Journal articles: 'Composition of solution'

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Pool, Merel B. F., Tim L. Hamelink, Harry van Goor, Marius C. van den Heuvel, Henri G. D. Leuvenink, and Cyril Moers. "Prolonged ex-vivo normothermic kidney perfusion: The impact of perfusate composition." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): e0251595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251595.

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Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of donor kidneys provides the opportunity for improved graft preservation and objective pre-transplant ex-vivo organ assessment. Currently, a multitude of perfusion solutions exist for renal NMP. This study aimed to evaluate four different perfusion solutions side-by-side and determine the influence of different perfusate compositions on measured renal perfusion parameters. Porcine kidneys and blood were obtained from a slaughterhouse. Kidneys underwent NMP at 37°C for 7 hours, with 4 different perfusion solutions (n = 5 per group). Group 1 consisted of red blood cells (RBCs) and a perfusion solution based on Williams’ Medium E. Group 2 consisted of RBCs, albumin and a balanced electrolyte composition. Group 3 contained RBCs and a medium based on a British clinical NMP solution. Group 4 contained RBCs and a medium used in 24-hour perfusion experiments. NMP flow patterns for solutions 1 and 2 were similar, solutions 3 and 4 showed lower but more stable flow rates. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly higher in solution 1 and 4 compared to the other groups. Levels of injury marker N-acetyl-β-D glucosaminidase were significantly lower in solution 2 in comparison with solution 3 and 4. This study illustrates that the perfusate composition during NMP significantly impacts the measured perfusion and injury parameters and thus affects the interpretation of potential viability markers. Further research is required to investigate the individual influences of principal perfusate components to determine the most optimal conditions during NMP and eventually develop universal organ assessment criteria.

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Mo, Tong, Jingmin Xu, Zhongjie Wang, Yufei Ma, Heyuan Huang, Yuan Wang, Ying Liu, Jun Zhu, and Xiaofei Xu. "Service Composition Based Software Solution Design." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 1, no. 2 (April 2010): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2010040102.

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Service composition and Web mash-up are promising for meeting specific business requirements by integrating multiple distributed services and SaaS (Software as a Service) has become a popular way of software development and delivery paradigm. An application that meets the business challenges the customer faces in managing its supply chain by integrating two existing SaaS offerings into a newly developed technology presented to validate the service composition technologies. This paper contributes with a practice of a light weight approach of the problems that are inevitable in SaaS integration such as data synchronization, process control, and identification. The purpose of this paper tries to provide a reference for researchers and engineers in this domain.

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Omrani, H., R. Welter, and R. Vangelisti. "The solid solution of composition K2PdBr2.24Cl1.76." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 55, no. 12 (December 15, 1999): 1970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270199011725.

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Tan, Lianjiang, Ajun Wan, and Ding Pan. "Viscoelasticity of concentrated polyacrylonitrile solutions: effects of solution composition and temperature." Polymer International 60, no. 7 (March 2, 2011): 1047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.3041.

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Eveleva, V. V., Т. М. Cherpalova, and Е. А. Shipovskaya. "SURFACE ACTIVITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS WITH A POLYMER-CONTAINING INGREDIENT." Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2018/2/56-58.

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Salad shelf life can be extended by treating fresh-cut vegetables and mayonnaise with antimicrobial solutions. The efficacy of such solutions depends on surface wettability of salad components. Effect of polyvinyl pyrrolidone forming part antimicrobial solutions on interfacial tension decrease is studied in the paper. Salts of lactic acid, acetic and propionic acids and “Polydon-A” form part of such solutions. “Polydon-A” polymer agent has the following physical-chemical characteristics: basic substance mass fraction (polyvinyl pirrolidone) is 12.0%, pH of 10% solution is 7.0, viscosity is 4016 mPa x s. The following properties are basic for antimicrobial compositions: active acidity is between 5.7 and 6.0 units, titratable acidity is between 37 and 47 deg., polyvinyl pirrolidone mass fraction is between 0.1% - 2.4%. Fixed regularities of how surface and interfacial tension of composition solutions change depending on the solution composition and concentration are given in the article. It was found the solutions surface activity increases when polyvinyl pirrolidone mass fraction in their composition decreases. At this, solutions with the minimum polyvinyl pirrolidone mass fraction have the lowest interfacial tension. The obtained results show surface components of salads demonstrate wetting effect and deep penetration of the offered microbial solutions into component pores. These characteristics provide the developed compositions with flexibility and promising future for their wide application in salad production.

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Loganina, Valentina, and Maria V. Zaytseva. "Compositions for Limestone Restoration." Key Engineering Materials 909 (February 4, 2022): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-a554k3.

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Information about the lime composition used for the restoration of limestone is given. To develop a repair composition, a polysilicate solution was used. It has been established that polysilicate solutions contain a monomer, oligomer and polymeric varieties of silica. It was found by the molybdate method that the content of the polymeric form of silica γ-SiO2 in the polysilicate solution is 15–19.93%, depending on the content of the silica sol. This composition of the polysilicate solution contributes to the manifestation of the high reactivity of silica. The technology for carrying out restoration work involves the application of a primer layer - liquid glass, followed by the application of a calcium chloride solution. After 20-30 minutes after applying the primer, it is possible to apply the repair composition with a spatula. It is shown that the use of a polysilicate solution in the formulation of a lime composition helps to increase the water resistance, adhesion strength of the composition to the base, and accelerates curing.

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Protodyakonova, N. A., A. V. Stepanov, A. M. Timofeev, A. V. Malyshev, O. N. Kravtsova, and N. I. Tappyrova. "Influence of Soil Salinity on Pore Water Phase Composition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 4 (February 1, 2022): 042009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/4/042009.

