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1
Faure, Alexandre, Olivier Mantaux, and Arnaud Gillet. "Performances of composites made from different recycled carbon fibre semi-products." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2526, no. 1 (June 1, 2023): 012048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2526/1/012048.
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Abstract Recycled carbon fibres (rCF) were generally chosen for their low price and environmental features. However, performances of composites made of recycled carbon fibres are often too low to compete with lightweight alloys and glass fibre composites materials. As performances of rCF composites depend strongly on the fibres architecture, new semi-products with long and aligned recycled carbon fibres were developed by MANIFICA (Cleansky European Project). The use of long (up to 250mm) and highly aligned recycled fibres now provides rCF composites with excellent mechanical properties. The purpose of this work is to assess the performances of composites manufactured with these new rCF semi-products. Semi-products with distinct architectures developed by MANIFICA are first presented. Then mechanical performances of composite plates manufactured from the different semi-products are evaluated. Results are finally compared in order to identify the effect of the manufacturing parameters of the semi-products on the final composite properties. This crucial information will allow end-users to select the right semi-product to design recycled carbon fibre composite innovative parts.
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Isa, Amiruddin, Norlin Nosbi, Mokhtar Che Ismail, Hazizan Md Akil, Wan Fahmin Faiz Wan Ali, and Mohd Firdaus Omar. "A Review on Recycling of Carbon Fibres: Methods to Reinforce and Expected Fibre Composite Degradations." Materials 15, no. 14 (July 18, 2022): 4991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15144991.
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Carbon fibres are widely used in modern industrial applications as they are high-strength, light in weight and more reliable than other materials. The increase in the usage of carbon fibres has led to the production of a significant amount of waste. This has become a global issue because valuable carbon fibre waste ends up in landfill. A few initiatives have been undertaken by several researchers to recycle carbon fibre waste; however, the properties of this recycled material are expected to be worse than those of virgin carbon fibre. The incorporation of polymers, nanoparticles and other hybrid materials could enhance the overall properties of recycled carbon fibre waste. However, the degradation of fibre composites is expected to occur when the material is exposed to certain conditions and environments. The study of fibre composite degradation is crucial to enhance their properties, strength, safety and durability for future applications.
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Bachmann, Jens, Martin Wiedemann, and Peter Wierach. "Flexural Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Epoxy Composites Reinforced with Nonwoven Made of Flax Fibres and Recycled Carbon Fibres." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (October 10, 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040107.
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Can a hybrid composite made of recycled carbon fibres and natural fibres improve the flexural mechanical properties of epoxy composites compared to pure natural fibre reinforced polymers (NFRP)? Growing environmental concerns have led to an increased interest in the application of bio-based materials such as natural fibres in composites. Despite their good specific properties based on their low fibre density, the application of NFRP in load bearing applications such as aviation secondary structures is still limited. Low strength NFRP, compared to composites such as carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP), have significant drawbacks. At the same time, the constantly growing demand for CFRP in aviation and other transport sectors inevitably leads to an increasing amount of waste from manufacturing processes and end-of-life products. Recovering valuable carbon fibres by means of recycling and their corresponding re-application is an important task. However, such recycled carbon fibres (rCF) are usually available in a deteriorated (downcycled) form compared to virgin carbon fibres (vCF), which is limiting their use for high performance applications. Therefore, in this study the combination of natural fibres and rCF in a hybrid composite was assessed for the effect on flexural mechanical properties. Monolithic laminates made of hybrid nonwoven containing flax fibres and recycled carbon fibres were manufactured with a fibre volume fraction of 30% and compared to references with pure flax and rCF reinforcement. Three-point bending tests show a potential increase in flexural mechanical properties by combining rCF and flax fibre in a hybrid nonwoven.
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Karuppannan Gopalraj, Sankar, and Timo Kärki. "A Study to Investigate the Mechanical Properties of Recycled Carbon Fibre/Glass Fibre-Reinforced Epoxy Composites Using a Novel Thermal Recycling Process." Processes 8, no. 8 (August 8, 2020): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8080954.
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Manufacturing-based carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) wastes (pre-consumer waste) were recycled to recover valuable carbon fibres (CFs) and glass fibres (GFs), utilising a novel thermal recycling process with a cone calorimeter setup. The ideal conditions to recycle both the fibres occurred at 550 °C in atmospheric pressure. The processing time in the batch reactor to recycle CFs was 20–25 min, and to recycle GFs it was 25–30 min. The recovery rate of the recycled CFs was 95–98 wt%, and for GFs it was 80–82 wt%. Both the recycled fibres possessed a 100–110 mm average length. The resin phase elimination was verified by employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, the fibres were manually realigned, compression moulded at room temperature, and cured for 24 h by a laminating epoxy resin system. The newly manufactured CFRP and GFRP composites were continuous (uniform length from end to end), unidirectionally oriented (0°), and non-woven. The composites were produced in two fibre volumes: 40 wt% and 60 wt%. The addition of ≈20 wt% recycled CFs increased the tensile strength (TS) by 12%, young modulus (YM) by 34.27% and impact strength (IS) by 7.26%. The addition of ≈20 wt% recycled GFs increased the TS by 75.14%, YM by 12.23% and the IS by 116.16%. The closed-loop recycling approach demonstrated in this study can effectively recycle both CFRP and GFRP manufacturing wastes. Preserving the structural integrity of the recycled fibres could be an advantage, enabling recycling for a specified number of times.
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Faure, Alexandre, Olivier Mantaux, Arnaud Gillet, and Gilles Cazaurang. "New Intelligent Semi-Products based on Recycled Carbon Fibres." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1226, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1226/1/012102.
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Abstract The carbon fibre recycling industry is not yet able to operate at full capacity. This lack of potential is a repercussion of a low demand for recycled carbon fibres (rCF) to manufacture new composite materials. As a matter of fact, few semi-products containing recycled carbon fibres are available on the market. Moreover, rCF semi-products available do not allow to manufacture high performances composite parts. The MANIFICA project, based on highly realigned carbon fibres after steam thermolysis, aims at producing new semi-products from recycled carbon fibres for high performance composites. In this article we introduce the I2M/Université de Bordeaux re-alignment process producing continuous tapes made of highly aligned long discontinuous fibres. These tapes are then used to manufacture new intelligent rCF semi-products. In the first part, the mechanical properties of rCF composites based on different semi-products are compared. In the second part, several semi products based on realigned fibres tapes are presented. This work demonstrates that high performance products can be targeted with recycled carbon fibres, thanks to the development of these intelligent semi-products.
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Laurikainen, P., and E. Sarlin. "Viability of recycled fibres extracted from EoL composites." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1293, no. 1 (November 1, 2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1293/1/012043.
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Abstract Recycling thermoset-based composites is a technological and economic challenge. The predominating recycling methods (mechanical recycling and pyrolysis) downgrade the fibre properties (length, strength) and are energy-intensive. To avoid downcycling and to ensure economic feasibility, technological solutions need to be developed to enable recycling of long reinforcing fibres that can also be used in demanding applications. Thermochemical recycling, where reinforcing fibres are extracted from the depolymerized matrix, can be considered as an advanced option for recovery of higher quality fibres from EoL composites. Additional steps are required to use these fibres in new composite structures. Thermochemical recycling removes the sizing from the fibre surface making it difficult to handle and resulting in poor fibre-matrix compatibility especially in the case of glass fibres. In this study, we discuss the re-sizing of recycled fibres. We have focused on fibres extracted from glass fibre reinforced composites (GFRPs) from EoL wind turbine blades and carbon fibre reinforced composites (CFRPs) collected from aeronautics industry. We demonstrate the steps for a batch re-sizing process and study the effects of the re-sizing on the properties of composites made of recycled fibres. The interfacial properties are analysed with micro-mechanical testing using the microbond method – both for thermoset and thermoplastic composites – and with tensile tests for thermoplastic composites. Re-sizing significantly eases the handling of the fibres, but the interfacial compatibility is improved only in the case of GFRPs as thermochemically recycled carbon fibres (rCF) exhibit very good interfacial performance even without sizing. This study highlights that with proper recovery and resizing processes, recycled fibres can be viable feedstocks for various applications and – with future improvements on the fibre recovery methods – even approach the applicability of virgin fibres.
