Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Composites – Environnement'
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Didierjean, Sébastien. "Étude du comportement des matériaux composites carbone-époxy en environnement hygrothermique." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30266.
Full textThe carbon/epoxy aeronautical structures are subjected to outside environments combining both temperature and humidity therefore these materials are subject to water molecules sorption by the epoxy resin. First, a model of the water propagation was implemented. It takes account of the effect of the hydrolysis taking place between the water molecules and the epoxide groups that have not been cured. This mechanism is coupled with a Fickean diffusion. The second part deals with the effects of the local water molecules presence on the elastic modulus of an elementary composite ply. The local level of water concentration is responsible for the plasticization of the polymer matrix represented by the decrease of its Simple Softening Temperature. The use of a Micro-Mechanical model of homogenization allowed to directly assess the evolutions of the elastic properties of an elementary ply. The third part is about the study of the cyclic hygrothermal environments and shows how the effects of that type of loads are different compared to their equivalent monotonous solicitations. Special attention is given to the effect on damage behaviour of the material
Lamouroux, Franck. "Étude du comportement en environnement oxydant des matériaux composites 2D C/SIC." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR10668.
Full textGAUTIER, LUDMILA. "Endommagement osmotique de composites fibres de verre-matrices polyester insature en environnement humide." Paris, ENSAM, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ENAM0026.
Full textDurin, Christian. "Contribution à l'étude du vieillissement de matériaux composites carbone/epoxyde sous ambiance spatiale." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ESAE0008.
Full textZombré, Wendlamita. "Durabilité des matériaux composites dans un environnement Génie Civil : expérimentation multi-échelle et analyse statistique." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1106/document.
Full textOur thesis is part of this MICRO project "Innovative Composite Materials for the Repair of Structures: Reliability approach of the dimensioning for their requalification and the prediction of their durability". Final objective of the thesis is to understand the problem of sustainability through a multi-scale phenomenological experimental approach and to propose probabilistic life-time models. So, we defined the methodology of our study, as well as the methods, materials and analysis techniques. The study material is a non-equilibrium (70% / 30%) unbalanced bidirectional carbon / epoxy that is crosslinked at room temperature and made by hand layup process. Six hygrothermal aging obtained by crossing between temperatures (20°C, 40°C and 60°C) and humidities (50%, 75% and immersion) at various times were carried out during the study. After identifying the various indicators, we carried out physicochemical analyzes (absorption-desorption, DSC, TMA, Infrared, DMA and Tomography) as well as a follow-up of the mechanical characteristics (tensile, interlaminar shear, pull-out and double shear). These indicators were analyzed statistically to more rigorously validate the trends that were observed. The monitoring of mechanical performance indicators by accelerated aging was carried out and then compared to 1 year of natural aging. The antagonism of the various mechanisms of damage has been demonstrated in the case of simple traction and interlaminar shear. It appears that plasticization is the mechanism that most affects the performance of carbon / epoxy composites. For high temperatures, it appears that post-cure by densifying the network has improved interfacial cohesion, which has inhibited the impact of thermal degradation on mechanical performance. Comparing with natural aging, it was noted that aging in an aqueous condition was more generally degrading and aqueous conditions accelerated well the degradation in a natural environment. In particular, the trends observed do not follow evolutions that permit to write simplified prediction models. The quality of the composite / concrete adhesion was evaluated by pull-out tests. The strong disparities between the results make the analysis delicate. But it has been shown that the post-cure seems to improve the cohesion whereas the plasticization is very harmful for the stability of the bonded joints accelerating excessively the degradation in comparison to the natural aging. This instability has also been proven by the double shear tests where the delamination was observed from the first maturities of aging. The anchor length is reduced and a time-sensitive model has been proposed for the selected aging condition (60°C-immersion). On the other hand, this plasticization softens the failure due to the increased deformability of the joint. In this environmental condition, the monitoring of the elastic limit stress seems to be a relevant indicator for the monitoring of the durability because it simulates the natural aging with reasonable differences. The last part of our work consisted in the proposal of a statistical treatment of the data in order to validate firstly the trends observed experimentally, to bring more information and to discuss on the choice of the models of prediction. Although, physical model is very appreciated by the community, it is not systematically applicable. Indeed, it assumes degenerative performance, which in practice is not the case. A physical approach has been proposed on the refined database in order to respect the writing conditions of the model (degenerative trends). The model chosen to predict the ultimate tensile strength is conservative but applicable for reliability studies. Bayesian enrichment can be used to demonstrate the advantage it can confer in reliability studies
Issoupov, Vitali. "Proposition d'une procédure pour la simulation de l'effet d'un environnement spatial d'orbite basse sur des matériaux composites." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30074.
Full textGuerfala, Wassim. "Élaboration de bio-composite hybride à matrice thermoplastique : formulation optimale et modélisation du comportement statique en vue d'une application pour pièces de structure dans l'automobile." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0022.
Full textThe environmental impact is becoming increasingly important in the automotive industry, pushing OEMs to reduce CO2 emissions through clean engines and structural weight reduction. Composite materials, combining lightness and mechanical strength, offer a good alternative to standard steels with a considerable weight reduction. This study mainly aims to apply bio-composite materials in the automotive structure.To meet the various mechanical, thermal and economic requirements, the first objective of this study is to develop ahybrid composite material based on two natural fibers with complementary characteristics to optimize its performance while guaranteeing the homogeneity of its mechanical behavior. The second objective is the development of a numeric tool that would allow rapid pre-design of structural parts reinforced with this hybrid composite material. Indeed, the obligations of the automotive industry are quickly and continuously changing; it is necessary to provide quick and cost-effective responses (compared to the long and expensive experimental campaigns especially when there is sensitivity to the environmental conditions to consider)
Shi, Yang. "Economie circulaire pour les composites à fibres de carbone : du déchet aéronautique vers les composites carbone+ thermoplastiques recyclés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022BORD0153.
