Relevant bibliographies by topics / Composition of solution

Academic literature on the topic 'Composition of solution'

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Published: 30 May 2022
Last updated: 31 May 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Composition of solution"

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Pool, Merel B. F., Tim L. Hamelink, Harry van Goor, Marius C. van den Heuvel, Henri G. D. Leuvenink, and Cyril Moers. "Prolonged ex-vivo normothermic kidney perfusion: The impact of perfusate composition." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): e0251595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251595.

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Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of donor kidneys provides the opportunity for improved graft preservation and objective pre-transplant ex-vivo organ assessment. Currently, a multitude of perfusion solutions exist for renal NMP. This study aimed to evaluate four different perfusion solutions side-by-side and determine the influence of different perfusate compositions on measured renal perfusion parameters. Porcine kidneys and blood were obtained from a slaughterhouse. Kidneys underwent NMP at 37°C for 7 hours, with 4 different perfusion solutions (n = 5 per group). Group 1 consisted of red blood cells (RBCs) and a perfusion solution based on Williams’ Medium E. Group 2 consisted of RBCs, albumin and a balanced electrolyte composition. Group 3 contained RBCs and a medium based on a British clinical NMP solution. Group 4 contained RBCs and a medium used in 24-hour perfusion experiments. NMP flow patterns for solutions 1 and 2 were similar, solutions 3 and 4 showed lower but more stable flow rates. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances were significantly higher in solution 1 and 4 compared to the other groups. Levels of injury marker N-acetyl-β-D glucosaminidase were significantly lower in solution 2 in comparison with solution 3 and 4. This study illustrates that the perfusate composition during NMP significantly impacts the measured perfusion and injury parameters and thus affects the interpretation of potential viability markers. Further research is required to investigate the individual influences of principal perfusate components to determine the most optimal conditions during NMP and eventually develop universal organ assessment criteria.
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Mo, Tong, Jingmin Xu, Zhongjie Wang, Yufei Ma, Heyuan Huang, Yuan Wang, Ying Liu, Jun Zhu, and Xiaofei Xu. "Service Composition Based Software Solution Design." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 1, no. 2 (April 2010): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jssmet.2010040102.

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Service composition and Web mash-up are promising for meeting specific business requirements by integrating multiple distributed services and SaaS (Software as a Service) has become a popular way of software development and delivery paradigm. An application that meets the business challenges the customer faces in managing its supply chain by integrating two existing SaaS offerings into a newly developed technology presented to validate the service composition technologies. This paper contributes with a practice of a light weight approach of the problems that are inevitable in SaaS integration such as data synchronization, process control, and identification. The purpose of this paper tries to provide a reference for researchers and engineers in this domain.
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Omrani, H., R. Welter, and R. Vangelisti. "The solid solution of composition K2PdBr2.24Cl1.76." Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications 55, no. 12 (December 15, 1999): 1970–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108270199011725.

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Tan, Lianjiang, Ajun Wan, and Ding Pan. "Viscoelasticity of concentrated polyacrylonitrile solutions: effects of solution composition and temperature." Polymer International 60, no. 7 (March 2, 2011): 1047–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.3041.

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Eveleva, V. V., Т. М. Cherpalova, and Е. А. Shipovskaya. "SURFACE ACTIVITY OF ANTIMICROBIAL COMPOSITIONS WITH A POLYMER-CONTAINING INGREDIENT." Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science, no. 2 (April 11, 2018): 56–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2018/2/56-58.

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Salad shelf life can be extended by treating fresh-cut vegetables and mayonnaise with antimicrobial solutions. The efficacy of such solutions depends on surface wettability of salad components. Effect of polyvinyl pyrrolidone forming part antimicrobial solutions on interfacial tension decrease is studied in the paper. Salts of lactic acid, acetic and propionic acids and “Polydon-A” form part of such solutions. “Polydon-A” polymer agent has the following physical-chemical characteristics: basic substance mass fraction (polyvinyl pirrolidone) is 12.0%, pH of 10% solution is 7.0, viscosity is 4016 mPa x s. The following properties are basic for antimicrobial compositions: active acidity is between 5.7 and 6.0 units, titratable acidity is between 37 and 47 deg., polyvinyl pirrolidone mass fraction is between 0.1% - 2.4%. Fixed regularities of how surface and interfacial tension of composition solutions change depending on the solution composition and concentration are given in the article. It was found the solutions surface activity increases when polyvinyl pirrolidone mass fraction in their composition decreases. At this, solutions with the minimum polyvinyl pirrolidone mass fraction have the lowest interfacial tension. The obtained results show surface components of salads demonstrate wetting effect and deep penetration of the offered microbial solutions into component pores. These characteristics provide the developed compositions with flexibility and promising future for their wide application in salad production.
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Loganina, Valentina, and Maria V. Zaytseva. "Compositions for Limestone Restoration." Key Engineering Materials 909 (February 4, 2022): 177–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-a554k3.

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Information about the lime composition used for the restoration of limestone is given. To develop a repair composition, a polysilicate solution was used. It has been established that polysilicate solutions contain a monomer, oligomer and polymeric varieties of silica. It was found by the molybdate method that the content of the polymeric form of silica γ-SiO2 in the polysilicate solution is 15–19.93%, depending on the content of the silica sol. This composition of the polysilicate solution contributes to the manifestation of the high reactivity of silica. The technology for carrying out restoration work involves the application of a primer layer - liquid glass, followed by the application of a calcium chloride solution. After 20-30 minutes after applying the primer, it is possible to apply the repair composition with a spatula. It is shown that the use of a polysilicate solution in the formulation of a lime composition helps to increase the water resistance, adhesion strength of the composition to the base, and accelerates curing.
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Protodyakonova, N. A., A. V. Stepanov, A. M. Timofeev, A. V. Malyshev, O. N. Kravtsova, and N. I. Tappyrova. "Influence of Soil Salinity on Pore Water Phase Composition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 4 (February 1, 2022): 042009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/4/042009.

