substrates made with three different composts derived from poultry manure. A factorial design was used to assess the effect of different composts on six growth variables. The analysis detected a greater effect from the genotype than the substrate. E. grandis × E. camaldulensis hybrid vegetative propagation was successful in alternative substrates formulated from composted poultry manure. GC8 was the genotype that showed the greatest differences for four the different variables among the substrates, being both the most sensitive and the one with the highest values for all parameters measured. The hybrids' vegetative propagation was determined in alternative substrates formulated from poultry manure compost. The physicochemical characteristics of substrates composed of pine bark and sawdust provided adequate conditions for the growth of eucalyptus. GC8 was the genotype most sensitive to the use of different substrates, showing significant differences in the ratio of roots/callus, radicular dry weight, and cutting dry weight. These clones might be a good option for evaluating compost-based substrates for forestry applications.
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Sluková, Melissa, and František Dzianik. "Process Parameters and Conditions of Intensified Composting of Kitchen Biowaste." Strojnícky časopis - Journal of Mechanical Engineering 73, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scjme-2023-0030.
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Abstract Composting is one of the efficient and effective methods of disposal and recovery of biodegradable waste. A favorable and intensified course of the composting process can be achieved by optimal composition of the composted material (moisture, content of organic substances and nutrients, C:N ratio, etc.), and also by optimizing the conditions under which composting takes place (temperature, pH, structure and aeration of the material, etc.). The paper contains a methodology for calculating the composition of composted material and also a methodology for solving the forced aeration process of composted material. More specifically, some process parameters of the intensified composting of a defined amount of kitchen biowaste, taking place in closed composting reactors, are presented and analyzed. Using the material balance of the composting process, the connections between the desired composition of the matured compost, the composition of the composted material and the conditions under which the composting takes place are pointed out. The specified connections enable the composting process to be optimized appropriately.
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Wasis, Basuki, and Amriliadi Bintang Sopandi. "Pertumbuhan Bibit Trembesi (Samanea saman Merr.) Pada Media Tailing Dengan Penambahan Arang Sekam Dan Pupuk Kompos." Journal of Tropical Silviculture 12, no. 3 (December 31, 2021): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/j-siltrop.12.3.194-200.
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Gold mining is a kind of open pit mines that produce waste in the form of toxic tailings. Before being returned to the environment, tailings should be through the treatment process to eliminate chemical properties that are harmful. After missing the toxicity of the tailings can be returned to the environment, but this type of land is not good for plant growth. Therefore require additional treatment so that plants can grow on media tailing. One way is by adding organic matter such as husk and compost. Besides the selection of plants also need to be considered, the type of plants that should be planted is the kind of fast growing species like trembesi (Samanea saman Merr). This study aims to examine the provision of husk and compost on the growth of trembesi seeds in the tailing media. The experimental design used in this study is completely randomized factorial design with two factors, namely husk and compost. The result showed that administration of husk and compost singly no real effect on all parameters observed. Interaction addition of these two factors was not significant on height and diameter parameters, but the real effect on the parameters of total wet weight and total dry weight.
Keywords: compost, husk, open pit mining, tailing, trembesi
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Babu, Sri G. Nani. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOST BY PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF ORGANIC MATTER WITH DAIRY SLUDGE." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, no. 05 (May 21, 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem34389.