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Pomázi, Ákos, Dániel István Poór, Norbert Geier, and Andrea Toldy. "Optimising Recycling Processes for Polyimine-Based Vitrimer Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Composites: A Comparative Study on Reinforcement Recovery and Material Properties." Materials 17, no. 10 (May 15, 2024): 2372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17102372.
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We investigated the recycling process of carbon fibre-reinforced polyimine vitrimer composites and compared composites made from virgin and recycled fibres. The vitrimer matrix consisted of a two-component polyimine-type vitrimer system, and as reinforcing materials, we used nonwoven felt and unidirectional carbon fibre. Various diethylenetriamine (DETA) and xylene solvent ratios were examined to find the optimal dissolution conditions. The 20:80 DETA–xylene ratio provided efficient dissolution, and the elevated temperature (80 °C) significantly accelerated the process. Scaling up to larger composite structures was demonstrated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed effective matrix removal, with minimal residue on carbon fibre surfaces and good adhesion in recycled composites. The recycled nonwoven composite exhibited a decreased glass transition temperature due to the residual solvents in the matrix, while the UD composite showed a slight increase. Dynamic mechanical analysis on the recycled composite showed an increased storage modulus for nonwoven composites at room temperature and greater resistance to deformation at elevated temperatures for the UD composites. Interlaminar shear tests indicated slightly reduced adhesion strength in the reprocessed composites. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of recycling vitrimer composites, emphasising the need for further optimisation to ensure environmental and economic sustainability while mitigating residual solvent and matrix effects.
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Sales-Contini, Rita C. M., Hugo M. S. Costa, Heide H. Bernardi, William M. M. Menezes, and Francisco J. G. Silva. "Mechanical Strength and Surface Analysis of a Composite Made from Recycled Carbon Fibre Obtained via the Pyrolysis Process for Reuse in the Manufacture of New Composites." Materials 17, no. 2 (January 14, 2024): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17020423.
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This work aims to obtain recycled carbon fibre and develop an application for this new material. The carbon fibres were obtained by recycling aerospace prepreg waste via the pyrolysis process. The recycled fibres were combined with an Araldite LH5052/Aradur LY5053 epoxy resin/hardener system using manual lay-up and vacuum bagging processes. For comparison, the same resin/hardener system was used to produce a composite using commercial carbon fibre. The recycled and commercial composites were subjected to flexural, tensile and Mode I testing. Fracture aspects were analysed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pyrolysis process did not affect the fibre surface as no degradation was observed. The fracture aspect showed a mixture of failure in the recycled composite laminate and interlaminar/translaminar failure near the surface of the commercial composite caused by flexural stress. Flexural and tensile tests showed a loss of mechanical strength due to the recycling process, but the tensile values were twice as high. The sand ladder platform was the project chosen for the development of a product made with recycled carbon fibres. The product was manufactured using the same manufacturing process as the specimens and tested with a 1243 kg car. The method chosen to design, manufacture and test the prototype sand ladder platform made of recycled carbon fibre was appropriate and gave satisfactory results in terms of high mechanical strength to bending and ease of use.
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Oliveira, Maria, Kim L. Pickering, and Christian Gauss. "Hybrid Polyethylene Composites with Recycled Carbon Fibres and Hemp Fibres Produced by Rotational Moulding." Journal of Composites Science 6, no. 11 (November 18, 2022): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs6110352.
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This study assessed polyethene composites produced by rotational moulding with hybrid reinforcement using recycled carbon fibre (RCF) and hemp fibre (HF). First, the RCF was treated with nitric acid to introduce hydroxyl groups on the fibres’ surface and was characterised by infrared spectroscopy and microscopy analyses. Although the fibre surface treatment improved the tensile properties of the composites, the use of grafted maleic anhydride polyethylene (MAPE) as a coupling agent was more effective in improving the interfacial bonding between the fibres and the matrix. Alkali-treated hemp fibres were then used in combination with RCF to produce rotationally moulded composites with an overall fibre content of 10 wt.% but with different ratios of HF/RCF, namely, (20/80) and (50/50). The results showed that the addition of RCF increased the composite’s Young’s modulus compared to neat PE, regardless of the fibre treatment. Similarly, the hybrid composites showed superior Young’s moduli than the HF–PE composites through the increase in the RCF content. It was also observed that adding RCF reduced the void size within the final composites compared to the HF–PE composites, which contributed to the greater performance of the hybrid composites compared to their natural counterparts.
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Matrenichev, Vsevolod, Maria Clara Lessa Belone, Sarianna Palola, Pekka Laurikainen, and Essi Sarlin. "Resizing Approach to Increase the Viability of Recycled Fibre-Reinforced Composites." Materials 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 5773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13245773.
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Most recycling methods remove the essential sizing from reinforcing fibres, and many studies indicate the importance of applying sizing on recycled fibres, a process we will denote here as resizing. Recycled fibres are not continuous, which dissociates their sizing and composite lay-up processes from virgin fibres. In this study, commercial polypropylene and polyurethane-based sizing formulations with an aminosilane coupling agent were used to resize recycled glass and carbon fibres. The impact of sizing concentration and batch process variables on the tensile properties of fibre-reinforced polypropylene and polyamide composites were investigated. Resized fibres were characterized with thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy, and the tensile properties of the composites were analysed to confirm the achievable level of performance. For glass fibres, an optimal mass fraction of sizing on the fibres was found, as an excess amount of film former has a plasticising effect. For recycled carbon fibres, the sizing had little effect on the mechanical properties but led to significant improvement of handling and post-processing properties. A comparison between experimental results and theoretical prediction using the Halpin-Tsai model showed up to 81% reinforcing efficiency for glass fibres and up to 74% for carbon fibres.
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Greco, Antonio, Alfonso Maffezzoli, Giuseppe Buccoliero, Flavio Caretto, and Giacinto Cornacchia. "Thermal and chemical treatments of recycled carbon fibres for improved adhesion to polymeric matrix." Journal of Composite Materials 47, no. 3 (March 22, 2012): 369–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998312440133.
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The aim of this study is the characterization of recycled carbon fibres, in view of their potential application in long-fibre reinforced thermoplastic composite. The fibres were obtained from epoxy matrix composite panels, applying a patented process that includes the pyrolisis of the matrix followed by an upgrading of the fibres. Then, recycled fibres were further subjected to thermal and acid treatments in order to modify their surface morphology and chemistry. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry were used to characterize the morphological and compositional changes of the fibre surface. The fibres were characterized in terms of mechanical properties and adhesion to an epoxy matrix. The fibres treated by thermal processes at high temperatures (600°C) were shown to be too severely damaged, making them unsuitable for the production of fibre-reinforced composites. A thermal treatment at lower temperatures (450°C) involved a very limited damaging without any evident chemical modification of the fibre surface, which in turn involved a limited increase of the adhesion properties to an epoxy matrix. Chemical treatment by nitric acid caused a very limited damage of fibres, coupled with a significant modification of surface chemistry, which in turn involved a further increase of the fibre/matrix adhesion properties.
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Santo, Loredana, Denise Bellisario, Leandro Iorio, Claudia Papa, Fabrizio Quadrini, David Benedetti, and Jacopo Agnelli. "Composite Laminates with Recycled Carbon Fibres and Carbon Nanotubes." Materiale Plastice 57, no. 1 (April 17, 2020): 86–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.20.1.5315.
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Carbon fibre reinforced composites were manufactured by using recycled carbon fibres (CF) and carbon nanotubes (CNT). Dry fabrics were impregnated by hot melting with 1 wt% CNT filled epoxy resin to produce prepregs. Subsequently, composite laminates were manufactured by vacuum bagging and autoclave moulding. Only materials and industrial equipment were used for the laminate production. Laminates with unfilled resin and virgin CFs were also manufactured for comparison. Samples were extracted for physical and mechanical measurements. Dynamic mechanical analyses and bending tests were carried out to evaluate the interaction between CNTs, resin matrix and recycled CFs.
