Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Composition biomasse'
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Saavedra, Rios Carolina del Mar. "Etude des carbones durs issus de la biomasse pour l’application dans les batteries Sodium-ion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. https://thares.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/2020GRALI072.pdf.
Full textThe ever-increasing demand for Lithium-ion batteries has raised some concern regarding the supply of the critical raw materials needed for their production, especially the Li, Co, Ni and Cu resources. The Sodium-ion technology appears to be an alternative which potentially uses abundant, and evenly distributed resources, that is able to reduce the cost of the batteries compared to Lithium-ion. However, the commercial intrusion of Sodium-ion batteries is still limited by the development of low-cost and high-performance negative electrode material. The most promising option is a disordered carbonaceous material called hard carbon obtained from high-temperature thermal treatment of organic precursors. Despite its good performance, hard carbon is still more expensive than the graphite used in Lithium-ion batteries, given the high cost of the synthetic precursors. Lignocellulosic biomass has recently attracted attention as a hard carbon precursor, given its renewable nature, accessibility, and low cost. However, the high variability of biomass feedstock, together with the poor yield of the pyrolysis reaction, make their commercial application rather difficult. Moreover, there is no clear understanding of the biomass composition role on the hard carbon properties. The research work presented here is an interdisciplinary approach, aiming to elucidate the biomass composition's impact on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the derived hard carbons as well as their synthesis yield. A set of 25 lignocellulosic biomass precursors have been selected for this study. The composition of each biomass precursor, such as the elemental organic and inorganic content, and the macromolecular contents were evaluated in detail. The synthesised hard carbons were characterised by XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM, SAXS, XPS, and galvanostatic cycling techniques. The inorganic content and composition of the precursor, particularly the presence of Si, Ca, and K compounds, was observed to play a critical role in developing the hard carbon structure and surface. Therefore, they have a strong negative impact on hard carbon performances, producing high irreversibility. Because of their low ash-content, coupled with their low cost and environmental impact, precursors such as forestry residues, and some agricultural residues, appeared to be the best compromise for hard carbon application
Brixius, Peter Jochen. "On the influence of feedstock properties and composition on process development of expanded bed adsorption Einfluss der Eigenschaften und Zusammensetzung biotechnologischer Rohlösungen auf die Prozessentwicklung im Rahmen der Fliessbettadsorption /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=968548016.
Full textHerbaut, Mickaël. "Déconstruction de la biomasse lignocellulosique : corrélations entre l’activité et la mobilité enzymatiques." Thesis, Reims, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REIMS047.
Full textBiomass recalcitrance to enzymatic hydrolysis is a multifactorial phenomenon still challenging to understand. The main objective of this work was to determine factors that could be considered as generic markers of this recalcitrance. The relationship between enzymes dynamics and cell wall chemical and structural properties was studied using a panel of contrasted biomass samples (wheat straw, miscanthus, poplar) submitted to four different pretreatments, using a combination of chemical, spectroscopic and microscopy analyses.Lignin structure and composition were found to be the main factors explaining recalcitrance for all three biomasses, as highlighted by the negative correlations between fluorescence intensity and glucose yield. Increasing porosity improves saccharification differently for each species reflecting the different organisation of their cell walls. Mobility measurements of probes representative of enzyme size revealed that pretreatments have a more important impact on cell wall structure than the subsequent saccharification. Both the activity and mobility of enzymes are governed by pores sizes whose diameter need to be at least 5 times the diameter of the enzymes for the catalyst to diffuse efficiently in the cell wall, likely due to a fill-in effect caused by interactions with lignin. The intertwining between lignin and pores sizes was emphasized by measurements of the probes interactions with lignin revealing that binding depended on lignin structure, but also on its accessibility and on cell wall porosity.Our strategy and results provide insights for the improvement of pretreatment methods allowing a better valorisation of lignocellulosic biomass
Pierre, Floran. "Traitement thermique du bois en vue de sa valorisation énergétique : effet de l'intensité de traitement sur la composition chimique, les propriétés énergétiques et la résilience mécanique." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01066141.
Full textBartsch, Annette. "Die Eisalgenflora des Weddelmeeres (Antarktis): Artenzusammensetzung und Biomasse sowie Ökophysiologie ausgewählter Arten = Sea ice algae of the Wedddell Sea (Antarctica): species composition, biomass, and ecophysiology of selected species /." Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Inst. für Polar- und Meeresforschung, 1989. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/016186044.pdf.
Full textWagner, Heiko, Anne Jungandreas, and Christian Wilhelm. "Surveillance of c-allocation in microalgal cells." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-147318.
Full textThera, Korotimi. "Analyse des déterminants génétiques contrôlant la production et la composition de la tige chez le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench). Intégration des approches bi-et multi-parentales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSAM0030.
Full textSorghum ranks fifth in terms of grain production at the worldwide level. It contributes to food security in the developing countries and provides a significant share of the animal caloric intake. In addition sorghum is expected to contribute significantly to the emerging energy and biomaterial value chains. In this context, identification of the genetic factors controlling biomass production and quality is of crucial interest to develop varieties fitting the expectations of the different uses. Currently only a partial vision of the genetic architecture of biomass production and quality is available, hampering optimal breeding efficiencies. This can be explained by a limited use of the genetic diversity pool to dissect the genetic control of the traits of interest (mainly restricted to non-photoperiod sensitive varieties until now) and a limited understanding of the relationships between biomass production (largely driven by phenology variability) and quality. In this context, this PhD aimed at i) providing a better understanding of the genetic bases of flowering and height variabilities using photoperiod sensitive genetic material ii) disentangling the interactions between biomass quality, height, cycle duration and photoperiod sensitivity and iii) refining our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the variation in biomass quality. To tackle these challenges, two biparental QTL mapping populations, a diversity panel including 35 parents of a Backcross Nested Association Mapping design and a subset of their progenies (29 populations encompassing a total of 1200 BC1F4) were characterized for their phenology, growth and biomass composition. The analysis of the genetic determinism of phenology coupled with an ecophysiological modeling approach, revealed a chromosomic region controlling a large part of the variability (60%) of critical photoperiod (a component of cycle duration). The gene ELF3, for which functional evidence of impact on photoperiod sensitivity is available in other species can be proposed as a functional driver of the variability induced by this region. Although a significant proportion of the genomic regions detected in this study have already been revealed in previous studies, several new regions have been discovered, underlying the interest of multiparental based designs. Phenology analyses over different sowing dates highlighted the complexity of the genetic determinism of this trait through the detection of genomic regions with variable effects. In depth analyses of biomass quality relationships with height, precocity and photoperiod sensitivity underlined strong dwarfism and sowing dates effects on the components of biomass quality and their relationships. In addition, different behaviors of photoperidiod sensitive and insensitive genotypes to delayed sowing dates have been observed. Finally, characterization of stem biochemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content of the cell walls) on the 29 BC1F4 populations, revealed numerous chromosomic regions with variable effects. Putative candidate genes from these regions of interest have been opposed. These analyses enriched a library of regions impacting the breeding targets linked to biomass production and quality. The potentials of these results and of the populations developed towards optimization of breeding efficiency and gene function validation have been discussed
Romero, Millán Lina. "Steam gasification of tropical lignocellulosic agrowaste : impact of biomass characteristics on the gaseous and solid by-products." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018EMAC0011.