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Abstract In areas of intensive construction on the Arctic coast, river valleys of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) non-freezing taliks with a high concentration of pore solution (cryopegs) are found in the strata of permafrost soils. N. P. Anisimova made a great contribution to the study of the cryopegsformation in the cryolithozone [1]. For solutions of any composition, it is established [2] that there is a general dependence of the relative freezing temperature on the relative concentration of the solution. It has also been established that the effect of dissolved salts is additive. The freezing temperature of the solution in the pores of dispersed media is affected, in addition to the concentration and composition of the solution the adsorption capacity of the material in relation to the components of the solution.
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Yanchus, Viktor Edmundasovich, Ekaterina Vladislavovna Borevich, and Anastasiya Artemovna Avdeeva. "The use of eye tracking technologies in studying perception of graphic information perception." Программные системы и вычислительные методы, no. 1 (January 2021): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0714.2021.1.33378.

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The scientific research related to the use of eye tracking technologies are currently of particular relevance. A substantial area of scientific knowledge, in which it is feasible to use eye tracking technologies, is associated with the study of perception of visual information. One of the trends of such research is the examination of the impact of compositional construction of visual image upon its perception by the viewer. The object of this research is elements of graphic composition (stylistic and color solutions). The subject is the methods and algorithms for digital processing of graphic material. The article employs the computational methods of color correction, eye tracking technology, expert assessment, statistical processing of the obtained experimental data. The scientific novelty of this work consists in the development of methodology of preparing and conducting computational experiments for the impact of the stylistic solution of graphic composition upon its perception by the viewer. The technique developed by the authors has proven itself in carrying out the experiments for studying the effect of color solution of the frame upon its perception by the viewer. The study revealed the statistical significance of the impact of stylistic solution of graphic composition upon viewer’s perception. The hypothesis that abstract graphic compositions are difficult for viewer’s perception was statistically proven. The acquired results can be used in constructing complex graphic images, which require the speed of information perception to view them.
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Benmoussa, Mohamed, and Laurent Gauthier. "Computer-based System for Dynamic Control of Greenhouse Tomato Grown in NFT System." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 847F—847. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.847f.

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To achieve high yield and better quality of soilless greenhouse tomato, it is necessary to keep the nutrient concentrations in the root environment at the target levels. Dynamic control of the nutrient solution composition can be used for this purpose. We developed a computer program that dynamically adjusts nutrient solution compositions based on various climatic and agronomic characteristics. The program integrates nutrient uptake and crop transpiration models and is part of a general-purpose greenhouse management and control software system developed at Laval University (GX). The architecture of the system and some simulation results comparing the effect of various control scenarios on the evolution of the composition of nutrient solutions are presented.
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Sadeghi, Rahmat. "Modification of the NRTL and Wilson models for the representation of phase equilibrium behavior of aqueous amino acid – electrolyte solutions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 86, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 1126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v08-166.

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The extended NRTL and Wilson local composition models for amino acid solutions have been modified for the representation of the phase equilibrium behavior of aqueous amino acid – electrolyte solutions by considering cells with random composition for the reference Gibbs energies or enthalpies of local composition cells with a central amino acid molecule and also with a central ion. These new local composition models, which have a molecular thermodynamic framework, have been used to model the vapor–liquid and solid–liquid equilibrium behavior of amino acids and small peptides in aqueous solutions as functions of temperature, ionic strength, and amino acid compositions. The utility of the models is demonstrated with a successful representation of the activity coefficients and the solubility of several amino acids in different aqueous solutions.Key words: amino acid, NRTL, Wilson, activity coefficient, solubility, aqueous solution.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Composition of solution"

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Ballenger, Eric E. "Composition and the comics solution." Virtual Press, 2006. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1337187.

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In this creative project, I propose that comics can be used fruitfully to introduce undergraduates to the image-word dynamic, helping them become betters critics, more thoughtful consumers, and more effective creators of images. In addition, I argue that such a course of study be housed in an undergraduate rhetoric and composition major. Therefore, this project accomplishes three goals: it explores the rhetorical function of comics; second, it justifies the inclusion of comics in an undergraduate rhetoric-composition program; and, third, it provides a master syllabus for four classes that would provide the experience necessary to students wishing to study visual, verbal, and visual-verbal rhetorics.
Department of English
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Belashova, Ekaterina. "Électroséparation de solutions complexes pour la production d'acides organiques : phénomènes de transport et réactions aux interfaces membrane / solution." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20146/document.

