Dissertations / Theses: 'Composite phase change material'

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Mustaffar, Ahmad Fadhlan Bin. "Irregular aluminium foam and phase change material composite in transient thermal management." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3338.

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Traction systems generate high loads of waste heat, which need to be removed for efficient operations. A new transient heat sink is proposed, which is based on salt hydrate phase change material (PCM). The heat sink would absorb heat during the short stationary phase i.e. at stations in which the PCM melts, a process accelerated by aluminium foam as it increases the rate of heat transfer within the PCM. When the train moves, the PCM is solidified via a forced convection stack. This creates a passive and efficient thermal solution, especially once heat pipe is employed as heat conduit. At the outset, the characteristics of the foam needed to be accurately determined. The foam was uncommon as its pore morphology was irregular, therefore it was scanned in a medical computed tomography (CT) scanner, which allowed for the construction of a three dimensional (3D) model. The model accuracy was enhanced by software, resulting in an extremely useful analytical tool. The model enabled important structural parameters to be measured e.g. porosity and specific surface area, which were crucial for the subsequent thermal and fluid flow analyses. A defect dense region was also detected, the effect of which was further investigated. Interestingly in the volume devoid of this defect, the porosity and specific surface area were uniform. A test rig was constructed that mimicked liquid cooling (or in the planned application, heat pipe cooling) in power electronics. At the core was a heat sink of salt hydrate PCM, impregnated within the foam. The sink with its current specifications (with liquid cooling) was able to absorb a thermal load consistent from a group of 4-5 IGBTs, which dissipated a low power of 20W per module during stops. The heating period of 1600-3500s per cycle meant the sink could be fitted to intercity locomotives. The foam increased the effective thermal conductivity by a factor of 24, from 0.45 to 10.83 W/m.K. 3D volume averaged numerical simulation was validated by experiment, which could be used to facilitate scale up or redesign for further optimization. As well as a support structure for the storage component of the system, the foam could replace conventional fins in forced convection, adding value to the potential manufacturer of the system. Heat transfer coefficient calculation incorporated the actual surface area that was derived from the 3D model, a first for metal foam studies. Results have shown a good Nu/Re correlation, comparable with other metal foam works.

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Huang, Yaoting. "Fundamental studies on nano-composite phase change materials (PCM) for cold storage applications." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2019. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/8844/.

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This thesis studies the thermophysical properties and the phase change behaviour of EG-water and Salt-water based PCMs for cold storage applications, and investigates the role of adding MCNT on the thermophysical properties and the phase change processes. First, the structure of MCNT clusters is linked to the rheological behaviour of the nanofluids by fitting the experimental viscosity data to the modified K-D model. Second, the MCNT cluster information is used to predict thermal conductivity. The effective thermal conductivity of nanofluids not only relies on the particle concentration, but also depends on the particle cluster structure. The specific heat of MCNT nanofluids is decreasing proportionally with the concentration of MCNT. The supercooling degree of EG-water and salt-water based samples can be reduced by adding MCNT particles. The crystallization process of salt-water basefluid and nanofluid was observed and recorded under an optical microscope with cooling stage. Adding MCNT can promote the crystal growth rate.

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Boozula, Aravind Reddy. "Use of Bio-Product/Phase Change Material Composite in the Building Envelope for Building Thermal Control and Energy Savings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248391/.

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This research investigates the bio-products/phase change material (PCM) composites for the building envelope application. Bio-products, such as wood and herb, are porous medium, which can be applied in the building envelope for thermal insulation purpose. PCM is infiltrated into the bio-product (porous medium) to form a composite material. The PCM can absorb/release large amount of latent heat of fusion from/to the building environment during the melting/solidification process. Hence, the PCM-based composite material in the building envelope can efficiently adjust the building interior temperature by utilizing the phase change process, which improves the thermal insulation, and therefore, reduces the load on the HVAC system. Paraffin wax was considered as the PCM in the current studies. The building energy savings were investigated by comparing the composite building envelope material with the conventional material in a unique Zero-Energy (ZØE) Research Lab building at University of North Texas (UNT) through building energy simulation programs (i.e., eQUEST and EnergyPlus). The exact climatic conditions of the local area (Denton, Texas) were used as the input values in the simulations. It was found that the EnergyPlus building simulation program was more suitable for the PCM based building envelope using the latent heat property. Therefore, based on the EnergyPlus simulations, when the conventional structure insulated panel (SIP) in the roof and wall structures were replaced by the herb panel or herb/PCM composite, it was found that around 16.0% of energy savings in heating load and 11.0% in cooling load were obtained by using PCM in the bio-product porous medium.

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Green, Craig Elkton. "Composite thermal capacitors for transient thermal management of multicore microprocessors." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44772.

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While 3D stacked multi-processor technology offers the potential for significant computing advantages, these architectures also face the significant challenge of small, localized hotspots with very large heat fluxes due to the placement of asymmetric cores, heterogeneous devices and performance driven layouts. In this thesis, a new thermal management solution is introduced that seeks to maximize the performance of microprocessors with dynamically managed power profiles. To mitigate the non-uniformities in chip temperature profiles resulting from the dynamic power maps, solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs) with an embedded heat spreader network are strategically positioned near localized hotspots, resulting in a large increase in the local thermal capacitance in these problematic areas. Theoretical analysis shows that the increase in local thermal capacitance results in an almost twenty-fold increase in the time that a thermally constrained core can operate before a power gating or core migration event is required. Coupled to the PCMs are solid state coolers (SSCs) that serve as a means for fast regeneration of the PCMs during the cool down periods associated with throttling events. Using this combined PCM/SSC approach allows for devices that operate with the desirable combination of low throttling frequency and large overall core duty cycles, thus maximizing computational throughput. The impact of the thermophysical properties of the PCM on the device operating characteristics has been investigated from first principles in order to better inform the PCM selection or design process. Complementary to the theoretical characterization of the proposed thermal solution, a prototype device called a "Composite Thermal Capacitor (CTC)" that monolithically integrates micro heaters, PCMs and a spreader matrix into a Si test chip was fabricated and tested to validate the efficacy of the concept. A prototype CTC was shown to increase allowable device operating times by over 7X and address heat fluxes of up to ~395 W/cm2. Various methods for regenerating the CTC have been investigated, including air, liquid, and solid state cooling, and operational duty cycles of over 60% have been demonstrated.

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Li, Chuan. "Thermal energy storage using carbonate-salt-based composite phase change materials : linking materials properties to device performance." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7242/.

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Thermal energy storage (TES) has a crucial role to play in conserving and efficiently utilising energy, dealing with mismatch between demand and supply, and enhancing the performance and reliability of our current energy systems. This thesis concerns TES materials and devices with an aim to establish a relationship between TES device level performance to materials properties. This is a multiscale problem. The work focuses on the use of carbonate-salt-based composite phase change materials (CPCMs) for medium and high temperature applications. A CPCM consists of a carbonate salt based phase change material (PCM), a thermal conductivity enhancement material (TCEM, graphite flake in this work) and a ceramic skeleton material (CSM, MgO in this work). Both mathematical modelling and experiments were carried out to address the multiscale problem. The wettability of carbonate salt and MgO system is first studied, followed by exploring the CPCMs microstructure characteristics and formation mechanism, and then the effective thermal conductivity of the CPCMs is carried out based on the developed microstructures. At the last part, heat transfer behaviour of CPCMs based TES at component and device levels is investigated.

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Boozula, Aravind Reddy. "Use of Bio-Product/Phase Change Material Composites in the Building Envelope for Building Thermal Control and Energy Savings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2008. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1248391/.

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Abstract:

This research investigates the bio-products/phase change material (PCM) composites for the building envelope application. Bio-products, such as wood and herb, are porous medium, which can be applied in the building envelope for thermal insulation purpose. PCM is infiltrated into the bio-product (porous medium) to form a composite material. The PCM can absorb/release large amount of latent heat of fusion from/to the building environment during the melting/solidification process. Hence, the PCM-based composite material in the building envelope can efficiently adjust the building interior temperature by utilizing the phase change process, which improves the thermal insulation, and therefore, reduces the load on the HVAC system. Paraffin wax was considered as the PCM in the current studies. The building energy savings were investigated by comparing the composite building envelope material with the conventional material in a unique Zero-Energy (ZØE) Research Lab building at University of North Texas (UNT) through building energy simulation programs (i.e., eQUEST and EnergyPlus). The exact climatic conditions of the local area (Denton, Texas) were used as the input values in the simulations. It was found that the EnergyPlus building simulation program was more suitable for the PCM based building envelope using the latent heat property. Therefore, based on the EnergyPlus simulations, when the conventional structure insulated panel (SIP) in the roof and wall structures were replaced by the herb panel or herb/PCM composite, it was found that around 16.0% of energy savings in heating load and 11.0% in cooling load were obtained by using PCM in the bio-product porous medium.

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Harle, Thibault. "Création et caractérisation d'un matériau de construction composite incorporant un nouveau matériau à changement de phase solide-solide." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CERG0874.