Full textSince their industrialization, the production of carbon fiber composites is continuously increasing. When recycling carbon fiber composites, only the fibers are recycled. The matrix is "removed" by pyrolysis, solvolysis or vapour-thermolysis, processes that cause little degradation of the fibres. In order to create a demand for recycled carbon fibers, it is necessary to add value to recycled fibers by demonstrating the feasibility of manufacturing high quality composite parts (recycled fiber + matrix).Semi-long recycled fiber architectures with very good alignment were produced by the laboratory's patented realignment technology that ensures optimal exploitation of recycled carbon fiber properties. In order to control and optimize the properties of the new composite (staple fiber), the mechanisms of load transfer between fibers were studied, and the useful properties of the matrix were identified. Particular attention has been paid to the calculation of the load transfer length between two staple fibers as a function of the properties of the recycled fiber/thermoplastic matrix interface. Indeed, our objective is not only to find optimal solutions in terms of strength but also solutions that allow to limit the environmental impact, hence our choice of thermoplastic matrices (including recycled) for this study.All the results of the numerical simulations were validated by comparison with experimental results. In addition, recycled carbon fiber/thermoplastic matrix composites (PA6 and PC) were implemented and tested. These materials have fiber contents higher than 50% and offer better mechanical properties than the same materials with epoxy matrix.An environmental analysis was performed on the example of a portable wind turbine blade by comparing the impacts of the raw material, manufacturing and end of life of a part made with different materials (light alloy, glass fiber composite, recycled fiber composites). This demonstrates the interest of recycled carbon fibers associated with a recycled thermoplastic matrix, to minimize the environmental impact while maximizing mechanical performance
Bailly, Laurence. "Etude du comportement de deux grades cyanates esters pour des applications structurales en matériaux composites en environnement tiède." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0064.
Full textComposite materials made of cyanate ester resins and in particular phenolic triazine resins such as PT15 and PT30 are selected to replace structural metal parts in aircraft at operating temperatures between 200 and 300°C. The main advantages of these resins are their high glass transition temperature, above 300°C, and their low viscosity at 80°C make them suitable for Resin Transfert Molding (RTM) process. The main goals of this work are to understand the resins’ behavior during crosslinking and then to study their durability through thermo-oxidative aging at operating temperatures. Physico-chemical characterizations of PT15 and PT30 resins at their initial state showed a similar chemical composition and spatial configuration but a different molar mass distribution. Triazine rings have only been detected in PT30 only, indicating a “pre-cured” state. These differences have consequences on the crosslinking kinetics and promote an autocatalytic mechanism for PT30. After cure optimization, PT15 has a glass transition temperature 70°C lower than the one of PT30. Among different analysis techniques, the rheological study during crosslinking provided an understanding of the networks’ structuration dissimilarities between the two grades, highlighting the formation of an intermediate structure which relaxes at lower temperatures in PT15. This different networks’ organization is the key element to understand dissimilar thermal stabilities analyzed during thermo-oxidative aging
Nasiri, Aida. "Development of Safe-by-Design Nano-composites for Food Packaging Application." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT076.
Full textThe market of nanotechnologies is dominated by the food packaging area which amounts more than 20% of the total nanotechnologies market in 2015. However, the wide-scale use of nanomaterials raises important questions about environmental and safety issues that could hinder their development. In the case of plastics intended to be in contact with food, the risk of contamination concerns not only the nanoparticles but also all the chemical additives added during the material processing. The presence of nanoparticles is susceptible to modify the interactions between polymer and the additives with a possible change in their transport properties and therefore the food contamination.The present work aims at identifying the relationship between the structural characteristic and the transport properties (diffusivity and solubility) of nanoparticles and chemical additives incorporated in nanocomposites. In this regard, it is necessary to fill the gap of knowledge in 3D nanostructure characterization and a multi-scale modeling of mass transfer properties of nanocomposites in real usage conditions.In this way, polyethylene and nanoclay were selected based on the best compromise between real potential applications and the scientific knowledge previously published and eventually the nanocomposites were synthesized with LLDPE, Cloisite20 and a compatibilizer by melt intercalation method.The nanocomposite structure was characterized using TEM, X-ray nanotomography, TGA and XRD then submitted to migration tests undertaken in contact with different food simulants which represent various types of food (aqueous, acid, alcoholic) following the recommendation of the European regulation on the food contact material. To evaluate the positive or adverse effects of the nanomaterials on the contamination of the food by chemical additives which are usually incorporated with the plastic packaging, the virgin polymer and nanocomposite material were spiked with a mixture of the additives exhibiting various volatility, polarity and molecular weight. Then, the transport properties (i.e inertia) of nanocomposite structure was distinctively investigated on kinetic (apparent diffusion coefficient) and thermodynamic (partition coefficient) considerations.The results indicated that nanoclay addition in plastic materials favorably reduced the migration of additives by modifying both their diffusivity in the polymer and their partition between the polymer and the food simulant. However, while the partition coefficient of additives increases in nanocomposite in comparison to pure LLDPE for the samples in contact with all types of food simulants, the reduction of diffusion coefficient is significantly dependent on the nature of the food simulant in contact. Hence, it can be concluded that the major role in the migration of additives is not played by the imposed tortuosity path, but by the factors such as the affinity between the base polymer and simulants as well as the effects of simulants on swelling and crystallinity of the samples. Moreover, the effect of additive-related parameters and the structural parameters were assessed and put in perspective with their impact on the transport properties of nanostructures. Integrating the results of characterization and transfer properties led to an improved understanding of the influence of structure of nanocomposites on their mass transfer properties and therefore on the suitability of using them as food contact materials
Lietard, Virginie. "Etude des effets séparés et couplés d'un environnement hydrothermique et d'un chargement mécanique sur la déformabilité et la tenacité à long terme de composites verre-résine." Lille 1, 1998. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1998/50376-1998-251.pdf.
Full textHo, Nhat-Quang. "Endommagements de composites carbone-époxy induits par la thermo-oxydation de la matrice en présence de contraintes mécaniques." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2294.
Full textThis study contributes to the understanding of the damage mechanisms of CFRP laminates subjected to thermo-mechanical stresses in oxidative environment. When these materials are submitted to thermo-mechanical loadings at high temperatures (100°C - 150°C), the presence of oxygen enhances the initiation of surface matrix cracks and accelerates their propagation towards the laminate core, thus leading to a catastrophic damage state. An experimental procedure has been performed in order to dissociate the different damage mechanisms. The analysis of the experimental results, associated with a finite element calculation of the free edge stresses, has led us to propose a damage scenario taking into account coupling between stresses and oxidation for a cross-ply laminated structure subjected to thermal cycling in oxygen environment. In a second part, we study more precisely the changes induced by oxidation in the material properties of neat epoxy matrix. We have shown that oxidation, via an internal anti-plasticization effect, leads to an increase in the indentation elastic modulus, a decrease in the damping capacity and in the glass transition temperature. In addition, it was found that there exists a correlation between the values of the elastic modulus of oxidized material and the concentration of the oxidation products predicted by a kinetic model of oxidation (diffusion - reaction). This phenomenological correlation enables to carry out a coupled "oxido-elastic" calculation in order to determine the stress field generated by the presence of an oxidized layer in a resin structure
Diouf-Lewis, Audrey. "Elaboration et évaluation d'additifs verts pour polymères et composites respectueux de l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC028.