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Abstract In areas of intensive construction on the Arctic coast, river valleys of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) non-freezing taliks with a high concentration of pore solution (cryopegs) are found in the strata of permafrost soils. N. P. Anisimova made a great contribution to the study of the cryopegsformation in the cryolithozone [1]. For solutions of any composition, it is established [2] that there is a general dependence of the relative freezing temperature on the relative concentration of the solution. It has also been established that the effect of dissolved salts is additive. The freezing temperature of the solution in the pores of dispersed media is affected, in addition to the concentration and composition of the solution the adsorption capacity of the material in relation to the components of the solution.

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Yanchus, Viktor Edmundasovich, Ekaterina Vladislavovna Borevich, and Anastasiya Artemovna Avdeeva. "The use of eye tracking technologies in studying perception of graphic information perception." Программные системы и вычислительные методы, no. 1 (January 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0714.2021.1.33378.

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The scientific research related to the use of eye tracking technologies are currently of particular relevance. A substantial area of scientific knowledge, in which it is feasible to use eye tracking technologies, is associated with the study of perception of visual information. One of the trends of such research is the examination of the impact of compositional construction of visual image upon its perception by the viewer. The object of this research is elements of graphic composition (stylistic and color solutions). The subject is the methods and algorithms for digital processing of graphic material. The article employs the computational methods of color correction, eye tracking technology, expert assessment, statistical processing of the obtained experimental data. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the development of methodology of preparing and conducting computational experiments for the impact of the stylistic solution of graphic composition upon its perception by the viewer. The technique developed by the authors has proven itself in carrying out the experiments for studying the effect of color solution of the frame upon its perception by the viewer. The study revealed the statistical significance of the impact of stylistic solution of graphic composition upon viewer’s perception. The hypothesis that abstract graphic compositions are difficult for viewer’s perception was statistically proven. The acquired results can be used in constructing complex graphic images, which require the speed of information perception to view them.

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Benmoussa, Mohamed, and Laurent Gauthier. "Computer-based System for Dynamic Control of Greenhouse Tomato Grown in NFT System." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 847F—847. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.847f.

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To achieve high yield and better quality of soilless greenhouse tomato, it is necessary to keep the nutrient concentrations in the root environment at the target levels. Dynamic control of the nutrient solution composition can be used for this purpose. We developed a computer program that dynamically adjusts nutrient solution compositions based on various climatic and agronomic characteristics. The program integrates nutrient uptake and crop transpiration models and is part of a general-purpose greenhouse management and control software system developed at Laval University (GX). The architecture of the system and some simulation results comparing the effect of various control scenarios on the evolution of the composition of nutrient solutions are presented.

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Sadeghi, Rahmat. "Modification of the NRTL and Wilson models for the representation of phase equilibrium behavior of aqueous amino acid – electrolyte solutions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-166.

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The extended NRTL and Wilson local composition models for amino acid solutions have been modified for the representation of the phase equilibrium behavior of aqueous amino acid – electrolyte solutions by considering cells with random composition for the reference Gibbs energies or enthalpies of local composition cells with a central amino acid molecule and also with a central ion. These new local composition models, which have a molecular thermodynamic framework, have been used to model the vapor–liquid and solid–liquid equilibrium behavior of amino acids and small peptides in aqueous solutions as functions of temperature, ionic strength, and amino acid compositions. The utility of the models is demonstrated with a successful representation of the activity coefficients and the solubility of several amino acids in different aqueous solutions.Key words: amino acid, NRTL, Wilson, activity coefficient, solubility, aqueous solution.

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Pingitore, N. E., B. F. Ponce, L. Estrada, M. P. Eastman, H. L. Yuan, L. C. Porter, and G. Estrada. "Calorimetric analysis of the system Ag2S–Ag2Se between 25 and 250 °C." Journal of Materials Research 8, no. 12 (December 1993): 3126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1993.3126.

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Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrates that compounds in the pseudobinary system Ag2S–Ag2Se undergo rapid, reversible solid-state phase changes at temperatures between approximately 70 and 178 °C. These temperatures vary systematically with composition, with highs at the pure end members, Ag2S (178 °C) and Ag2Se (134 °C), and a low in the compositional range of approximately Ag2S0.4Se0.6 to Ag2S0.3Se0.7 (70 °C). These data are consistent with the presence of two solid solutions in this system at ambient conditions: the Ag2S–III-type, monoclinic, ranging to approximately Ag2S0.4Se0.6 and the Ag2Se-II-type, orthorhombic, extending from Ag2Se to Ag2S0.3Se0.7. Entropies of transition of 6 to 9 e.u. characterize compositions within the Ag2S-III-type solid solution, whereas values of 13 to 16 e.u. mark members of the Ag2Se-II-type solid solution. The high-temperature allotrope is presumably a continuous solid solution between Ag2S-II and Ag2Se-I, which have similar body-centered cubic structures.

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Hvozdiyevskyy, E. E., Z. F. Tomashik, V. M. Tomashyk, and R. O. Denysyuk. "Chemical Treatment of CdTe and Solid Solution ZnxCd1-xTe and Cd0,2Hg0,8Te and Aqueous Solutions of HNO3–НІ-Lactate Acid." Фізика і хімія твердого тіла 17, no. 2 (June 15, 2016): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.17.2.247-250.

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The method of disk rotating kinetics of dissolution processes CdTe, ZnxCd1-xTe and Cd0,2Hg0,8Te in yodvydilyayuchyh etching compositions HNO3-NO-lactate acid. The dependence of etching rate of said material concentration oxidizer and organic solvent. Optimized polishing compositions herbalists and modes chemical dynamic polishing of semiconductor materials studied. The influence of Zn and Hg content in the composition of solid solutions on the quality of the resulting surface etching mixtures.

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Andac, M., and F. P. Glasser. "Pore solution composition of calcium sulfoaluminate cement." Advances in Cement Research 11, no. 1 (January 1999): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/adcr.1999.11.1.23.

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Rippe, Bengt, and Daniele Venturoli. "Optimum Electrolyte Composition of a Dialysis Solution." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 28, no. 3_suppl (June 2008): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080802803s25.