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Dans le cadre de la réduction des consommations d'énergies primaires des bâtiments, de nouveaux matériaux de constructions sont amenés à être développés. Les réglementations thermiques poussent les nouvelles constructions à être économes en énergie. Elles doivent aussi être moins impactantes sur l'environnement tout en garantissant le confort des occupants.Dans ce travail est présenté le développement d'un nouveau matériau de construction composite intégrant un matériau à changement de phase (MCP).Les MCP sont capables d'échanger passivement de l'énergie thermique avec leur environnement. Il permettent ainsi une régulation passive de la température intérieure.Suite à un état de l'art, sur les MCP et le plâtre, est présenté la synthèse et la caractérisation physico-chimique d'un nouveau MCP à transition solide-solide.L'incorporation du MCP préalablement synthétisé à un matériau de construction de type plâtre est ensuite développée. Le matériau composite ainsi obtenu est caractérisé thermiquement et mécaniquement.Dans un dernier temps des évaluations environnementales du MCP et du matériau composite sont réalisées
In a context of reduction of energy consumption in buildings, new buildings materials are developed. Thermal regulations require energy efficiency to buildings. They must be less impacting on the environment while ensuring occupant comfort.In this work is presented the development of a new composite building material incorporating a phase change material.PCM are able to exchange passively heat energy with their environment. It thus allow a passive control of the interior temperature of buildings.After a state of the art on PCM and plaster, a part is dedicated to synthesis and physicochemical characterisation of a new solid/solid PCM. In a third part the incorporation of the PCM previously synthesized in plaster is then developped. The composite material is mechanically and thermally characterized.In a last time environmental assessments of the PCM and the composite material are performed

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Batagar, Amina. "Assessing the thermal performance of phase change materials in composite hot humid/hot dry climates : an examination of office buildings in Abuja-Nigeria." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2146.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of using Phase Change Materials (PCM) in improving indoor thermal comfort while conserving electricity in office buildings in the composite Hot Humid/Hot Dry climate of Abuja, Nigeria. The first stage is a quantitative investigation of electricity consumption in 15 Nigerian office Buildings. Purpose-built mechanically cooled office buildings are selectively chosen across major Nigerian cities and climates. The surveyed data is analysed and used to construct a hypothetical office building as a base case. Scientifically validated software DesignBuilder v3 and EnergyPlus V6 and V7 are used for the parametric analysis of simulation results. The building simulations are used in two stages, firstly to test passive and climatically responsive scenarios to reduce electricity consumption then secondly to study the potential benefit of incorporating PCM in the building fabric and its effect on thermal comfort and electricity conservation. Results show that cooling, lighting, and appliance loads account for approximately 40%, 12% and 48% respectively of electricity consumption in the buildings audited. Power outages are frequently experienced necessitating alternative power usage. A data collection method is presented for energy auditors in locations where alternative back-up power is essential. Simulation results indicate that the magnitude of energy saving can be achieved by optimizing the passive and climate sensitive design aspects of the building and an electricity saving of 26% is predicted. Analysis indicates that it is difficult to achieve thermal comfort in office buildings in Abuja without mechanical cooling. Adding such a PCM to the building fabric of a cyclically cooled mechanical building may alleviate indoor discomfort for about 2 hours in case of power outage and is predicted to save 7% of cooling load. Cyclic cooling is the cooling of the interiors long enough to maintain comfort for a maximum duration within the working hours. The use of lightweight partitions instead of the heavyweight ones common in Nigeria is shown to a 2-fold improvement in consumption. Adding a PCM to light-weight partition walls with transition temperature of 24°C, conductivity of 0.5W/m K, and a thickness of 10mm gives the best predicted energy savings.

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Kinkelin, Christophe. "Etude expérimentale d’un amortisseur thermique composite MCP-NTC." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI100/document.

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L’amortisseur thermique étudié dans le cadre de cette thèse a pour objectif de limiter les pics de température des composants électroniques fonctionnant en régime transitoire au moyen d’une structure composite consistant en un réseau de nanotubes de carbone (NTC) rempli de matériau à changement de phase (MCP) solide-liquide, le tout étant contenu dans un boîtier en silicium (Si). Ce système passif vise à augmenter l’inertie thermique volumique du composant grâce à la chaleur latente du MCP tout en maintenant une bonne conductance thermique grâce aux NTC. Un dispositif expérimental polyvalent a été développé spécifiquement pour caractériser les différentes générations d’échantillons fabriqués par les partenaires du projet THERMA3D. L’excitation thermique de l’échantillon est réalisée au moyen d’un laser en face amont et la réponse thermique est mesurée par caméra infrarouge simultanément sur les faces amont et aval. L’application d’une peinture sélectionnée sur l’échantillon permet d’accéder à sa température après un étalonnage dédié. Des méthodes d’estimation de paramètres ont été développées pour quantifier les deux caractéristiques essentielles de l’amortisseur thermique que sont sa capacité de stockage thermique et sa résistance thermique. Les sensibilités de la résistance thermique aux caractéristiques de la connexion Si/NTC et à la longueur des NTC ont été étudiées et les résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC ont été identifiées comme dominantes au sein du système. Des essais de cyclage thermique ont permis d’évaluer la fiabilité de l’ensemble de manière accélérée. Le comportement du MCP et la qualité du matériau de scellement ont été analysés par voie optique. Par ailleurs, la plus élevée des deux résistances thermiques d’interface Si/NTC a été localisée grâce à la visualisation infrarouge du réseau de NTC à travers le silicium semi-transparent. Enfin, une méthode de contrôle non destructif de la qualité de l’interface Si/NTC a été développée pour les amortisseurs thermiques de dernière génération
The purpose of the studied thermal damper is to smooth the temperature peaks of transient electronic components via a composite structure consisting of an array of carbon nanotubes (CNT) filled with solid-liquid phase change material (PCM), the whole being embedded in a silicon (Si) casing. This passive system is intended to increase the thermal inertia per unit of volume of the electronic component thanks to the latent heat of the PCM while maintaining a high thermal conductance thanks to the CNT. A versatile test bench was specifically developed in order to characterize the different generations of samples fabricated by the partners of the THERMA3D project. The thermal excitation of the front side of the sample is generated by a laser and the thermal response is measured simultaneously on the front and back sides by an infrared camera. A selected paint can be deposited on the sample in order to access its temperature by means of a dedicated calibration. Parameter estimation methods were developed in order to quantify both main characteristics of the thermal damper: its heat storage capacity and its thermal resistance. The sensitivities of the thermal resistance to the features of the Si/CNT connection and to the length of the CNT were studied and it was found out that the interfacial thermal resistances Si/CNT are dominant in the system. Thermal cycling tests enabled to assess the reliability of the thermal damper in an accelerated manner. The behavior of the PCM and the quality of the sealing material were optically analyzed. Besides, the infrared visualization of the CNT array through the semi-transparent silicon enabled to identify the highest of both Si/CNT interfacial thermal resistances. Finally, a non-destructive testing method for the evaluation of the quality of Si/CNT interfaces was developed for the latest generation of thermal dampers

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Lin, JiaCheng, and HaoRan Teng. "Influence of Nucleation Techniques on the Degree of Supercooling and Duration of Crystallization for Sugar Alcohol as Phase Change Material : Investigation on erythritol-based additiveenhanced Composites." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257758.

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Utilizing Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) applications have previously been extensively researched as a measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. In order to make use of the waste heat from industrial processes for LTES purposes, a new demand emerged for PCMs capable of phase change in mid-temperature ranges of 100 °C - 200 °C. This higher temperature requirement made most of the previously studied material inapplicable as they had much lower melting and solidification temperatures. With this in mind, a new generation of PCMs consisting of Sugar Alcohols (SA) has been proposed. Erythritol is seen as an especially promising SA with good thermophysical properties for LTES purposes. However, it has been shown to suffer from severe supercooling, which makes it unreliable in real applications. To eradicate this issue, two additives, Graphene Oxide (GO) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at varying mass fractions were mixed with pure erythritol to form a composite which was studied using the Temperature-history (T-history) method to determine its effectiveness in reducing supercooling. Results show that at its most effective mass fraction, GO reduces supercooling by 28 o C and a 31 o C reduction is seen by the addition of PVP. The impacts on the duration of crystallization was also documented and analyzed using the same method. It was observed that the duration of crystallization was increased with increasing mass fractions of the additives. Other important properties of the composites were also studied in order to determine the overall feasibility for industrial applications. It includes analysis of the storage capacity through latent heat, changes in viscosity along with impacts on thermal diffusivity of the composites.
Att använda fasändringsmaterial (PCM) för termisk energilagring i form av latent värme (LTES) har tidigare extensivt forskats och undersökts som en lösning för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från energiförbrukning. För att utnyttja spillvärme från industriella processer för LTES-ändamål uppstod en efterfrågan på PCM som ändrar fas i temperaturer mellan 100 °C - 200 °C. Detta krav på högre temperatur gjorde att de flesta av de tidigare aktuella materialen inte kunde tillämpas eftersom de hade mycket lägre smält- och kristalliseringstemperaturer. Med detta i åtanke har en ny generation av PCM bestående av sockeralkoholer (SA) föreslagits. Erytritol ses som ett särskilt lovande SA med goda egenskaper för LTES-ändamål. Den har dock visat sig drabbas av svår underkylning, vilket gör den opålitligt i verkliga tillämpningar. För att utrota detta problem blandades två tillsatser, Graphene Oxide (GO) och Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) vid olika massfraktioner med ren erytritol för att bilda en komposit som studerades med metoden Temperature-history (T-history) för att bestämma dess effektivitet på att minska underkylningen. Resultaten visar att GO på sin mest effektiva massfraktion minskar underkylningen med 28 o C och tillsats av PVP lyckats minska den med som mest 31 o C. Påverkningarna på varaktighet av kristallisering dokumenterades och analyserades med samma metod. Det var observerad att varaktigheten av kristallisering ökades med ökande massfraktioner av tillsatserna. Även andra viktiga egenskaper hos kompositerna studerades för att avgöra rimligheten att använda dessa för industriella tillämpningar. Det inkluderar analys av lagringskapaciteten genom latent värme, förändringar i viskositet tillsammans med påverkan på kompositernas termiska diffusivitet.