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Organic wastes are wastes that are easily biodegradable. These wastes are produced from many sources such as agricultural waste, market waste, kitchen waste, urban solid food wastes and municipal solid waste. The main objective of the present study is to decompose the organic matter along with dairy sludge with different ratios through the Aerobic composting process, analyze the various controlling parameters during the process, test the physicochemical parameters of finished compost and compare it with the standards prescribed by AP Horticulture Department and to pick optimum dairy sludge and vegetative matter ratio and the benefits of this project were also discussed. In this study dairy sludge along with organic matter in four different ratios like 100% vegetative matter,40:60, 50:50, 60:40 was mixed for 15 days and allowed to decomposed for 45 more days and the finished compost physicochemical parameters were analyzed. Results from this study were compared with standards set for compost by AP horticulture department and the results of this study have met Standards fixed by Horticulture department. Although all the compost samples satisfied the required standards fixed by AP Horticulture department in terms of all physicochemical parameters sample 3 is found to best with dairy sludge to vegetative matter ratio of 50:50 was found to be best with Moisture content 20.91%, pH 7.4, EC 3.5dsm-1, Organic Carbon 22%, Nitrogen 1.6%, Phosphorus 0.78%, Potassium 0.91%, C:N ratio 13.75:1, Zinc 67.8 ppm, Iron 1420 ppm, Copper 14.20 ppm, and Manganese 31 ppm. In Sangam dairy an average of 600 KLD Wastewater was treated per day with assumed consistency of sludge as 1% and 120 mg/L suspended solids present in Wastewater and thereby leading to annual generation of 1248 ton of compost which generates an annual revenue of 62,40,000/- and an annual profit of about 50 lakhs excluding construction operation and maintenance costs. Key Words: biodegradable, Wastewater, compost, sludge
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Indrayani Br Sinuraya, Liberty, A. Sadeli, and Hasnudi. "Effect of Fermentation Duration and Dosage of EM4 on Maturity Level and Quality of Fermented Compost Fertilizer." Jurnal Peternakan Integratif 10, no. 01 (July 31, 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jpi.v10i01.8697.
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Livestock waste often causes pollution around the cage. Processing of livestock waste such as compost can be used as fertilizer for plants with good enough nutrient content given to plants. In order to produce good compost, it require a fermentation process. One way that is rarely used to determine the maturity level of compost is by measuring the carbon dioxide gas content in fermented compost. Measurement of carbon dioxide gas can be done using a tool in the form of a carbon dioxide sensor. The research design used was a 7 x 3 randomized block design with 2 replications, while the parameters studied were N, P, K, Moisture Content, pH, Temperature, C/N, Carbon Dioxide.
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Pandit, Dr Bashir Ahmad. "Characterization of Leachate and Evaluation of Groundwater Pollution in the Vicinity of the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill in Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 1 (January 31, 2024): 1391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.58183.
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Abstract: The most popular way for disposing of municipal solid waste (MSW) throughout India, including Kashmir, is through landfills. However, the discharge of leachate from these facilities has seriously contaminated groundwater. An evaluation was conducted on the groundwater quality near the Srinagar landfill site (Achan). In order to investigate the potential effects of leachate percolation on groundwater quality, samples of leachate and groundwater were taken from the Srinagar dump site and its surrounding areas. Groundwater and leachate samples were used to measure the concentration of various physio-chemical parameters (pH, EC, TDS, COD, BOD, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, PO43-, Phenol), as well as microbiological parameters (total coliform and faecal coliform) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Hg). The relatively elevated levels of NH4+, EC, TDS, BOD, phenol, Cd, and Mg, Cr were above the limits of Indian standard and WHO for drinking water. In addition to this , these also represent heavy pollutant indicators as per the Single Point Pollution Index as well by the Nemero index, as these elements crossed the upper most limit for both these pollution indeces. Assessing the water contamination in depth and distance wise, closer to landfill and shallow wells were characterized as the most polluted and had some additive contaminants ( Cl- ,SO4, Ca , Ni ). This is an indication of pollution transfer and the leachate movement. The presence of total coliform and faecal coliform although in small counts warns for the groundwater quality and thus renders the associated aquifer unreliable for domestic water supply. There is no natural or other possible reason for high concentration of these pollutants, thus it can be concluded that leachate has significant impact on groundwater quality in the area. In the present study, also an attempt has been made to investigate physico-chemical properties, fertilizing potential and heavy metal polluting potentials of the three types of composts including municipal soild waste compost, green waste compost and mixed waste compost. Each of these types were given a treatment with effective micro organisms (EM) to understand the quality of compost so formed by the composting process by its analysis (Laboratory as well as statistical) and the quality of composts was found out using Quality control Indices such as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index. Parameters like, pH, EC, TOC, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, total potassium, C/N ratio, and heavy metals like zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, and chromium were analyzed and it was found that all the parameters were within the permissible limits prescribed by FCO-2000. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for the samples and it was found that proper segregation of the solid waste is important from composting point of view because mixed waste affects the quality of compost. From the calculated values for the compost prepared from untreated MSW, FI (3.40) and CI (2.8), for the treated MSW Compost, FI as 3.47 and CI as 3.0, for the untreated mixed waste FI (3.27) and CI (3.0) and for the treated mixed waste FI (3.47), CI (3.2) The determined values indicates that all these compost types belongs to marketable Class D (medium fertilizing potential and medium heavy metal content).The fertility index value was estimated as 2.0 and the Clean Index value as 3.06 for the untreated green waste while for treated green waste FI(2.73) and CI(3.7), which indicates that both compost types belongs to restricted use Class RU-1 (Should not be allowed to market due to low fertilizing potential. However, these can be used as soil conditioner)
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Antonius, Sarjiya, Tirta Kumala Dewi, and M. Osaki. "THE SYNERGY OF BIOCHAR, COMPOST AND BIOFERTILIZER FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.247.