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In patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) for end-stage renal failure, the optimum electrolyte composition of a dialysis solution is that which best serves the homeostatic needs of the body. Comparing the trans-peritoneal removal of electrolytes by conventional PD solutions (CPDSs) with that by normal kidneys, it is evident that peritoneal removal is in the lower range of what can be considered “normal.” Given the electrolyte composition of CPDSs and a total dwell volume of 4 exchanges of 2 L each, approximately 90 mmol NaCl, 40 mmol K+, 10 – 15 mmol HPO4- and 1 – 2 mmol Ca2+ can be removed daily [plus 1 L ultrafiltration (UF)]. Na+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ are supplied in CPDSs in concentrations close to their plasma concentrations, which makes their removal almost entirely dependent on UF. In UF failure (UFF), plasma levels of the foregoing ions will tend to rise, producing a higher diffusion gradient to compensate for their defective UF removal. Peritoneal removal of HCO3-, HPO4-, and K+ are usually quite efficient because of the zero CPDS concentrations of these ions. Approximately 150 mmol HCO3- is lost daily with CPDSs, compensated for by the addition of 30 – 40 mmol/L lactate, or, with the use of multi-compartment bags, bicarbonate instead. However, a mixture of bicarbonate and lactate should be preferred as a buffer, to avoid intracellular acidosis from high levels of pCO2 in the dialysis fluid. For patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) without UFF and with some residual renal function, PD fluid concentrations of Na+ 130 – 133 mmol/L, Ca2+ 1.25 – 1.35 mmol/L, and Mg2+ 0.25 – 0.3 mmol/L seem appropriate. With reduced UF after a few years of PD, the removal of fluid and electrolytes often becomes deficient. Dietary salt restriction can be prescribed, but it is hard to implement. The use of low-Na+ solution (LNa) is a potential alternative. The reduction in osmolality resulting from Na+ removal in LNa should preferably be compensated by the addition of glucose (G). In a recent study, a regimen including 1 LNa exchange daily (Na+ 115 mmol/L) in a G-compensated solution showed very promising effects on blood pressure and fluid status. However, large-scale randomized controlled studies have to be performed to definitively settle the role of LNa in volume-overloaded patients.

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Kondratenko, P. A., T. A. Gordina, R. A. Mkhitarov, and E. N. Petrova. "Photocatalytic composition of diazonium salts in solution." Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry 20, no. 5 (1985): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00522447.

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Rondia, D., and J. Closset. "Aerosol versus solution composition in occupational exposures." Science of The Total Environment 46, no. 1-4 (November 1985): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(85)90287-6.

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Kabdaşlı, Işık, Zeynep Atalay, and Olcay Tünay. "Effect of solution composition on struvite crystallization." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 92, no. 12 (May 29, 2017): 2921–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5310.

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Brusnitsina, Ludmila A., Elena I. Stepanovskih, and Tatiana A. Alekseeva. "Restoration of the catalytic activity of the surface and stabilization of the activating solution based on copper(I) before chemical copper plating." Butlerov Communications 59, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-59-8-92.

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Methods of chemical activation of the dielectric surface, in which metal-catalyst particles are formed on it as a result of chemical transformations, are more universal, since they allow to vary the compositions of solutions of chemical deposition of metal and to precipitate metals on substrates of different chemical nature with different morphology and surface structure. Noble metal compounds and colloidal solutions characterized by limited storage stability due to the coagulation process are mainly used for surface activation. Palladium-free activation is used for metallization of the surface of unfolded dielectrics and metallization of through holes of printed circuit boards. As a dielectric material used inorganic materials (ceramics, polycore, various types of ceramics) and organic fiberglass with epoxiconazole adhesive layer. The aim of this work is to improve the technology of activation of non-conductive surfaces by true solutions based on copper(I) by optimizing the composition of the activator. It is shown that the drying temperature affects the composition of the activator layer. Activates the layer obtained by drying at 323-373 K, is composed of CuCl2∙2H2O and Cu2O. The optimum mode of drying an activating solution based on copper(I) (T = 353-373 K, τ = 15-20 minutes). The compounds formed during the drying of the activating solution based on copper monochloride do not have catalytic activity sufficient to initiate chemical and electrochemical metallization reactions. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out an additional operation-acceleration in solutions of reducing agents. Solutions of hydrazine chloride (N2H4∙HCl), sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO4∙H2O), hydroxylammonium chloride (NH2OH∙HCl), the concentration of which varied in the range (0.1-0.5) mol∙l‒1, as well as a solution of alkaline formaldehyde were taken as these solutions. The technology of activator acceleration in a solution of the following composition: hydroxylammonium chloride (NH2OH∙HCl)  0.5 mol∙l-1; pH = 8-10; T = 298 K, which allows to significantly increase the surface concentration of catalytically active centers on the dielectric surface. In order to determine the durability and performance of the activating solution, the stability of the copper (I)  based solution was studied. The durability and performance of the activating solution is ensured by the presence of copper monochloride in it. This is possible if the solution will constantly undergo a reaction of reduction of divalent copper to a monovalent state. For this purpose, sodium hypophosphite in an amount of 0.5 mol∙l‒1 and metallic copper with a concentration of 30 g∙l‒1 were introduced into the activating solution as a reducing agent. The optimal composition of the activating solution containing (mol∙l‒1): copper chloride(I) ‒ 3.10; hydrochloric acid ‒ 3.10; surfactant OP-10  0.01; metallic copper 0.47 was established. Methods of regeneration of copper(I) concentration in activation solutions have been developed, which can significantly extend their service life.

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Egorova, L. M., V. I. Larin, and V. V. Datsenko. "Chemical Etching of Cu98Be Alloy in Electrolyte Solutions." Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov 58, no. 1 (February 2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52577/eom.2022.58.1.22.