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Lin, Jiacheng, and Haoran Teng. "Influence of Nucleation Techniques on the Degree of Supercooling and Duration of Crystallization for Sugar Alcohol as Phase Change Material : Investigation on erythritol-based additiveenhanced composites." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264271.

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Utilizing Phase Change Materials (PCM) for Latent Thermal Energy Storage (LTES) applications have previously been extensively researched as a measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from energy consumption. In order to make use of the waste heat from industrial processes for LTES purposes, a new demand emerged for PCMs capable of phase change in mid-temperature ranges of 100 °C - 200 °C. This higher temperature requirement made most of the previously studied material inapplicable as they had much lower melting and solidification temperatures. With this in mind, a new generation of PCMs consisting of Sugar Alcohols (SA) has been proposed. Erythritol is seen as an especially promising SA with good thermophysical properties for LTES purposes. However, it has been shown to suffer from severe supercooling, which makes it unreliable in real applications. To eradicate this issue, two additives, Graphene Oxide (GO) and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at varying mass fractions were mixed with pure erythritol to form a composite which was studied using the Temperature-history (T-history) method to determine its effectiveness in reducing supercooling. Results show that at its most effective mass fraction, GO reduces supercooling by 28 oC and a 31 oC reduction is seen by the addition of PVP. The impacts on the duration of crystallization was also documented and analyzed using the same method. It was observed that the duration of crystallization was increased with increasing mass fractions of the additives. Other important properties of the composites were also studied in order to determine the overall feasibility for industrial applications. It includes analysis of the storage capacity through latent heat, changes in viscosity along with impacts on thermal diffusivity of the composites.
Att använda fasändringsmaterial (PCM) för termisk energilagring i form av latent värme (LTES) har tidigare extensivt forskats och undersökts som en lösning för att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från energiförbrukning. För att utnyttja spillvärme från industriella processer för LTES-ändamål uppstod en efterfrågan på PCM som ändrar fas i temperaturer mellan 100 °C - 200 °C. Detta krav på högre temperatur gjorde att de flesta av de tidigare aktuella materialen inte kunde tillämpas eftersom de hade mycket lägre smält- och kristalliseringstemperaturer. Med detta i åtanke har en ny generation av PCM bestående av sockeralkoholer (SA) föreslagits. Erytritol ses som ett särskilt lovande SA med goda egenskaper för LTES-ändamål. Den har dock visat sig drabbas av svår underkylning, vilket gör den opålitligt i verkliga tillämpningar. För att utrota detta problem blandades två tillsatser, Graphene Oxide (GO) och Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) vid olika massfraktioner med ren erytritol för att bilda en komposit som studerades med metoden Temperature-history (T-history) för att bestämma dess effektivitet på att minska underkylningen. Resultaten visar att GO på sin mest effektiva massfraktion minskar underkylningen med 28 oC och tillsats av PVP lyckats minska den med som mest 31 oC. Påverkningarna på varaktighet av kristallisering dokumenterades och analyserades med samma metod. Det var observerad att varaktigheten av kristallisering ökades med ökande massfraktioner av tillsatserna. Även andra viktiga egenskaper hos kompositerna studerades för att avgöra rimligheten att använda dessa för industriella tillämpningar. Det inkluderar analys av lagringskapaciteten genom latent värme, förändringar i viskositet tillsammans med påverkan på kompositernas termiska diffusivitet.

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Bahrar, Myriam. "Contribution au développement et à l’analyse d’une enveloppe de bâtiment multifonctionnelle dans le cadre de l’optimisation du confort dans l’habitat." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEE001/document.

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Le secteur du bâtiment recèle un fort potentiel d’amélioration de l'efficacité énergétique et de réduction de l’empreinte écologique. Dans cette optique, l’enveloppe du bâtiment joue un rôle important pour relever le défi de la transition énergétique. En effet, une bonne conception de l’enveloppe contribue efficacement à réduire la consommation d’énergie tout en réduisant les émissions de CO2 associés. Cela s’accompagne notamment d’une démarche de développement de nouveaux matériaux et principes constructifs. Ce projet de thèse s’inscrit dans ce cadre en proposant un nouveau matériau composite, qui porte sur l’association de deux matériaux innovant : composite textile mortier (TRC) et matériaux à changement de phase (MCPs). L’objectif de cette combinaison est de contribuer au développement d’éléments de façades multifonctionnelles permettant d’allier performances énergétiques, mécaniques et environnementales. Le but de notre étude est de caractériser en premier lieu, les propriétés mécaniques et thermiques de ces composites puis, d’évaluer l’impact des MCPs sur le confort thermique intérieur pour différentes configurations. Pour atteindre ces objectifs, nous avons adopté une démarche expérimentale et numérique multi échelle. Une campagne expérimentale à l’échelle du laboratoire et in-situ a été menée. En parallèle, nous avons développé un modèle numérique de paroi multicouche, couplé à un modèle de bâtiment. Enfin, nous avons exploité ce couplage pour réaliser une optimisation multicritère à base d’algorithmes génétiques
The building sector has a great potential to improve energy efficiency and reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. Improvements to the building envelope and Innovations in building materials have the potential to achieve sustainability within the built environment. This PhD thesis focuses on the development of multifunctional façade elements in order to optimize the building energy consumption while maintaining an optimal indoor human thermal comfort. The proposed solution consist of using passive storage by means of phase change materials associated with alternative construction materials such as textile reinforced concrete (TRC). The aim of the study is to characterize mechanical and thermal properties of TRC composites and to evaluate the effect of PCMs on indoor thermal comfort. To meet these objectives, experimental devices have been set up for the characterization (at the component scale and in situ) of the mechanical and thermal behaviour of different TRC panels. In parallel, we have developed a numerical model for the prediction of wall temperature profiles. Finally, a multi-objective optimization of the façade elements is carried out using genetic algorithms to determine the better combinations able to combine the energy performance with the mechanical performance

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Djamai, Zakaria Ilyes. "Contribution à la caractérisation multi-échelle de composites textile mortier à inertie thermique renforcée par des matériaux à changement de phase (composite MCP-TRC) : application au bâtiment." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSEE006.

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Le secteur du bâtiment recèle un fort potentiel d’amélioration en termes de performances thermiques et atténuation de l’empreinte écologique. Une bonne conception de l’enveloppe ainsi que de la structure du bâtiment s’intègre pleinement dans ces objectifs et permet de contribuer efficacement à la réduction des consommations énergétiques. Cela s’accompagne d’un choix pertinent des matériaux et systèmes constructifs composant l’enveloppe ainsi que la structure du bâti.Le travail de recherche présenté au cours de cette thèse s’inscrit pleinement dans ce contexte et vise le développement d’un composite innovant issu de l’association d’une matrice cimentaire modifiée par l’ajout de matériaux à changement de phase (MCP) et d’un renfort textile, le composite résultant sera communément nommé ‘MCP-TRC’.Une étude approfondie du comportement mécanique et thermique des composites ‘MCP-TRC’ a été réalisée. Un intérêt particulier a été porté au cours des travaux présentés à la compréhension des interactions entre MCP et matrice cimentaire ainsi qu’entre matrice cimentaire modifiée par l’ajout de MCP et renfort textile. Ces interactions régissent le comportement mécanique et thermique des composites MCP-TRC.Deux concepts à caractère innovant (dalles légères et panneaux sandwichs en MCP-TRC) intégrant les composites MCP-TRC ont été proposés. Les performances mécaniques et thermiques des deux concepts ont été évaluées. Les résultats obtenus sont prometteurs et permettent de jeter les bases de l’émergence de ce type ce composites dans l’industrie du bâtiment
The building sector has a strong potential for improvement in terms of thermal performance and attenuation of the ecological footprint. A good design of the envelope as well as the structure of the building is fully integrated into these objectives and can contribute effectively to the reduction of energy consumption. This is accompanied by a relevant choice of materials and constructive systems composing the envelope and the structure of the buildingThe research work presented in this thesis is fully integrated in this context and aims at the development of an innovative composite resulting from the association of a modified cementitious matrix by the addition of phase change materials (PCM) and a textile reinforcement, the resulting composite will commonly be called 'MCP-TRC'.A detailed study of the mechanical and thermal behaviour of the 'PCM-TRC' composite was carried out. A particular interest was brought during the work presented to the understanding of the interactions between PCM and cement matrix and between cement matrix modified by the addition of PCM and textile reinforcement. These interactions govern the mechanical and thermal behaviour of PCM-TRC composites.Two innovative concepts (lightweight slabs and PCM-TRC sandwich panels) integrating the PCM-TRC composites were proposed. The mechanical and thermal performances of the two concepts were evaluated. The results obtained are very encouraging and promote the emergence of this type of composites in the building industry

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14

Mint, brahim Maimouna. "Méthodes d'éléments finis pour le problème de changement de phase en milieux composites." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0157/document.