Full textIn the context of most developing countries, steam gasification could be a very interesting process for both energy generation in isolated areas and the production of value-added products from lignocellulosic agrowaste. Considering that the availability of agricultural residues is often seasonal, gasification facilities should operate with different feedstocks. In consequence, this work is focused on the understanding of the impact of biomass characteristics on the gasification process and the properties of the gaseous and solid by-products. Three lignocellulosic agrowastes with different macromolecular structure and inorganic composition were selected for this study: Coconut shells (CS), bamboo guadua (BG) and oil palm shells (OPS). The thermal decomposition kinetics of the selected feedstocks was analyzed in a thermogravimetric scale under inert and steam atmosphere. Despite the differences in their macromolecular composition, inorganics showed to be the most important parameter influencing the steam gasification reactivity and kinetics of the samples. The beneficial impact of AAEM was confirmed, as well as the inhibitory effect of Si and P. More specifically, the ratio K/(Si+P) proved to be suitable to describe and compare the steam gasification behavior of lignocellulosic agrowastes. In accordance, a new kinetic modeling approach was proposed to predict the gasification behavior of samples, from the knowledge of their inorganic composition. The validity of the ratio K/(Si+P) to classify and predict the biomass steam gasification behavior was also confirmed from experiments in a lab-scale fluidized bed gasifier. Samples with K/(Si+P) above 1 exhibited higher gasification reactivities compared to samples with ratios below 1, resulting in greater gas yields and higher gas efficiencies. Moreover, inorganics impacted not only the gasification rate of the samples, but also the properties of the gasification solid by-products. In particular, higher gasification reactivities were related to greater char surface areas and contents of oxygenated surface functional groups. A temperature of 850°C and a steam fraction of 30% in the reacting atmosphere proved to be the most suitable gasification conditions for the simultaneous production of fuel gases for energy applications, and a valuable char that could be valorized in soil amendment applications. The gasification model and experimental results presented in this work might be an important reference for real gasification applications working with different kind of residues, when both the gaseous and solid by-products valorization is intended. Moreover, in the presented context, steam gasification of lignocellulosic agrowaste may improve the energy access in rural isolated areas, and simultaneously promote the development of productive projects that could generate new incomes for local communities
Park, Young-In. "Bioconversion du CO[indice inférieur 2] en biomasse algale et utilisation de l’eau usée municipale comme source additionnelle de carbone et d’oligoéléments." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6610.
Full textFournel, Sébastien. "Combustion à la ferme de cultures énergétiques : influence de leurs propriétés physico-chimiques sur les émissions atmosphériques, prédiction de la composition des gaz et cadre de qualité de la biomasse agricole." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6832.
Full textCalvière, Isabelle. "Effets de la nutrition minérale et de la composition botanique sur la croissance de prairies permanentes au printemps : conséquences pour la prévision et le diagnostic de la biomasse récoltable et de sa qualité." Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT013A.
Full textBetoulle, Jean-Luc. "Variations spatiales de la production primaire et des apports au sol en éléments minéraux dans cinq faciès d'une mangrove en Guyane française." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30288.
Full textHracherrass, Ahmed. "Etude des peuplements de Teline linifolia (L. ) Webb. Et Berth. En forêt de la Mamora (Maroc) : organisation spatiale, biométrie, biomasse, productivité et composition phytochimique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX30055.
Full textPassicousset, Joël. "Descripteurs physico-chimiques de la biomasse lignocellulosique en hydrolyse enzymatique : vers une caractérisation in-situ." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019IAVF0004.
Full textOne of the paths that are envisioned to reduce the environmental footprint of human’s activities in the field of the transportation is about ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. Amongst all the different processes that are projected to convert such substrates made of cellulose, hemicelluloses, and lignin, the bioconversion process into ethanol represents a promising option since it is quite mature, and ethanol is readily usable in the current gas-cars fleet. The pretreatment step that aims at making cellulose more accessible and more digestible to the enzymatic hydrolysis still needs improvements in order to make this process economically viable. To study the relations between operating conditions, physicochemical modifications, and their effects on substrates’ digestibility, a wide range of samples with a high variability of their physicochemical parameters was needed. Samples were produced from a wheat straw that was dilute-acid and steam exploded with a wide range of operating conditions. Multi-technique and multi-scale analyses led to a precise characterisation of the physicochemical effects provoked by the pretreatment. These results also allowed identifying key substrate parameters that are responsible for the substrate enzymatic digestibility. Based on the observations, an empirical model was proposed to express the substrate digestibility as a function of these critical parameters. Finally, in situ monitoring of tissue degradation and enzyme adsorption-desorption on plant tissues during saccharification was carried using UV-autofluorescence microscopy. Thanks tothese experiments, hydrolysis mechanisms on pretreated matrices are now better understood, and depend upon pretreatment operating conditions
Sauzède, Raphaëlle. "Etude et paramétrisation de la distribution verticale de la biomasse phytoplanctonique dans l'ocean global." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066625/document.
Full textThis PhD work focuses on the parameterization of the vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass and community structure in the global open ocean. First we have developed a neural network-based method for the calibration of the fluorescence in chlorophyll a concentration [Chl] associated with the total phytoplankton biomass and with three phytoplankton size classes. This method, (FLAVOR for Fluorescence to Algal communities Vertical distribution in the Oceanic Realm), was trained and validated using a database of ~900 concomitant fluorescence and HPLC-determined pigment profiles. A global database comprising ~49 000 fluorescence profiles was assembled and calibrated with FLAVOR. The resulting database represents a first step towards a global three-dimensional view of phytoplankton biomass and community composition. Second, two neural networks (SOCA for Satellite Ocean Color and Argo data to infer vertical distribution of bio-optical properties) were developed to infer the vertical distribution of two bio-optical proxies of the phytoplankton biomass, [Chl] and the particulate backscattering coefficient, using as input satellite-derived products matched up with a hydrological Argo profile. The SOCA methods were trained and validated using a global database of ~5 000 profiles of bio-optical and hydrological properties collected from Bio-Argo floats with concomitant satellite products. The database used to develop FLAVOR and SOCA originates from various oceanic regions largely representative of the global ocean, making the methods applicable to most oceanic waters. Finally, we proposed a study dedicated to the North Atlantic where the tools developed in this thesis are used in conjunction with a bio-optical primary production model. This allows us to characterize the seasonal cycle of the vertical distribution of the phytoplankton biomass and primary production in various bio-regions of the North Atlantic
Sylvestre, Alexandre. "Caractérisation de l'aérosol industriel et quantification de sa contribution aux PM2.5 atmosphériques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4714/document.
Full textIn order to limit the impact of air quality on human health, public authorities need reliable and accurate information on the sources contribution. So, the identification of the main sources of PM2.5 is the first step to adopt efficient mitigation policies. This work carry out in this thesis take place in this issue and was to determine the main sources of PM2.5 inside an industrial area. To determinate the main sources of PM2.5, two campaigns were lead to collect daily PM2.5 to: 1/ determine the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants downwind from the main industrial activities and 2/ collect PM2.5 in urban areas characteristic of the population exposition. Results allowed to obtain very representative profiles for the main industrial activities implanted inside the studied area. ME-2 analysis, combined to radiocarbon measurements, allowed to highlight the very high impact of Biomass Burning sources for all the PM2.5 pollution events recorded from early autumn to March. This study showed that industrial sources, even if they are the major sources during spring and summer, are not the major PM2.5 driver. However, this study highlights that industrial sources impact significantly the aerosol population (size, composition, etc.) in the studied area
Arnoult, Stéphanie. "Contribution à la définition d’idéotypes de miscanthus valorisables pour la production de bioéthanol de 2ème génération et perspectives en sélection." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10098/document.
Full textIn front of the depletion of oil resources, Europe is moving towards the 2nd-generation bioethanol production from plant biomass. The Miscanthus x giganteus species is promising due to its high biomass production and its low environmental impacts. However, the genetic diversity of this species is low and its biomass composition is not necessary optimal for the 2nd-generation bioethanol production. This thesis therefore aims to explore several Miscanthus species in order to define ideotypes and to propose guidelines to target miscanthus breeding for 2nd-generation bioethanol production. It was based on three approaches: a literature review, an experimental field study, and tests in pilot at industrial scale. The review of literature showed a strong environmental and genotypic variability for traits related to biomass production and composition. Moreover, the experimental data analysis showed antagonisms between the traits of interest: a high biomass production was associated with high cellulose and lignin contents, but low hemicellulose, soluble, and ash contents. High biomass lignin content also reduced the efficiency of the biomass conversion to 2nd-generation bioethanol. Lastly, breeding tools were defined: canopy height and aboveground plant volume enabled to predict the biomass production of mature crops from early stages. The near infrared spectroscopy also provided accurate prediction of the miscanthus biomass composition. This contributes to the definition of miscanthus ideotypes for 2nd-generation bioethanol production by providing selection criteria, breeding tools, and breeding prospects
Hess, Manon. "Restauration écologique des communautés végétales après éradication d'espèces invasives : Rôle de la dynamique de colonisation et des effets de priorité Using limiting similarity to enhance invasion resistance: theoretical and practical concerns Priority effects: Emerging principles for invasive plant species management Giving recipient communities a greater head start and including productive species boosts early resistance to invasion." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0357.