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The process of chemical etching of Cu98Be alloy in solutions of various compositions was investigated. The rate of etching of beryllium bronze in the investigated solutions was deter-mined, and its change in time was studied. The selectivity of dissolution of the components of Cu98Be during prolonged etching in solutions of different electrolytes was established. A possibility of achieving uniform etching of Cu98Be alloy by varying the composition of the etching solution was shown. The concentrations of metal ions in the used etching solutions were determined, and the capacity of those solutions was calculated. The compositions of solutions with a high capacity for both alloy components during prolonged etching was estab-lished. The optimal compositions of etching solutions providing high-quality etching of beryl-lium bronze according to several criteria such as: a high process rate, uniform dissolution of alloy components, high capacity for both alloy components were proposed. The morphology of the Cu98Be electrode surface after etching in solutions, providing uniform dissolution for both alloy components, was studied. The absence of surface passivation after chemical etch-ing in these solutions was shown. The chemical nature of the compounds formed in the form of small inclusions on the etched surface of the electrode was established. The obtained results are of great importance in practical use because they allow selecting the appropriate composition of the etching solution, which, in turn, helps to optimize the technological etching process.

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Dai, Y., J. H. Li, X. L. Che, and B. X. Liu. "Glass-forming region of the Ni–Nb–Ta ternary metal system determined directly from n-body potential through molecular dynamics simulations." Journal of Materials Research 24, no. 5 (May 2009): 1815–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2009.0198.

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An n-body Ni–Nb–Ta potential is constructed to conduct molecular dynamics simulations using 129 solid solution models with various compositions. Comparing the relative stability of solid solutions versus their disordered counterparts, simulations determine two critical solid-solubility lines, which define a region in the composition triangle. If an alloy is located inside the defined region, a disordered state is energetically favored; if it is located outside, a crystalline solid solution is preserved. The region is therefore named as the metallic glass-forming region.

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Golembiewski, Julie, and Nancy Bourtsos. "Cardioplegia Solution." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 6, no. 4 (August 1993): 182–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089719009300600408.

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The mechanisms of the metabolic and ultrastructural changes that occur as a result of myocardial ischemia during cross-clamping of the aorta and the secondary injury that can occur during reperfusion after removal of the cross-clamp are important determinants of the composition and method of administration of cardioplegia solution (CS). Traditionally, basic principles of myocardial protection included hypothermia, potassium-induced diastolic cardiac arrest, buffering, membrane stabilization, and control of osmolarity and osmotic pressure. As the mechanisms of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion are further shown, methods of providing myocardial protection continue to expand. Current trends favor blood cardioplegia administration via a more complex approach to protect as much of the myocardium as possible; exogenous metabolic substrate enhancement in the presence of oxygen to allow aerobic metabolism to continue, with an end result of additional available myocardial energy; and warm (37°C) blood CS to optimize the metabolic rate for cellular repair. Thus, today the cardiothoracic surgeon can offer patients with energy-depleted hearts and those requiring more complex surgery improved myocardial protection with active myocardial resuscitation before and after the aortic cross-clamp is placed and removed. To this end, the pharmacist, ideally an operating room (OR) pharmacist, has a vital role in ensuring proper preparation, composition, storage, and quality control/assurance of CS. The basic principles of myocardial ischemic and reperfusion injury and how they relate to myocardial protection, CS composition, and methods of administration are described. By understanding these principles, in addition to surgeon and institution-specific factors, the pharmacist can build the foundation needed to maximize the role of pharmacy in ensuring optimal myocardial protection during open-heart surgery.

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Pérez de la Torre, José A., Maria do Rosário Soares, Pedro Q. Mantas, Harvey Amorín, Maria Elisabete V. Costa, and Ana Maria R. Senos. "Growth of Lead Zirconate Titanate Single Crystals by the High Temperature Solution Method." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 184–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.184.

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To grow single crystals within the solid solutions between PbZrO3 and PbTiO3, PbZrxTi1- xO3 or PZT, is very difficult when compositions are around the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). In this work, the PZT single crystals were grown by the high temperature solution method, using fluxes with a constant composition, different thermal profiles and different flux/PZT ratios. This approach was successful used to obtain PZT single crystals with compositions near the MPB, of 2 × 2 × 2 mm3 size and without second phases. The specific experimental conditions to obtain these crystals are analysed and discussed.

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Ishchuk, V. M., D. V. Kuzenko, and V. L. Sobolev. "Effects caused by antiferroelectric nanodomains in PZT-based coarse-grained ceramics with compositions from the morphotropic boundary region." Journal of Advanced Dielectrics 07, no. 01 (February 2017): 1750005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010135x17500059.

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Presented results demonstrate importance of taking into account such a phenomenon as the solid solution decomposition at the boundaries separating coexisting phases in lead zirconate-titanate-based solid solutions with compositions belonging to the morphotropic boundary region of the “temperature–composition” phase diagram. It is shown that in the local decomposition of solid solutions in the vicinity of the boundaries separating the tetragonal and rhombohedral phases in lead zirconate-titanate-based solid solutions lead to the changes of the solid solution’s chemical composition and to the formation of segregates. It is also shown that the proper thermoelectric treatment of samples containing these segregates can give substantially higher values of piezoelectric parameters in the lead zirconate-titanate-based compounds.

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Raimondi, Luigi. "Compositional Simulation of Two-Phase Flows for Pipeline Depressurization." SPE Journal 22, no. 04 (January 26, 2017): 1242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185169-pa.

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Summary The simulation of multiphase flow, considered in the case of coexisting vapor and liquid phases, is an important topic in engineering for the design of oil-and-gas production and transportation facilities. This paper presents the development of a compositional approach for the dynamic calculation of multiphase flows in pipelines. This approach can be defined as “full compositional,” because the vapor and liquid phases are described by taking into account the chemical composition, presenting points of interest from both the theoretical and the practical points of view. Physical properties required are calculated at each integration timestep with the actual phase compositions instead of relying on property tables previously generated from a single constant fluid composition. With this approach, in the numerical solution of the conservative two-phase-flow equations, the congruency between the dynamic pressure, calculated by solving the Navier-Stokes equations at constant temperature, and the thermodynamic pressure of the system becomes a critical constraint. In the numerical solution, the overall mass balance defined by means of the vapor- and liquid-phase densities is verified with respect to the mass balance of each chemical component involved, and the system pressure obtained from the solution of the momentum equations is always compared with the thermodynamic value defined by mass balance. Of the numerous test cases created for model validation, three of them (focused on fast depressurizations) are presented and discussed. Similar examples are not available in the literature as solutions of the current “state-of-the-art” commercial pipeline simulators.