Full textThis thesis work falls within the identified context of the need to develop new polymers that are more environmentally friendly. We are convinced that the development of these "green" materials requires the use of "green" additives during formulation. To develop environmentally friendly additives capable of stabilizing the polymer, with respect to the life cycle, and paying special attention to biomass valorization, three approaches have been studied. The first is an innovative way of using a mixture of polyphenols from winery by-products and tea industry. The second way is the valorisation of a molecule from the major by-product of the wheat industry. The third is a recent route of innovation, which proposes the use of layered double hydroxides nanocomposites (LDH) functionalized with bio based stabilizers. The evaluation of their stabilizing properties is carried out in polyolefins, against thermo- and photo-oxidation processes. The very promising results of the project highlight the strong potential of bio based molecules and composites to maintain polymers properties under conditions of use
Cartaud, François. "Modélisation des écoulements dans les interfaces des barrières d'étanchéité composites d'installation de stockage de déchets." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2004. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001079.
Full textAbi, Lahoud Elie. "Composition dynamique de services : application à la conception et au développement de systèmes d'information dans un environnement distribué." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00560489.
Full textAbakar, Malloum. "Analyse des mécanismes d'endommagement et du comportement vibratoire d'un composite à constituants naturels dans un environnement hydrique." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1020/document.
Full textIn recent decades, polymer composites reinforced with plant fibers have received significant attention from scientists. The use of reinforcing vegetable fibers makes it possible to improve the environmental performance of these materials reaching higher specific properties. Nevertheless, a major lock still hinders the development of these materials. Indeed, their sensitivity to water ageing, due to their hydrophilic nature, restricts their use. In this context, we propose, as part of this thesis, to analyze the effect of water ageing on static and dynamic behavior, to identify and monitoring the damage mechanisms of a sandwich structure biobased and its constituents. The composites used consist of a greenpoxy resin associated with flax fibers and a cork core for sandwich materials. In the first part of this work, we studied the static an dynamic behavior of the resin, the composites, cores and sandwich structures. This study led on the one hand to the determination of the mechanical characteristics and to the identification and the follow-up of the mechanisms of damage by acoustic emission and microscopic observations and on the other hand to the determination of the dynamic characteristics. In the second part, we first analyzed the kinetics of water diffusion in resin, skins, cores and sandwichs by identification of their diffusion parameters by the Fick model approach. Then, we are interested in the impact of water ageing on the behavior and mechanical properties iof sandwichs and its constituents
Pailler, Christophe. "Étude de la dissymétrie apportée par l'environnement spatial sur un composite multicouche à matrice organique." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ESAE0011.
Full textBajolet, Julien. "Développement de solutions thermomécaniques répondant au packaging de l’électronique de puissance en environnement aéronautique." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0043/document.
Full textThe aeronautic field is growing years after years; this is why it is necessary to find solutions to transport more people and to reduce fuel consumption. The aircraft relief is a global issue, all components of aircraft ha to be lighter. Electronic devices must be a part of this global aircraft relief. The SAFRAN group and Hispano-Suiza in particular have engaged in a more electric aircraft project it is necessary to reduce the mass of an electronic box. A study of existing electronic boxes helped to highlight the main mass contributors. Mass analysis shows that the elements of protection and bearing of electronic components represent the highest global mass percent. The research of innovative solutions to reduce the weight of these components has highlighted new materials to replace the omnipresent aluminium in the current boxes. The composites Fibre Metal Laminates (FML) consist of organic matrix composites plies (carbon, fiberglass, Kevlar ...) and the metal sheet. These new composite materials are particularly interesting because of their thermo-mechanical and electrical conductivity necessary for the proper functioning of the electronic devices in case of lightning current. Modal analysis simulations validated the appropriateness of using these FML to replace aluminium in electronic boxes structure. Analytical models were developed to get a faster and easier the behaviour of composite laminates according to the number of plies, materials and orientations. The study of these analytical models has selected promising laminates according to their thermo mechanical properties: the Carall (assembly of carbon and aluminium), the Glare (assembly of glass fibers and aluminium) and carbon as a "classical" laminates. The characterization of these materials under various solicitations (static, dynamic, temperature ...) coupled with numerical simulations provided the laminates properties. Numerical modelling of composites will reduce the time and cost required to design a box. The study and comparison of measured properties during the experimental trials has identified the potential applications of metal laminates / composites in electronic boxes. Finally, a study of accelerated moisture and temperature aging was conducted to study the evolution properties of laminates in “real” environment
Moothoo, Julien. "Analyse de la faisabilité d'éco-conception de pièces composites à base de ressources renouvelables pour applications médicales." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01064267.
Full textApolinario, Testoni Guilherme. "Analyse en service de la durabilité à long terme des biocomposites en environnement marin." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0046/document.
Full textThis work aims to address a complete analysis of the use of flax fibres to substitute glass fibres in composite materials designed for nautical applications. This substitution requires a better understanding of the composites life cycle: from materials selection and processing to its hydric ageing, especially under real conditions (exposition to water, temperature and mechanical loadings).A preliminary study is devoted to the selection of materials (flax fibre fabrics and polyester resin) and to the comparison between two methods for manufacturing composites (vacuum infusion and compression moulding) through their mechanical and the morphological properties.The ageing behaviour of flax fibre reinforced composites (FFRC) and glass fibre reinforced composites (GFRC) is then studied. A set of original methods have been implemented to monitor the evolving morphology (water uptake, swelling) and mechanical properties (statics and dynamics). First of all, hydrothermal ageing of glass and flax fibre composites is characterized until water saturation. This step is followed by the study of a drying phase in order to verify the reversibility of physical and mechanical properties. In parallel, a particular issue of this work was devoted to reducing the hydrophilicity of flax fibres into composites.The hydrothermo-mechanical coupling behaviour of biocomposites is then studied by imposing a creep solicitation to biocomposites immersed in water. The application of this methodology highlighted the significant influence of the coupled solicitations. Contrary to all expectations, superimposing a load during a hydrothermal ageing slows the loss of the elastic properties in comparison with the sum of the uncoupled ageing effects.Finally, a finite element model was stablished in order to predict the hydric diffusion within the composite material. The 2D model integrates the real morphology of composites, and particularly the organisation of the flax fibres in the matrix at different scales. This modelling represents the first step in predicting the evolving behaviour of biocomposites exposed to ageing conditions
Moothoo, Julien. "Analyse de la faisabilité d’éco-conception de pièces composites à base de ressources renouvelables pour applications médicales." Thesis, Orléans, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ORLE2052/document.