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L'utilisation croissante d'acides organiques dans l'industrie alimentaire, chimique et pharmaceutique entraîne le développement de nouvelles technologies pour leur isolement, séparation et concentration à partir de solutions complexes. Les procédés électro-membranaires constituent une voie prometteuse. Afin d'intensifier ces procédés, il est nécessaire de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de transport de la solution d'ampholytes dans le système électromembranaire souvent couplé à des réactions chimiques. La composition des formes ioniques peut en effet varier en fonction du pH de la solution. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont l'étude du comportement des systèmes membranaires contenant des solutions d'ampholytes dans un état d'équilibre (sans force de transfert ou sous très faible courant alternatif), et hors d'équilibre en régime d'électrodialyse (application d'un courant). Dans les deux cas, l'approche comprend une partie expérimentale et une partie théorique de caractérisation de transport de solution complexe. Dans la cadre de la modélisation associée, on a développé un modèle de système membranaire qui permet d'accéder à la distribution des formes d'ampholyte à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de la membrane en fonction des paramètres externes.Les résultats de la comparaison des données expérimentales et de simulation de systèmes membranaires montre et explique les spécificités des mécanismes de transfert des ions d'ampholyte associés aux changements du pH de la solution au cours de l'électrodialyse
The wide application of organic acids in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industry is responsible for the increased interest in the development of new technologies for their isolation, separation and concentration from the complex solutions. The electro-membrane processes are promising. The difficulty to understand the transport mechanisms of the amphoteric solution in the electromembrane system is the coupling of chemical reactions: the ionic forms composition can vary depending on the pH of the solution.The main objectives are the study of the behavior of membrane systems containing ampholyte solutions in a steady state (without transfer force or under very low AC) and in a non-equilibrium state such as in electrodialysis regime (applying a current). In both cases, a study includes the experimental and theoretical parts of characterization of the complex solution transport. In the context of modeling a model of the membrane system which can calculate the ampholyte form distribution inside and outside the membrane depending on the external parameters was developed.The comparison of experimental data and results obtained from the simulation of membrane systems containing ampholytes solutions, shows and explains the specific features in the transfer mechanism of ampholyte ions which associated with changes of the solution pH during electrodialysis and, as a consequence, with modification of ampholyte forms
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Craven, Colin M. "The effects of electrolyte solution composition on silica surface charge development." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/27067.

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Camacho, Corzo Diana Milena. "Crystallisation in diesel and biodiesel fuel in relation to their solution composition." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/12299/.

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Wax formation in diesel and biodiesel fuels at low temperatures is one of the major problems faced by the fuels industry as crystallisation of the saturated compounds present in these solutions can plug up filters and obstruct pipelines. Preventing wax formation in these multicomponent mixtures requires a good understanding of the crystallisation behaviour of both n-alkanes and Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAMEs). This work studies solutions of methyl palmitate and stearate in representative mixtures of diesel fuels and unsaturated esters solvents, providing an overall assessment of their solubility and nucleation kinetics. An in-depth analysis of the growth kinetics and crystal morphology for methyl stearate crystallising from n-dodecane, kerosene and toluene solvents is also presented. To perform this study methodologies are developed for the assessment of nucleation kinetics and morphological indexation of crystal specific faces. Models for the analysis of crystal growth kinetics are also derived. These describe the effect in series of the diffusion of growth units within the bulk of the solution and a rate of incorporation of these units which is associated to the molecular structure of the crystal faces´ surface. It was found that the solubility and crystallisation kinetics of methyl palmitate and stearate is very dependent on the solution environment in particular solvent type. Solubilities are higher in solvents whose molecules have more compact structures, such as in the case of toluene and methyl-cyclohexane and are lower in unsaturated methyl ester type solvents. The nucleation process in these systems is found to be much more thermodynamically controlled in the case of diesel type solvents and show a greater kinetic influence in the case of unsaturated methyl esters solvents. The growth kinetics of methyl stearate crystals is found to be strongly associated to the level of solvation of these solutes molecules as well as to the chemical structure of the crystal-solution interface. Accordingly, the rate limiting step is suggested to be the integration of growth units to the surface of the crystal in the case of methyl stearate growing from n-dodecane solvent, and more diffusional controlled in the case of methyl stearate growing from kerosene and toluene solvents. The morphology of methyl stearate crystals however is not found to be strongly influenced by solvent type, only showing changes as a function of supersaturation in the case of kerosene solvent.
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Thomann, Christel. "Estimation et commande de procédés de polymérisation en solution." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10249.

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Les industriels ont de plus en plus besoin de polymères produits avec des propriétés bien spécifiques, ce qui contraint à l'élaboration de méthodes avancées de contrôle. De plus, l'amélioration de la qualité des polymères nécessite une bonne connaissance du système étudié. Cependant la mesure en ligne de toutes les propriétés du produit est parfois impossible. La polymérisation étant un procédé fortement non linéaire, nous avons utilisé des techniques d'estimation et de commande non linéaires. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à la copolymérisation radicalaire en solution. Dans un premier temps, nous avons élaboré et comparé différents observateurs non linéaires. Puis, nous avons conçu des stratégies de commande basée sur une linéarisation entrée sortie à partir d'un observateur afin de contrôler deux qualités principales des polymères : la composition et la masse molaire moyenne (cumulée ou instantanée). Enfin, nous avons cherché à maximiser la productivité d'un tel procédé
The requirements of productivity, safety and quality impose the development of advanced control strategies for polymerization processes. Polymers produced by solution polymerization must have well-defined characteristics and physicochemical properties such as the polymer composition and molecular weight distribution. This work proposes an observer-based control structure in order to control the composition and the molecular weight of the polymer and in order to maximize the productivity of process. Firstly, we designed and compared three nonlinear observers. Then, we designed our control strategies based on a nonlinear input-output linearizing geometric approach. The performances of these proposed methods are illustrated through simulation studies involving the solution copolymerization of methylmetacrylate (MMA) and vinyl acetate (VAc)
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Bezkrovnyi, O. S., Yu V. Yermolayeva, N. A. Matveevskaya, O. M. Vovk, and A. V. Tolmachev. "Features of the Phase Composition and Structure of Eu Doped Y2O3 Submicrospheres." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35217.