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<p>To initiate the decomposition process need decomposer inoculants and an easily available nutrient as C sources (sugar, carbohydrate) and N sources (protein, N inorganic fertilizer). Fresh organic materials are suitable sources for all nutrient needed. Cattle manure or Urea is important N sources for the initiation of composting process. Charcoal – Ash is referring the entire remnants of a wood/bamboo burning fire. In reality, what remains after a typical fire in a bamboo or wood burning stove or fireplace is both ash and charcoal. Both ash and charcoal can offer tremendous benefits to the compost and garden soil. In order to enhance the decomposition processes and its quality of compost, addition of other valuable materials are necessary. Therefore preliminary study of synergy of biochar for composting was conducted. The field experiments were conducted in Terantang village, Sampit-Central Kalimantan and laboratory analysis were conducted in the laboratory of ecology and physiology of microorganisms, Reserach Center for Biology Cibinong. The parameters measured were the number of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria after composting and the C/N ratio of the compost. Those all parameters were compared with natural composting (control). The significant higher number of PGPR and better quality of final compost of treated biochar were observed. In this paper, more detail the effect of biochar on composting, its quality of compost and their effect on sorghum nursery will be discussed. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: biochar, compost, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, sorghum</p>
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Tannouri, Abdo, Ziad Rizk, Marina Daccache, Chantal Ghanem, Valérie Azzi, Richard G. Maroun, Zeina Hobaika, and Dominique Salameh. "Study of Raw Material Pretreatment and the Microbiota Selection Effect on the Composting Process Efficiency." Agronomy 13, no. 8 (August 2, 2023): 2048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13082048.
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Lignocellulosic is a carbon source biomass composed of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, which are strongly associated with each other. This fact makes them hardly degradable by produced microbial enzymes when introduced to compost piles. To address this problem, a primary single or combined pretreatment method of this biomass allows for the separation of these complex, interlinked fractions, allowing a better accessibility for microbial enzymes. However, the rugged lignin component, in addition to several produced by products from these pretreatments, inhibit the microbial activity. For this, the optimization of these treatments with other interfering parameters is the base for a successful composting process. In this work, nine compost piles were initiated, in which their lignocellulosic fraction was subjected to chemical and microbiological treatments alone or combined while preserving a control. The obtained results showed that the combined pre-treatment of the primary organic raw materials with 10% NaOH and adapted microbial inoculum at 2.5% was the best suited for compost piles in Mediterranean regions. This treatment ensured the quickening of the composting process by 15 days, while yielding a final compost of a higher quality in regard to its physic-chemical characteristics, especially its C:N and CC values. Furthermore, it ensured a higher sanitation through the elimination of different microbial pathogens from the final compost, by means of the secondary metabolites produced by the microbial adapted consortia. This ‘tailor-made’ process could be replicated for the treatment of other generated sources of organic raw materials within the Mediterranean region.