Full textThis study aims at eco-designing a structural part, of a hollow beam type, using a laminated flax fibre based bio-composite. The part needs to satisfy a given bending and torsion load case and show compatibility with the cleaning products used in the medical environment. The objective of the study is to investigate the potential of using a flax tow as the reinforcement input for the manufacturing of the beam. The particularity of the reinforcement is that it consists of an assembly of aligned flax fibres held together by a binder as opposed to spun yarns. First, in order to establish the required manufacturing specifications, the mechanical behaviour of the bio-composite at the ply scale, at the laminated and finally at the laminated beam scale was modelled. From this modelling, design and dimensioning criteria based on bending and torsional stiffness were developed analytically. Combining this approach with the choice of the reinforcement, the wet-filament winding process was chosen to manufacture the part. Thus, the tensile behaviour of the flax tow was studied in relation to the process parameters to demonstrate their compatibility. This second phase was followed by the manufacturing of prototypes according the established specifications which were then analysed in terms of quality and mechanical performance. The correlation between experimental results and the model predictions was used to validate the dimensioning approach. Finally and in order to incorporate the interaction of the part with the environment, a durability study was conducted. The latter allows to put forward different dimensioning strategies to meet the required specification
Jarwah, Sahar. "Un modèle générique pour la gestion des informations complexes et dynamiques :." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1992. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00341088.
Full textSeghini, Maria Carolina. "Mechanical Analysis and Fibre/Matrix Interface Optimization for Next Generation of Basalt-Plant Fibre Hybrid Composites." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0003.
Full textGlobal awareness of environmental issues has resulted in the emergence of “green” composites, in which natural fibres are used to replace synthetic ones. However, in semi-or structural applications, it can be inconvenient to use composites based on natural fibres. A possible solution to this problem is the development of hybrid composite materials, combining together plies of natural and synthetic fibres. In this framework, the aim of this research project was to develop basalt-flax fibre hybrid composites with a view to obtaining more environmentally friendly composites for semi-structural applications. Hybrid composites were produced through vacuum infusion molding with epoxy matrix.For comparison purposes, 100% flax fibre composites and 100% basalt fibre composites were also manufactured. A quasi-static and dynamic mechanical characterization showed that the hybridization allows the production of a composite with intermediate mechanical performances compared to those possessed by flax and basalt composites. However, the damage analysis has revealed the need to optimize the fibre/matrix interface adhesion quality, in order to increase the mechanical properties of the resulting hybrid composites. For this reason, different surface modification treatments have been specifically designed and investigated for flax and basalt fibres. Flax and basalt fibres were treated by the physical process of Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition. Flax fibres were also subjected to two chemical treatments using enzymatic species and supercritical CO2. The effects of the surface modification treatments on the thermal stability, morphology and mechanical properties of flax and basalt fibres have been investigated. The degree and extent of fibre/matrix adhesion were analyzed by micromechanical fragmentation tests on monofilament composites. The adhesion quality between fibres and both epoxy and vinylester matrices has been assessed in terms of critical fragment length, debonding length and interfacial shear strength. High-resolution μ-CT has been used to support the analysis of the damage mechanisms during fragmentation tests. For both flax and basalt fibres, the best results were obtained after the plasma polymer deposition process. This process was able to produce a homogeneous tetravinylsilane coating on the surface of basalt and flax fibres, which resulted in a significant increase in the fibre/matrix adhesion, thus paving the way for the next generation of more environmentally friendly hybrid composites for semi-structural applications
Al-Mohamadawi, Ali Abdullah Hassan. "Contribution à l'étude de l'impact de l'environnement vis-à-vis d'éco-matériaux lignocellulosiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0040.
Full textDue to their low cost, lightness and thermal properties, lignocellulosic byproducts received a particular attention, in the recent years, for manufacturing lightweight concretes. However, these byproducts are not fully compatible with the cement matrix, leading to setting delay, significant dimensional variations, and low mechanical strengths of the composites elaborated. To avoid such drawbacks, a coating process of flax shives using different substances has been adopted in this study. It leads to a reduction in treated shive water absorption compared to raw shives. The composites obtained exhibit significant improvements in hydrous behavior and mechanical strengths with moderate increase in the apparent bulk density and thermal conductivity. The phenomena of moisture transfer in the produced composites can significantly influence the durability and performance of them. In fact most of the materials used in the building area are porous, containing water as vapor or liquid. Therefore the water vapour permeability, sorption isotherms and moisture buffering capacity have been determined. The results obtained show the good hygric performance of the eco-composites elaborated. Three leaching tests have been proposed in this study to identify the chemical speciation of the materials and to evaluate their releasing into the environment. The experimental conditions of the leaching tests have been chosen to simulate different states of our composites in external environments in service or end of life. The leaching behaviour of the cement-based products elaborated differs little according to flax shive treatment and the leaching of toxic substances has not been identified
Lacoma, Vincent. "Évaluation environnementale des procédés composites pour l'analyse multicritère des systèmes de production : méthodologies, outils et applications." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ECDN0020.
Full textIn the current context of environmental transition, this thesis aims to participate in the reduction of environmental impacts related manufacturing of composite parts, which has been a growing sector for several years. To this purpose,an environmental assessment methodology dedicated to composite manufacturing processes is fundamental to develop and evaluate strategies forreducing environmental impacts. To be applicable in the industry, these strategies must respect the technical and economic imperatives of companies.To carry out environmental assessments, the standardized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method can be used. However, the general nature of this approach leaves latitudes on its application which have not been yet the subject of a scientific consensus in the case of composite manufacturing.Thus, our work proposes details for each step of the LCA method to build a model of the environmental impacts of the manufacturing process which depend on its parameters, such as the forming temperatures and the consolidation efforts. A similar approach is also developed for the evaluation of economic indicators based on the same parameters. Finally, multi-criteria decision-making tools are offered to find solutions to the objective of reducing environmental impacts and manufacturing costs while ensuringc ompliance with the technical specifications of the parts produced. In this thesis, the case of thermostamping of polyphenylene sulfide reinforced with carbon fibres (C/PPS) parts is studied to support the construction and presentation of the proposed methodologies
Kebe, Seydina Ibrahima. "Synthèse de matériaux monolithiques pour la séparation et la catalyse en phase liquide : problématiques environnementales et du développement durable." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1127/document.