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Polycrystalline, non-agglomerated nanopowders based on monosized (Y1-xEux)2O3 submicrospheres were prepared. It was shown that the annealing temperature strongly influences on the structure, mor-phology and composition of the spherical (Y1-xEux)2O3 phosphors obtained. It was found that the concentra-tion quenching effects of Eu3+ luminescence in the (Y1-xEux)2O3 spheres with 70-280 nm diameter is shifted to lower Eu3+ concentrations (x =0,02; 0,05 for 70 and 280 nm spheres respectively) compared with the mi-crocrystalline powders with similar composition (x = 0,09). The reason of this phenomenon probably is for-mation of inhomogeneous phase of (Y1-xEux)2O3 solid solution in the nanopowders with the primary location of bigger Eu3+ ions in the surface area due to active diffusion processes. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35217
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Atgié, Marina. "Composition and structure of gum Arabic in solution and at oil-water interfaces." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0024/document.

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La gomme arabique est un exsudat d’arbre qui est essentiellement utilisée pour ses propriétés stabilisantes et émulsifiantes. Ce produit naturel est un mélange complexe de protéines et de polysaccharides liés de façons covalentes, qui différent de part leur masse molaire et leur hydrophobicité. Malgré le grand nombre d’études existantes dans littérature sur la structure et les propriétés interfaciales de la gomme arabique, la compréhension de la relation entre la composition interfaciale, la structuration interfaciale et la métastabilité d’émulsions restent mal comprises à ce jour compliquée. La gomme arabique est classiquement décrite comme un mélange de trois fractions : une fraction riche en polysaccharide (arabinogalactan), une fraction composée de conjugués protéine-polysaccharides et enfin des glycoprotéines. Les propriétés émulsifiantes et stabilisantes de la gomme sont attribuées à la fraction de conjugués dont la partie protéinée s’adsorbe à la surface des gouttes d’huiles et les espèces carbonées apportent des répulsions stériques entre les gouttes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons étudié le comportement microscopique des espèces de la gomme en solution et aux interfaces huile/eau. La première étape a consisté à caractériser la structure des molécules de la gomme en solution. Une séparation bi-dimensionnelle de la gomme a été réalisée par exclusion stérique suivie d’une séparation par affinité hydrophobe, ce qui nous a permis de confirmer la nature très hétérogène de la gomme. Des expériences de diffusion des rayons-X et des neutrons aux petits angles sur la gomme arabique et ses fractions nous ont amené à proposer un modèle structural des espèces conjuguées. Nous avons ensuite étudié la composition de films de gomme arabique adsorbés en émulsion en la comparant avec celle de la gomme en solution. Une augmentation du taux de protéine dans le film interfacial a montré le rôle crucial des espèces polypeptidiques sur l’adsorption. Nous avons observé que la composition du film adsorbé diffère de la gomme en solution mais reste hétérogène en taille et en hydrophobicité. Un bilan massique a révélé une forte dépendance entre la formulation d’émulsion (concentration en gomme et paramètres physicochimiques) et la concentration surfacique alors que la composition de l’interface a très peu changé. Ces résultats suggèrent une modification de conformation des espèces adsorbées en fonction des conditions d’émulsification. Dans un troisième temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux mécanismes de stabilisation provenant de l’adsorption des espèces amphiphiles de la gomme arabique. Pour cela, nous avons développé une méthode permettant de récupérer les espèces adsorbées dans une émulsion huile dans eau. Cette méthode nous a permis de mettre à jour une structuration du film adsorbé. Les espèces récupérées de l’interface ont montré la présence d’une agrégation, dont l’intensité dépend directement du taux de couverture et du taux de protéine de l’interface. La métastabilité d’émulsions stabilisées par de la gomme arabique est ainsi favorisée par l’augmentation de la structuration interfaciale, i.e. quand le taux d’agrégation des espèces adsorbées augmente. Un tel comportement n’a pas encore été reporté dans la littérature et nous pensons qu’il s’agit d’un mécanisme clef dans le cadre d’émulsions stabilisées par la gomme arabique. Enfin, des expériences de diffusion de neutrons aux petits angles (avec un contraste identique entre les phases continue et dispersée) ont révélé des différences de structuration entre deux régimes de concentration surfacique. Ces observations ont été discutées au regard des spectres de diffusion de la gomme en solution. Pour conclure, cette thèse porte sur la relation entre composition et structuration dans des émulsions stabilisées par la gomme arabique et démontre notamment un mécanisme original de stabilisation qui joue un rôle important dans ce système complexe
Gum arabic, a tree exudate, is essentially used for its binding and emulsifying properties. This natural product is a complex mixture of covalently linked proteins and charged polysaccharides moieties, differing in their molecular mass and hydrophobicity. A large body of literature now exists on the structure and interfacial properties of gum Arabic but a comprehensive description of the relationship between interfacial composition, interfacial structuration and emulsion metastability remains elusive. In the literature, gum Arabic is described as a mixture of three fractions: an arabinogalactan rich polysaccharide fraction, a polysaccharide-protein conjugates fraction and a fraction of glycoproteins. The conjugate fraction is thought to be responsible for the emulsifying and stabilizing properties of the gum, with the protein part adsorbing at oil droplets surface and the carbohydrate moieties providing steric repulsion between droplets. In this work, we have investigated the microscopic behavior of the gum species in solution and at oil/water interfaces. The first step was to characterize the structure of gum Arabic species in solution. A twodimensional separation of the gum molecules was performed using size exclusion chromatography followed with by hydrophobic interaction separation, which confirmed the highly heterogeneous composition of the gum. Small angle X-ray and neutron scattering measurements on the gum and its fractions led us to propose a structural representation of the gum conjugated moieties. Then the composition of adsorbed gum Arabic films as compared to gum Arabic solutions has been investigated. An increase in the protein rate of the interfacial film showed the crucial role of the polypeptide moieties on the adsorption. The composition of the adsorbed film was shown to differ from the bulk but remained heterogeneous in size and hydrophobicity. A mass balance revealed a strong dependence between the emulsion formulation (gum concentration and physico-chemical parameters) and the surface concentration, while the composition of the interface was only slightly changed. These results suggest that gum Arabic adsorbing species must adopt conformational changes depending on emulsification conditions. In a third stage, we have addressed the stabilization mechanisms resulting from the adsorption of gum Arabic amphiphilic species. For that purpose, we have developed a method to recover the adsorbed species within an oil-in-water emulsion. This method allowed us to unveil a structuration of the adsorbed film. Species recovered from the interface displayed aggregation, the magnitude of which directly depended on the coverage density and protein rate of the adsorbed film. The metastability of emulsions, stabilized with gum Arabic, increased upon promoting interfacial structuration, i.e. when the aggregation rate of adsorbed species was enhanced. Such behavior has not been reported so far in the literature and we believe that it is a key mechanism of gum Arabic-based on emulsions. Finally, small angle neutron scattering experiments (contrast match between the continuous and dispersed phases) disclosed differences of structuration between two regimes of interface coverage. These observations were discussed in the light of the comparison with the scattering spectra of gum Arabic solutions. To conclude, this thesis revolves around the composition/structuration relationship in gum Arabic-stabilized emulsion stabilized and demonstrates that an original mechanism is at play in this complex system
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Charrueau, Christine. "Influence de la composition des milieux de conservation sur la viabilité des greffons hépatiques : étude sur foie perfusé et en transplantation chez le rat." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA114822.