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Rodriguez-Mier, Pablo, Manuel Mucientes, Juan C. Vidal, and Manuel Lama. "An Optimal and Complete Algorithm for Automatic Web Service Composition." International Journal of Web Services Research 9, no. 2 (April 2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jwsr.2012040101.

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The ability of web services to build and integrate loosely-coupled systems has attracted a great deal of attention from researchers in the field of the automatic web service composition. The combination of different web services to build complex systems can be carried out using different control structures to coordinate the execution flow and, therefore, finding the optimal combination of web services represents a non-trivial search effort. Furthermore, the time restrictions together with the growing number of available services complicate further the composition problem. In this paper the authors present an optimal and complete algorithm which finds all valid compositions from the point of view of the semantic input-output message structure matching. Given a request, a service dependency graph which represents a suboptimal solution is dynamically generated. Then, the solution is improved using a backward heuristic search based on the A* algorithm which finds all the possible solutions with different number of services and runpath. Moreover, in order to improve the scalability of our approach, a set of dynamic optimization techniques have been included. The proposal has been validated using eight different repositories from the Web Service Challenge 2008, obtaining all optimal solutions with minimal overhead.

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Palka, Karel, Stanislav Slang, Jiri Jancalek, and Miroslav Vlcek. "Modification of solution processed thin chalcogenide films composition by source solution doping." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 517 (August 2019): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2019.04.038.

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Hayashi, K., A. Kitakaze, and A. Sugaki. "A re-examination of herzenbergite–teallite solid solution at temperatures between 300 and 700°C." Mineralogical Magazine 65, no. 5 (October 2001): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/002646101317018460.

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AbstractIn order to investigate the range of the solid solution series in herzenbergite-teallite minerals, samples of different composition were synthesized. Herzenbergite-teallite minerals were synthesized by an evacuated silica glass tube method at 700°C. A linear relationship between cell dimensions, a, b and c and composition is established. Extension of solid solution to the Pb-rich portion of the system PbS-SnS is limited; the solid solution area is between Pb1.060Sn0.940S2 and SnS at 700°C. Teallite coexisting with galena was also synthesized by hydrothermal recrystallization at 300, 400 and 450°C. The compositions of teallite are Pb1.140Sn0.860S2 at 300°C, Pb1.114Sn0.886S2 at 400°C, and Pb1.124Sn0.876S2 at 450°C, respectively. Their compositions shift towards the PbS end-member from stoichiometric teallite. The cell dimensions of teallite, which was synthesized hydrothermally, follow the linear relationship between cell dimensions and composition established at 700°C.

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Ende, J. van den. "Estimating the chemical composition of the soil solution of glasshouse soil. 1. Compositions of soil solution and aqueous extracts." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 37, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v37i4.16616.

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Press extracts, saturation extracts and 1:5 by-weight extracts obtained from 75 glasshouse soils were analysed for EC and K, Na, Ca, Mg, NO3, Cl, SO4, HCO3 and P. The analytical data are discussed, with the exception of the HCO3 and P contents of press extracts, as these were much lower than the HCO3 and P contents of equilibrium solutions of the soils. The water-saturated soil pastes from which the saturation extracts were obtained were prepared from both field-moist and air-dry soil. They stood overnight at 25 degrees C before filtration. This overnight storage was unsatisfactory for NO3, as it induced denitrification in the saturated pastes prepared from air-dry soil. Hence, for the determination of NO3, saturation extracts were prepared from air-dry soil, with pastes standing only two hours before filtration. The suspensions from which the 1:5 by-weight extracts were obtained were prepared from air-dry soil and stood overnight at 25 degrees C before filtration. Again overnight storage proved unsatisfactory because of denitrification. Thus, for the determination of NO3, 1:5 suspensions were prepared, this time with a storage period of only two hours. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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Sumskoi, D. A. "Heat-insulating mortar based on composite binder." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 80, no. 2 (October 2, 2018): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2018-2-283-289.

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The article presents the results of studies on obtaining a heat-insulating solution obtained by grinding. The binding compositions were synthesized at various ratios of cement and waste products of perlite sand in ajet mill under different grinding regimes. The features of grinding processes have been studied and technological and physicomechanical properties of the resulting binding compositions have been determined. The microstructure of cement stones obtained from activated Portland cement and binding compositions in ajet mill was studied by electron microscopy. It is established that open pores of cement-binding compositions prepared using perlitic fillers are filled with neoplasms and perlite grains have a plate-prismatic shape, which is clearly seen in micrographs. The microstructure of binding compositions has a dense structure due to a rationally selected composition, the use of an effective mineral filler, which creates additional substrates to form the internal microstructure of the composite. A comparative X-ray diffraction analysis of hydrated plain cement and binding composition was carried out and it was established that hydrated cement and binding composition are identical in mineral composition, having Ca hydroalumates, Ca (OH)2, CSH, and low amounts of ettringite. A distinctive feature of the diffractograms is the significant amorphization of the binding composition. The range of the optimal ratio of cement to perlite was found to be 1:9; 1:11; 1:13. A heat-insulating solution based on composite binder and expanded perlite aggregate (1:11) with a density of 1200 kg / m3 and a strength of 2.5 MPa was obtained. Modification of the solution by additives of superplasticizer; blowing agent; redispersible dispersion powder, it was possible to obtain a heat-insulating solution with a density of 973.11 kg/m3. Optimization of this solution with expanded polystyrene microspheres made it possible to obtain a density of the composite of 240-260 kg/m3 at a compressive strength of 1.05-1.15 MPa. The developed heat-insulating compounds have a reduced density and sufficient strength, which is the reason to recommend them for use in the manufacture of construction works.