Full textPolymeric materials have gained immense popularity with the golden age of petroleum and they still today meet with great success through Green polymer chemistry approaches and numerous high added value dedicated application in scientific domains such as analytical chemistry, medicine, space investigations, where one of the key for success is the design of miniaturized objects. In this contribution, micro-sized monolithic materials have been designed though either in microchannel immobilization (I.D. = 75 µm) or surface attachment on glass substrates (hundredths of microns in thickness). Polymers exhibiting monolithic morphology were considered to benefit of high permeability, mechanical and thermal resistances which are mandatory to flow chemistry applications. With the aim to control the interfacial interaction ability, a generic monolith having N-hydroxysuccinimide ester groups was used and on purpose functionalized. Molecular segments acting as selector – for electrochromatographic applications – of metal nanoparticles ligands – for supported catalysis applications – have been immobilized on the monolith surface via classical (nucleophilic substitution) or original (photo-induced thiol-ene click) grafting reactions.The so-designed materials were characterized through spectroscopic, microscopic, diffraction, thermogravimetric methods providing insight into correlation between the observed separation and catalytic abilities and the interfacial structure of the monolith. As representative examples of application, one may cite the electrochromatographic separation of toxic molecules such as organic pollutants (phenols, anilines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls), preservatives in cosmetics (parabens) and biomarkers (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrimidic bases). The analyses were conducted on model solutions and complex matrices (cosmetics, extraterrestrial analog samples). Flow catalytic reaction meant for the reduction of nitroarenes, the oxidation of aromatic alcohol, the carbon-carbon coupling and the sensitive detection of pesticides and synthesis intermediates (para-nitrophenol) have been achieved
Ngoufo, donkeng Noëlle Edwige. "Vieillissement de matériaux hybrides composites biosourcés/métal sous sollicitations thermiques et hydriques. Application au développement de mobiliers urbains ultra légers et durables." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCK019.
Full textIn the perspectives of the future city, the progressive use of autonomous vehicles seems to become unavoidable. The preparation of an adequate framework for the deployment of this future mobility represents an important issue. This requires revisiting the urban infrastructures of cities from the choice of material to the design, and to propose solutions based on mobile street furniture. Faced with this challenge, hybrid materials such fibre metal laminates (FML) present interesting characteristics. FML made of plant fibre composites are of particular interest to minimize their environmental impact. Thus, the objective of this thesis is to design and manufacture plant-fibre metal laminates and assess their mechanical performance and durability in view of their use for street furniture.Two families of hybrid materials are studied, namely steel/flax-epoxy and steel/flax-polypropylene. For the steel/flax-epoxy hybrid material, the influence of some aspects such as the composite/metal assembly method, the lamination of the composite layers, and the structuring of the hybrid was evaluated on the mechanical performances using three-point bending and impact tests. The structuring of the hybrid is the most influential parameter on the measured properties. The results also show that the developed hybrid solutions have superior properties when compared to most of the mono-material solutions generally used for street furniture.Hybrid steel/flax-polypropylene and flax/polypropylene composites were subjected to accelerated hydrothermal and thermal ageing. Hydrothermal ageing leads to a drop in the flexural and impact properties of the composite, as well as a degradation of the latter. For the hybrid, a real drop was only observed in the flexural properties. The composite of the hybrid also degrades, but the phenomenon is attenuated by the presence of the metallic layers. Thermal ageing leads to yellowing and embrittlement of the composite by thermo-oxidation. This results in a significant drop in the bending properties and impact of the composite over the long term. At the hybrid level, the interface is severely affected by aging; the metal is delaminated after less than two days of aging
Martin, Alexis. "Développement de matériaux innovants à base d’élastomère de silicone pour l’échantillonnage passif de pesticides dans les eaux de surface et de subsurface." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1284/document.
Full textTime integrative passive sampling is more and more accepted as an alternative to grab sampling for measurement of organic micropollutants concentrations in aquatic environment. This technique offers the advantage to provide a concentration integrated over the deployment period of the passive sampler and to reduce limit of quantification by combining sampling and in situ pre-concentration steps. The main limitation of passive sampling is the selectivity of the receiving phase for a restricted class of contaminants (hydrophobic or hydrophilic). In this way, we need to deploy several passive samplers for sampling of pesticides covering a wide range of polarities. The aim of this thesis was to develop a receiving phase for passive sampling of pesticides in a single step in aquatic environment.We selected and developed materials for sorption of 28 pesticides with varied physicochemical properties by laboratory tests. The two selected and studied materials were a silicone rubber and a porous copolymer (Oasis ® HLB). Indeed, we shown that silicone rubber have strong affinity for hydrophobic pesticides but they also accumulate polar pesticides. We identified different sorption properties of silicone rubbers owing to their formulation and a possible adsorption mechanism for some pesticides. The composite material developed had mechanical properties adapted for a direct exposition in the aquatic environment and accumulates a range of pesticides expanded for more polar pesticides. These two materials were then shaped as rods for a simple in situ deployment and recovery of pesticides in laboratory. They have been calibrated as passive samplers by studying the impact of flow velocity on uptake kinetic parameters. In situ applications of passive samplers in surface and subsurface waters made it possible to calculate time integrated concentrations of pesticides over a duration exposure of one week. Moreover, we detected organosphorous insecticides underquantified by other techniques of water sampling. They also showed a capacity to integrate short peak contamination of pesticides in various agricultural contexts
Lotin, Paul. "Représentation de connaissances complexes : Un formalisme à base de rôles sémantiques." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 1995. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00536060.
Full textTlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157.
Full textThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Nualas, Florence. "Fonctionnement en oxydation de matériaux composites céramiques (CMC) dans des environnements aéronautiques." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00993488.
Full textVillavicencio, Rojas Maria Daniela. "Predictive modelling of the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating composite materials." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI040.
Full textIn self-lubricating composite materials, the generation of a stable third body layer is necessary to ensure contact lubrication. This is specially true for the contact in which these materials are directly involved, and also in other contacts implicating its counterface. Such type of lubrication is possible in self-lubricating bearings thanks to its cage material, which is made of the self-lubricating composite, while the rest of the bearing is usually made of AISI 440C. For space applications, RT/Duroid 5813 is a recognized self-lubricating composite cage material for this kind of bearings. This material has been widely used not only because of the space heritage, but also because it has satisfied the needs of space dry lubrication. However, the production of this material has been stopped in the 90’s, and it has placed the latter out of the market. This situation has led to the search for an equivalent material, that meets both the needs of the space market and the "tribological needs." Today, the main inconvenient related to these materials is the lack of predictability of their tribological behaviour. In this work, the "making of" a coupled numerical-experimental approach has been proposed in order to carry out the understanding of these materials. The goal of this numerical approach is to let to "complement" the limitations of a fully experimental or a fully numerical approach (the confined nature of the contact does not allow in situ observation). Such numerical approach has been informed with experimental test (as X-ray tomography for the creation of the numerical morphology, or atomic force microscopy to inform the value of adhesion between the components). Among all the self-lubricating materials, PGM-HT has been selected in this study because its coarse morphology let to build a numerical version of the material (with the resolution of the X-ray tomograph used in this work). Nevertheless, the approach that has been proposed here to build the numerical model, can be extended to other self-lubricating composite materials. The numerical model developed in this work opens new perspectives in terms of material design, as it makes it possible to directly study the scenarios of damage and wear of self-lubricating composite materials. From a general point of view, from this work it can be highlighted that numerical tribology is a tool that offers multiple possibilities in the understanding of self-lubricating materials, and that helps in the predictionof the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating materials. This work has then let to advance in the understanding of these materials
Alexandri, Eftychia. "Optimisation de la répartition du trafic dans un environnement mobile composite." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003VERS0034.