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Beaulac, Jacqueline. "Interactive multimedia composition on the World Wide Web : a solution for musicians using Java." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33270.

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This thesis attempts to gauge the strengths and limitations of the Java programming language in terms of its use in the production of multimedia compositions: in particular, the ways in which Java supports the creation of interactive, non-deterministic musical works. An original solution to the problem of multimedia design is presented: a hierarchically defined, basic, yet flexible scripting language that is interpreted using Java. This scripting language allows the user to incorporate his/her own media into a coherent and interactive form using a small set of simple keywords and basic operators. It also allows new functionality to be added by advanced users with a basic knowledge of Java. By investigating how such a scripting language may be implemented, the extent to which Java may be applied towards multimedia applications in general is revealed.
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Pineaux, Bernard. "Le procédé d'impression offset : effets liés à la dureté de la solution de mouillage." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0224.

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L’offset est le procédé d'impression le plus utilise en france. Il repose sur l'antagonisme entre l'encre et une solution de mouillage, composée majoritairement d'eau. La nature variable de l'eau d'alimentation et plus particulièrement de sa dureté (teneur en ions calcium et magnésium) est reconnue comme sources potentielles de problèmes de mise en oeuvre. La composition de l'eau utilisée pour préparer la solution de mouillage demeure pourtant rarement contrôlée. La littérature technique fournit régulièrement des recommandations relatives aux niveaux de dureté de l'eau compatibles avec le procédé offset. Ces recommandations, à la fois empiriques et très différentes d'une source à l'autre, ne permettent pas de faire des choix raisonnes, dans un contexte économique de plus en plus difficile. C’est pourquoi il semblait judicieux d'aborder ce problème concret dans un contexte scientifique, en cherchant en particulier à confirmer et à quantifier l'effet de la dureté de l'eau sur le rendu d'impression. Cette thèse associe par conséquent des essais d'impression à caractère industriel à des expériences en laboratoire. Ces dernières abordent certaines propriétés physico-chimiques et le comportement rhéologique d'émulsions obtenues à partir d'encres et de solutions de mouillage modèles. Les expériences conduites mettent en évidence l'influence non négligeable de la dureté, dans une plage de valeurs particulière, tant sur certaines propriétés des émulsions que sur la qualité des imprimés
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Books on the topic "Composition of solution"

1

Usdowski, E. Atlas and data of solid-solution equilibria of marine evaporites. Berlin: Springer, 1998.

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Nelson, Peter O. Acid rain buffering potential in Oregon Cascade lakes: Secondary mineral solubility control of solution ionic composition. Corvallis, Or: Water Resources Research Institute, Oregon State University, 1985.

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A, Prisyazhnaya A., and Kovács-Láng E, eds. Soil liquid phase composition. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2001.

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author, Clark Jessica Wherry, ed. The legal writing companion: Problems, solutions, and samples. Durham, North Carolina: Carolina Academic Press, 2014.

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More not so big solutions for your home. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2010.

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Tuhbatullina, Leysan, Lyudmila Safina, and Venera Hammatova. Propaedeutics (basics of composition). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1020434.

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The textbook presents the theoretical foundations of building a harmonious composition, describes the three main laws of composition (the law of integrity, the law of balance and the law of dominance), and considers the elements and means of harmonizing the composition. A separate Chapter is devoted to the issues of color in the composition, and offers options for creating harmonious color solutions. Semiotic aspects are considered, characteristics and features of creating signs-icons, signs-indexes and signs-symbols are given. One of the chapters is devoted to visual illusions in composition. It is intended for University students studying in the direction 54.03.01 "Design", teachers, as well as for a wide range of artists, designers and Amateurs interested in creating a harmonious composition.
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Igneous rocks and processes: A practical guide. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.