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Dans ces travaux de thèse on s’intéresse au développement d’un outil numérique pour résoudre le problème de conduction instationnaire avec changement de phase dans un milieu composite constitué d’une mousse de graphite infiltrée par un matériau à changement de phase tel que le sel, dans le contexte du stockage de l’énergie thermique solaire.Au chapitre 1, on commence par présenter le modèle sur lequel on va travailler. Il estséparé en trois sous-parties : un problème de conduction de chaleur dans la mousse, un problème de changement de phase dans les pores remplis de sel et une condition de résistance thermique de contact entre les deux matériaux qui est traduite par une discontinuité du champ de température.Au chapitre 2, on étudie le problème stationnaire de conduction thermique dans un milieu composite avec résistance de contact. Ceci permet de se focaliser sur la plus grande difficulté présente dans le problème qui est le traitement de la condition de saut à l’interface.Deux méthodes d’éléments finis sont proposées pour résoudre ce problème : une méthode basée sur les éléments finis Lagrange P1 et une méthode hybride-duale utilisant les éléments finis Raviart-Thomas d’ordre 0 et P0. L’analyse numérique des deux méthodes est effectuée et les résultats de tests numériques attestent des efficacités des deux méthodes [10]. Les matériaux à changement de phase qu’on étudie dans le cadre de cette thèse sont des matériaux pures, par conséquent le changement de phase s’effectue en une valeur de température fixe qui est la température de fusion. Ceci est modélisé par un saut dans la fonction fraction liquide et par conséquent dans la fonction enthalpie du matériau. Cette discontinuité représente une difficulté numérique supplémentaire qu’on propose de surmonter en introduisant un intervalle de régularisation autour de la température de fusion.Cette procédure est présentée dans le chapitre 3 où une étude analytique et numérique montre que l’erreur sur la température se comporte comme " en dehors de la zone de mélange, où " est la largeur de l’intervalle de régularisation. Cependant, à l’intérieur l’erreur se comporte comme p " et on montre que cette estimation est optimale. Cette diminution de vitesse de convergence est due à l’énergie qui reste bloquée dans la zone de mélange [58].Dans le chapitre 4 on présente quatre des schémas les plus utilisés pour le traitement de la non-linearité due au changement de phase: mise à jour du terme source, linéarisation de l’enthalpie, la capacité thermique apparente et le schéma de Chernoff. Différents tests numériques sont réalisés afin de tester et comparer ces quatre méthodes pour différents types de problèmes. Les résultats montrent que le schéma de linéarisation de l’enthalpie est le plus précis à chaque pas de temps tans dis que le schéma de la capacité thermique apparente donne de meilleurs résultats au bout d’un certain temps de calcul. Cela indique que si l’on s’intéresse aux états transitoires du matériaux le premier schéma est lemeilleur choix. Cependant, si l’on s’intéresse au comportement thermique asymptotique du matériau le second schéma est plus adapté. Les résultats montrent également que le schéma de Chernoff est le plus rapide parmi les quatre schémas en terme de temps de calcul et donne des résultats comparables à ceux des deux plus précis.Enfin, dans le chapitre 5 on utilise le schéma de Chernoff avec la méthode d’éléments finis hybride-duale Raviart-Thomas d’ordre 0 et P0 pour résoudre le problème non-linéaire de conduction thermique dans un milieu composite réel avec matériau à changement de phase. Le but étant de déterminer si un matériau composite avec une distribution uniforme de pores est assimilable à un matériau à changement de phase homogènes avec des propriétés thermo-physiques équivalentes. Pour toutes les expériences numériques exposées dans ce manuscrit on a utilisé le logiciel libre d’éléments finis FreeFem++ [41]
In this thesis we aim to develop a numerical tool that allow to solve the unsteady heatconduction problem in a composite media with a graphite foam matrix infiltrated witha phase change material such as salt, in the framework of latent heat thermal energystorage.In chapter 1, we start by explaining the model that we are studying which is separated in three sub-parts : a heat conduction problem in the foam, a phase change problem in the pores of the foam which are filled with salt and a contact resistance condition at the interface between both materials which results in a jump in the temperature field.In chapter 2, we study the steady heat conduction problem in a composite media withcontact resistance. This allow to focus on the main difficulty here which is the treatment of the thermal contact resistance at the interface between the carbon foam and the salt. Two Finite element methods are proposed in order to solve this problem : a finite element method based on Lagrange P1 and a hybrid dual finite element method using the lowest order Raviart-Thomas elements for the heat flux and P0 for the temperature. The numerical analysis of both methods is conducted and numerical examples are given to assert the analytic results. The work presented in this chapter has been published in the Journal of Scientific Computing [10].The phase change materials that we study here are mainly pure materials and as a consequence the change in phase occurs at a single point, the melting temperature. This introduces a jump in the liquid fraction and consequently in the enthalpy. This discontinuity represents an additional numerical difficulty that we propose to overcome by introducing a smoothing interval around the melting temperature. This is explained in chapter 3 where an analytical and numerical study shows that the error on the temperature behaves like " outside of the mushy zone, where _ is the width of the smoothing interval. However, inside the error behaves like p " and we prove that this estimation is optimal due to the energy trapped in the mushy zone. This chapter has been published in Communications in Mathematical Sciences [58].The next step is to determine a suitable time discretization scheme that allow to handle the non-linearity introduced by the phase change. For this purpose we present in chapter 4 four of the most used numerical schemes to solve the non-linear phase change problem : the update source method, the enthalpy linearization method, the apparent heat capacity method and the Chernoff method. Various numerical tests are conducted in order to test and compare these methods for various types of problems. Results show that the enthalpy linearization is the most accurate at each time step while the apparent heat capacity gives better results after a given time. This indicates that if we are interestedin the transitory states the first scheme is the best choice. However, if we are interested in the asymptotic thermal behavior of the material the second scheme is better. Results also show that the Chernoff scheme is the fastest in term of calculation time and gives comparable results to the one given by the first two methods.Finally, in chapter 5 we use the Chernoff method combined with the hybrid-dual finiteelement method with P0 and the lowest order Raviart-Thomas elements to solve thenon-linear heat conduction problem in a realistic composite media with a phase change material. Numerical simulations are realised using 2D-cuts of X-ray images of two real graphite matrix foams infiltrated with a salt. The aim of these simulations is to determine if the studied composite materials could be assimilated to an equivalent homogeneous phase change material with equivalent thermo-physical properties. For all simulationsconducted in this work we used the free finite element software FreeFem++ [41]

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15

Mallow, Anne. "Stable paraffin composites for latent heat thermal storage systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/54406.

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Phase change materials (PCMs) have the ability to store thermal energy as latent heat over a nearly isothermal temperature range. Compared to sensible heat storage, properly chosen PCMs can store an order of magnitude more energy when undergoing phase change. Organic PCMs present several advantages including their non-corrosive behavior and ability to melt congruently, which result in safe and reliable performance. Because of these qualities, organic PCMs have been proposed for use in latent heat thermal storage systems to increase the energy efficiency or performance of various systems such as cooling and heating in buildings, hot water heating, electronics cooling, and thermal comfort in vehicles. Current performance is hindered by the low thermal conductivity, which significantly limits the rate of charging and discharging. Solutions to this challenge include the insertion of high conductivity nanoparticles and foams to increase thermal transport. However, performance validation remains tied to thermal conductivity and latent heat measurements, instead of more practical metrics of thermal charging performance, stability of the composite, and energy storage cost. This thesis focuses on the use of graphite nanoplatelets and graphite foams to increase the thermal charging performance of organic PCMs. Stability of graphite nanoplatelets in liquid PCM is realized for the first time through the use of dispersants and control of the viscosity, particle distribution, and oxidation. Thermal charging response of stable graphite nanoplatelet composites is compared to graphite foam composites. This study includes a correlation of thermal conductivity and latent heat to material concentration, geometry, and energy storage cost. Additionally, a hybrid PCM storage system of metal foam combined with graphite nanoplatelet PCM is proposed and evaluated under cyclic thermal conditions.

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Huang, Ruomeng. "Confined nanoscale chalcogenide phase change material and memory." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2015. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/379321/.