Full textLe problème que nous traitons est de répartir des demandes de trafic venant de services multiples, sur des réseaux d'accès hétérogènes couvrant une même zone géographique. Nous utilisons pour cela la méthode d'apprentissage par renforcement (RL), dont le principe est l'apprentissage par interactions, pour atteindre un but fixé. RL présente l'avantage de pouvoir se baser sur des traces de trafic réelles ou simulées, de ne pas requérir de modèle explicite de probabilités de transition, et de s'adapter à des espaces à nombre d'état très grand. Nous nous concentrons sur l'admission d'appel et le choix du réseau d'accès. Nous proposons une amélioration de la méthode en introduisant un mécanisme de contrôle de la perte de session. Deux architectures sont proposées. Elles permettent de résoudre le problème selon que le degré de coopération et d'intégration de la gestion d'allocation des ressources entre les réseaux d'accès est faible ou fort
Pradal, Nathalie. "Synthèses, mise en forme et caractérisations de luminophores nanostructurés pour une nouvelle génération de dispositifs d'éclairage sans mercure." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CLF22258.
Full textLighting market is a widespread distribution mass market undergoing radical transformation faced with new environmental restrictions. It fits into an environmental protection approach with a European will to reduce by 20% its energy consumption by 2020. Phosphors play a key role on performances of lighting devices where, combined with LEDs (blue or UV) or plasma (Xe-Ne) excitations, they provide visible light. In this work, we have focused on the generation of white light. In order to obtain a color closest to ideal white and meeting with the specifications of domestic lighting, it is necessary to improve the performances of traditional phosphors. Two aluminates have been investigated: Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG :Ce) and Eu2+ doped BaMgAl10O17 (BAM :Eu). On the one hand, innovation is based on unconventional synthesis methods allowing the preparation of nanostrutured phosphors (solvothermal and microwave induced solution combustion syntheses respectively) and on the other hand on their shaping (composite coatings « phosphors/polymer »). Structural and morphological features have been studied by means of several tools (XRD, IR, Mössbauer, magnetization, SEM, TEM,…). Finally, the optical properties of phosphors recorded upon blue, UV and/or VUV excitations have evidenced that they are suitable for applications in new lighting devices: their combination with other phosphors (red for YAG:Ce; red and green for BAM:Eu) in appropriate proportions allows producing white light with the required specifications
Ecochard, Yvan. "Élaboration de polymères 100 % biosourcés pour matériaux composites à impact environnemental réduit." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS070.
Full textDIAM Bouchage develops composites from cork flour and binder in order to produce technological cork-stoppers carried out by a molding process. To get rid of the use of isocyanates for polyurethanes synthesis, new pathways for 100% biobased polymers without the use of CMR substances are considered. As the most promising route for Non-Isocyanate PolyUrethanes (NIPUs) synthesis, Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) have been chosen. The presented study concerns the synthesis, the characterization and the formulation of a new PHU binder from cyclocarbonates and amines.Among available biobased reactants and synthetic pathways, few monomers have been selected in accordance with specifications. This has led to PHUs materials and cork-stoppers development to identify the best formulations. New hybrids routes have finally been developed to overcome PHUs limitations such as reactivity and conversion. Acrylates have been used as reactive additives or cross-linkers for PHU-amino telechelic prepolymers. New cyclic carbonates monomers of low viscosity and high functionality have also been synthesized to solve process issues
Al-Mohamadawi, Ali Abdullah Hassan. "Contribution à l'étude de l'impact de l'environnement vis-à-vis d'éco-matériaux lignocellulosiques." Thesis, Amiens, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AMIE0040/document.
Full textDue to their low cost, lightness and thermal properties, lignocellulosic byproducts received a particular attention, in the recent years, for manufacturing lightweight concretes. However, these byproducts are not fully compatible with the cement matrix, leading to setting delay, significant dimensional variations, and low mechanical strengths of the composites elaborated. To avoid such drawbacks, a coating process of flax shives using different substances has been adopted in this study. It leads to a reduction in treated shive water absorption compared to raw shives. The composites obtained exhibit significant improvements in hydrous behavior and mechanical strengths with moderate increase in the apparent bulk density and thermal conductivity. The phenomena of moisture transfer in the produced composites can significantly influence the durability and performance of them. In fact most of the materials used in the building area are porous, containing water as vapor or liquid. Therefore the water vapour permeability, sorption isotherms and moisture buffering capacity have been determined. The results obtained show the good hygric performance of the eco-composites elaborated. Three leaching tests have been proposed in this study to identify the chemical speciation of the materials and to evaluate their releasing into the environment. The experimental conditions of the leaching tests have been chosen to simulate different states of our composites in external environments in service or end of life. The leaching behaviour of the cement-based products elaborated differs little according to flax shive treatment and the leaching of toxic substances has not been identified
Cheng, Dong. "Gestion et découverte de compétences dans des environnements hétérogènes." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00338226.
Full text1. définition d'un langage de la description de compétences ALNr+ , fondé sur les logiques de description, pour supporter de la gestion de compétence et les services d'inférence associés;
2. définition d'un algorithme de recherche de compétences dont la caractéristique est, en cas d'échec dans la recherche d'une réponse « exacte », d'essayer de déterminer des réponses composées, i.e. de trouver des individus dont la complémentarité des compétences satisfait la recherche ;
3. conception d'un système de médiation fédéré pour la validation expérimentale de nos propositions. Ce système a la particularité de prendre en compte les situations où les représentations des compétences sont distribuées et homogènes (i.e. les descriptions des capacités sont exprimés dans un langage de description unique) aussi bien qu'hétérogènes (i.e. les descriptions des capacités sont exprimés dans des langages de description différents).
Braun, James. "Conséquences des interactions physico-chimiques résultantes de l'utilisation d'un matériau composite SiC/SiC dans un environnement caractéristique des réacteurs nucléaires du futur." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066322/document.