Full textInvasive plant species cause serious environmental and sanitary issues and their control is today a major challenge. Disturbances involving vegetation removal and an increase in resource availability offer particularly favorable conditions for invasive plant colonization. Establishing a plant cover rapidly sequestering resources could be a relevant strategy to limit invasion. However, little is known about the characteristics enabling newly established communities to exert strong invasion resistance, especially in the early growth stages.In this thesis, I focused on two potential determinants of invasion resistance of herbaceous plant communities in the early growth stages after a major disturbance, which are (1) the concept of limiting similarity, stating that the coexistence of species sharing the same ecological niche is limited by competitive exclusion, and (2) priority effects, which occur when the establishment of a species affects the performance or survival of later arriving species. The application of limiting similarity to control invasive plants appears complex, ineffective and unsuitable for the most common situations. In contrast, integrating priority effects into invasive plant management strategies seems more promising. One strategy consists in restoring a plant cover exerting strong negative priority effects, decreasing the success of subsequent invasive plant establishment. In two greenhouse experiments, I explored the role of priority effects in early invasion resistance. In a first experiment, I manipulated species composition, sowing density and the elapsed time between community sowing and invasion by Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bothriochloa barbinodis and Cortaderia selloana. A higher invasion resistance was observed when communities produced a high aboveground biomass, which was associated with the presence of productive species. Delaying invasive species arrival also decreased invasion success, but only if it allowed a sufficient increase in biomass production. A second experiment investigated how the identity of the first native colonizer (one of two grasses: Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne, or one of two legumes: Onobrychis viciifolia and Trifolium repens) and the timing of species establishment (synchronous vs. sequential sowing) influenced the structuration of the recipient community and its resistance to invasion by A. artemisiifolia. Small differences in assembly history of the recipient community substantially affected community structure, biomass production, soil nutrient content, as well as early invasion resistance. Sequential sowing generally decreased invasion resistance compared with a synchronous sowing. Early colonizers generated priority effects of variable strength most likely via belowground competition, which affected A. artemisiifolia’s invasion success. A prior establishment of the N-fixing legume T. repens particularly boosted A. artemisiifolia’s performance. In conclusions, this thesis work highlights the inadequacy of revegetation strategies based on limiting similarity and reveals promising perspectives of manipulating assembly history and priority effects for designing invasion resistant communities. Assembly history significantly influenced early invasion success by inducing differences in biomass production and resource preemption by the recipient community. Priority effects of newly established communities and associated invasion resistance could be enhanced by (1) giving as much time advance as possible to the recipient community over invasives, (2) introducing species displaying an ability to rapidly produce biomass and preempt soil resources, or (3) avoiding sequential sowing especially when early colonizers are nitrogen-fixing, productive species
Blais, Marie-Amélie. "Étude en mésocosmes des impacts de l'acidification et du réchauffement sur la composition élémentaire de la biomasse planctonique et le cycle de l'azote dans l'estuaire maritime du Saint-Laurent." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27839.
Full textLescure, Jean-Paul. "La reconstitution du couvert végétal après agriculture sur brulis chez les Wayapi du Haut Oyapock (Guyane française)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066120.
Full textCosta, da Cruz Ana Rita. "Compositional and kinetic modeling of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis from lignocellulosic biomass." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1006/document.
Full textFast pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical conversion routes that enable the transformation of solid lignocellulosic biomass into liquid bio-oils. These complex mixtures are different from oil fractions and cannot be directly integrated into existing petroleum upgrading facilities. Indeed, because of their high levels of oxygen compounds, bio-oils require a dedicated pre-refining step, such as hydrotreating, to remove these components.The aim of the present work is to understand the structure, composition and reactivity of bio-oil compounds through modeling of experimental data. To understand the structure and composition, molecular reconstruction techniques, based on analytical data, were applied generating a synthetic mixture, whose properties are consistent with the mixture properties. To understand the reactivity, the hydrotreating of two model molecules was studied: Guaiacol and Furfural. A deterministic and stochastic model were created for each compounds. The deterministic approach intended to retrieve a range of kinetic parameters, later on refined by the stochastic simulation approach into a new model. This approach generates an reaction network by defining and using a limited number of reaction classes and reaction rules. To consolidate the work, the synthetic mixture was used in the stochastic simulation of the hydrotreating of bio-oils, supported by the kinetics of the model compounds.In sum, the present work was able to recreate the light fraction of bio-oil and simulate the hydrotreating of bio-oils, via the kinetic parameters of model compounds, which can reasonably predict the effluents of the hydrotreating of these, but are unsuitable for bio-oil.Fast pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical conversion routes that enable the transformation of solid lignocellulosic biomass into liquid bio-oils. These complex mixtures are different from oil fractions and cannot be directly integrated into existing petroleum upgrading facilities. Indeed, because of their high levels of oxygen compounds, bio-oils require a dedicated pre-refining step, such as hydrotreating, to remove these components.The aim of the present work is to understand the structure, composition and reactivity of bio-oil compounds through modeling of experimental data. To understand the structure and composition, molecular reconstruction techniques, based on analytical data, were applied generating a synthetic mixture, whose properties are consistent with the mixture properties. To understand the reactivity, the hydrotreating of two model molecules was studied: Guaiacol and Furfural. A deterministic and stochastic model were created for each compounds. The deterministic approach intended to retrieve a range of kinetic parameters, later on refined by the stochastic simulation approach into a new model. This approach generates an reaction network by defining and using a limited number of reaction classes and reaction rules. To consolidate the work, the synthetic mixture was used in the stochastic simulation of the hydrotreating of bio-oils, supported by the kinetics of the model compounds.In sum, the present work was able to recreate the light fraction of bio-oil and simulate the hydrotreating of bio-oils, via the kinetic parameters of model compounds, which can reasonably predict the effluents of the hydrotreating of these, but are unsuitable for bio-oil
Bekmirzaev, Gulom. "Relations eau et cultures de légumes : effet des sols salins et conditions de sècheresse sur la croissance, composition minérale et photosynthèse." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10010/document.
Full textConventional techniques used to control the soil salinization process - soil leaching or fertilization enhancing - contribute highly to soil and aquifers contamination; on the other hand, the use of salt tolerant species will be very useful to the plants, but does not solve the problem of soil or groundwater contamination. Hence, the only way to control the salinization process to maintain the sustainability of landscapes and agricultural fields is to combat the salinization problems with environmentally safe and clean techniques. One of these new techniques is the use of salt removing species. In order to study the potential capacity to remove soil salts, two horticultural species Portulaca oleracea and Tetragonia tetragonioides, and the salt sensitive crop lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L) were evaluated for their efficiency to remove salts from sandy soil. Plants were analysed relatively to total growth and mineral composition of the leaves and soil. According to the results, it was seen that T. tetragonioides is the best salt removing species and complementary, it has other benefits, which are as follows: 1) high biomass production; 2) several harvests; 3) high content of minerals; 4) horticultural importance; 5) easy multiplication; 6) easy crop management; 7) tolerance to drought conditions; 8) soil erosion control. P. oleracea is a high drought tolerant species, followed by T. tetragonioides. As concluding remarks, it was shown that this new technique to control salinity is a powerful and environmental clean tool to maintain the sustainability of the landscape and of the irrigated areas
Fernandes, Paula. "Effets des modes de gestion des terres en zone sahélienne sur les termes et l'évolution de leur bilan organique et biologique : consequences pour une production céréalière soutenue : cas du Sénégal." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1999_FERNANDES_P.pdf.
Full textIn the sahelian zone, sail organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MBc) are two essential components of soil fertility, SOM because of it's role in sail physical properties and stock of nutrients, and MBc as the key of most of the biological processes involved in SOM evolution. Our objective is (1) to evaluate the effects of organic inputs on sail fertility, using chemical and biological variables as well as yield components and (2) to determine the relationships between these variables so as to define types of soil behaviour that could explain the large variability of the response to manure in field conditions. We worked on medium-term and annual experiments as weil as a multilocal experiment in field conditions. Our variables are soil physico-chemical caracteristics, MBc, nitrification determined in situ (Nitn1) and in controlled conditions (Nitpot) as the biological variables, and plant prùductivity as an integrative variable. Our results confirm the fast degradation of SOM the first year of cultivation after 15 years of herbaceous fallow (-40% C the first year). This study also presents new results : (1) it validate, in field conditions, the increase of MBc during the cultivation period observed by other authors in agronomical station and precises the relationships between soil biological component (MBc and Nitm) and chemical ones (CEC, SOM) ; (3) it shows that the variability of the soil and plant reponse to manure is a function of it's composition and of the ecological zone; this variability is used to define types of sail behaviour; (4) it shows that residual effects of manure is still sensible, even after two years, on yield and MBc. This work also led to methodological studies. Controlled conditions are necessary for a better knowledge of biological mecanisms
Rodriguez, Indalesio. "Composition related effects on thermal reactivity of organic feedstocks /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9895.