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Susanka, Sarah. More not so big solutions for your home. Newtown, CT: Taunton Press, 2010.

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Visual solutions: Activities, experiments, and projects for solving art design problems. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall, 1986.

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Chemicals in the atmosphere. Chichester: Wiley, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Composition of solution"

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Birch, Gordon G., M. Nasir Azudin, and John M. Grigor. "Solution Properties and Composition of Dextrins." In Biotechnology of Amylodextrin Oligosaccharides, 261–72. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1991-0458.ch017.

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Sagiv, Jacob, Julio Gun, Rivka Maoz, and Lucy Netzer. "Self-Assembling Monolayers: A Study of Their Formation, Composition and Structure." In Surfactants in Solution, 965–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7981-6_34.

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Sommer, B., and H. Breuninger. "Composition of the Solution for Tumescent Anesthesia." In Tumescent Local Anesthesia, 9–13. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56744-5_3.

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Fulber-Garcia, Vinicius, Marcelo Caggiani Luizelli, Carlos R. Paula dos Santos, and Elias P. Duarte. "CUSCO: A Customizable Solution for NFV Composition." In Advanced Information Networking and Applications, 204–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44041-1_19.

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Mohamad, Noorlin, Mohd Talib Latif, and Md Firoz Khan. "Chemical Composition and Sources of Indoor and Outdoor PM10 in Primary Schools." In From Sources to Solution, 379–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-70-2_69.

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Kozai, Toyoki, Satoru Tsukagoshi, and Shunsuke Sakaguchi. "Toward Nutrient Solution Composition Control in Hydroponic System." In Smart Plant Factory, 395–403. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1065-2_24.

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Latif, Mohd Talib, Nur Ili Hamizah Mustaffa, Shoffian Amin Jaafar, Nurul Bahiyah Abd Wahid, Murad Ali Alsalahi, Chong Woan Chian, Wong Sook Han, and Masni Mohd Ali. "Composition of Surfactants from Sea-Surface Microlayer and Marine Aerosols along the Malacca Straits." In From Sources to Solution, 445–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4560-70-2_80.

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Rosenholm, J. B., and C. Jolicoeur. "Thermodynamic Analysis of the Breakdown of w/o -Microemulsion Aggregates due to Changes in the Composition of the Solvent." In Surfactants in Solution, 89–101. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7990-8_4.

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Yang, Zherui, Slinger Jansen, Xuesong Gao, and Dong Zhang. "On the Future of Solution Composition in Software Ecosystems." In Economics of Grids, Clouds, Systems, and Services, 3–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61920-0_1.

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Yager, Ronald R. "Case based reasoning, fuzzy systems modeling and solution composition." In Case-Based Reasoning Research and Development, 633–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-63233-6_531.

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Conference papers on the topic "Composition of solution"

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Uygur, Gurkan, and Sebastian M. Sattler. "Parallel Composition - A practical solution." In 2011 1st International Electric Drives Production Conference (EDPC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edpc.2011.6085565.

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Wang, Hongbing, and Xiaohui Guo. "An Adaptive Solution for Web Service Composition." In 2010 IEEE Congress on Services (SERVICES). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/services.2010.20.

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Motahari-Nezhad, Hamid R., Jun Li, Bryan Stephenson, Sven Graupner, and Sharad Singhal. "Solution Reuse for Service Composition and Integration." In 2009 IEEE Congress on Services (SERVICES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/services-i.2009.24.

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Xu, Jingjing, Yann-Hang Lee, Wei-Tek Tsai, Wu Li, Young-Sung Son, Jun-Hee Park, and Kyung-Duk Moon. "Ontology-Based Smart Home Solution and Service Composition." In 2009 International Conference on Embedded Software and Systems. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icess.2009.60.

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Huang, Yan, Xiaoling Wang, and Aoying Zhou. "A Fast Method to Find Solution for Service Composition." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Web Services (ICWS). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icws.2008.92.

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Andreev, V. S., S. V. Goryainov, and A. V. Krasilnikov. "N-body problem solution with composition numerical integration methods." In 2016 XIX IEEE International Conference on Soft Computing and Measurements (SCM). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/scm.2016.7519726.

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Vadivelou, G., and E. Ilavarasan. "Solution to dynamic web service composition related to QoS." In 2011 3rd International Conference on Electronics Computer Technology (ICECT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icectech.2011.5942018.

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Ridhawi, Ismaeel Al, Moayad Aloqaily, Azzedine Boukerche, and Yaser Jaraweh. "A Blockchain-Based Decentralized Composition Solution for IoT Services." In ICC 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icc40277.2020.9149031.

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Zhang, Xiwen, Juchao Zhuo, Jun Li, and Gang Wu. "A Learning Automation Solution to the QoS-Aware Service Composition." In 2009 International Conference on Web Information Systems and Mining (WISM). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wism.2009.68.

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Liu, X. M., H. M. Lin, Y. D. Cao, and B. Yang. "Research on non-equilibrium composition solution of vacuum arc plasma." In 2008 XXIII International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum (ISDEIV 2008). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/deiv.2008.4676790.

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Reports on the topic "Composition of solution"

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Trivelpiece, Cory L., Jarret A. Rice, and Carlo G. Pantano. Glass composition and solution speciation effects on stage III dissolution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1396058.