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The miniaturization of memory devices has been one of the major driving forces in the exploration of ever faster, smaller and more efficient memory concepts. Among all the competitors for the next generation of non-volatile memory, phase change materials based random access memory has emerged as a leading candidate. A better understanding of nanoscale properties of phase change materials and the ability of selective depositing them into confined nanostructures are substantially important in the long march towards smaller more densely packed memory bits. A novel top-down spacer etch technique has been developed for fabricating sub hundred nanometre phase change Ge2Sb2Te5 nanowires. Taking advantage of this technique which allows precise control over nanowire position and geometries, the contact properties between phase change material and metallic electrode in nanoscale can be quantitatively investigated. The results reveal a specific contact resistance of 7.56 x 10-5.

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Khillarkar, Dipendra B. "Melting of a phase change material in horizontal annuli." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0025/MQ50629.pdf.

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Khillarkar, Dipendra B. "Melting of a phase change material in horizontal annuli." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21307.

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Numerical experiments were carried out to determine tube geometries for more efficient thermal storage. A finite element simulation code developed earlier, which solves the two dimensional governing conservation equations was employed to examine the thermal performance of horizontal annuli of the following configurations: (a) Square external tube with a circular tube inside---Annulus Type A; (b) Circular external tube with a square tube inside---Annulus Type B. Effects of the Rayleigh number as well as heating of the inside, outside or both walls at a temperature above the melting point of the material were studied. Flow and temperature patterns within the melt, local heat flux distributions at the heating surface and the cumulative energy charged as a function of time are presented and discussed.
To enhance the heat transfer rate during melting in horizontal annular containers various innovative passive methods were examined. Eccentric annular configurations are identified as superior to concentric tubular geometries due to the vertically upward orientation of the buoyancy force in the melt phase at higher Rayleigh numbers. In addition to this the effect of flipping the container at pre-selected times after initiation of melting as a measure to increase the heat transfer rate during the last stage of the melting process is also examined and discussed.

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19

Sinclair, Chad. "Co-deformation of a two-phase FCC/BCC material /." *McMaster only, 2001.

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20

Sözen, Zeki Ziya. "Thermal energy storage by agitated capsules of phase change material." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25974.

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Thermal energy storage via the latent heat of suitable phase change materials has the advantages of higher energy storage density and relatively isothermal behaviour compared to sensible heat storage systems. Glauber's salt (Na₂S0₄∙10H₂0) is one of the most extensively studied phase change materials for solar energy systems because of its low price, suitable phase change temperature and high latent heat. However, segregation due to incongruent melting behaviour leading to loss in the heat storage efficiency upon repeated melting-freezing cycling is a serious problem which has severely limited application of Glauber's salt. In this study Glauber's salt was encapsulated in 25 mm diameter hollow spheres and agitated in different systems including a liquid fluidized bed, rotating drum and rotating tube to reduce or eliminate the Toss in its heat storage efficiency. The encapsulated mixture consisted of 96% Glauber's salt and 4% borax by weight with 5% by volume air space in the capsules. Some capsules containing 25%, 15% and 5% by weight excess sodium sulfate and 10% by weight excess water were also prepared, to test the effect of sodium sulfate concentration under different agitation conditions. The heat storage capacity of 5756 capsules, agitated by fluidizing with water in a pilot plant size (0.34 m diameter) column, showed a decrease over the first three cycles to about 60% of that theoretically possible, but there was no further decrease over the next 93 cycles under fluidization conditions. The heat storage efficiency was found to be improved by increasing the superficial water velocity and by decreasing the cooling rate. Heating rate had little or no effect. The fluidized capsules provide enhanced heat transfer rates to or from the heat storage medium, enabling the energy to be charged or discharged in about one hour with realistic inlet and outlet temperatures. The high heat transfer rates are an important advantage for the system and may open new areas of applications for thermal energy storage by encapsulated phase change material. Economic analysis of the liquid fluidized bed heat storage system shows that operating costs are almost negligible compared to fixed capital costs. The heat storage efficiency of capsules decreased to 38.4% of the theoretical capacity or 67% of the corresponding agitated (fluidized) system in only 7 cycles under fixed bed conditions, and the efficiency decreased with further cycling. 97.5% of the original heat storage-capacity was recovered within three cycles when these capsules were refluidized. Performances of the regular and different composition capsules were tested in the rotating tube, with rotation around a fixed horizontal axis passing through the capsules' centers, and in the rotating drum, with impact due to collisions in addition to rotation. The results showed that full rotation of a capsule around a horizontal axis improves the heat storage efficiency. However, full recovery of the theoretical capacity was not possible, even under vigorous mixing conditions. The efficiencies in the rotating tube were similar to those in the rotating drum for capsules subject to the same number of rotations around a horizontal axis. At high rotation speeds centrifugal force had a negative influence, especially in the rotating tube. On the basis of heat storage capacity per unit volume or weight of phase change material, 47% by weight sodium sulfate concentration was found to be optimal for the rotating drum and the rotating tube cases. Some small scale experiments were performed to determine the relative importance of different factors in the loss of heat storage capacity. Sodium sulfate concentration gradients in the capsules with different thermal cycling histories were found by thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that bulk segregation of anhydrous sodium sulfate is not the only reason for the loss of heat storage capacity in systems using Glauber's salt. Microencapsulation of anhydrous sodium sulfate beneath a layer of Glauber's salt crystals is at least as important. Experiments to determine the degree of subcooling, believed to be another factor in the loss of heat storage capacity, showed that a mixture of 96% Glauber's salt and 4% borax by weight undergoes subcooling of about 5 K in gently agitated capsules. Nucleation and crystallization temperatures both increase with increased agitation.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of
Graduate

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Jimoh, Bashir O. "Phase change material optimized for integration with domestic heat pump." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2018. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/106911/.

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The purpose or objective of this research was to study the behaviour of a thermal store for integration with a heat pump. Two different types of heat exchanger, plate heat exchanger (PHE) and serpentine heat exchanger (SHE), were designed and modular units built in the workshop at the University of Warwick. Both heat exchangers were used to study the effect of the mass flow rate, inlet heat transfer fluid temperature, thickness of phase change material (PCM), thermal properties of the PCM etc. on the behaviour of the thermal energy storage (TES). The PCMs selected for this research had phase change temperatures in the range of 50°C-60°C. Thermophysical properties of four different PCMs were determined in the laboratory. PCMs including RT 52, RT 58, Climsel C58 and a eutectic mix of magnesium hexahydrate and ammonium nitrate that are suitable for use with heat pumps were studied using the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and hot disk to determine their thermal behaviour when compared to manufactures’ data. The modular units were charged and discharged at different inlet heat transfer fluid temperatures. The PHE experiment was carried out using both RT 52 and RT 58, while the SHE experiments were carried out using RT 52 only. The heat transfer fluid used in the experiments was water. The PHE was made from polypropylene sheet (a polymer material), with channels that carry the water in and out of the store. The SHE was based on a shell and tube concept, designed and used as a thermal store. A MATLAB model was developed based on the enthalpy method using finite difference to study and compare the temperature profile, charge rate and energy stored in the PHE using the thermal properties of RT 52 or RT58 as PCMs suitable for this thermal energy storage application. The MATLAB model was validated for both the charge process and discharge process, with the inlet HTF temperature from the experiment. Experimental results from the SHE experiment are presented for RT 52. The charge rate and energy stored during charging and discharging processes were analysed for different thicknesses of PCM around each PHE module. Results showed that the greater the PCM thickness, the higher the amount of energy stored in the PHE module and the slower it is for the module to charge or discharge. The model was used to evaluate the performance for when the store was fully charged and half charged and the results presented. To increase the capacity of the store for effective use with a domestic heat pump for a specified period of charging during off-peak tariff periods, a thermal store design using 30mm PCM thickness is proposed. With this PCM thickness, a 32kWh thermal store would require about twenty polypropylene sheets. Twenty-two (22) polypropylene sheets arranged in parallel could be charged at 8.89kW, allowing the store to work in conjunction with an 8kW heat pump. This type of PHE storage module could be installed in suitable locations in the home, such as beneath kitchen cabinets or within ceiling voids, which would accommodate the dimensions of the plate heat exchanger. The sheet capacity and number of sheets required for a store of 32kWh was determined for six different PCM thickness using RT 52. A plot of sheet charge rate or store charge rate against the reciprocal of the thickness was produced that can be used to determine the thickness or charge rate is presented. This enables the required store characteristics (PCM thickness and number of sheets) to be determined quickly and easily from the plot or fitted equation.

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Guo, Qiang M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Evaluation on the thin-film phase change material-based technologies." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/37684.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-69).
Two potential applications of thin film phase-change materials are considered, non-volatile electronic memories and MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) actuators. The markets for those two applications are fast growing and rapidly changing, so new materials technologies with superior performance are of great interest. Devices made with thin film phase change materials are shown to offer significant performance improvements for memory applications and new triggering mechanisms for MEMS actuation. IP (Intellectual Property) analyses for both markets indicate significant new IP space in each of them. Rough estimations for cost and revenue are provided.
by Qiang Guo.
M.Eng.