Full textThe development of high purity SiC fibers during the nineties has led to their consideration as nuclear reactors components through the use of SiC/SiC composites. SiC and SiC/SiC composites are considered as core materials of future nuclear reactors (SFR, GFR) and as a potential replacement for the zirconium cladding of PWR. Therefore, the thermochemical compatibility of these materials with typical environments of those nuclear reactors has been studied. The composition and the growth kinetics of the reaction zone of SiC towards niobium and tantalum (considered as materials to ensure the leak-tightness of a SiC/SiC cladding for GFR) have been studied between 1050 and 1500°C. High temperature heat treatments in open and closed systems between SiC and UO2 have shown a significant reactivity over 1200°C characterized by the formation of CO and uranium silicides. Moreover, a liquid phase has been detected between 1500 and 1650°C. The exposure of SiC/SiC to liquid sodium (550°C, up to 2000h) has been studied as a function of the oxygen concentration dissolved in liquid sodium. An improvement of the mechanical properties of the composites elaborated for this study (increase of the tensile strength and strain at failure) has been highlighted after immersion in the liquid sodium independently of its oxygen concentration. It is believed that this phenomenon is due to the presence of residual sodium in the material
Boyancé, Patrick. "Modélisation de la rupture différée d'un matériau orthotrope viscoélastique en environnement naturel : application à un composite à base de bois : le LVL." Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10656.
Full textDiaz, Mendoza Alvaro. "Conception of a fibrous composite material for the retention of heavy metals." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI125.
Full textHeavy metal contamination is a current problem which affects the ecosystems and their constituent organisms. This problem has been worldwide recognized as one of the biggest challenges of our time. Since the middle of the last century, innovations in the material science field have developed new methods to confront this risk, with techniques such as chemical precipitation or flotation. However, there is still significant room for improvement in this line. Furthermore, recent research has explored how to combine biomolecules such as proteins with materials like polymers to create more active solutions. This thesis work seeks to create a prototype hybrid biosorbent material capable to capture specifically the divalent metal ions Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) thanks to the presence of a synthetic metalloprotein in its structure. To address this objective, the thesis work focuses on the development of a synthetic metalloprotein capable to specifically capture the three target metal ions, from the in silico conception to its in vivo synthesis. On the other hand, the biosorbent material support is processed with the electrospinning technique that consists of a fibrous membrane material, being optimized to host the synthetic metalloprotein in its structure. Additionally, a method to integrate the metalloprotein into the polymeric support is researched. This is achieved by means of a grafting route through surface modified silica nanoparticles. At the end, the integration of both components creates the expected prototype synthetic biosorbent material. This material has been characterized to evaluate its capacity to adsorb the three metal ions of interest, providing some trends of the future perspectives for further development to create more efficient materials for the industry
Kremer, Arnaud. "Étude du choix structurel d’outils coupants en diamant revetu ou polycristallin massif pour l’usinage compétitif et environnemental des composites à matrice métallique et renfort céramique particulaire (CMMP AI/SiC. )." Paris, ENSAM, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENAM0009.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the machinability of CMMP as a structural material in substitution for refractory alloys and to understand the mechanisms generating dust related to their dry machining. The different levels of reinforcement of CMM (5, 15, 25, 35% of SiCp) and the variety of PCD tools and nanostructured diamond coatings studied, assessed in a first step the structural choice of tools in relationship with the industrial feasibility of their use in high speed dry machining of CMM Al / SiC. The feasibility study and recommendation tool were made taking into account different criteria: the energy, the structural and environmental quality. Damage modes and the performance of cutting tools have been observed and analyzed in tests of wear and durability. The presence of adhesive wear mode followed by an abrasive consumption interface increases the importance of the structure of the tool (homogeneity, multiple interfaces. . . ) The dust emission is finally analyzed in terms of structural modification of the composite material (heat treatment) and the reinforcement rate. Environmental sustainability of its machining is also assessed by an analysis of tool life. The process of dust generation is strongly related to tools behaviour, and the predominance of friction phenomena that arise at the tool / chip interface
Nasiri, Aida. "Development of Safe-by-Design Nano-composites for Food Packaging Application." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT076.
Full textThe market of nanotechnologies is dominated by the food packaging area which amounts more than 20% of the total nanotechnologies market in 2015. However, the wide-scale use of nanomaterials raises important questions about environmental and safety issues that could hinder their development. In the case of plastics intended to be in contact with food, the risk of contamination concerns not only the nanoparticles but also all the chemical additives added during the material processing. The presence of nanoparticles is susceptible to modify the interactions between polymer and the additives with a possible change in their transport properties and therefore the food contamination.The present work aims at identifying the relationship between the structural characteristic and the transport properties (diffusivity and solubility) of nanoparticles and chemical additives incorporated in nanocomposites. In this regard, it is necessary to fill the gap of knowledge in 3D nanostructure characterization and a multi-scale modeling of mass transfer properties of nanocomposites in real usage conditions.In this way, polyethylene and nanoclay were selected based on the best compromise between real potential applications and the scientific knowledge previously published and eventually the nanocomposites were synthesized with LLDPE, Cloisite20 and a compatibilizer by melt intercalation method.The nanocomposite structure was characterized using TEM, X-ray nanotomography, TGA and XRD then submitted to migration tests undertaken in contact with different food simulants which represent various types of food (aqueous, acid, alcoholic) following the recommendation of the European regulation on the food contact material. To evaluate the positive or adverse effects of the nanomaterials on the contamination of the food by chemical additives which are usually incorporated with the plastic packaging, the virgin polymer and nanocomposite material were spiked with a mixture of the additives exhibiting various volatility, polarity and molecular weight. Then, the transport properties (i.e inertia) of nanocomposite structure was distinctively investigated on kinetic (apparent diffusion coefficient) and thermodynamic (partition coefficient) considerations.The results indicated that nanoclay addition in plastic materials favorably reduced the migration of additives by modifying both their diffusivity in the polymer and their partition between the polymer and the food simulant. However, while the partition coefficient of additives increases in nanocomposite in comparison to pure LLDPE for the samples in contact with all types of food simulants, the reduction of diffusion coefficient is significantly dependent on the nature of the food simulant in contact. Hence, it can be concluded that the major role in the migration of additives is not played by the imposed tortuosity path, but by the factors such as the affinity between the base polymer and simulants as well as the effects of simulants on swelling and crystallinity of the samples. Moreover, the effect of additive-related parameters and the structural parameters were assessed and put in perspective with their impact on the transport properties of nanostructures. Integrating the results of characterization and transfer properties led to an improved understanding of the influence of structure of nanocomposites on their mass transfer properties and therefore on the suitability of using them as food contact materials
Diouf-Lewis, Audrey. "Elaboration et évaluation d'additifs verts pour polymères et composites respectueux de l'environnement." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC028/document.