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Fox, K., T. Edwards, and W. Riley. Composition and Wash Solution Measurements for LAW Melter Sulfur Tolerance Study Glasses. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1423997.

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Crawford, C., A. Cozzi, K. Hill, and A. Ramsey. Analysis of Hanford Cast Stone Supplemental LAW using Composition Adjusted SRS Tank 50 Salt Solution. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1353014.

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Weiss, W. Jason, Chunyu Qiao, Burkan Isgor, and Jan Olek. Implementing Rapid Durability Measure for Concrete Using Resistivity and Formation Factor. Purdue University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317120.

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The durability of in-place concrete is a high priority issue for concrete pavements and bridges. Several studies have been conducted by INDOT to use electrical resistivity as a measure of fluid transport properties. Resistivity is dependent on the chemistry of the cement and supplementary cementitious system used, as such it has been recommended that rather than specifying resistivity it may be more general to specify the formation factor. Samples were tested to establish the current levels of performance for concrete pavements in the state of Indiana. Temperature and moisture corrections are presented and acceptable accelerated aging procedure is presented. A standardized testing procedure was developed (AASHTO TP 119–Option A) resulting in part from this study that provides specific sample conditioning approaches to address pore solution composition, moisture conditioning, and testing procedures. An accelerated aging procedure is discussed to obtain later age properties (91 days) after only 28 days.
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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.

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The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.
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Day, R. S., A. R. Vigil, and S. F. Marsh. A visible/near-ir spectral database for plutonium solutions of known nitric acid, fluoride, and oxalate composition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6202526.

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Barash, Itamar, and Robert Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms Governing Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7696526.bard.

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Original objectives: The long-term goal of the research is to achieve higher protein content in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational apparatus of the mammary gland genetically, nutritionally, or pharmacologically. The short-term objectives are to obtain a better understanding of 1) the role of amino acids (AA) as regulators of translation in bovine and mouse mammary epithelial cells and 2) the mechanism responsible for the synergistic enhancement of milk-protein mRNA polyadenylation by insulin and prolactin. Background of the topic: In many cell types and tissues, individual AA affect a signaling pathway which parallels the insulin pathway to modulate rates and levels of protein synthesis. Diverse nutritional and hormonal conditions are funneled to mTOR, a multidomain serine/threonine kinase that regulates a number of components in the initiation and elongation stages of translation. The mechanism by which AA signal mTOR is largely unknown. During the current grant period, we have studied the effect of essential AA on mechanisms involved in protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells cultured under lactogenic conditions. We also studied lactogenic hormone regulation of milk protein synthesis in differentiated mammary epithelial cells. In the first BARD grant (2000-03), we discovered a novel mechanism for mRNA-specific hormone-regulated translation, namely, that the combination of insulin plus prolactin causes cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, which leads to their efficient translation. In the current BARD grant, we have pursued the signaling pathways of this novel hormone action. Major conclusions/solutions/achievements: The positive and negative signaling from AA to the mTOR pathway, combined with modulation of insulin sensitization, mediates the synthesis rates of total and specific milk proteins in mammary epithelial cells. The current in vitro study revealed cryptic negative effects of Lys, His, and Thr on cellular mechanisms regulating translation initiation and protein synthesis in mammary epithelial cells that could not be detected by conventional in vivo analyses. We also showed that a signaling pathway involving Jak2 and Stat5, previously shown to lead from the prolactin receptor to transcription of milk protein genes, is also used for cytoplasmic polyadenylation of milk protein mRNAs, thereby stabilizing these mRNAs and activating them for translation. Implications: In vivo, plasma AA levels are affected by nutritional and hormonal effects as well as by conditions of exercise and stress. The amplitude in plasma AA levels resembles that applied in the current in vitro study. Thus, by changing plasma AA levels in the epithelial cell microenvironment or by sensitizing the mTOR pathway to their presence, it should be possible to modulate the rate of milk protein synthesis. Furthermore, knowledge that phosphorylation of Stat5 is required for enhanced milk protein synthesis in response to lactogenic opens the possibility for pharmacologic approaches to increase the phosphorylation of Stat5 and, thereby, milk protein production.
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Barash, Itamar, and Robert E. Rhoads. Translational Mechanisms that Govern Milk Protein Levels and Composition. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586474.bard.

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Original objectives: The long term objective of the project is to achieve higher content of protein in the milk of ruminants by modulating the translational machinery in the mammary gland. The first specific aim of the BARD proposal was to characterize responsiveness of various experimental systems to combination of lactogenic hormones and amino acids with particular emphasis on discrimination between the control of total protein synthesis and milk protein synthesis. Based on the results, we planned to proceed by characterizing the stage of protein synthesis in which the stimulation by lactogenic hormones and amino acid occur and finally we proposed to identify which components of the translation machinery are modified. Background to the topic: Milk protein is the most valuable component in milk, both for direct human consumption and for manufacturing cheese and other protein-based products. Attempts to augment protein content by the traditional methods of genetic selection and improved nutritional regimes have failed. The proposal was based on recent results suggesting that the limiting factor for augmenting protein synthesis in the bovine mammary gland is the efficiency of converting amino acids to milk proteins. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Insulin and prolactin synergistically stimulate â-casein mRNA translation by cytoplasmatic polyadenylation. The interaction between insulin and prolactin was demonstrated two decades ago as crucial for milk-protein synthesis, but the molecular mechanisms involved were not elucidated. We found in differentiated CID 9 mouse mammary epithelial cells line that insulin and prolactin synergistically increases the rate of milk protein mRNA translation. We focused on â-casein, the major milk protein, and found that the increase in â-casein mRNA translation was reflected in a shift to larger polysomes, indicating an effect on translational initiation. Inhibitors of the PI3K, mTOR, and MAPK pathways blocked insulin-stimulated total protein and â-casein synthesis but not the synergistic stimulation. Conversely, cordycepin, a polyadenylation inhibitor, abolished synergistic stimulation of protein synthesis without affecting insulin-stimulated translation. The poly(A) tract of â-casein mRNA progressively increased over 30 min of treatment with insulin plus prolactin. The 3’-untranslated region of â-casein mRNA was found to contain a cytoplasmic polyadenylation element (CPE), and in reporter constructs, this was sufficient for the translational enhancement and mRNA-specific polyadenylation. Furthermore, insulin and prolactin stimulated phosphorylation of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein (CPEB) but did not increase cytoplasmic polyadenylation.
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Савосько, Василь Миколайович, Юлія Бєлик, and Юрій Васильович Лихолат. Ecological and Geological Determination of the Initial Pedogenesis on Devastated Lands in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine). Journ. Geol. Geograph. Geoecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3643.