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Wei, Dawei, and K. Osseo-Asare. "Particulate pyrite formation by the reaction in aqueous solutions: effects of solution composition." Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 118, no. 1-2 (November 1996): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0927-7757(96)03568-6.

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Wang, Xianzhi, Zhongjie Wang, and Xiaofei Xu. "Effective Service Composition in Large Scale Service Market." International Journal of Web Services Research 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 74–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jwsr.2012010104.

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The web has undergone a tremendous shift from information repository to the provisioning capacity of services. As an effective means of constructing coarse-grained solutions by dynamically aggregating a set of services to satisfy complex requirements, traditional service composition suffers from dramatic decrease on the efficiency of determining the optimal solution when large scale services are available in the Internet based service market. Most current approaches look for the optimal composition solution by real-time computation, and the composition efficiency greatly depends on the adopted algorithms. To eliminate such deficiency, this paper proposes a semi-empirical composition approach which incorporates the extraction of empirical evidence from historical experiences to provide guidance to solution space reduction to real-time service selection. Service communities and historical requirements are further organized into clusters based on similarity measurement, and then the probabilistic correspondences between the two types of clusters are identified by statistical analysis. For each new request, its hosting requirement cluster would be identified and corresponding service clusters would be determined by leveraging Bayesian inference. Concrete services would be selected from the reduced solution space to constitute the final composition. Timing strategies for re-clustering and consideration to special cases in clustering ensures continual adaption of the approach to changing environment. Instead of relying solely on pure real-time computation, the approach distinguishes from traditional methods by combining the two perspectives together.

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Poshina, Daria N., Igor A. Khadyko, Arina A. Sukhova, Ilya V. Serov, Natalia M. Zabivalova, and Yury A. Skorik. "Needleless Electrospinning of a Chitosan Lactate Aqueous Solution: Influence of Solution Composition and Spinning Parameters." Technologies 8, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies8010002.

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The biological activity of chitosan determines its broad application as a biopolymer for non-woven wound dressings fabricated by electrospinning. The electrospinning process is affected by a large number of different factors that complicate its optimization. In the present work, the electrospinning of chitosan lactate was carried out using a needleless technique from water solutions of different compositions. Surface response methodology was used to evaluate the effects of the concentration of chitosan, polyethylene oxide, and ethanol on solution properties, such as viscosity, surface tension, and conductivity, as well as the process characteristics and fiber quality. The viscosity of the spinning solution is determined by the polymer concentration as well as by the interpolymer interactions. The addition of ethanol to the spinning solutions effectively decreases the solution surface tension and conductivity, while increasing the volatility of the solvent, to provide more intense fiber spinning. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the chitosan lactate fibers were obtained without defects and with a narrow thickness distribution. The spinning parameters, voltage, distance between electrodes, and rotation speed of the spinning electrode had insignificant influences on the fiber diameter during needleless electrospinning.

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Mi, Xiao, and Xue-ping Wang. "Minimal solutions of fuzzy relation inequalities with addition-min composition1." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 41, no. 6 (December 16, 2021): 6089–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-202590.

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This paper investigates minimal solutions of fuzzy relation inequalities with addition-min composition. It first shows the conditions that an element is a minimal solution of the inequalities, and presents the conditions that the inequalities have a unique minimal solution. It then proves that every solution of the inequalities has a minimal one and proposes an algorithm to searching for a minimal solution with computational complexity O (n2) where n is the number of unknown variables of the inequalities. This paper finally describes all minimal solutions of the inequalities.

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Jovlievich, Qorjovov Bobur. "Composition, Artistic Harmony and Logical Solution in Karl Pavlovich Bryullov's "The Last Day of Pompey"." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 6458–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i5/pr2020631.

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Yang, Manli, Zhiming Lu, and Jie Shen. "Analytical Solutions for Composition-Dependent Coagulation." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1735897.

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Exact solutions of the bicomponent Smoluchowski’s equation with a composition-dependent additive kernelK(va,vb;va′,vb′)=α(va+va′)+(vb+vb′)are derived by using the Laplace transform for any initial particle size distribution. The exact solution for an exponential initial distribution is then used to analyse the effects of parameterαon mixing degree of such bicomponent mixtures and the conditional distribution of the first component for particles with given mass. The main finding is that the conditional distribution of large particles at larger time is a Gaussian function which is independent of the parameterα.

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Fahmi, Arfan. "ITERATIVE MULTI-DRAFT MODELIN EXPOSITORY PROBLEM-SOLUTION COMPOSITION." Jurnal Sosial Humaniora 9, no. 2 (November 15, 2016): 184. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v9i2.1627.

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Takahashi, Isao, Hideyuki Kobayashi, Jiro Ryuta, Mikio Kishimoto, and Takayuki Shingyouji. "Time-Dependent Variation of Composition of SC1 Solution." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 32, Part 2, No. 9A (September 1, 1993): L1183—L1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.32.l1183.

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Omrani, Hedi, Richard Welter, and Rene Vangelisti. "ChemInform Abstract: The Solid Solution of Composition K2PdBr2.24Cl1.76." ChemInform 31, no. 18 (June 8, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200018011.

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Neubauer, J., and H. Pöllmann. "Alinite — Chemical composition, solid solution and hydration behaviour." Cement and Concrete Research 24, no. 8 (1994): 1413–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(94)90154-6.

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Flores, Eduardo, and Shahar Sukenik. "Tuning protein condensate selectivity by changing solution composition." Biophysical Journal 121, no. 3 (February 2022): 470a—471a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2021.11.406.