Full textThis thesis work falls within the identified context of the need to develop new polymers that are more environmentally friendly. We are convinced that the development of these "green" materials requires the use of "green" additives during formulation. To develop environmentally friendly additives capable of stabilizing the polymer, with respect to the life cycle, and paying special attention to biomass valorization, three approaches have been studied. The first is an innovative way of using a mixture of polyphenols from winery by-products and tea industry. The second way is the valorisation of a molecule from the major by-product of the wheat industry. The third is a recent route of innovation, which proposes the use of layered double hydroxides nanocomposites (LDH) functionalized with bio based stabilizers. The evaluation of their stabilizing properties is carried out in polyolefins, against thermo- and photo-oxidation processes. The very promising results of the project highlight the strong potential of bio based molecules and composites to maintain polymers properties under conditions of use
Perrot, Yves. "Influence de la matrice sur le comportement mécanique de matériaux composites verre/polyester utilisés en construction navale de plaisance : cas des résines polyester limitant les émissions de styrène." Lorient, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LORIS074.
Full textThe work performed in this study is concerned with the characterization of glass/polyester composites for the pleasure boat industry. In particular the properties of polyester resins limiting styrene emissions have been evaluated. Physico-chemical and mechnanical tests were first performed in order to understand the roles played by the constituants (matrix, fibres and fibre/matrix interface). Then a study of damage mechanisms, delamination and impact resistance, was carried out on composite specimens. Durability and the influence of the marine environment was also examined through two parameters, temperature and sea water aging. Finally the transfer from material to structure was illustrated through three aspects : the influence of fabrication (over-lamination), the behaviour of panels subjected to uniform pressure loading, and the design rules. The results of the study show that a multi-disciplinary approach, including investigation at different scales, is necessary to understand the specific characteristics of these composite materials
Magniont, Camille. "Contribution à la formulation et à la caractérisation d'un écomatériau de construction à base d'agroressources." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/980/.
Full textThe main aim of this work was to contribute to the development of an innovative building material that complies with legislations and users actual requirements concerning environmental and health impacts as well as thermal or hygroscopic comfort. An original pozzolanic matrix has been formulated while conventional admixtures, reinforcement fibres and aggregates were substituted by renewable raw materials. Hardening mechanisms and long term behaviour of that binder (mix of metakaolin and hydraulic lime) have been explored. The benefits of incorporating two organic admixtures on early age properties and long term behaviour of the pozzolanic binder have been explained by the identification of interaction mechanisms between mineral and organic species. A comparative study has been realised on flexural reinforcement of this matrix by vegetable fibres of flax, hemp and yucca and on the durability of these different composites. Finally, the compatibility of this matrix with vegetable aggregates (hemp chènevotte and sunflower stem pith) has been checked and demonstrated in order to formulate self-supporting insulation ecomaterial
Tlijani, Mohamed. "Contribution à la caractérisation thermophysique de matériaux bio-isolants : valorisation des déchets de bois de palmier." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1157/document.
Full textThe growing interest in new concrete and their use in many fields of civil engineering was that we wanted to bring a new approach to the design of a new product consisting of a reinforced concrete with basel end frond palm fibers. This led us to conduct the experimental study of thermal properties of natural fibers of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The analysis of experimental results showed that the essential factors affecting the thermal conductivity are the variety of date palm and the fiber orientation and that the basel end of the frond palm is the most interesting part as thermal insulation. However, the main problem encountered when using plant fibers as reinforcement is cohesion, bonding with the matrix and dimensional instability so the composite loses its mechanical properties. In this context, an alkaline pretreatment of palm fibers was envisaged to clean and modify the fiber surface to address the problems of dimensional stability of the fibers and degradation before their use as reinforcement in the cement matrix. We also studied the influence of chemical treatment with sodium hydroxide on the mechanical properties of processed samples, they were subjected to the tensile test to estimate the fracture strength for each treatment concentration, the Young's modulus and elongation at break corresponding. Subsequently, we conducted experimental and theoretical research on the thermal conductivity of different formulations of basel end palm wood concrete composite. The study of the theoretical apparent thermal conductivity was based on an approach that relies on a process whereas the material consists of a solid matrix combined with a fluid phase (air). Finally, we performed a numerical simulation of heat transfer phenomena to assess the thermal conductivity of basel end frond palm concrete composite and validate subsequently the theoretical prediction model selected. The results showed that the numerical approach based on the isotropic orientation of the particles in the composite coincides and approaches the physical reality
Pradal, Nathalie. "Synthèses, mise en forme et caractérisations de luminophores nanostructurés pour une nouvelle génération de dispositifs d'éclairage sans mercure." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00775908.
Full textBouhadj, Laakri. "Développement d'outils de gestion pour la prise en compte des enjeux de santé dans les opérations d'aménagement urbain : atténuation des vulnérabilités et renforcement de la résilience des systèmes territoriaux." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS046.
Full textThe design of our cities and regions is crucial for our health and well-being. It notably impacts the quality of our living environment, the air we breathe, the water we drink, our access to green spaces, healthcare services, and employment opportunities (OMS & ONU, 2021). Indeed, our health are influenced by numerous factors that go beyond the scope of pathology alone. The focus of this thesis is to develop a decision support tool that local actors can use to better consider health in urban planning and development plans, documents, and projects.The first objective of the thesis is to characterize the environmental and social health inequalities (ESHI) at the sub-municipal level within the perimeter of the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme. A literature review and thematic workshops involving local and regional stakeholders were organized, and a methodological framework was proposed for constructing spatialized composite indices of vulnerability and resilience. Furthermore, a methodology for analyzing the profiles of territory categories resulting from the joint interpretation of the two indices was developed.The second objective is to support and promote the consideration of health issues in urban development projects by proposing an experimental approach applied to two development projects. The in-depth analysis of environmental health issues in the two neighborhoods, along with the contribution of the working group composed of the two project teams and field observations, helped to better understand the factors of vulnerability and resilience present in these neighborhoods. It also enabled the evaluation of the impact of the development project on these neighborhoods and the proposal of a theoretical modeling of improvement prospects for the two development proposals.The obtained results highlight the importance of considering not only the vulnerability and resilience factors of territories but also the spatial dimension. Dividing the European metropolis of Lille's Territorial Coherence Scheme into homogeneous zones would facilitate understanding the dynamics of ESHI at a fine scale. The use of composite indices at the scale of a development project brings to light the issue of transversality and the impact of all involved dimensions. At this scale, composite indices provide an overall vision of the issues within a neighborhood, they also reveal the limitations of development policies for reducing ESHI
Kremer, Arnaud. "Étude du choix structurel d'outils coupants en diamant revetu ou polycristallin massif pour l'usinage compétitif et environnemental des composites à matrice métallique et renfort céramique particulaire (CMMP AI/SiC.)." Phd thesis, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005407.
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