Full textBrereton, Nicholas James Beresford. "SRC willow development, biomass composition and biofuel potential." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6920.
Full textCelik, Hamza. "Modulation of cellulosome composition in Clostridium cellulolyticum : a two-component system controls the expression of genes encoding hemicellulases." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4753.
Full textThe composition of the cellulosomes (multi enzymatic complexes involved in the degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides) produced by Clostridium cellulolyticum differs according to the growth substrate. In particular, the expression of a cluster of 14 hemicellulase-encoding genes (called xyl-doc) is induced by the presence of straw and not of cellulose. The hypothesis was made that the putative two-component regulatory system, encoded by the genes localized upstream of xyl-doc, was involved in this regulation.My results provided evidence that the response regulator (called XydR) is involved in the activation of the transcription of xyl-doc genes and of an additional gene encoding a protein of unknown function harboring a carbohydrate binding module predicted to target hemicelluloses. Promoter regions, including XydR binding sites, have been identified upstream of the regulated genes and the transcriptional link between all xyl-doc genes has been demonstrated. A second aim of my work has been to identify the inducing signal present in straw that could be sensed by the cognate sensor of XydR. It was shown that the transcription of the target genes is specifically induced by arabinose and xylose which are the most abundant sugar residues present in hemicellulose and thus released by its degradation.Finally, biochemical studies of the products of some of the regulated genes demonstrated that at least three genes encoded products involved in hemicellullose degradation
Kalinauskaitė, Solveiga. "Environmental and energy efficiency evaluation of straw treatment and conversion technology." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2014~D_20141223_145125-20389.
Full textTyrimų tikslas. Pagrįsti šiaudų biokuro optimalios sudėties paruošimo ir panaudojimo energinėms reikmėms efektyvumą, atlikti šiaudų biokuro paruošimo technologijos energinį vertinimą ir nustatyti deginimo metu išskiriamas emisijas. Tyrimų uždaviniai. Tyrimų tikslui pasiekti numatyta: 1) Atlikti šiaudų biokuro (briketų ir granulių) paruošimo deginimui technologinę analizę; 2) Pagristi kalkių priedo (CaO) įmaišymo į šiaudų biokuro sudetį tikslingumą; 3) Ištirti pagaminto šiaudų biokuro savybes; 4) Nustatyti ir įvertinti šiaudų biokuro deginimo metu išskiriamas emisijas; 5) Įvertinti šiaudų granulių gamybos technologinės įrangos energijos sanaudas.
Cromar, Nancy Judith. "Composition of biomass and computer modelling of high rate algal ponds." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.394903.
Full textRABEMANOLONTSOA, HARIFARA F. "QUANTIFICATION OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION FOR VARIOUS BIOMASS SPECIES AS BIOREFINERY FEEDSTOCKS." Kyoto University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157392.
Full textSchiavone, Marion. "Combination of biochemical, molecular and biophysical approaches to investigate the impact of strain background and production process on the yeast cell wall composition and molecular architecture." Thesis, Toulouse, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAT0043.
Full textDue to increasing yeast biomass production resulting from the expansion of the Biorefinery as an alternative to petrol-based energy, the yeast cell wall is receiving an increasing interest as an added value product targeting agro-nutrition markets, such as in animal nutrition and in wine for its probiotic and sorption properties. The purpose of this thesis was therefore to combine DNA microarrays, biochemical and biophysical approaches in order to investigate the relationships between these parameters as well as to highlight the impact of strains, growth conditions and processes on the cell wall composition and biophysical properties. To achieve this objective, an acido-enzymatic method was developed to specifically quantify each of the four components of the yeast cell wall, namely mannan, chitin, β-1,3-glucan and β-1,6-glucan. This method was validated on mutant strains and allowed highlighten various stresses effects. Then, the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM) has allowed investigating the same strains and four strains used in industrial fermentation. They demonstrated distinct nanomechanical and adhesive properties, due to differences in their cell wall structure and composition. In the last part, the effects of the autolysis and fluid-bed drying processes are presented. This industrial process does not change the composition of the cell wall but induces a modification in topography and surface properties of the cell. Moreover, using AFM we imaged on S. cerevisiae cell surface highly adhesive patches forming nanodomains
Silva, Caroline Aparecida da. "Caracterização da fração orgânica dos resíduos sólidos urbanos do Aterro municipal de Santo André visando seu aproveitamento energético via biodigestão anaeróbia." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2016.
Find full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016.
A geração de resíduos sólidos é um problema que vem se agravando com o passar dos anos. A proteção ao ambiente, o combate à poluição e a oferta de saneamento básico são direitos do cidadão, segundo a Constituição Federal, portanto, o governo deve se responsabilizar pelas práticas de controle ambiental. O Plano Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos é um documento elaborado a partir da Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos que fortalece os princípios da gestão integrada e sustentável de resíduos, propõe medidas de incentivo nos sistemas de coleta, tratamento e destinação de resíduos sólidos. Esse trabalho apresenta um panorama geral dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos do município de Santo André, com o objetivo de caracterizar a fração orgânica para avaliar a possibilidade de tratamento com aproveitamento energético via processo bioquímico de biodigestão anaeróbia. Para tal, foram determinadas as características químicas da fração orgânica dos RSU dispostos no Aterro Municipal de Santo André, tais como teor de umidade, sólidos fixos e voláteis, relação carbono/nitrogênio (C/N) e composição centesimal. Foram estudados resíduos de origens domiciliar e comercial, da CRAISA (Companhia Regional de Abastecimento Integrado de Santo André) e de feiras livres. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados e relacionados. Os valores médios obtidos foram: Sólidos totais de (65,75 ± 8,9)% para as rotas dos resíduos úmidos, (81,61 ± 2,18)% para a CRAISA e (71,8% ± 14,7)% para as feiras livres; Sólidos Voláteis de (72,23% ± 12,28)% para as rotas dos resíduos úmidos, (85,35% ± 1,21)% para a CRAISA e (84,33% ± 9,36)% para as feiras livres; o teor de lipídios foi de (5,43% ± 0,51)% para as rotas dos resíduos úmidos, (2,31% ± 0,44)% para a CRAISA e (3,24% ± 0,23)% para as feiras livres; o teor de proteína foi de (12,23% ± 2,10)% para as rotas dos resíduos úmidos, (8,75% ± 0,44)% para a CRAISA e (9,69% ± 1,17)% para as feiras livres; a razão C/N de 21,63 para as rotas dos resíduos úmidos, 27,97 para a CRAISA e 28,59 para as feiras livres, situando-se, portanto, dentro dos resultados ótimos para que o processo de biodigestão anaeróbia ocorra.
Solid Waste production is a problem it has intensified over the years. The environment protection, that pollution and sanitation availablity is a civil right, according to Federal Constitution, so the government must be responsable for environmetal control practices. The Solid Waste National Plan is a document drawn up from the Solid Waste National Policy that strengthens the principles of integrated and sustainable waste management, it proposes measures to promote the collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste. This study presents an overview of Municipal Solid Waste of Santo André in Brazil, in order to characterize the organic fraction to evaluate the possibility of energy recovery treatment by biochemical process of anaerobic digestion. To this end, it was determined the chemical characteristics of the organic fraction of MSW disposed in the Municipal Landfill of Santo André, such as moisture content, fixed and volatile solids, carbon / nitrogen ratio (C/N) and chemical composition. It were studied the household and commercial waste sources, the CRAISA (Regional Integrated Supply Company of St. Andrew) and fairs. Some results were compared and interrelated. Average values form: Total Solids 65.75 ± 8.9% for the routes of solid waste, 81.61 ± 2.18% for CRAISA and 71.8% ± 14.7% for open-market; Volatile Solids of 72.23% ± 12.28% for the routes of wet waste, 85.35% ± 1.21% for CRAISA and 84.33% ± 9.36% for for open-market; the 5.43% lipid content ± 0.51% for the routes of wet waste, 2.31% ± 0.44% for CRAISA and 3.24% ± 0.23% for for open-market; the protein content was 12.23% ± 2.10% for the routes of wet waste, 8.75% ± 0.44% for CRAISA and 9.69% ± 1.17% for for open-market; the C / N ratio of 21.63 for the routes of wet waste, 27.97 to 28.59 and CRAISA for for open-market, standing therefore in the excellent results for the process of anaerobic digestion occurs.