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Hagman, Susanna. "The Application of Microencapsulated Biobased Phase Change Material on Textile." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-10266.

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The increasing demand for energy in combination with a greater awareness for our environmental impact have encouraged the development of sustainable energy sources, including materials for energy storage. Latent heat thermal energy storage by the use of phase change material (PCM) have become an area of great interest. It is a reliable and efficient way to reduce energy consumption. PCMs store and release latent heat, which means that the material can absorb the excess of heat energy, save it and release it when needed. By introducing soy wax as a biobased PCM and apply it on textile, one can achieve a thermoregulation material to be used in buildings and smart textiles. By replacing the present most used PCM, paraffin, with soy wax one cannot only decrease the use of fossil fuel, but also achieve a less flammable material. The performance of soy wax PCM applied on a textile fabric have not yet been investigated but can be a step towards a more sustainable energy consumption. The soy wax may also broaden the application for PCM due to its low flammability. The aim is to develop an environmental friendly latent heat thermal energy storage material to be used within numerous application fields.

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Fredi, Giulia. "Multifunctional polymer composites for thermal energy storage and thermal management." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/265328.

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Thermal energy storage (TES) consists in storing heat for a later use, thereby reducing the gap between energy availability and demand. The most diffused materials for TES are the organic solid-liquid phase change materials (PCMs), such as paraffin waxes, which accumulate and release a high amount of latent heat through a solid-liquid phase change, at a nearly constant temperature. To avoid leakage and loss of material, PCMs are either encapsulated in inert shells or shape-stabilized with porous materials or a nanofiller network. Generally, TES systems are only a supplementary component added to the main structure of a device, but this could unacceptably rise weight and volume of the device itself. In the applications where weight saving and thermal management are both important (e.g. automotive, portable electronics), it would be beneficial to embed the heat storage/management in the structural components. The aim of this thesis is to develop polymer composites that combine a polymer matrix, a PCM and a reinforcing agent, to reach a good balance of mechanical and TES properties. Since this research topic lacks a systematic investigation in the scientific literature, a wide range of polymer/PCM/reinforcement combinations were studied in this thesis, to highlight the effect of PCM introduction in a broad range of matrix/reinforcement combinations and to identify the best candidates and the key properties and parameters, in order to set guidelines for the design of these materials. The thesis in divided in eight Chapters. Chapter I and II provide the introduction and the theoretical background, while Chapter III details the experimental techniques applied on the prepared composites. The results and discussion are then described in Chapters IV-VII. Chapter IV presents the results of PCM-containing composites having a thermoplastic matrix. First, polyamide 12 (PA12) was melt-compounded with either a microencapsulated paraffin (MC) or a paraffin powder shape-stabilized with carbon nanotubes (ParCNT), and these mixtures were used as matrices to produce thermoplastic laminates with a glass fiber fabric via hot-pressing. MC was proven more suitable to be combined with PA12 than ParCNT, due to the higher thermal resistance. However, also the MC were considerably damaged by melt compounding and the two hot-pressing steps, which caused paraffin leakage and degradation, as demonstrated by the relative enthalpy lower than 100 %. Additionally, the PCM introduction decreased the mechanical properties of PA12 and the tensile strength of the laminates, but for the laminates containing MC the elastic modulus and the strain at break were not negatively affected by the PCM. Higher TES properties were achieved with the production of a semi-structural composite that combined PA12, MC and discontinuous carbon fibers. For example, the composite with 50 wt% of MC and 20 wt% of milled carbon fibers exhibited a total melting enthalpy of 60.4 J/g and an increase in elastic modulus of 42 % compared to the neat PA. However, the high melt viscosity and shear stresses developed during processing were still responsible for a not negligible PCM degradation, as also evidenced by dynamic rheological tests. Further increases in the mechanical and TES properties were achieved by using a reactive thermoplastic matrix, which could be processed as a thermosetting polymer and required considerably milder processing conditions that did not cause PCM degradation. MC was combined with an acrylic thermoplastic resin and the mixtures were used as matrices to produce laminates with a bidirectional carbon fabric, and for these laminates the melting enthalpy increased with the PCM weight fraction and reached 66.8 J/g. On the other hand, the increased PCM fraction caused a rise in the matrix viscosity and so a decrease in the fiber volume fraction in the final composite, thereby reducing the elastic modulus and flexural strength. Dynamic-mechanical investigation evidenced the PCM melting as a decreasing step in ’; its amplitude showed a linear trend with the melting enthalpy, and it was almost completely recovered during cooling, as evidenced by cyclic DMA tests. Chapter V presents the results of PCM-containing thermosetting composites. A further comparison between MC and ParCNT was performed in a thermosetting epoxy matrix. First, ParCNT was mixed with epoxy and the mixtures were used as matrices to produce laminates with a bidirectional carbon fiber fabric. ParCNT kept its thermal properties also in the laminates, and the melting enthalpy was 80-90 % of the expected enthalpy. Therefore, ParCNT performed better in thermosetting than in thermoplastic matrices due to the milder processing conditions, but the surrounding matrix still partially hindered the melting-crystallization process. Therefore, epoxy was combined with MC, but the not optimal adhesion between the matrix and the MC shell caused a considerable decrease in mechanical strength, as also demonstrated by the fitting with the Nicolais-Narkis and Pukanszky models, both of which evidenced scarce adhesion and considerable interphase weakness. However, the Halpin-Tsai and Lewis-Nielsen models of the elastic modulus evidenced that at low deformations the interfacial interaction is good, and this also agrees with the data of thermal conductivity, which resulted in excellent agreement with the Pal model calculated considering no gaps at the interface. These epoxy/MC mixtures were then reinforced with either continuous or discontinuous carbon fibers, and their characterization confirmed that the processing conditions of an epoxy composite are mild enough to preserve the integrity of the microcapsules and their TES capability. For continuous fiber composites, the increase in the MC fraction impaired the mechanical properties mostly because of the decrease in the final fiber volume fraction and because the MC phase tends to concentrate in the interlaminar region, thereby lowering the interlaminar shear strength. On the other hand, a small amount of MC enhanced the mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (Gic increases of up to 48 % compared to the neat epoxy/carbon laminate), as the MC introduced other energy dissipation mechanisms such as the debonding, crack deflection, crack pinning and micro-cracking, which added up to the fiber bridging. Chapter VI introduces a fully biodegradable TES composite with a thermoplastic starch matrix, reinforced with thin wood laminae and containing poly(ethylene glycol) as the PCM. The wood laminae successfully acted as a multifunctional reinforcement as they also stabilized PEG in their inner pores (up to 11 wt% of the whole laminate) and prevent its leakage. Moreover PEG was proven to increase the stiffness and strength of the laminate, thereby making the mechanical and TES properties synergistic and not parasitic. Finally, Chapter VII focused on PCM microcapsules. The synthesis of micro- and nano-capsules with an organosilica shell via a sol-gel approach clarified that the confinement in small domains and the interaction with the shell wall modified the crystallization behavior of the encapsulated PCM, as also evidenced by NMR and XRD studies and confirmed by DSC results. In the second part of Chapter VII, a coating of polydpamine (PDA) deposited onto the commercial microcapsules MC. The resulting PDA coating was proven effective to enhance the interfacial adhesion with an epoxy matrix, as evidenced by SEM micrographs. XPS demonstrated that the PDA layer was able to react with oxirane groups, thereby evidencing the possibility of forming covalent bond with the epoxy matrix during the curing step.

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Moro, Marjan. "Nano-Characterization of Ceramic-Metallic Interpenetrating Phase Composite Material using Electron Crystallography." Youngstown State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ysu1340223324.

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Moreno, Balderrama Juan Ángel. "Phase change materials encapsulation in crosslinked polymer-based monoliths : syntheses, characterization and evaluation of pullulan and black liquor based-monoliths for the encapsulation of phase change materials." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0369/document.