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In our time, a very urgent problem is the cessation of negative impacts on the environment and the return to the practical use of the territories of devastated lands. In this regard, it is important to find out the basic laws of primary soil formation in the area of these man-made neoplasms. The initial soil formation conditions were analyzed on 19 experimental sites which represent the main varieties of devastated land in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining and Metallurgical District (Central Ukraine): (i) waste rock dumps of old iron mines (old name “Forges”), (ii) tailing storage facility of underground iron mines, (iii) waste rock dumps of the Iron Ore Mining and Dressing Plant, (iv) waste rock dumps of the Granite Quarry Plant. It was established that on the devastated lands in Kryvyi Rih District, the initial soil formation occurs in very difficult conditions. Therefore, over 25- 100 years only very primitive soils were formed. The following features are inherent to them: (1) primitive soil profile (thickness 10-100 mm), (2) low levels of soil organic substance content (9.5-11.5 %), (3) alkaline indicators of the soil solution (pHH2O – 8.08-8.92, pHKCl – 7.42-8.23), (4) low levels of cation exchange capacity (6.34-8.47 mMol /100 g). By results of correlation calculations, among the factors of soil formation time (duration of soil formation) and input of plant ash elements’ fall are characterized by the maximum number of statistically significant correlation coefficients and their numerical values. In terms of chemical composition of the technosol, the values of organic matter content and exchangeable acidity (pHKCl) were the most predictable soil formation factors. Generally physical / chemical characteristics of geological rocks (as parent material) and time were the two most important factors in determining the initial pedogenesis on devastated lands in the Kryvyi Rih Iron Mining & Metallurgical District (Ukraine).
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Dudley, Lynn M., Uri Shani, and Moshe Shenker. Modeling Plant Response to Deficit Irrigation with Saline Water: Separating the Effects of Water and Salt Stress in the Root Uptake Function. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586468.bard.

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Standard salinity management theory, derived from blending thermodynamic and semi- empirical considerations leads to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity stress factors. The current approach treats matric and osmotic components of soil water potential separately and then combines their effects to compute overall response. With deficit water a severe yield decrease is expected under high salinity, yet little or no reduction is predicted for excess irrigation, irrespective of salinity level. Similarly, considerations of competition between chloride and nitrate ions have lead to compensation hypothesis and to application of excess nitrate under saline conditions. The premise of compensative interaction of growth factors behind present practices (that an increase in water application alleviates salinity stress) may result in collateral environmental damage. Over-irrigation resulting in salinization and elevated ground water threatens productivity on a global scale. Other repercussions include excessive application of nitrate to compensate for salinity, unwillingness to practice deficit irrigation with saline water, and under-utilization of marginal water. The objectives for the project were as follows: 1) To develop a database for model parameterization and validation by studying yield and transpiration response to water availability, excessive salinity and salt composition. 2) To modify the root sink terms of an existing mechanism-based model(s) of water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, and salt chemistry. 3) To develop conceptual and quantitative models of ion uptake that considers the soil solution concentration and composition. 4) To develop a conceptual and quantitative models of effects of NaCl and boron accumulation on yield and transpiration. 5) To add a user interface to the water flow, transpiration, crop yield, salt transport, chemistry model to make it easy for others to use. We conducted experiments in field plots and lysimeters to study biomass production and transpiration of com (Zeamays cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumismelo subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Alliumcepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix Dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or with nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). All factors ranged from levels not limiting to plant function to severe inhibition. For cases of combined salinity with water stress, or excess boron, we observed neither additive nor compensative effects on plant yield and transpiration. In fact, yield and transpiration at each combination of the various factors were primarily controlled by one of them, the most limiting factor to plant activity. We proposed a crop production model of the form Yr = min{gi(xi), where Yr = Yi ym-1 is relative yield,Ym is the maximum yield obtained in each experiment, Xi is an environmental factor, gi is a piecewise-linear response function, Yi is yield of a particular treatment. We selected a piecewise-linear approach because it highlights the irrigation level where the response to one factor ceases and a second factor begins. The production functions generate response "envelopes" containing possible yields with diagonal lines represent response to Xi alone and the lines parallel to the X-axis represent response to salinity alone. A multiplicative model was also derived approximating the limiting behaviour for incorporation in a hydrochemical model. The multiplicative model was selected because the response function was required to be continuous. The hydrochemical model was a better predictor of field-measured water content and salt profiles than models based on an additive and compensative model of crop response to salinity and water stress.
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