Rigdon, Anne R. "Coverage impacts biomass composition, conversion to ethanol yields and microbial communities during storage." Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16541.
Full textDepartment of Grain Science and Industry
Dirk E. Maier
Increased mandates for the production of transportation fuels from renewable resources have thrust the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass, e.g., energy crops and agricultural residues, to ethanol into commercial production. The conversion of biomass to ethanol has been implemented; transportation and storage logistics are still obstacles to overcome by industry. Limited harvest windows throughout the year necessitate extended periods of biomass storage to maintain a consistent, year-round supply to the biorefinery. Sorghum biomass stored with no coverage (NN), covered with tarp (NT), wrapped in plastic (PN) and covered with a tarp and wrapped in plastic (PT) for six months was analyzed for changes in biomass components—cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose degrading enzymes, and conversion to ethanol yields. Treatment NN had increased enzyme activity, and reduced cellulose content and ethanol yields; while biomass covered maintained enzyme activity, cellulose content and ethanol yields. Sequencing of the Large SubUnit (LSU) region and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of ribosomal RNA gene gave consistent results of fungal community dynamics in biomass stored as previously described. Fungal community richness and diversity increased, while evenness decreased in uncovered biomass during storage. Covered and uncovered storage treatments and over time were found to exhibit distinctly different fungal communities. In contrast, bacterial communities were found to be unresponsive to storage treatments and durations. Cladosporium, Alternaria and Cryptococcus were found to be the most abundant in the stored biomass. Covering of biomass strongly limits the arrival and establishment of new fungal propagules in stored biomass, reducing biomass degradation by these often pathogenic, saprobic or endophytic communities. Overall, covering of biomass during storage is essential for optimal substrate retention for downstream processing into ethanol. In addition, storage and transportation logistics of three real-world scenarios were evaluated for the conversion of wheat straw, corn stover and sorghum stalks residues to ethanol at a biorefinery located in Southwest Kansas. Economic evaluation revealed that transport and storage of residues at satellite storage facilities was most economical for farmers and would create opportunity for the operation of profitable facilities that would supply the local biorefinery on demand throughout the year.
Mbambo, Sifiso Walter. "Scales of variability of phytoplankton composition and biomass in Algoa Bay, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9193.
Full textThis study investigated the variability of environmental drivers of phytoplankton communities and biomass at different time scales in Algoa Bay. This research was motivated by Pacific oyster culturing at an Algoa Bay oyster farm. Time series of winds, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and fluorescence were presented for the period from September/October 2010 to May/June 2012. The time series showed strong seasonal and interannual variability in the winds and SSTs. SSTs ranged from 12.5–25.5°C with a mean (±S.D.) of 18.4 ± 2.3°C. The dominance of south-easterly and south-westerly winds in summer of 2010/11 resulted in cooler temperatures and higher chlorophyll-a concentrations than were found in 2011/12. The summer of 2011/12 had non-persistent south-westerly winds that lead to warm temperatures and low chlorophyll-a concentrations. Two short field trips in early summer 2011 and early autumn 2012 sampled physical, chemical and biological variables. There was minor variability in the winds during these sampling periods and little spatial variability in SST. However, there were spatial differences in nutrient concentrations and chlorophyll-a distributions. The sampling trip in early summer 2011 found a strong thermocline at a depth of approximately 15 m, and SST ranged between 13.5 and 21°C. In early autumn 2012, deep water mixing was evident when the thermocline dropped to about 30 m, with a range of SSTs from 16.5–21°C. Temperature and nutrient values were significantly correlated (at p < 0.001) for NO3, PO4, and SiO4 in both field trips. Phytoplankton community structure in early summer 2011 showed a 30% level of similarity in grouping of species for stations closest to the shore, which had depleted NO3 concentrations. There was a dominance of dinoflagellates of Gonyaulax polygramma and other species, which are known for creating hypoxic conditions in the water column, leading to shellfish mortalities. In early autumn 2012 there was a strong grouping of samples at a 50% level of similarity alongshore, at stations with high NO3 concentrations. In this period pennate diatoms of Pseudo-nitzschia sp. were abundant; this genus has been reported to produce the neurotoxin, domoic acid. Variable environmental conditions with low chlorophyll-a concentrations at Algoa Bay’s marine culture site indicate unsuitable conditions for Pacific oyster production.
Parma, Daniele de Freitas. "Growth characterization and chemical composition of the cell wall of native species of bamboos." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/21109.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Os bambus são plantas predominantes em áreas florestais e tornou-se uma escolha favorita para o sequestro de carbono, para absorver o CO 2 atmosférico e restaurar o equilíbrio aditivo do sistema climático da Terra, devido à sua alta taxa de crescimento em comparação com a maioria das outras espécies de plantas. Ademais, os bambus são utilizados na produção de polpa e papel ou carvão e carbono ativo. Além disso, tem funções ecológicas e ambientais no controle da erosão do solo, conservação da água e reabilitação de terras. A quantificação de sua biomassa fornece, dentre outras coisas, uma estimativa de material celulósico disponível para uma fonte potencial de energia renovável. Assim, os objetivos deste estudo foram (i) Quantificar a biomassa e o teor carbono das espécies de Merostachys (M. fischeriana, M. tatianae e M. ximenae), compreendendo a sua distribuição nos diferentes compartimentos (folha, ramos e colmo). (ii) Avaliar os modelos utilizados para quantificação de biomassa de bambus, de acordo com as variáveis biométricas coletadas - circunferência e diâmetro do colmo na base e na altura do peito, altura total do colmo e número de nós. (iii) Quantificar o teor de umidade (iv) Identificar e quantificar os principais componentes da parede celular do colmo - celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e cinzas. Para quantificar a produtividade de M. fischeriana, M. tatianae e M. ximenae, vinte indivíduos de cada espécie foram coletados em área de Floresta Atlântica no Sudeste do Brasil. As plantas foram medidas, cortadas, pesadas e secas. Para quantificar os componentes químicos da parede celular do colmo, três amostras (base, meio e ápice) de cada um dos cinco indivíduos das três espécies foram liofilizadas e homogeneizadas para se obter pó fino. O desenho amostral utilizado foi baseado em fatores aninhados comparando as regiões entre si e dentro de cada espécie. A distribuição de biomassa em Merostachys foi maior no colmo, com detecção de algumas diferenças interespecíficas. A biomassa seca individual correlacionou-se fortemente com as variáveis biométricas, diâmetro da base do colmo, diâmetro na altura do peito e altura total. Assim, os modelos de regressão simples testados para as espécies explicam a biomassa total individual, sendo esta a variável dependente. A produtividade de Merostachys, em cultivo com espaçamento de 3m x 3m, é altamente competitiva com outras espécies de bambu; mesmo com outras plantas (i.e. Pinus). Merostachys tem uma taxa média de crescimento diário de 0,07 m, alcançando sua altura máxima em quatro meses e seu pleno desenvolvimento, com folhas e ramos, em 6-9 meses. O teor de umidade diminui a partir da base em direção ao ápice, bem como em relação à idade. Verificou-se que não houve diferença significativa entre o teor de celulose, hemicelulose, lignina e cinzas entre as espécies de Merostachys, bem como entre a base, meio e ápice. No entanto, apenas M. tatianae apresentou diferenças significativas (p = 0,0026) para a concentração de lignina entre as regiões. A concentração média de celulose em Merostachys fischeriana, M. tatianae e M. ximenae variou de 78-82%. Em Merostachys o valor encontrado para a holocelulose foi superior a 98%, sendo esse valor relacionado à concentração de celulose, uma vez que o teor de hemicelulose observado é congruente com o verificado para outras espécies de bambu. O teor de lignina foi de 0,86-1,06%. A concentração de cinzas foi de 0,52-0,68% semelhante à observada para algumas espécies de Eucalyptus. Estudos de quantificação dos componentes químicos da parede celular de bambu são raros. O conhecimento abrangente da biomassa e dos componentes químicos nas espécies de bambu facilitará o uso de materiais no setor industrial florestal e ajudará a melhorar sua utilização na indústria química e bioquímica relacionada. Além disso, esses resultados podem apoiar estudos taxonômicos e ecológicos.