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Le stéarate de butyle, un matériau de changement de phase biosourcé (MCP), a été encapsulés dans des matrices polymères (pullulane, lignine, hémicelluloses) par la technique des émulsions concentrées. Les matrices polymères ont été réticulées avec du trimetaphosphate de sodium (STMP) dans des conditions alcalines afin d’obtenir un réseau poreux interconnecté rigide. L’influence du processus de séchage sur les matériaux composites obtenus a été étudiée, indiquant la lyophilisation comme la technique la plus efficace. Des études de calorimétrie à balayage différentiel (DSC) ont permis de déterminer que l’encapsulation de stéarate de butyle dans des matrices polymères ne modifiait pas ses propriétés thermiques de changement de phase. Des essais de compression mécanique et de résistance à la déformation ont permis d'évaluer le potentiel des monolithes en tant que panneaux de stockage de chaleur installés directement dans des bâtiments et des serres.Les produits de réticulation par le STMP ont été identifiés et caractérisés par RMN solide du31P. Il a ainsi été possible de synthétiser des monolithes ayant différents taux de réticulation afin d’optimiser la formulation d'encapsulation de MCP. Les matrices polymères vidée de tous leurs contenus liquides ont été étudiées par microscopie électronique à balayage afin d’étudier leur structure poreuse (distribution de taille des pores). Cette nouvelle approche d’encapsulation en une étape apparaît comme efficace et devrait permettre un développement important des applications énergétiques
Emulsion-templated polymer based (pullulan, lining and hemicelluloses) monoliths encapsulating butyl stearate as bio-based phase change material (PCM) were synthesized. Polymer-bases were crosslinked with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) under alkaline aqueous conditions leading to an interconnected porous network. The influence of the drying process on the obtained composite materials morphology was studied indicating freeze-drying as the most effective technique. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) studies allow to assess that encapsulation of butyl stearate onto matrices do not alter its phase change thermal properties. Mechanical compression and strain resistance tests allowed to evaluate monoliths potential as heat storage panels installed directly in buildings and greenhouses, STMP crosslinking products were identified by solid-NMR characterization, this allowed to synthetize monoliths at different crosslinking yields to find a formulation that improves PCM encapsulation. Polymer matrices were studied by scanning electron microscopy to identify the pore size distribution obtained in STMP crosslinked materials. This new one-step encapsulating approach appears as efficient and cost-effective and is expected to find a broad development in energy storage applications

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Guerra, Alexander Adrian. "Modeling a solar energy collector with an integrated phase-change material." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/54472.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 43).
In this thesis, a finite-element computer model was created to simulate a solar air heater with an integrated-phase change material. The commercially available finite element package ADINA-Fluid was used to generate the model that captures the fundamental physical processes which are necessary in accurately simulate the system. These processes include convective and radiative losses between the working fluid and device. Time varying loads to simulate the available solar energy that can be collected over the course of a day. Most importantly the phase-change material. This was accomplished by defining a material with a temperature-dependent specific heat. The simulation yielded positive results to its validity and can now be used to test different physical geometries and material before a prototype of the solar air heater is produced.
by Alexander Adrian Guerra.
S.B.

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Sun, Xinxing. "Phase Transformations and Switching of Chalcogenide Phase-change Material Films Prepared by Pulsed Laser Deposition." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-224762.

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The thesis deals with the preparation, characterization and, in particular, with the switching properties of phase-change material (PCM) thin films. The films were deposited using the Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) technique. Phase transformations in these films were triggered by means of thermal annealing, laser pulses, and electrical pulses. The five major physical aspects structure transformation, crystallization kinetics, topography, optical properties, and electrical properties have been investigated using XRD, TEM, SEM, AFM, DSC, UV-Vis spectroscopy, a custom-made nanosecond UV laser pump-probe system, in situ resistance measurements, and conductive-AFM. The systematic investigation of the ex situ thermally induced crystallization process of pure stoichiometric GeTe films and O-incorporating GeTe films provides detailed information on structure transformation, topography, crystallization kinetics, optical reflectivity and electrical resistivity. The results reveal a significant improvement of the thermal stability in PCM application for data storage. With the aim of reducing the switching energy consumption and to enhance the optical reflectivity contrast by improving the quality of the produced films, the growth of the GeTe films with simultaneous in situ thermal treatment was investigated with respect to optimizing the film growth conditions, e.g. growth temperature, substrate type. For the investigation of the fast phase transformation process, GeTe films were irradiated by ns UV laser pulses, tailoring various parameters such as pulse number, laser fluence, pulse repetition rate, and film thickness. Additionally, the investigation focused on the comparison of crystallization of GST thin films induced by either nano- or femtosecond single laser pulse irradiation, used to attain a high data transfer rate and to improve the understanding of the mechanisms of fast phase transformation. Non-volatile optical multilevel switching in GeTe phase-change films was identified to be feasible and accurately controllable at a timescale of nanoseconds, which is promising for high speed and high storage density of optical memory devices. Moreover, correlating the dynamics of the optical switching process and the structural information demonstrated not only exactly how fast phase change processes take place, but also, importantly, allowed the determination of the rapid kinetics of phase transformation on the microscopic scale. In the next step, a new general concept for the combination of PCRAM and ReRAM was developed. Bipolar electrical switching of PCM memory cells at the nanoscale can be achieved and improvements of the performance in terms of RESET/SET operation voltage, On/Off resistance ratio and cycling endurance are demonstrated. The original underlying mechanism was verified by the Poole-Frenkel conduction model. The polarity-dependent resistance switching processes can be visualized simultaneously by topography and current images. The local microstructure on the nanoscale of such memory cells and the corresponding local chemical composition were correlated. The gained results contribute to meeting the key challenges of the current understanding and of the development of PCMs for data storage applications, covering thin film preparation, thermal stability, signal-to-noise ratio, switching energy, data transfer rate, storage density, and scalability.

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ZAHID, NAEEM MUHAMMAD, and SHAHNAWAZ MEHMOOD. "Applications of Ultra Smart Textiles in Sportswear and Garments." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Textilhögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20172.

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Smart textiles especially Phase Change Materials (PCMs) are getting attention because these materials can provide regulation of wearer’s body climate and provide comfort in the temperature fluctuations during the physical activity like sports. These materials have the advantage of latent heat energy storage that can absorb and release high amount of energy over a narrow temperature range around the human’s body temperature to provide thermal comfort. Phase Change Materials (PCMs) absorb energy during the heating process as phase change takes place and release energy to the surroundings during the reverse cooling process. The types of phase change materials that are suitable for sports applications are hydrated inorganic salts, linear long chain hydrocarbons, Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG). The concept of thermal comfort and working of PCMs in the textiles garments are important for determining the functionality of PCMs. Phase Change materials are micro capsulated in the shells by “Situ polymerization technique before application to sportswear and garments. The PCMs microcapsules are incorporated in the sportswear and garments by fiber technology, lamination, foaming and coating. The testing of clothing containing micro capsulated PCMs is discussed after the incorporation of PCMs in textiles. Quality parameters that are key for getting good results are mentioned i.e. particle size, thermal conductivity, fire hazard treatment, durability and performance of micro capsulated PCMs and clothing. In the last section findings, suggestions and conclusion are discussed.
Program: Magisterutbildning i Applied Textile Management

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Lee, Jae Sang. "Effective properties of three-phase electro-magneto-elastic multifunctional composite materials." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1448.

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Coupling between the electric field, magnetic field, and strain of composite materials is achieved when electro-elastic (piezoelectric) and magneto-elastic (piezomagnetic) particles are joined by an elastic matrix. Although the matrix is neither piezoelectric nor piezomagnetic, the strain field in the matrix couples the E field of the piezoelectric phase to the B field of the piezomagnetic phase. This three-phase electro-magneto-elastic composite should have greater ductility and formability than a two-phase composite in which E and B are coupled by directly bonding two ceramic materials with no compliant matrix. A finite element analysis and homogenization of a representative volume element is performed to determine the effective electric, magnetic, mechanical, and coupled-field properties of an elastic (epoxy) matrix reinforced with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic fibers as functions of the phase volume fractions, the fiber (or particle) shapes, the fiber arrangements in the unit cell, and the fiber material properties with special emphasis on the symmetry properties of the fibers and the poling directions of the piezoelectric and piezomagnetic fibers. The effective magnetoelectric moduli of this three-phase composite are, however, less than the effective magnetoelectric coefficients of a two-phase piezoelectric/piezomagnetic composite, because the epoxy matrix is not stiff enough to transfer significant strains between the piezomagnetic and piezoelectric fibers.

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Mahdavi, Nejad Alireza. "Numerical Study of Heat and Mass Transfer Using Phase Change Materials." Digital WPI, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-dissertations/500.

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Phase Change Materials (PCM) absorb and release heat at preset temperatures. Due to their relatively high values of latent heat, they are capable of storing and releasing large amounts of energy during phase change. When a PCM is in its solid phase, it will absorb heat as the external temperature rises. The temperature of the PCM will mirror the external temperature until the melting point of PCM is reached. At this stage, the PCM will begin to melt with almost no change in its temperature. PCM plays an opposite role when the external temperature drops. It releases the stored energy back while going through phase change from liquid phase to solid phase. The present work is a numerical study towards fundamental understanding of the impact of using PCM on enhancement of heat and mass transfer in several scenarios. A numerical analysis has been carried out to determine the impact of presence of PCM on the insulating characteristics of paper board packaging. Two different cases of a layered PCM and uniformly dispersed PCM within the packaging wall are considered. The numerical results illustrate significant reduction in exchange of heat between the exterior and the interior of the packaging. Specifically, the unique concept of utilizing PCM in drying of paper is proposed and a numerical investigation is performed to determine the corresponding transport characteristics. The results indicate that the PCM acts as a heat source and a heat sink alternatingly throughout the conventional paper drying process, enhancing the drying energy efficiency. This study also included presence of gas-fired infrared emitters in the drying process as well for which the spectral absorption coefficient of PCM was measured and incorporated into the theoretical model. Finally, the impact of the presence of PCM in convective air-drying of moist paper is numerically investigated. The hot air ow is generated by an in-line jet nozzle. The air impinges on the exposed surface of the moist paper while the other side is considered to be perfectly insulated. The results provide the corresponding air flow field as well as air temperature distribution in between the nozzle exit and the surface of the moist paper. The results also reveal the enhancement of drying rates with PCM, fundamentally confirming the role of PCM on enhancing the energy efficiency of convective drying of moist paper.