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41

Lenarda, Maurizio, Renzo Ganzerla, Loretta Storaro, Romana Frattini, Stefano Enzo, and Roberto Zanoni. "X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the Ru–Cu/SiO2 system prepared by low temperature reduction: Occurrence of a metastable amorphous or nanocrystalline phase." Journal of Materials Research 11, no. 2 (February 1996): 325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0038.

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Bimetallic copper-ruthenium catalysts supported on silica were prepared by the reduction of the metallic salts in aqueous solution at room temperature. The concentration of the two metal components was selected to span the entire range of composition. In spite of the known immiscibility for the copper-ruthenium equilibrium phase diagram, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) measurements combined with X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data indicate that this method of preparation is able to produce nanocrystalline extended solid solutions and/or amorphous metastable phases. In the case of ruthenium-rich compositions, the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) ruthenium crystallites are covered by copper atoms which grow with the same hcp sequence of the ruthenium core. For intermediate compositions a nanocrystalline and/or amorphous phase is observed, while in the case of copper-rich samples a single-phase fcc extended solid solution is found. The surface composition of the samples appears systematically enriched with Cu, as obtained from XPS semiquantitative results. The phenomena of phase separation and growth induced by thermal annealing at 870 K are also presented and discussed.

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Popova, Svetlana S., Hussein Ali Hussein, Lyubov’ N. Olshanskaya, and Sergei V. Arzamastsev. "Elemental composition of the surface layers formed on titanium at the cathodic treatment in chitosan-containing aqueous-dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of phosphate-molybdate electrolyte." Electrochemical Energetics 21, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1608-4039-2021-21-1-32-48.

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It was established that at the cathodic treatment of titanium in aqueous dimethyl sulfoxide solutions of sodium molybdate, containing phosphoric acid, at the potential of the cathodic incorporation of sodium (Ec = −2.6 V) in the potentiostatic mode, the composition formed on the electrode surface layer depended not only on the composition of the solution, but also on the volume ratio of the aqueous electrolyte solution and the organic solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide).

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43

Pleshivtsev, Alexander. "The property of manufacturability of the architectural system as a component of a single and holistic composite solution." E3S Web of Conferences 135 (2019): 03025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913503025.

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Purpose: Analysis of modern methods (theory) of composition as a priority motivation of artistic and creative thinking in the process of architectural activity. Study of the influence of the complex properties of manufacturability on the nature of the formation of composite solutions of architectural systems. Methods and materials: dialectical approach, generally accepted logical research methods (analysis, system approach, generalization) and their synthesis using relevant information materials.Results: the basic means, regularities and principles of composition that determine the features of the formation of architectural systems are established. The analysis of the action of the basic (canonical) law of architectural composition and the conditions for the formation of a holistic and unified compositional solutions. The conceptual apparatus of the category (complex property) of “manufacturability” as a subject feature of the features of manufacturing, transportation, construction and operation of the architectural system is given. The direct nature of the interaction of “canonical” types (functional, constructive, artistic and aesthetic) and technological components in the tectonic display of the properties of the architectural system is established.Conclusions: Manufacturability of architectural systems formation is an equivalent component (in relation to the constructive, functional and artistic-aesthetic components) of a single and integral compositional solution. Indicators of the complex properties of manufacturability largely determine the functional quality of architectural systems.

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Xavier, Josilda de França, Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo, Marcia Rejane de Q. A. Azevedo, José Emídio de Albuquerque Junior, and João Paulo de Oliveira Simões. "Mineral Composition of Lettuce Grown in Hydroponic System With Wastewater." Journal of Agricultural Science 10, no. 7 (June 8, 2018): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v10n7p317.

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The use of treated effluents is not a new practice in agriculture, however, the optimization of wastewater was given with mineral fertilizers to grow lettuce in a hydroponic system, subject that is still barely studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mineral composition of three lettuce cultivars (Verônica, Vanda and Thais) in a hydroponic system using wastewater, well water and optimized nutrient solutions. The plants was grown in seven nutrient solutions, as S1 = Furlani solution; S2 = domestic wastewater; S3 = optimized domestic wastewater; S4 = well water; S5 = optimized well water; S6 = wastewater UASB and S7 = optimized UASB wastewater and the sub-plot for three lettuce cultivars. It was verified that the treatments S2, S4 and S6 when compared with the respective optimized solutions S3, S5 and S7 presented lower levels of nitrogen, potassium, calcium, zinc, copper and manganese in the two experiments. Same behavior was not observed for phosphorus and sodium. As for the cultivars, they presented, regardless of the experiment, mineral composition similar to each other when the same nutrient solution was used.

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Valderas, Pedro. "Supporting a Hybrid Composition of Microservices. The EUCalipTool Platform." Journal of Software Engineering Research and Development 8 (February 4, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/jserd.2020.457.

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In order to provide complex and elaborated functionalities, Microservices may cooperate with each other either by following a centralized (orchestration) or decentralized (choreography) approach. It seems that the decentralized nature of microservices makes the choreography approach more appropriate to achieve such cooperation, where lighter solutions based on events and message queues are used. However, orchestration through the usage of a process model makes it is easier to analyze the flow of the composition when modifications are required. In order to benefit from the goodness of these two approaches, this paper presents a hybrid solution based on the choreography of business process pieces, that are obtained from a previously defined description of the complete microservice composition. To support this solution, the EUCalipTool platform is presented.

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Utton, C. A., S. W. Swanton, J. Schofield, R. J. Hand, A. Clacher, and N. C. Hyatt. "Chemical durability of vitrified wasteforms: effects of pH and solution composition." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 2919–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.07.