Bamboos are predominant plants in forest areas and it have become a favorite choice for carbon sequestration to absorb atmospheric CO 2 and restorer additive balance of the Earth’s climate system, due to its high growth rate compared to most other plant species. Furthermore, the bamboos are used to produce pulp and paper or charcoal and active carbon for special purposes. Furthermore, it has ecological and environmental functions in soil erosion control, water conservation and land rehabilitation. Thus, the quantification of its biomass provide among other things, an estimate of cellulosic material provide a potential source of renewable energy and base for carbon sequestration studies. Thus, the aim of this study were (i) Estimate biomass and carbon storage is Merostachys species (M. fischeriana, M. tatianae and), in order to understand its distribution along different compartments (foliage, branches and culm). (ii) Evaluate biomass models according to biometric variables collected - circumference and diameter of the culm at the base and at the height of the breast, total height and number of nodes. (iii) Quantify moisture and carbon content. (iv) Identify and quantify the main components of the culm cell wall - cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash. To quantify the productivity of M. fischeriana, M. tatianae and M. ximenae, twenty individuals of each specie were collected in Atlantic forest area in Southeastern Brazil. The plants were measured, cut, weighed and dried. To quantify the chemical components of the culm cell wall, three samples (base, medium and apex) of each of the five individuals of the three species were lyophilized and homogenized to obtain fine powder (40-60 mesh). The design of nested factors comparing the areas with each other and within each species was used. The allocation of biomass in Merostachys species was higher in the culm, with detection of some interspecific differences. Individual dry biomass correlates strongly with biometric variables the culm base diameter, diameter at breast height and total height. Thus, simple regression models, considering only those independent variables fit well to express the individual total dry weight as the dependent variable. The productivity of Merostachys with culture spaced 3m x 3m is highly competitive with other species of bamboo cultures; even with other plants (i.e. Pinus). Merostachys has an average daily growth rate of 0.07 m, reaching its maximum height in four months and its full development, with leaves and branches, 6-9 months. The moisture content is decreasing from the base toward the apex, as well as in relation to age. We verified that there was no significant difference between the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and ash between species of Merostachys as well as between the base, middle and apex. However, only M. tatianae presented significant differences (p = 0.0026) for the lignin concentration between regions. The average concentration of cellulose in Merostachys fischeriana, M. tatianae and M. ximenae ranged from 78-82%. In Merostachys the value found for holocellulose was higher than 98%, being this value related to the cellulose concentration, since the observed hemicellulose content is congruent with that verified for other species of bamboo. The lignin content was 0.86-1.06%. The ashes concentration between 0.52-0.68% was similar to that observed for some species of Eucalyptus. Studies of quantification of the chemical components of bamboo cell wall are rare. Comprehensive knowledge of biomass and chemical components in the bamboo species will facilitate the use of materials in the forestry industrial sector and help to enhance their utilization in the chemical and biochemical related industry. In addition, these results can be supporting taxonomic and ecological studies.
Maranan, Melchor C. "Rapid assessment of chemical composition, calorific value and specific gravity of hybrid poplar wood using near infrared spectroscopy." Online access for everyone, 2006. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2006/m%5Fmaranan%5F10704728.pdf.
Full textStone, Gayle Louise. "Microplankton Biomass and Composition in Relation to the Gulf Stream Front Off Southeast Florida." NSUWorks, 1997. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/320.
Full textPang, Bairen. "Effect of irrigation on grain sorghum ethanol yield and sorghum mutants on biomass composition." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/38194.
Full textDepartment of Biological & Agricultural Engineering
Donghai Wang
Bioprocessing is widely involved in our daily life and significantly relative to the general public because bio-products are widely used in eating, clothing, and living as well as transportation. Due to the public concern of the environmental deterioration, limited fossil fuel resources, and energy price volatility, biofuel as a clean, safe and sustainable energy needs to be developed in response to this growing concern. Sorghum, an important dryland crop, represents a renewable resource currently grown on 8 million acres throughout the United States. Due to climate variability and the continuous decline of water resources, utilization of dryland to grow sorghum and forage sorghum is critically important in order to ensure available energy resources and sustainable economic development. The objectives of this research were 1) to study the impact of deficit irrigation strategies on sorghum grain attributes and bioethanol production, and 2) to evaluate the potential fermentable sugar yield of pedigreed sorghum mutants. Results showed that average kernel weight and test weight of grain sorghum increased as irrigation capacity increased, whereas kernel hardness index decreased as irrigation capacity increased. Starch content increased as irrigation level increased and protein contents decreased as irrigation level increased. Irrigation also had a significant effect on starch properties and bioethanol yield. Sorghum mutants had a significant effect on chemical composition and physical properties such as glucan content, glucan mass yield, ash content, and high heating value, and also had a significant effect on fermentable sugars yield and enzymatic conversion efficiency.
Falk, Joel. "Effect of fuel composition and combustion conditions on phosphorus behavior during combustion of biomass." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Energivetenskap, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-71240.
Full textGustafsson, Eva. "Characterization of particulate matter from atmospheric fluidized bed biomass gasifiers." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för teknik, TEK, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11473.
Full textPereira, Juliano Bicalho. "Composição, distribuição, biomassa e produção secundária do zooplâncton do Sistema estuarino de Santos, São Paulo, Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21131/tde-09082011-135919/.
Full textThe zooplankton´s composition, distribution, abundance, biomass and secondary production of Santos estuarine system were studied on Santos bay (4 stations), Santos channel (3 stations) and Bertioga channel (4 stations) between November 2004 and October 2005 in relation to temperature, salinity, suspended matter, dissolved nutrients and chlorophyll-a. On the 114 analyzed samples, zooplankton was constituted of 101 taxa distributed among 10 phyla: Arthropoda (subphylum Crustacea), Annelida (class Polychaeta), Bryozoa, Chaetognatha, Chordata (subphylum Tunicata), Cnidaria, Ctenophora, Echinodermata, Mollusca and Phoronida, being Arthropoda the dominant phylum. Copepoda (subphylum Crustacea) constituted on average 85,5% of total zooplankton. The zooplankton community among the three areas included estuarine, coastal and oceanic taxa, being Oithona hebes, Oithona oswaldocruzi, Acartia lilljeborgi, Acartia tonsa, Bestiolina similis, Balanus spp. (naupli), Paracalanus quasimodo, Paracalanus spp. (copepodite), Parvocalanus scotti, Euterpina acutifrons, Pseudodiaptomus acutus, Oikopleura dioica and the larvae of Polydora spp., Aonides spp., Spionidae and Bivalvia dominant. The abundance, biomass and zooplanktonic secondary production were higher on Bertioga channel, whereas the productivity was higher on Santos bay. These factors were associated mainly to salinity, water temperature and total suspended matter.
Prieto, Calvo Patricia. "Phenology, biomass and community composition changes in European shrublands submitted to experimental warming and drought." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3691.
Full textEl objetivo global de la investigación fue el de aportar conocimientos y reducir incertidumbres acerca del funcionamiento de los matorrales europeos y del rol que pueden desempeñar éstos como fuente o sumidero de carbono bajo la perspectiva del cambio climático.
En las parcelas de los diferentes países se instalaron novedosas manipulaciones experimentales para aumentar la temperatura y para reducir el agua disponible en campo, simulando los efectos del cambio climático previstos para las décadas futuras.
En este trabajo se han estudiado los efectos de los tratamientos en la diversidad vegetal, en la productividad primaria aérea, así como en la fenología del crecimiento y en la elongación de ramas de las especies vegetales dominantes de los ecosistemas arbustivos europeos. Además en las parcelas experimentales de Garraf se investigó la sensibilidad de los procesos relacionados con la captación de carbono por la vegetación a nivel de hoja (fluorescencia, fotosíntesis, conductancia estomática) y se estudió la respuesta de la floración no primaveral de las dos especies arbustivas dominantes, Erica multiflora y Globularia alypum.
Los efectos del cambio climático a nivel de ecosistema fueron complejos debido a la gran variabilidad de respuestas de las plantas a los tratamientos según las variables medidas, las especies, estaciones u años, sitios y periodos de experimentación.