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Hengstermann, Martin, Karl Kopelmann, Andreas Nocke, Anwar Abdkader, and Chokri Cherif. "Development of a new hybrid yarn construction from recycled carbon fibres for high-performance composites: Part IV: Measurement of recycled carbon fibre length." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 15 (January 2020): 155892502091072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925020910729.
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Due to the increasing application of carbon fibre–reinforced plastics, the use of recycled carbon fibres can help reduce the tremendous amount of carbon fibre waste growing worldwide. In this context, the processing of longer recycled carbon fibres (>40 mm mean length) into hybrid yarn constructions offers a promising solution. The characterisation of recycled carbon fibre length is essential for textile processes. However, to suit the atypical fibre characteristics of recycled carbon fibres compared to standard natural or man-made-fibres, the development of an adequate measuring technique is required. Investigations on the state of the art suggest that an adapted fibrograph method might pose an appropriate measuring system. Therefore, new test equipment and an alternative image analysing method based on pixel greyscale values were developed. To enable a calibration process, different samples with cut carbon fibre from carded and drafted slivers were intensively tested and compared. In addition, an adapted reference method was investigated by combining single fibre measurement and image processing techniques. In a final step, recycled carbon fibres samples with unknown fibre length were tested. Results proved that the presented measuring system is adequate for the testing of longer recycled carbon fibres in webs or slivers. All measured values were close to the measured reference length values (deviation ±4%).
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Hofmann, Marcel, Dirk Wenzel, Bernd Gulich, Heike Illing-Günther, and Daisy Nestler. "Development of Nonwoven Preforms Made of Pure Recycled Carbon Fibres (rCF) for Applications of Composite Materials." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 555–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.555.
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For the development of an efficient and economic recycling process of carbon fibers (CF) still many technological challenges have to be mastered. One of them is the removal of all extraneous natural and synthetic fibres, e.g. polyester sewing threads. The objective of the research was to develop an in-line process for the removal of those extraneous fibres, which result from mechanical processes such as tearing. A promising approach for the removal of extraneous fibres from cut-off carbon-fibre material (CF) has been identified, getting recycled carbon fibres (rCF). For that purpose, the use of modern laser technologies is particularly promising. However, the focus was not the development of new laser systems, but the adaptation of existing technologies and their integration into textile processing steps for carbon fibre recycling. In addition to the removal of the extraneous fibres, the degree of CF losses and quality degradation due to fibre damage have been analysed and compared with optimum fibre characteristics. The separation has been experimented and corresponding laser parameters have been defined. Finally, the obtained carbon-fibre material has been tested with regard to its processability in textile manufacturing processes (dry non-woven fabric production) up to carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP). For the evaluation of the material for potential applications, test plates from irradiated and non-irradiated material have been used. The performed tensile and flexural tests have proved that the irradiated material has similar properties compared to the non-exposed one.
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Zhang, Zhiwei. "Recovery and reuse of thermosetting carbon fibre reinforced composites." Applied and Computational Engineering 60, no. 1 (May 7, 2024): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2755-2721/60/20240859.
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With the widespread application of carbon fibre composites in sectors such as automotive, aerospace, and construction, recycling and reusing these materials have become crucial for reducing environmental impact and resource waste. This article summarises the potential of recycled carbon fibres in additive manufacturing by describing the main techniques, tools, and benefits and drawbacks of mechanical, thermal, and chemical recycling of carbon fibre composites. Notably, oxidation in air at 400450C for 15-20 minutes can greatly improve the tensile characteristics of thermally treated carbon fibres, offering promise for thermal recycling. In terms of chemical recycling, using recyclable subcritical and supercritical fluids can improve carbon fibre recovery rates and result in smoother-surfaced, higher-performing fibres. Additionally, recycled carbon fibres show potential in additive manufacturing due to their lightweight, high strength, and high stiffness. The purpose of this study is to accelerate the widespread use of carbon fibre composites across industries by providing an overview of carbon fibre recycling methods. Research and innovation in this field are crucial for sustainability and the circular economy.
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Karuppannan Gopalraj, Sankar, Ivan Deviatkin, Mika Horttanainen, and Timo Kärki. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Thermal Recycling Process as an Alternative to Existing CFRP and GFRP Composite Wastes Management Options." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 4430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244430.
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There are forecasts for the exponential increase in the generation of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fibre-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite wastes containing valuable carbon and glass fibres. The recent adoption of these composites in wind turbines and aeroplanes has increased the amount of end-of-life waste from these applications. By adequately closing the life cycle loop, these enormous volumes of waste can partly satisfy the global demand for their virgin counterparts. Therefore, there is a need to properly dispose these composite wastes, with material recovery being the final target, thanks to the strict EU regulations for promoting recycling and reusing as the highest priorities in waste disposal options. In addition, the hefty taxation has almost brought about an end to landfills. These government regulations towards properly recycling these composite wastes have changed the industries’ attitudes toward sustainable disposal approaches, and life cycle assessment (LCA) plays a vital role in this transition phase. This LCA study uses climate change results and fossil fuel consumptions to study the environmental impacts of a thermal recycling route to recycle and remanufacture CFRP and GFRP wastes into recycled rCFRP and rGFRP composites. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis was performed comparing with the traditional waste management options such as landfill, incineration with energy recovery and feedstock for cement kiln. Overall, the LCA results were favourable for CFRP wastes to be recycled using the thermal recycling route with lower environmental impacts. However, this contradicts GFRP wastes in which using them as feedstock in cement kiln production displayed more reduced environmental impacts than those thermally recycled to substitute virgin composite production.
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Akonda, MH, M. Stefanova, P. Potluri, and DU Shah. "Mechanical properties of recycled carbon fibre/polyester thermoplastic tape composites." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 18 (October 6, 2016): 2655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316672091.
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The increasing use of high-value carbon fibre in composites is linked with increasing waste generation: from dry fibre and prepreg offcuts during manufacturing to end-of-life parts. In this work, a novel thermoplastic tape was produced from 60 wt.% manufacturing waste carbon fibres (60 mm long) and 40 wt.% polyester fibres using a thermal consolidation technique. The thin (0.2 mm) and narrow (20 mm wide) tapes were then used to fabricate laminated composite panels in two 0/90 tape architectures: cross-ply and woven ply. Various mechanical properties, including tensile, flexural, compression and impact were evaluated. It was found that cross-ply performed better than woven ply laminates, with failure in the latter materials typically initiating at the tape interlacement points.
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Mironovs, Viktors, Yulia Usherenko, Irina Boiko, and Jekaterina Kuzmina. "Recycling of Aluminum-Based Composites Reinforced with Boron-Tungsten Fibres." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 3207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093207.
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High strength fibres of carbon, boron, silicon carbide, tungsten, and other materials are widely used to reinforce metal matrix composite materials. Carbon and boron fibers are usually used to reinforce light alloys based on aluminum and magnesium. Products made from these materials are characterized by high strength and rigidity and can be used for a long time. Technological waste containing such fibres are hazardous to the environment because they are durable and have needle-like and other sharp shapes. Therefore, they must be disposed of with extreme care. A significant incentive for the processing and reuse of waste composites of this type is the relatively high cost of production of the primary fibre and the material as a whole. With the increase in the production of such materials in recent years, the need to recycle composite waste is becoming increasingly important. Three main options for primary processing are used to prepare composites for their subsequent use. They are mechanical, thermal, and chemical grinding technologies. One of the actual and practical areas of processing technology is the method of powder metallurgy. This paper presents the main stages of processing composite materials based on an aluminium matrix and B-W fibres to obtain powder compositions. The results of the studies showing the possibility of the effective use of the obtained crushed waste to manufacture concrete products and the production of cutting and grinding tools are presented.
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Gopalan, Venkatachalam, Rahul Vyas, Ishangiri Goswami, Abhi Shah, and Vignesh Pragasam. "Flexural Analysis of Epoxy Polymer Composite Reinforced With Sugarcane Fibre/Fly Ash/Carbon-Nanotube." International Journal of Surface Engineering and Interdisciplinary Materials Science 9, no. 1 (January 2021): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijseims.2021010106.