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AbstractVitrification is used for the immobilization and conditioning of high-level waste (HLW) arising from the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel in the UK. Vitrification is also under consideration for the immobilization of certain intermediate-level wastes (ILW), where there may be advantages of volume reduction and removal of uncertainties in long-term waste behaviour, compared to encapsulation in a cement grout. This paper gives an overview of recent work into the chemical durability of UK vitrified wasteforms to inform the technical specification for the disposal facilities for these waste products and the treatment of their long-term behaviour in post-closure performance assessment. This has included: (1) measurements of the initial glass dissolution rates of a simulated HLW Magnox waste glass in a range of groundwater types representative of potential UK host geologies and in simulated high pH near-field porewaters relevant to potential disposal concepts, using Product Consistency Test type-B (PCT-B) at 40°C; and (2) durability testing of three simulant ILW glasses in a saturated calcium hydroxide buffered solution to simulate conditions in cement-based disposal vaults, using PCT-B tests at 50°C.The experimentally defined initial rate of HLW Magnox waste glass dissolution in a range of simulated groundwater compositions appears to be similar regardless of the ionic strength and major element composition of the solution. The release of caesium from HLW Magnox waste glass appears to be sensitive to solution composition. Caesium is selectively retained in the glass compared to other soluble components in the two low ionic strength solutions, but is released at similar rates to other soluble components in the three groundwaters and Ca(OH)2 solution. Whether this change in caesium retention is an ionic strength effect or is related to changes in the nature of the surface alteration layer formed on the glass, has yet to be established. For HLW Magnox waste glass, dissolution is accelerated at high pH in NaOH solution, however, the presence of calcium acts to mitigate the effects of high pH, at least initially. In Ca(OH)2 solution, calcium is found to react with all the glasses studied leading to the formation of calcium-containing alteration products. The initial dissolution behaviour in Ca(OH)2 solution varies with glass composition and in particular appears to be sensitive to the boron content.

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Menzies, NW, and LC Bell. "Evaluation of the influence of sample preparation and extraction technique on soil solution composition." Soil Research 26, no. 3 (1988): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9880451.

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Soil solutions were extracted by immiscible liquid displacement with trichlorotrifluoroethane and by centrifuge drainage from surface and subsoil samples having a wide range of chemical and physical properties. Extractions were performed on field-moist samples and on air-dry samples which were re-wetted to different matric suctions and for different lengths of time. The composition of the soil solution obtained was the same with both methods of extraction when samples had been pre-wet to a matric suction of 0-1 bar. Immiscible liquid displacement extracted solution from a krasnozem surface soil at suctions as great as 15 bar; in contrast, centrifuge drainage failed to extract solution from this soil at >3 bar. The concentration of ions in solutions extracted by displacement from soils with increasing matric suction rose to a far greater extent than that anticipated if concentration was the only mechanism operating. In re-wet air-dry samples, major cations and anions were at equilibrium levels in solution after incubation for 1 day; longer incubation times resulted in an artificial elevation of ionic strength through mineralization of organic matter in some surface samples. The levels achieved after 1 day were similar to those present in solutions extracted from field-moist samples.

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Grobe, George L., Joseph A. Gardella, Roland L. Chin, and Lawrence Salvati. "Characterization of Solution-Cast Extracts from Biomer® by FT-IR and ESCA." Applied Spectroscopy 42, no. 6 (August 1988): 989–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702884430489.

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Biomer® extracts have been cast from varying polarity solvents in an attempt to control surface composition and morphology. This polymer has previously been described as a block copolymer. FT-IR has been utilized to probe bulk and surface bonding and composition in these resulting extract cast films. FT-IR data was combined with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements to provide a detailed description of the surface composition. Results will show that a polydimethysiloxane contaminant in Biomer® can be preferentially segregated to the surface as a function of the Hildebrand parameter of the solvent that Biomer® extracts are cast from. Extracts of Biomer ® as solution-cast from varying polarity solvents had many different components. This suggests that Biomer® resembles a blend of copolymerized segments with different compositions and molecular weights, with a significant number of impurities including DMS.

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Jańczuk, Bronisław, Anna Zdziennicka, Katarzyna Szymczyk, and Maria Luisa González-Martín. "Prediction of Aqueous Solution Surface Tension of Some Surfactant Mixtures and Composition of Their Monolayers at the Solution—Air Interface." Colloids and Interfaces 5, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids5040053.

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Measurements of the surface tension of the aqueous solution of SDDS mixture with fluorocarbon surfactants (FC) were carried out and considered in light of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of individual surfactants. Similar analyses were made for many other aqueous solutions of binary and ternary mixtures, taking into account the literature data of the surface tension of aqueous solutions of TX100, TX114, TX165, SDDS, SDS, CTAB, CPyB and FC. The possibility of predicting the surface tension of the aqueous solution of many surfactant mixtures from that of the mixture components using both the Szyszkowski, Fainerman and Miller and Joos concepts was analyzed. The surface tension of the aqueous solutions of surfactant mixtures was also considered based on the particular mixture component contribution to the water surface tension reduction. As a result, the composition of the mixed surface layer at the solution–air interface was discussed and compared to that which was determined using the Hua and Rosen concept. As follows from considerations, the surface tension of the aqueous solution of binary and ternary surfactant mixtures can be described and/or predicted.

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Li, Ji-Guang, Takayasu Ikegami, Jong-Heun Lee, and Toshiyuki Mori. "Characterization of yttrium aluminate garnet precursors synthesized via precipitation using ammonium bicarbonate as the precipitant." Journal of Materials Research 15, no. 11 (November 2000): 2375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2000.0342.

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Stoichiometric yttrium aluminate garnet (Y3Al5O12) precursors with a wide range of chemical compositions were precipitated by dripping a mixed solution of ammonium aluminum sulfate and yttrium nitrate into ammonium bicarbonate solutions. The resultant precursors were characterized by chemical analysis, infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis/thermogravimetry, x-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of reaction temperature, precipitant concentration, dripping speed of the salt solution, and the molar ratio of precipitant/total-cations on the composition, thermal behavior, and particle morphology of the resultant precursors were investigated. The precipitation conditions that yield carbonate precursors composed of ammonium dawsonite [NH4Al(OH)2CO3] and yttrium normal carbonate [Y2(CO3)3 · 3H2O] were determined.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Composition of solution'

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