En Garraf, una zona que sufrió un incendio en 1994, encontramos una clara reducción en el número de especies por transecto en las parcelas de sequía respecto a las control, sin embargo no encontramos efectos similares en el resto de Europa lo que sugiere que la riqueza de especies en comunidades en proceso de recuperación después de una perturbación puede ser especialmente sensible al cambio climático respecto a otras comunidades en estadios más maduros. Concretamente, encontramos que los tratamientos de calentamiento y sequía redujeron la habilidad competitiva de Pinus halepensis (germinador obligado) frente a los arbustos rebrotadores y que la estrategia en el uso del agua pudo ayudar a G. alypum a mantener una posición dominante en las parcelas de sequía de Garraf.
En los países con menor aridez las respuestas de la biomasa anual acumulada al calentamiento fueron más positivas sin embargo, el hecho de que también encontremos especies mediterráneas como E. multiflora que respondieron positivamente al calentamiento, junto con el hecho de que fenómenos extremos como la ola de calor Europea en 2003 redujeran la productividad primaria, matizan la hipótesis de que sea en los ecosistemas más fríos en los que el calentamiento global de lugar a una mayor absorción de carbono. Concretamente, la respuesta a los tratamientos de la biomasa a nivel de cubierta en Garraf pudo anularse debido a respuestas opuestas de las especies dominantes.
En este estudio, el gradiente geográfico que dibuja los matorrales estudiados no determinó la sensibilidad de las especies al calentamiento ni la intensidad de la respuesta en lo que a fenología del crecimiento y elongación de ramas se refiere. La fenología del crecimiento de algunas especies mediterráneas fue tan sensible al calentamiento experimental (se avanzó) como algunas especies de distribución más septentrional.
Aunque nuestro estudió mostró que la floración de E. multiflora y G. alypum, que tiene lugar en otoño-invierno, dependió en gran medida de la lluvia acumulada y su distribución durante el periodo primavera-verano, los tratamientos experimentales no afectaron esta variable. Estos resultados se explican en parte por la mayor variación de humedad que hubo entre años respecto a la diferencia de humedad que hubo entre las parcelas de sequía y controles.
This PhD thesis has been developed as part of the VULCAN project (Vulnerabibilty assessment of shrubland ecosystems during climatic changes), a research project conducted in six European shrublands (Wales, United Kingdom, Denmark, Holland, Hungary, Italy-Cerdagne and Catalonia-Spain), distributed in a gradient of temperature (8.2 - 15.6 ° C) and precipitation (511 - 1427 mm). It includes data collected during the 1999-2005 period.
The overall objective of the research was to provide knowledge and reduce uncertainties about the functioning of the shrublands and the role that they can play as a source or sink of carbon under the prospect of climate change.
At each site, novel experimental manipulations were installed to increase the temperature and to reduce the water available in field, simulating the effects of climate change projected for the future decades.
In this work we have studied the effects of treatments on plant diversity, aboveground primary productivity, as well as on the phenology of growth and on the shoot elongation of dominant species. In addition, in Garraf we investigated other processes at leaf level such fluorescence, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and other at plant level such the response of the non-spring flowering species, Erica multiflora and Globularia alypum.
The effects of climate change at the ecosystem level were complex because of the great variability of plant responses to treatment according to the variables, species, seasons or years, sites and periods of experimentation.
In Garraf, an area which suffered a fire in 1994, we found a clear reduction in the number of species per transect on drought plots, but no similar effects were found in the rest of Europe, suggesting that communities in process of recovery after disturbance can be particularly sensitive to climate change compared to other communities in more mature stages. Specifically, we found that the experimental treatments reduced the competitive ability of the obligate seeder Pinus halepensis against native resprouter shrubs and that the water spender strategy of G. alypum may allow this species to maintain a dominant position in drought plots in Garraf.
In sites with lower aridity, the responses of the annual accumulated biomass to warming were more positive. However, the fact that we found Mediterranean species such as E. multiflora responding positively to global warming, coupled with the fact that extreme events such as the European heat wave in 2003 reduced primary productivity, challenge the assumption that it is in colder ecosystems where global warming will result in a greater carbon sequestration. Specifically, opposite responses of the dominant species could cancel out a clear response of biomass accumulation at canopy level in Garraf.
In this study, the geographical gradient did not determine the susceptibility of the species or the intensity of the response of the phenology of growth and shoot elongation to the warming treatment. The phenology of growth of some Mediterranean species was very responsive to warming treatment (mainly advances) as some species of northernmost distribution.
The study also shows that although flowering of E. multiflora and G. alypum, which takes place in the autumn-winter, depended largely on the accumulated rainfall and its distribution during the spring-summer period, the experimental treatments did not affect this variable. These results are explained in part by the greater range of soil moisture between years than between drought and controls plots.
Kotsedi, Daisy. "The response of microalgal biomass and community composition to environmental factors in the Sundays Estuary." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1434.
Full textGonÃalves, Josemir de Souza. "Chemical composition and carbohydrate fractionation of Panicum maximum cv. TanzÃnia biomass under three rest periods." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1409.
Full textO experimento foi conduzido no campo avanÃado do NÃcleo de Pesquisa em Forragicultura - NPF (www.npf.ufc.br) localizado na Fazenda Experimental do Vale do Curu â FEVC, pertencente à Universidade Federal do Cearà â UFC. Objetivou-se avaliar a composiÃÃo quÃmica e o fracionamento dos carboidratos da biomassa de Panicum maximum cv. TanzÃnia sob trÃs perÃodos de descanso (PDs) baseados no nÃmero de novas folhas expandidas por perfilho (1,5; 2,5 e 3,5F). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x3 (3 fraÃÃes e 3 PDs). A colheita das amostras foi feita antes da entrada e apÃs a saÃda dos animais dos piquetes. Posteriormente, as amostras foram separadas nas fraÃÃes folha, colmo e material morto. No LaboratÃrio de NutriÃÃo Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia da UFC (LNA/DZ/UFC), foram determinados os teores de Fibra em Detergente Neutro (FDN), Fibra em Detergente Ãcido (FDA), Hemicelulose (HEM), Celulose (CEL), Lignina (LIG), Extrato EtÃreo (EE), ProteÃna Bruta (PB), NitrogÃnio InsolÃvel em Detergente Neutro (NIDN), NitrogÃnio InsolÃvel em Detergente Ãcido (NIDA), Carboidratos Totais (CT), Carboidratos NÃo Fibrosos (CNF), e das fraÃÃes que compÃem os CT: A+B1, B2 e C. Os teores de FDN e de FDA foram elevados (P<0,05) com o avanÃo dos PDs. A planta inteira (PI) do pasto sob maior PD (3,5F), no prÃ-pastejo, apresentou teores, respectivamente, de 74,0 e 46,3% sendo estes elevados para 77,3 e 50,9% no pÃs pastejo. Os teores de LIG da fraÃÃo folha do pasto sob PD 3,5F (4,2%) sofreram elevaÃÃes (P<0,05) no prÃ-pastejo. Os teores de LIG na PI foram superiores (P<0,05) naquelas submetidas ao PD 3,5F em comparaÃÃo Ãs PIs do PD 1,5F tanto no prÃ-pastejo (4,7 e 5,3%) quanto no pÃs-pastejo (4,7 e 5,3%). Os maiores teores de PB da fraÃÃo folha foram encontrados nos pastos sob PD 1,5F (10,9 e 8,6%), no prà e pÃs-pastejo. Os teores de PB na planta inteira variaram de 8,8 a 6,4% (P<0,05) e 6,2 e 4,4% (P<0,05) entre os PDs 1,5 e 3,5F, respectivamente no prà e pÃs-pastejo. Os teores de NIDA, tambÃm foram elevados (P<0,05) na PI do PD 3,5F (20,3 e 28,5%), respectivamente no prà e pÃs-pastejo. Os teores de CT da fraÃÃo folha e da PI apresentaram teores mÃdios (P>0,05) de 75,4 e 77,4% no prÃ-pastejo e 79,2 e 89,2% no pÃs pastejo. A fraÃÃo C dos carboidratos apresentou variaÃÃo mÃdia de 11,4 a 11,9%, na fraÃÃo folha, enquanto que na PI do pasto sob PD 3,5 F, foram observados os maiores teores (P<0,05) desta fraÃÃo (14,4 e 15,7%), em ambos os casos quando observados no prà e pÃs-pastejo. O pasto de capim TanzÃnia manejado sob PD 1,5F apresentou a melhor composiÃÃo quÃmica dos que foram avaliados. Contudo à necessÃrio que informaÃÃes sobre a composiÃÃo quÃmica dos pastos sejam levadas em consideraÃÃo em conjunto com as mudanÃas ocorridas na estrutura do pasto para que se possa ter uma maior exatidÃo na avaliaÃÃo da qualidade dos pastos.