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The concept of reuse and recycle plays a very important role in using waste materials effectively. Fabrication of green composites, which adopts the reinforcement of natural and biodegradable fibres in place of synthetic fibres, is a constructive way to achieve reusability and recyclability. Hence, the sugarcane fibre, fly ash, and carbon nano tube are selected as reinforcement/filler materials for fabricating epoxy polymer matrix composite. This work is intended to investigate the flexural behaviour of the fabricated epoxy polymer composite by varying the wt. % of CNT/sugarcane fibre/fly ash. Central composite design of response surface methodology, one of the concepts of design of experiments, is used to make the experimental specimens. Further, analysis of variance is used to accomplish the influence of CNT/sugarcane fibre/fly ash on the flexural behaviour of composite. Optimized parameters are obtained to achieve the improved flexural behaviour, and the same is confirmed by the confirmation experiment.
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Karuppannan Gopalraj, Sankar, and Timo Kärki. "A Finite Element Study to Investigate the Mechanical Behaviour of Unidirectional Recycled Carbon Fibre/Glass Fibre–Reinforced Epoxy Composites." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 21, 2021): 3192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183192.
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Recycled carbon fibre–reinforced epoxy (rCF/EP) composites and recycled glass fibre–reinforced epoxy (rGF/EP) composites were numerically investigated to examine their mechanical properties, such as uniaxial tensile and impact resistance, using finite element (FE) methods. The recycled composites possess unidirectional, long and continuous fibre arrangements. A commercially available Abaqus/CAE software was used to perform an explicit non-linear analysis with a macroscale modelling approach, assuming the recycled composites as both homogenous and isotropic hardening. Five composite types were subjected to a numerical study based on the recycled fibre’s volume fraction (40 and 60%) of rCF/EP and rGF/EP, along with (100%) fibreless cured epoxy samples. The materials were defined as elastoplastic with a continuum ductile damage (DUCTCRT) model. The experimental tensile test results were processed and calibrated as primary input data for the developed FE models. The numerical tensile results, maximum principal stress and logarithmic strain were validated with their respective experimental results. The stress–strain curves of both results possess a high accuracy, supporting the developed FE model. The numerical impact tests examined the von Mises stress distribution and found an exponential decrease in the stiffness of the composite types as their strength decreased, with the 60% rCF/EP sample being the stiffest. The model was sensitive to the mesh size, hammer velocity and simulation time step. Additionally, the total internal energy and plastic dissipation energy were measured, but were higher than the experimentally measured energies, as the FE models eliminated the defects from the recycled process, such as a poor fibre wettability to resin, fibre bundle formation in rCFs and char formation in rGFs. Overall, the developed FE models predicted the results for a defect-free rCF/EP and rGF/EP composite. Hence, the adopted modelling techniques can validate the experimental results of recycled composites with complex mechanical properties and damage behaviours in tensile and impact loading conditions.
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Dvořáčková, Štěpánka, and Dora Kroisová. "Thermal Expansion of Composite System Epoxy Resin/Recycled Carbon Fibers." Materials Science Forum 994 (May 2020): 162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.994.162.
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This experimental study deals with the problematics of thermal expansion α [10-6/K] of the composite systems based on recycled carbon fibres reinforced epoxy resin. The epoxy resin CHS – EPOXY 520 (EPOXY 15), cured with the hardener P11 (Districhem, s.r.o.), was chosen as a sample matrix. Recycled carbon fibres with a diameter of 7 μm and a length of 100 μm (Easy Composites Ltd.) were the filler. In the experiment, samples with the fulfilment of 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 90 and 100 phr were prepared. The samples were being poured into silicone molds, cured at an overpressure of 0.7 MPa and a temperature of 23 ± 2 °C for 24 hours. A thermomechanical analyzer was used to determine the thermal expansion of composite systems. The addition of recycled carbon fibers to epoxy resin can reduce the coefficient of linear thermal expansion at 20°C in half, from the original α = 45 to 55 × 10-6/K for non-filled epoxy resin to α = 25 to 27 × 10-6/K for filled epoxy resin. Optimal filling is at the level of 40 phr, with higher filling there is no further reduction of the linear thermal expansion coefficient.
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Tse, Barbara, Xueli Yu, Hugh Gong, and Constantinos Soutis. "Flexural Properties of Wet-Laid Hybrid Nonwoven Recycled Carbon and Flax Fibre Composites in Poly-Lactic Acid Matrix." Aerospace 5, no. 4 (November 15, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace5040120.
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Recycling carbon fibre is crucial in the reduction of waste from the increasing use of carbon fibre reinforced composites in industry. The reclaimed fibres, however, are usually short and discontinuous as opposed to the continuous virgin carbon fibre. In this work, short recycled carbon fibres (rCF) were mixed with flax and poly-lactic acid (PLA) fibres acting as the matrix to form nonwoven mats through wet-laying. The mats were compression moulded to produce composites with different ratios of rCF and flax fibre in the PLA matrix. Their flexural behaviour was examined through three-point-bending tests, and their morphological properties were characterised with scanning electron and optical microscopes. Experimental data showed that the flexural properties increased with higher rCF content, with the maximum being a flexural modulus of approximately 14 GPa and flexural strength of 203 MPa with a fibre volume fraction of 75% rCF and 25% flax fibre. The intimate mixing of the fibres contributed to a lesser reduction of flexural properties when increasing the flax fibre content.
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Mashelmie, S., M. Rabiatul Manisah, N. Bahiyah Baba, and A. Mohd. "The effect of kenaf loading on kenaf/ABS composites structure and thermal properties." Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering 111, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.9994.
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Many manufacturers have recently become interested in using fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRPs) in structural applications. Synthetic fibres, such as carbon and glass fibres, have been commercialised internationally for decades, but they cause environmental issues because synthetic fibres are non-biodegradable and difficult to recycle once they have served their purpose, potentially polluting the environment. Thus, natural fibre composites like kenaf is a possible replacement for synthetic fibre due to their superior physical and mechanical properties. Kenaf appears to be the best candidate for replacing synthetic fibres in order to accomplish the goal of environmental preservation while also displaying excellent properties such as equivalent specific strength, low density, and renewable resources. The kenaf fiber was treated in KOH and added to ABS matrix to produce new composites at different loading (10, 15, 20 and 25 wt.%) by using Two Roll Mill machine. The influence of the fiber on the composites properties was evaluated. The produced material was subjected to SEM, MFI, TGA and DSC analysis. The incorporation of the treated kenaf fiber has an influence on the properties of kenaf/ABS composites. The addition of 10 wt.% kenaf was found to be the best loading with MFI value, initial degradation temperature and glass transition temperature at 0.8208 g/10 min, 322.63°C and 130°C respectively. The fiber was well dispersed in the matrix and shown good adhesion to the ABS. The addition of treated fiber contribute to a reduction in the MFI, improved the thermal stability of the composites and typical effects of Tg of the composite compare to pure ABS. The results suggest the need to continue the study in order to further analyse higher kenaf loading and shed more light on the properties of the composites to improve understanding of kenaf/ABS composites. Obtained results are a solution to alternative of synthetic fibers, which may contribute to the sustainable development of composites materials industry through the utilization of kenaf fiber with ABS matrix.
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Ghanbari, Abbas, Amirjalal Jalali, Mohammadreza Nofar, Al Mamun, and Mohammad Arjmand. "Extrinsic toughening of recycled carbon fibers in polypropylene composites in the absence of plasticity penalty." Journal of Composite Materials 56, no. 6 (February 1, 2022): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00219983211068095.
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Advanced composite materials used in high-tech fields are widely reinforced with carbon fibers. One of the growing application areas for carbon fibers is their reinforced composites which are used to replace metallic automotive parts. This reduces carbon footprint through weight reduction, which is a strategy pursued globally to reduce the environmental impacts of passenger vehicles. In this study, we assess the reinforcement potential of recycled carbon fibers in a polypropylene (PP) homopolymer with high strength and flowability. The highly crystalline PP homopolymer with low impact properties was used to minimize intrinsic plasticity penalty associated with fiber reinforcement and ascribe the impact strength enhancement solely to extrinsic toughening mechanisms. The reinforced composites are manufactured through extrusion compounding followed by injection molding. Modification of the transition phase connecting the bulk matrix with the bulk carbon fibers led to 78% enhancement in the strength of the composites, compared to the unmodified composites, without any loss in other properties. Compared to a commercial steel bonnet, the compatibilized composites reinforced with recycled carbon fibers exhibited superior specific strength accompanied by ∼87% weight reduction. Morphological analysis showed that all the extrinsic toughening mechanisms are effectively used by the recycled fibers in the reinforced composites.
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Boulanghien, M., M. R’Mili, G. Bernhart, F. Berthet, and Y. Soudais. "Mechanical Characterization of Carbon Fibres Recycled by Steam Thermolysis: A Statistical Approach." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8630232.
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The recent development of technologies for recycling carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRPs) leads to the need to evaluate the mechanical response of recycled carbon fibres. As these fibres are likely to be degraded during the recycling treatment, it is very important to determine their tensile residual properties so as to evaluate their ability as reinforcement for new composite materials. Carbon fibres reclaimed by a steam-thermal treatment applied to degrade the epoxy resin matrix of a CFRP are here analysed. Two conditions were chosen so as to reach two degradation efficiency levels of the steam thermolysis. Several carbon fibre samples were selected for mechanical testing carried out either on single filaments using single fibre tensile tests or on fibre tows using bundle tensile tests. It is shown that the single fibre tensile test leads to a wide variability of statistical parameters derived from the analysis. Bundle tensile tests results were able to indicate that fibre strength of recycled carbon fibre is similar to corresponding as-received carbon fibres thanks to a statistically relevant database. Wide number of tested filaments enabled indeed to obtain low scatters.
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Seo, Young-Rok, Sang-U. Bae, Birm-June Kim, Min Lee, and Qinglin Wu. "Hybrid effects of carbon fiber and nanoclay as fillers on the performances of recycled wood-plastic composites." BioResources 15, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 7671–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.4.7671-7686.
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Waste wood-plastic composite (WPC) was used in this work as a raw material to produce recycled WPCs reinforced with carbon fiber and nanoclay. To evaluate the synergistic effects of carbon fiber and nanoclay, various performances (i.e., microstrucural, mechanical, thermal, water absorption, and electrical properties) were investigated. Scanning electron micrographs and X-ray diffraction analysis of the fillers (carbon fiber and nanoclay) present in the recycled WPCs showed that the nanoclays were properly intercalated when filled with carbon fibers. According to mechanical property analysis, hybrid incorporation of carbon fibers and nanoclays improved impact strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. However, further incorporation of nanoclays reduced the impact strength and did not improve the tensile modulus or the flexural modulus. The carbon fibers present in the recycled WPCs improved the electrical conductivity of the composites, despite the various fillers that interfered with their electrical conduction. In addition, carbon fibers and nanoclays were mixed into the recycled WPCs to improve the thermal stability of the composites. Finally, the presence of nanoclays in recycled WPCs led to increased water uptake of the composites.
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Jiang, Qihong, Guiyong Chen, Abhideep Kumar, Andrew Mills, Krutarth Jani, Vasudevan Rajamohan, Barathan Venugopal, and Sameer Rahatekar. "Sustainable Sandwich Composites Manufactured from Recycled Carbon Fibers, Flax Fibers/PP Skins, and Recycled PET Core." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5010002.
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European union end of life vehicle directive mandates the use of more sustainable/recyclable materials in automotive industries. Thermoplastics matrix-based composites allow recyclability of composites at the end of life; however, their processing technology is more challenging than thermoset composites. Manufacturing process and mechanical testing of sustainable sandwich composite made from sustainable materials: flax, recycled carbon fiber, polypropylene, and recycled PET foam are presented in this article. High pressure compression molding with adhesive thermoplastic polymer film was used for manufacturing sandwich composite skin. The recycled PET foam core was integrated/joined with the skin using a thermoplastics adhesive film. A three-point bending test was conducted to compare the flexural properties. The results show that such sustainable sandwich composites will be an excellent material for truck side panel to operate in adverse wind/storm conditions. The sustainable sandwich composite can potentially be an excellent candidate for the fabrication of light-duty, lightweight, and low-cost engineering structures in automotive industry to meet the EU end of life requirements.
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Lepak-Kuc, Sandra, Mateusz Kiciński, Przemyslaw P. Michalski, Krystian Pavlov, Mauro Giorcelli, Mattia Bartoli, and Malgorzata Jakubowska. "Innovative Biochar-Based Composite Fibres from Recycled Material." Materials 14, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 5304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14185304.
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Carbon materials are becoming crucial in several industrial sectors. The drawbacks of these materials include their high cost and oil-based essence. In recent years, recycled materials have become possible alternative sources of carbon with several advantages. Firstly, the production of this alternative source of carbon may help to reduce biomass disposal, and secondly, it contributes to CO2 sequestration. The use of carbon derived from recycled materials by a pyrolysis treatment is called biochar. Here, we present composite materials based on different biochar filler contents dispersed in several thermoplastic polymer matrixes. Electrical conductivity and tensile break strength were investigated together with the material characterisation by DTA/TGA, XRD, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging. Materials with good flexibility and electrical conductivity were obtained. The local ordering in composites resembles both biochar and polymer ordering. The similarity between biochar and carbon nanotubes’ (CNTs) XRD patterns may be observed. As biochar is highly cost-effective, the proposed composites could become a valid substitute for CNT composites in various applications.
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Khurshid, Muhammad Furqan, Martin Hengstermann, Mir Mohammad Badrul Hasan, Anwar Abdkader, and Chokri Cherif. "Recent developments in the processing of waste carbon fibre for thermoplastic composites – A review." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 14 (November 7, 2019): 1925–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319886043.
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The aim of this paper is to highlight recent developments in the processing of waste carbon fibre for thermoplastic composites. Initially, injection moulding and nonwoven technologies have been used to integrate waste carbon fibres into fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. Recently, tape and hybrid yarn spinning technologies have been developed to produce tape and hybrid yarn structures from waste carbon fibre, which are then used to manufacture recycled carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastics with much higher efficiency. The hybrid yarn spinning technologies enable the development of various fibrous structures with higher fibre orientation, compactness and fibre volume fraction. Therefore, thermoplastic composites manufactured from hybrid yarns possess a good potential for use in load-bearing structural applications. In this paper, a comprehensive review on novel and existing technologies employed for the processing of waste carbon fibre in addition to different quality aspects of waste carbon fibre is presented.
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Barnett, Philip R., and Hicham K. Ghossein. "A Review of Recent Developments in Composites Made of Recycled Carbon Fiber Textiles." Textiles 1, no. 3 (October 9, 2021): 433–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles1030023.
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Carbon fiber recycling has garnered significant attention in recent years due to the large volume of manufacturing waste and upcoming end-of-life products that will enter the waste stream as the current generation of aircraft is retired from service. Recycled carbon fibers have been shown to retain most of their virgin mechanical properties, but their length is generally reduced such that continuous fiber laminates cannot be remade. As such, these fibers are typically used in low-performance applications including injection molding, extrusion/compression molding, and 3D printing that further degrade the fiber length and resulting composite properties. However, recent advances in the processing of long discontinuous fiber textiles have led to medium- to high-performance composites using recycled carbon fibers. This review paper describes the recent advances in recycled carbon fiber textile processing that have made these improvements possible. The techniques used to manufacture high-value polymer composites reinforced with discontinuous recycled carbon fiber are described. The resulting mechanical and multifunctional properties are also discussed to illustrate the advantages of these new textile-based recycled fiber composites over the prior art.