The experiment was carried out in the advanced field of the Forage Research Sector - NPF (www.npf.ufc.br) located in the Experimental Farm of the Vale do Curu - FEVC, belonging to Federal University of Cearà - UFC. The objective was evaluate the chemical composition and the carbohydrate fractionation of Panicum maximum cv. TanzÃnia biomass under three rest periods (RPs) based in the new leaf (L) number expanded for tiller (1.5; 2.5 and 3.5L). Was used the completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement 3x3 (3 fractions and 3 RPs). The harvest of the samples was made before the entrance and after the exit the animals the poles. Later, the samples had been separate in the fractions leaf, culm and death material, being droughts in greenhouse of forced ventilation 65 C for 72 hours, and processed. In the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of the Animal Science Department of UFC (LNA/DZ/UFC), were determined the levels of Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergent Fiber (ADF), Hemi-cellulose (HC), Cellulose (CEL), Lignin (LIG), Etereal Extract (EE), Crude Protein (PB), Insoluble Nitrogen in Neutral Detergent (INND), Insoluble Nitrogen in Acid Detergent (INAD), Total Total Carbohydrates (TC), Non Fiber Carbohydrates (NFC), and of the fractions that compose the TC: A+B1, B2 and C. The levels of NDF and ADF had been raised (P<0.05) with the advance of the RPs. The entire plant (EP) of the grass under bigger RP (3.5L), in the before grazing, presented levels, respectively, of 74.0 and 46.3% being these raising for 77,3 and 50,9% after grazing. The levels of LIG of leaf fraction of the grass under RP 3.5L (4.2%) had suffered rises (P<0.05) after grazing. The LIG levels in the RP were higher (P<0.05) in those submitted to 3.5L RP in comparison to the EPs of the 1.5L RP in such a way in before grazing (4.7 and 5.3%) how much after grazing (4.7 and 5.3%). The biggest levels of PB of the leaf fraction had been found in the grass under 1.5L RP (10,86 and 8.59%), before grazing and after grazing. The levels of CP in the entire plant had varied of 8.8 6.4% (P<0.05) and 6.16 and 4.4% (P<0.05) between 3.5 and 1.5L RPs, respectively before and after grazing. The INAD levels, had been also raised (P<0.05) in the EP of 3.5L RP (20.3 and 28.5%), respectively before and after grazing. The levels of TC of the leaf fraction and the EP had presented average levels (P>0.05) of 75.4 and 77.4% before grazing and 79.2 and 89.2% after grazing. The C carbohydrates fraction presented average between 11.4 11.9%, in the leaf fraction, whereas in the EP of the grass under 3.5L RP, had been observed biggest levels (P<0.05) of this fraction (14.3 and 15.7), in both cases when observed before grazing and pos-grazing. The TanzÃnia grass under 1.5L RP presented the best chemical composition of that they had been evaluated. However, it is necessary that information on the chemical composition of the grass are taken in consideration in set with the occured changes in the structure of the grass so that if can have a bigger exactness in the evaluation of the quality of the grass.
Pisani, Olivia. "Local Biomass Control on the Composition and Reactivity of Particulate Organic Matter in Aquatic Environments." FIU Digital Commons, 2011. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/446.
Full textBrown, Carol A. "Biomass production, composition, and ethanol potential of switchgrass grown on reclaimed surface mines in West Virginia." Thesis, West Virginia University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1573301.
Full textGrowing crops for biofuel production on agricultural land has caused a debate between whether we should grow corn grain on productive, agricultural lands to feed a growing human population or to fuel our vehicles. This has increased interest in growing cellulosic biofuel feedstocks on marginal lands. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a warm-season perennial grass, has been shown to be a viable bioenergy crop because it produces high yields on marginal lands under low water and nutrient conditions. West Virginia contains immense acreages of reclaimed surface mine lands and could offer enough area for the production of switchgrass as a feedstock for a biofuel industry.
The first study was established in 2008 to determine switchgrass yields of three different cultivars on two mine sites in West Virginia. The first site, which was reclaimed in the early 1990s using top soil and treated municipal sludge, consistently had the highest yield of the two sites with a sixth-year yield of 8.4 Mg Dry Matter (DM) ha-1 averaged across varieties. Cave-in-Rock variety produced 13.0 Mg ha-1 of biomass which was more than the other two varieties. The other site, Hobet, was prepared using crushed, unweathered sandstone in 2008 and average yields were 1.0 Mg ha-1 for the sixth year of production.
The second study was conducted on two sites which were reclaimed with a layer of topsoil over gray overburden and seeded with Cave-in-Rock 2011. Fertilizer was applied at rates of 0, 33.6, and 67 kg N ha-1. No fertilizer treatment yielded 0.32 Mg ha-1 while the fertilizer treatments produced significantly higher yields.
The objective of the third study was to determine if cultivars and samples from fertilizer treatments differed in composition and theoretical ethanol yield. Compositional analysis was done using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. It was determined that cultivars did not differ in theoretical ethanol yield with averages ranging from 364 to 438 L Mg-1. Theoretical ethanol production from Cave-in-Rock was significantly higher ranging from 6,092 to 7,348 L ha-1 due to its high biomass production. Fertilizer treatments did not greatly effect composition of switchgrass, but since it did improve yield this was reflected in greater ethanol production for fertilized treatments. Based on the information presented here, high biomass should be the goal for switchgrass grown for biofuel production. With proper soil substrate and fertilizer regime, switchgrass grown on reclaimed surface mines may have high enough yield and quality to support ethanol production in the future.
Takeda, Yuri. "Generation of transgenic rice with altered lignin composition and comparative characterization of their biomass utilization properties." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242693.
Full text0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21816号
農博第2329号
新制||農||1066(附属図書館)
学位論文||H31||N5188(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻
(主査)教授 梅澤 俊明, 教授 矢﨑 一史, 教授 植田 充美
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Shih, Chien-Ju. "Determination of saccharides and ethanol from biomass conversion using Raman spectroscopy effects of pretreatment and enzyme composition /." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2010. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3403834.
Full textRichardson, Jennifer Lynn. "An investigation of large-scale tropical biomass burning and the impact of its emissions on atmospheric composition." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/25768.
Full textKarlson, Martin. "Remote Sensing of Woodland Structure and Composition in the Sudano-Sahelian zone : Application of WorldView-2 and Landsat 8." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-121536.
Full textMerparten av befolkningen i Sudano-Sahel zonen (SSZ) är beroende av naturresurser och ekosystemtjänster från woodlands (öppen torrskog) för att säkra sin försörjning. Tillgången av fältmätningar av vegetationens struktur och sammansättning är mycket låg i detta område, vilket utgör ett problem för forskning och miljöövervakning. Denna avhandling undersöker nyttan av fjärranalys för att kartlägga och analysera vegetation, främst träd, i SSZ. En omfattande litteraturöversikt genomfördes först för att undersöka hur tillämpningen av fjärranalys har utvecklats i SSZ mellan 1975 och 2014, samt att identifiera viktiga forskningsluckor. Några av de luckor som konstaterades i litteraturgenomgången låg till grund för de följande studierna där två nya satellitsystem (Worldview-2 och Landsat 8) utvärderades för deras användbarhet att kartlägga trädtäckets struktur och artsammansättning i ett woodland-område i centrala Burkina Faso. Resultaten visar att Worldview-2 är en värdefull datakälla för kartering av enskilda träd: 85.4% av referensträden detekterades och trädkronornas storlek uppskattades med ett medelfel av 45.6%. Worldview-2-data producerade även hög klassificeringsnoggrannhet för de fem lokalt viktigaste trädslagen. Den högsta noggrannheten (82.4%) uppnåddes med multi-temporal Worldview-2-data. Landsat 8 data visade sig mer lämpade för kartering av krontäcke, jämfört med biomassa. Medelfelet för karteringen var 41% för krontäcke och 66% för biomassa, på pixelnivå. Avhandlingen visar att lättillgängliga data från två satellitsystem är användbara för kartläggning av viktiga trädattribut i woodlands, samt diskuterar hur nyttan av fjärranalys för vegetationsanalys kan ökas ytterligare i SSZ.
Mallet, Marc D. "Water uptake and composition of natural Australian cloud condensation nuclei." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/104437/1/Marc_Mallet_Thesis.pdf.
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