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Roux, Maxime, Nicolas Eguémann, Clemens Dransfeld, Frédéric Thiébaud, and Dominique Perreux. "Thermoplastic carbon fibre-reinforced polymer recycling with electrodynamical fragmentation." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 30, no. 3 (August 4, 2016): 381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705715599431.
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The end of life of carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) structures represents a major challenge to the aerospace industry, as new European regulations are demanding recycling solutions that can be complicated and expensive to apply. This study aims to address new practical ways to recycle CFRP materials. CFRP materials with a polyether ether ketone (PEEK) matrix were fragmented via electrodynamical fragmentation, which exhibits several benefits compared to mechanical shredding processes, especially for composites commonly found in the aerospace industry. The fragments are characterized and reused to produce new CFRP aerospace parts. Structural testing of recycled composite parts revealed a 17% decrease of the mechanical properties compared to the novel material. The combination of these manufacturing and recycling techniques closes the cradle to cradle loop of thermoplastic CFRP.
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Kortmann, Jan, and Stefan Minar. "Contribution of Carbon Concrete Construction to the Circular and Resource Economy." Buildings 13, no. 11 (November 14, 2023): 2851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112851.
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Fibre-reinforced composites are used in many industries. In the construction industry, for example, the building material carbon concrete is increasingly being used successfully. Although the demand for fibre-reinforced composites and fibre-reinforced plastics made of carbon fibres has risen continuously by approximately 11% per year over the last 10 years, there is currently still no coherent integration of fibre-containing waste into the corresponding material cycles. In addition, there are ever-increasing requirements for environmental and climate protection, which necessitate a transformation from linear waste management to a cycle-oriented recycling and resource management overall. Carbon concrete construction is already providing an important impetus for the construction industry. The use of reinforcement made of mat or grid-shaped and bar-shaped carbon fibres basically makes a significant contribution to the conservation of resources, and ultimately a reduction in CO2 emissions of up to 80% is possible. In connection with recyclability, it is demonstrated that with today’s common facilities, both the deconstruction and dismantling of components and structures made of carbon concrete and the collection and sorting of the demolition material using camera-based sorting with a grade purity of 98% are already possible. In addition, the article provides an outlook on the project WIRreFa|WIR! recyceln Fasern (We recycle fibres) and its approach to closing the material cycle of fibre composites.
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Goethals, Frederik, Elke Demeyer, Isabel De Schrijver, and Myriam Vanneste. "Pretreating Recycled Carbon Fiber Nonwoven with a Sizing Formulation to Improve the Performance of Thermoplastic Recycled Fiber-Reinforced Composites." Polymers 16, no. 4 (February 19, 2024): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16040561.
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Pyrolysis is already an established recycling method to recover the carbon fibers of end-of-life composites. However, the pyrolysis process removes the fiber sizing. Fiber sizing is a critical step in composite material production, influencing adhesion, protection and overall performance. In this study, recycled carbon nonwoven reinforcements made from pyrolyzed carbon fibers were pretreated to improve the mechanical properties of polyamide and polypropylene composites. The pretreatment involved applying specific coatings (sizings) on the nonwoven by spraying. Pretreated and non-pretreated composites were prepared by compression molding to investigate the impact of the fiber pretreatment on the tensile properties and interlaminar shear strength. The tests were performed in the 0° and 90° directions of the composite plate. The results revealed that pretreatment had little effect on the polyamide composites. However, significant improvements were obtained for the polypropylene composites, as an increase of more than 50% in tensile strength was achieved in the 0° direction and more than 35% in the 90° direction. In addition, the interlaminar shear strength increased from 11.9 MPa to 14.3 MPa in the 0° direction and from 14.9 MPa to 17.8 MPa in the 90° direction.
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RUAN, FANGTAO, QINGYONG YANG, BOBO ZHANG, XINYU XIE, LI YANG, and ZHENZHEN XU. "Tensile and impact properties of chopped carbon fibre reinforced thermoplastics with multiple recycle and regenerate." Industria Textila 74, no. 02 (May 2, 2023): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.074.02.202225.
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The increasing use of high-value carbon fibre in composites is linked with increasing waste generation. A simple and feasible chopped/hot-press method was proposed for multiple recycled carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. The effect of regeneration times on the tension and impact properties of carbon fibre-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composites was investigated experimentally. The results showed that the r1-CFRTP specimen decreased by 69.34% in tensile strength and 48.66 % in tensile modulus compared with v-CFRTP. However, its tensile properties were improved with the increase of regeneration times (before 3 times). The impact strength of r2-CFRTP and r3-CFRTP is 12.65%, 20.85% higher than v-CFRTP, while r1-CFRTP and r4-CFRTP are 8.02% and 7.06% lower than v-CFRTP. When the third regeneration makes relatively excellent mechanical properties for recycled carbon fibre/PP composite, the chopped/hot-press method is a meaningful attempt at recycling and reusing the thermoplastic composites.
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Palola, Sarianna, Pekka Laurikainen, Sonia García-Arrieta, Egoitz Goikuria Astorkia, and Essi Sarlin. "Towards Sustainable Composite Manufacturing with Recycled Carbon Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites." Polymers 14, no. 6 (March 9, 2022): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14061098.
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Currently, the vast majority of composite waste is either landfilled or incinerated, causing a massive burden on the environment and resulting in the loss of potentially valuable raw material. Here, conventional pyrolysis and reactive pyrolysis were used to reclaim carbon fibers from aeronautical scrap material, and to evaluate the feasibility of using reclaimed carbon fibers in structural components for the automotive sector. The need for fiber sizing was investigated as well as the behavior of the fiber material in macroscopic impact testing. The fibers were characterized with the single fiber tensile test, scanning electron microscopy, and the microbond test. Critical fiber length was estimated in both polypropylene and polyamide matrices. Tensile strength of the fiber material was better preserved with the reactive pyrolysis compared to the conventional pyrolysis, but in both cases the interfacial shear strength was retained or even improved. The impact testing revealed that the components made of these fibers fulfilled all required deformation limits set for the components with virgin fibers. These results indicate that recycled carbon fibers can be a viable option even in structural components, resulting in lower production costs and greener composites.
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Zhi, Qingong, Wenhan Guan, and Yongjing Guo. "Pyrolysis Process of Microwave-Enhanced Recovery of Sucker Rod Carbon Fiber Composite." International Journal of Heat and Technology 40, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.400118.
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This paper recycles and reuses sucker rod carbon fiber composite by microwave technique. The high temperature dielectric parameters of sucker rod carbon fiber composite were tested with the perturbation technique of cylindrical resonator. The structure and performance of the recovered carbon fiber samples were characterized by testing methods like scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results show that: the carbon fiber of sucker rod is good at absorbing microwaves. During microwave pyrolysis, the heating rate can reach 359.46 (℃/min), which greatly shortens the processing time. In addition, the microwave technique does not affect chemical bonds and functional group types, and the resulting recycled carbon fibers can be recycled well.
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Ajoku, Chinedu A., Anaclet Turatsinze, and Ariane Abou-Chakra. "Use of fibres in improving the mechanical properties of a multifunctional cement for structural repair purposes." MATEC Web of Conferences 364 (2022): 04002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236404002.
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Calcium phosphate cement (CPC) is a multifunctional cement whose potential application depends on the reactants used to synthesise it. Just like many inorganic cements, the pure CPCs synthesised in all cases are very brittle and have low toughness values under loading. In this research, the CPC material is formed from the exothermic reaction between phosphoric acid and calcium silicate at controlled room temperature. Three fibre types, namely; macro polypropylene fibres, amorphous metallic fibres and recycled carbon fibres were chosen due to their corrosion resistance in acid to enhance the mechanical performance of this cement as a repair material. 1.5% by volume of each of these fibres were added to the CPC material and autogenously cured for 14 days at room temperature. Mechanical destructive and non-destructive tests were carried out on the resulting composites. The experimental results revealed that each type of fibre contributes to increase flexural strength, compressive strength, fracture energy and dynamic elastic modulus of CPC material. However, for this purpose the recycled carbon fibres have proven to be more efficient.
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Pozegic, Thomas R., Samantha Huntley, Marco L. Longana, Suihua He, R. M. Indrachapa Bandara, Simon G. King, and Ian Hamerton. "Improving Dispersion of Recycled Discontinuous Carbon Fibres to Increase Fibre Throughput in the HiPerDiF Process." Materials 13, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13071544.
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In order to increase the material throughput of aligned discontinuous fibre composites using technologies such as HiPerDiF, stability of the carbon fibres in an aqueous solution needs to be achieved. Subsequently, a range of surfactants, typically employed to disperse carbon-based materials, have been assessed to determine the most appropriate for use in this regard. The optimum stability of the discontinuous fibres was observed when using the anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate, which was superior to a range of other non-ionic and anionic surfactants, and single-fibre fragmentation demonstrated that the employment of sodium dodecylbenzene sulphonate did not affect the interfacial adhesion between fibres. Rheometry was used to complement the study, to understand the potential mechanisms of the improved stability of discontinuous fibres in aqueous suspension, and it led to the understanding that the increased viscosity was a significant factor. For the shear rates employed, fibre deformation was neither expected nor observed.
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Rouhi, Mohammad S., Magdalena Juntikka, Johan Landberg, and Maciej Wysocki. "Assessing models for the prediction of mechanical properties for the recycled short fibre composites." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 38, no. 10 (January 17, 2019): 454–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684418824404.
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Processing of polymer fibre composites has a remarkable influence on their mechanical performance. These mechanical properties are even more influenced when using recycled reinforcement. Therefore, we place particular attention on the evaluation of micromechanical models to estimate the mechanical properties and compare them against the experimental results of the manufactured composites from recycled carbon fibre material. For the manufacturing process, an epoxy matrix and carbon fibre production cut-offs as reinforcing material are incorporated using a vacuum infusion process. In addition, continuous textile reinforcement in combination with the epoxy matrix is used as reference material to evaluate the degradation of mechanical performance of the recycled composite. The experimental results show higher degradation of the composite strength compared to the stiffness properties. Observations from the modelling also show the same trend as the deviation between the theoretical and experimental results is lower for stiffness comparisons than the strength calculations. Yet still, good mechanical performance for specific applications can be expected from these materials.
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Law, Mei Lin, Qumrul Ahsan, Hairul Effendy Ab Maulod, Noraiham Mohamad, and Sivaraos. "Wear Behaviour of Cryogenic Treated Recycled Carbon Fibers Filled Epoxy Composite." Applied Mechanics and Materials 761 (May 2015): 489–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.761.489.
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Mechanically ground recycled carbon fibers (rCFs) reinforced polymer composites were investigated in this paper. The rCFs were collected from the woven prepreg waste. The as-received (rCFs-AR) and cyclic cryogenic treated (rCFs-T) carbon fibers were incorporated separately in the epoxy matrix composite. The objective of this study is to study the wear behaviour of the epoxy composites with respect to the as-received and treated rCFs. Prior to the composite fabrication, the surface morphologies of rCFs-AR and rCFs-T were examined with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is found that the cryogenic treatment is effective in removing the epoxy resin from the carbon fiber due to the mismatches in the thermal expansion at the interface of rCFs and epoxy. The rCFs-AR and rCFs-T were homogeneously distributed in epoxy resin through ultrasonication. The void-free samples were then fabricated using vacuum casting technique. Micro Pin-on-disc Tribotester (CM-9109) was used to test the tribological behaviour of the polymer composites. The coefficient of friction (CoF) and wear rate of epoxy composites revealed that the reinforcement effect of rCFs-T is better than that of the rCFs-AR as the incorporation of rCFs-T decreases the CoF and improves the wear resistance of epoxy composites in comparison with rCFs-AR. The tribological results clearly showed that the rCFs was a valuable product worth to be reused as reinforcement in the new composite, as the incorporation of treated rCFs was effective in improving the tribological properties of the epoxy composites.
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Kováčová, Mária, Jana Kozakovičová, Michal Procházka, Ivica Janigová, Marek Vysopal, Ivona Černičková, Jozef Krajčovič, and Zdenko Špitalský. "Novel Hybrid PETG Composites for 3D Printing." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (April 28, 2020): 3062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093062.
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This paper is focused on the preparation of novel hybrid polymer composite materials for 3D filaments. As the reinforcing filler, expanded graphite, carbon fibers, and combinations thereof were used in various ratios up to 10%. The mechanical and thermal properties of virgin and recycled polyethylene phthalate glycol-modified (PETG) composite materials were determined. Almost all prepared composite materials were suitable for 3D printing and they have enhanced mechanical properties compared to the neat PETG matrices. Addition of the fillers to both polymer matrices has an only slight effect on the thermal stability, but the addition of carbon fibers significantly reduced the thermal expansion coefficient. The composites from cheaper recycled PETG have comparable properties to virgin PETG composites, which is of economic and ecological importance. New and cheaper materials can help expand 3D printing to manufacturing plants and the use of 3D printers for special applications.
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Annandarajah, Langhorst, Kiziltas, Grewell, Mielewski, and Montazami. "Hybrid Cellulose-Glass Fiber Composites for Automotive Applications." Materials 12, no. 19 (September 28, 2019): 3189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12193189.
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: In the recent years, automakers have been striving to improve the carbon footprint of their vehicles. Sustainable composites, consisting of natural fibers, and/or recycled polymers have been developed as a way to increase the “green content” and reduce the weight of a vehicle. In addition, recent studies have found that the introduction of synthetic fibers to a traditional fiber composite such as glass filled plastics, producing a composite with multiple fillers (hybrid fibers), can result in superior mechanical properties. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of hybrid fibers on characterization and material properties of polyamide-6 (PA6)/polypropylene (PP) blends. Cellulose and glass fibers were used as fillers and the mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of composites were evaluated. The addition of hybrid fibers increased the stiffness (tensile and flexural modulus) of the composites. Glass fibers reduced composite water absorption while the addition of cellulose fibers resulted in higher composite stiffness. The mechanical properties of glass and cellulose filled PA6/PP composites were optimized at loading levels of 15 wt% glass and 10 wt% cellulose, respectively.
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Shah, Niyati, Joseph Fehrenbach, and Chad A. Ulven. "Hybridization of Hemp Fiber and Recycled-Carbon Fiber in Polypropylene Composites." Sustainability 11, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 3163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11113163.
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In recent years there has been a substantial growth in the use of natural fiber reinforced composite in more advanced applications. However, high strength applications require high mechanical properties. Hybridization of natural fibers with synthetic fibers is an effective method of increasing the field of application and mechanical properties. The effects of hybridizing hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fiber with recycled-carbon fiber were investigated in this study to determine the trends in mechanical properties resulting from varied weight fractions. Characterization of void content was accomplished using micro computed tomography (micro-CT). Through hybridizing hemp fiber and recycled carbon fiber in a polypropylene thermoplastic, a new class of high performance, low cost composites were demonstrated for injection molding applications. This study showcased a 10–15% increase in tensile strength after the reinforcement of recycled-carbon fiber with hemp fiber. A 30–35% increase was observed in the flexure strength after the reinforcement of recycled-carbon fiber with hemp fiber. Impact strength also had an increase of 35–40% for hemp fiber reinforced recycled-carbon fiber polypropylene composites.
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Merighi, Stefano, Laura Mazzocchetti, Tiziana Benelli, and Loris Giorgini. "Adenine as Epoxy Resin Hardener for Sustainable Composites Production with Recycled Carbon Fibers and Cellulosic Fibers." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 20, 2020): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12123054.
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In this work, Adenine is proposed, for the first time, as a cross-linker for epoxy resins. Adenine is an amino-substituted purine with heterocyclic aromatic structure showing both proton donors, and hydrogen bonding ability. DSC studies show that adenine is able to positively cross-link a biobased DGEBA-like commercial epoxy precursor with good thermal performance and a reaction mechanism based on a 1H NMR investigation has been proposed. The use of such a formulation to produce composite with recycled short carbon fibers (and virgin ones for the sake of comparison), as well as jute and linen natural fibers as sustainable reinforcements, leads to materials with high compaction and fiber content. The curing cycle was optimized for both carbon fiber and natural fiber reinforced materials, with the aim to achieve the better final properties. All composites produced display good thermal and mechanical properties with glass transition in the range of HT resins (Tg > 150 °C, E’ =26 GPa) for the carbon fiber-based composites. The natural fiber-based composites display slightly lower performance that is nonetheless good compared with standard composite performance (Tg about 115–120 °C, E’ = 7–9 GPa). The present results thus pave the way to the application of adenine as hardener system for composites production.
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Al Zahmi, Salem, Saif Alhammadi, Amged ElHassan, and Waleed Ahmed. "Carbon Fiber/PLA Recycled Composite." Polymers 14, no. 11 (May 28, 2022): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112194.
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Due exceptional properties such as its high-temperature resistance, mechanical characteristics, and relatively lower price, the demand for carbon fiber has been increasing over the past years. The widespread use of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymers or plastics (CFRP) has attracted many industries. However, on the other hand, the increasing demand for carbon fibers has created a waste recycling problem that must be overcome. In this context, increasing plastic waste from the new 3D printing technology has been increased, contributing to a greater need for recycling efforts. This research aims to produce a recycled composite made from different carbon fiber leftover resources to reinforce the increasing waste of Polylactic acid (PLA) as a promising solution to the growing demand for both materials. Two types of leftover carbon fiber waste from domestic industries are handled: carbon fiber waste (CF) and carbon fiber-reinforced composite (CFRP). Two strategies are adopted to produce the recycled composite material, mixing PLA waste with CF one time and with CFRP the second time. The recycled composites are tested under tensile test conditions to investigate the impact of the waste carbon reinforcement on PLA properties. Additionally, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is carried out on composites to study their thermal properties.
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Latko-Durałek, Paulina, Kamil Dydek, Emila Golonko, and Anna Boczkowska. "Mechanical Properties of PETG Fibres and Their Usage in Carbon Fibres/Epoxy Composite Laminates." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 26, no. 2(128) (April 30, 2018): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0011.5740.
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This paper reports on a melt-spinning process of glycol-modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) PETG and regranulate of PETG. The effect of the processing temperature and winding reel velocity on the diameters of fibres was examined. It was observed with a scanning electron microscope that the surface of fibres produced from recycled PETG are thicker but smoother than fibres made of fresh PETG. Applying a higher drawing velocity helped to decrease the diameters, which were between 75-150 μm. Under static deformation, fibres showed different behaviour, with higher flexibility and lower strength observed for fibres made of PETG regranulate. Both types of fibre were chopped and added to carbon fibre reinforced polymers as interlayers to investigate their effect on mechanical properties. It was found that the flexural strength decreased in the presence of PETG fibres, while interlaminar shear strength improved, but only in the case of fresh PETG fibres.
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Mance, Sophie, Hajo Dieringa, Jan Bohlen, Sarkis Gavras, Andreas Stark, Norbert Schell, João Pereira da Silva, and Domonkos Tolnai. "In Situ Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction Study of Compression of AZ91 Composites Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibres." Crystals 12, no. 11 (October 22, 2022): 1502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12111502.
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Lightweight structural materials are increasingly sought after in the automotive and aerospace industries for their potential to improve fuel efficiency. Magnesium-based metal-matrix composites are potential candidates for these kinds of applications. The use of recycled carbon fibres offers further energy and cost savings. The recycled carbon fibre composites were manufactured by stir casting with high-dispersion shearing, then were extruded and subsequently heat treated. The compressive deformation mechanisms of the composites compared to AZ91 were investigated using in situ synchrotron radiation diffraction. An increase in ultimate compressive strength was achieved in the composites compared to AZ91. The deformation mechanisms active in the composites were similar to those in AZ91. Magnesium alloys in compression typically show extensive twinning; this was observed in AZ91 and the AZ91 composites. The stress required for twinning onset was increased in the composites, and the twin volume fraction at failure was decreased compared to AZ91.
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Crameri, Sam, Filip Stojcevski, and Clara Usma-Mansfield. "An Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Performance of EPS Foam Core Sandwich Composites Used in Surfboard Design." Polymers 15, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 2703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15122703.
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Surfboard manufacturing has begun to utilise Expanded Polystyrene as a core material; however, surf literature relatively ignores this material. This manuscript investigates the mechanical behaviour of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) sandwich composites. An epoxy resin matrix was used to manufacture ten sandwich-structured composite panels with varying fabric reinforcements (carbon fibre, glass fibre, PET) and two foam densities. The flexural, shear, fracture, and tensile properties were subsequently compared. Under common flexural loading, all composites failed via compression of the core, which is known in surfing terms as creasing. However, crack propagation tests indicated a sudden brittle failure in the E-glass and carbon fibre facings and progressive plastic deformation for the recycled polyethylene terephthalate facings. Testing showed that higher foam density increased the flex and fracture mechanical properties of composites. Overall, the plain weave carbon fibre presented the highest strength composite facing, while the single layer of E-glass was the lowest strength composite. Interestingly, the double-bias weave carbon fibre with a lower-density foam core presented similar stiffness behaviour to standard E-glass surfboard materials. The double-biased carbon also improved the flexural strength (+17%), material toughness (+107%), and fracture toughness (+156%) of the composite compared to E-glass. These findings indicate surfboard manufacturers can utilise this carbon weave pattern to produce surfboards with equal flex behaviour, lower weight and improved resistance to damage in regular loading.
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Noraiham Mohamad, Anisah Abd Latiff, Jeefferie Abd Razak, Hairul Effendy Ab Maulod, Pay Jun Liew, Mohd Shahir Kasim, and Qumrul Ahsan. "Morphological Characteristics and Wear Mechanism of Recycled Carbon Fibre Prepreg reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Malaysian Journal on Composites Science and Manufacturing 5, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/mjcsm.5.1.110.
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The polypropylene (PP) reinforced with recycled carbon fibres (rCF) was successfully produced using a Haake internal mixer via melt compounding. The compounding was performed at 180°C, rotor speed of 50 rpm and compounding period of 10 minutes. The standard samples for the pin on disc testing were prepared using injection moulding. The effect of rCF filler loadings of 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15 and 20 wt% was studied for the tribological properties. The results were compared with 100% PP. The morphological behaviours for the effect of low and high fibre loadings were observed using scanning electron microscopy analyses. The composites with low carbon fibre loading of up to 3 wt% imposed higher resistance to dry sliding friction. In contrast, the increment of fibre loading at 5 wt% to 20 wt% decreased the wear rate of the composites due to patch film and transfer film formation. The wear mechanism of the composites for different fibre loading was graphically sketched from morphological observation. As the conclusions, the composites showed promising self-lubricating properties, capable of wear reduction with significant physical and mechanical properties.
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Lang, Tobias Georg, Mir Mohammad Badrul Hasan, Anwar Abdkader, Chokri Cherif, and Thomas Gereke. "Micro-Scale Model of rCF/PA6 Spun Yarn Composite." Journal of Composites Science 7, no. 2 (February 6, 2023): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs7020066.
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Recycling carbon fibers (rCF) for reuse is one approach to improve the sustainability of CFRP. However, until now, recycled carbon fiber plastics (rCFRP) had limited composite properties due to the microgeometry of the fibers, which made it difficult to use in load-bearing components. The production of hybrid yarns from rCF and PA6 fibers allows the fibers to be aligned. The geometric properties of the yarn and the individual fibers influence the mechanical properties of the composite. An approach for the modeling and simulation of hybrid yarns consisting of recycled carbon fibers and thermoplastic fibers is presented. The yarn unit cell geometry is modeled in the form of a stochastic fiber network. The fiber trajectory is modeled in form of helical curves using the idealized yarn model of Hearle et al. The variability in the fiber geometry (e.g., length) is included in form of statistical distributions. An additional compaction step ensures a realistic composite geometry. The created model is validated geometrically and by comparison with tensile tests of manufactured composites. With the validated model, multiple parameter studies investigating the influence of fiber and yarn geometry are carried out.