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Kuravi, Sarada. "Numerical Study of Encapsulated Phase Change Material (EPCM) Slurry Flow in Microchannels." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4093.

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Heat transfer and flow characteristics of phase change material slurry flow in microchannels with constant heat flux at the base were investigated. The phase change process was included in the energy equation using the effective specific heat method. A parametric study was conducted numerically by varying the base fluid type, particle concentration, particle size, channel dimensions, inlet temperature, base heat flux and melting range of PCM. The particle distribution inside the microchannels was simulated using the diffusive flux model and its effect on the overall thermal performance of microchannels was investigated. Experimental investigation was conducted in microchannels of 101 [micro]m width and 533 [micro]m height with water as base fluid and n-Octadecane as PCM to validate the key conclusions of the numerical model. Since the flow is not fully developed in case of microchannels (specifically manifold microchannels, which are the key focus of the present study), thermal performance is not as obtained in conventional channels where the length of the channel is large (compared to length of microchannels). It was found that the thermal conductivity of the base fluid plays an important role in determining the thermal performance of slurry. The effect of particle distribution can be neglected in the numerical model under some cases. The performance of slurry depends on the heat flux, purity of PCM, inlet temperature of the fluid, and base fluid thermal conductivity. Hence, there is an application dependent optimum condition of these parameters that is required to obtain the maximum thermal performance of PCM slurry flows in microchannels.
Ph.D.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering PhD

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Quant, Colón Laura Marcela. "Study of a urea-based phase change material for thermal energy storage." Thesis, Pau, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PAUU3010.

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La technologie de stockage de l'énergie thermique par chaleur latente (LHTES) est abordée en travaillant à la fois sur les matériaux à changement de phase MCP utilisés et sur les systèmes de stockage techniquement et économiquement viables pour leur intégration dans les bâtiments. En ce qui concerne le matériau MCP, un mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium a été précédemment identifié comme un bon candidat pour les applications eau chaude sanitaire et chauffage. L'un des principaux objectifs de la thèse de doctorat était la caractérisation de ces aspects pour évaluer l’utilisation à long terme du mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium comme MCP. L'étude du matériau comprend le développement de méthodologies qui sont plus représentatives de son utilisation dans l'application finale que celles traditionnellement rencontrées pour la caractérisation des MCP. La caractérisation de l'hygroscopicité ou de l'absorption d'eau du mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium a été réalisée dans différentes conditions. Une méthode de préparation des échantillons et des conditions de manipulation sont proposées pour éviter l'absorption d'eau du mélange.La dégradation thermique du mélange eutectique d'urée et de nitrate de sodium a été évaluée en étudiant le comportement thermo-physique après un temps d'exposition à températures élevées. Des mesures DSC ont été effectuées pour déterminer la variation des propriétés directement liées au stockage de l'énergie thermique du MCP et à sa stabilité à long terme. En outre, les produits obtenus lors de la dégradation et leur influence sur la variation des propriétés du MCP ont été étudiés.Le mélange eutectique a montré une ségrégation imprévue à des températures supérieures au point de fusion lors des cycles de fusion et de solidification. Plusieurs tests ont été effectués, notamment le cyclage thermique, la diffraction par rayons X des phases due à la ségrégation, DSC après la redissolution de ces phases dans le matériau liquide et la microscopie (PLM et MEB) d'échantillons refroidis dans différentes conditions. Les expériences ont permis d'établir une relation entre les conditions de fonctionnement, et les structures cristallines résultantes qui expliquent la ségrégation de phase dans le mélange eutectique, et la manière de la réduire et d'inverser le processus.L'étude de la surfusion comprenait l'utilisation de deux MCPs : l’eutectique urée - nitrate de sodium et le PEG 10000. Les expériences ont été réalisées dans différentes conditions: des récipients de géométrie et de volume différents, diverses vitesses de refroidissement et divers fluides de transfert thermique. Les résultats ont servi à évaluer la relation entre le degré de surfusion et les paramètres associés. Après, des modèles de régression linéaire ont été définis pour chaque matériau puis pour les deux matériaux. L'objectif spécifique de ce chapitre est de faire un pas de plus dans la compréhension et la prédiction de la surfusion, afin de concevoir efficacement des systèmes LHTES utilisant des matériaux qui peuvent présenter une surfusion.Enfin, en ce qui concerne le système de stockage, un échangeur de chaleur à tubes-calandre est étudié afin d'évaluer l'utilisation de ce type de dispositifs déjà commercialisés comme dispositifs de stockage de l'énergie thermique latente (LHTES). Le premier objectif était de mieux comprendre le comportement thermique de l’échangeur. L’étude a été réalisée en utilisant, dans la calandre, de la paraffine RT60 comme MCP, un matériau commercial bien connu assurant ainsi la reproductibilité des résultats, et de l'eau comme fluide de transfert de chaleur dans les tubes. Plusieurs débits et plages de température ont été envisagés pour réaliser l’étude complète du fonctionnement de l’échangeur. Le travail a inclus la détermination des pertes thermiques et l'étude des cycles de charge et de décharge avec différentes températures initiales et finales et différents débits
This work presents a contribution to the latent heat thermal energy storage LHTES technology by working on both phase change materials PCMs and storage systems that are technically and economically viable for their integration in buildings. Regarding the PCM material, the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture has been previously identified as a good candidate for the Domestic Heating Water (DHW) and heating applications. One of the main objectives of the PhD thesis was the characterization of these aspects to evaluate the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture long term feasibility to be used as a PCM in application. The study of the material includes the development of methodologies that are more practical and representative of the operation in the final application than the traditionally used in PCM characterization. The characterization of the hygroscopicity or water uptake of the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture under different conditions was performed. A sample preparation method and handling conditions are proposed for avoiding the mixture water uptake.The thermal degradation of the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture was evaluated by measuring the thermo-physical behavior after exposure time at different defined temperatures. DSC measurements were carried out to determine the variation of parameters that are directly related to the thermal energy storage of the PCM and its long-term stability. In addition, the degradation products and their influence on the variation of the system properties were assessed.The eutectic mixture showed unforeseen segregation at temperatures above the melting point upon melting and solidification cycles. Several tests were done including thermal cycling, XRD of the segregates, DSC after the redissolution of the segregates in the liquid material, and microscopy (PLM and SEM) of samples cooled down under different conditions. The experiments permitted to stablish a relationship between the operation conditions, more specifically the cooling rates, with the resulting crystal structures which explains the phase segregation in the eutectic mixture, and how to reduce it and how to reverse the process.The study of the supercooling comprised the use of the urea and sodium nitrate eutectic mixture and PEG10000. The experiments were performed in different conditions: sample containers (with different geometries and volumes), cooling rates and heat transfer fluids (HTF) were implemented. Finally, the results served to evaluate the relationship of the supercooling degree with parameters associated with the sample volume, cooling media and PCM parameters. Afterwards, linear regression models were gathered for each material and one for both materials. The specific aim of the chapter is to get a step further into the supercooling understanding and prediction, in order to efficiently design LHTES systems to be used with materials that show supercooling.Finally, regarding the storage system a shell and tubes heat exchanger is studied in order to evaluate the use of devices already commercially available the use as latent heat energy storage LHTES devices. The first objective was to get a deeper understanding of the thermal behavior of the device. The characterization was performed using RT60 paraffin as PCM inside the shell, a well known commercial material, to assure the reproducibility of the results, and water as heat transfer fluid in the tubes. Several flow rates and temperature ranges were used to obtain a greater scope of the operation of the device as LHTES. The work included the determination of the thermal losses, and the study of charging and discharging cycles, initial and final temperatures and flow rates

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Shaik, Sania. "Refrigeration Insulation Using Phase Change Material Incorporated Polyurethane Foam for Energy Savings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2020. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1707283/.

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Incorporating insulation material with phase change materials (PCMs) could help enhance the insulation capability for a refrigerator system. The phase change material can absorb or release large amount of latent heat of fusion depending on surrounding temperatures for efficient thermal management. This research focuses on how incorporating PCM to the conventional PU foam insulation affects the inside temperatures of the refrigerator system and in-turn helps in conserving energy by reducing the compressor run time. It was found that only 0.25-inch-thick PCM layer in insulation can certainly benefit the refrigerators by reducing the amount of electricity consumption and thus increasing the total energy savings through the numerical study results via COMSOL Multiphysics in this study. This work aims to investigate a PCM-incorporated insulation material to accomplish the enhancement of thermal insulation performance for refrigerators.

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Wang, Guangyao. "An Investigation of Phase Change Material (PCM)-Based Ocean Thermal Energy Harvesting." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100989.

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Phase change material (PCM)-based ocean thermal energy harvesting is a relatively new method, which extracts the thermal energy from the temperature gradient in the ocean thermocline. Its basic idea is to utilize the temperature variation along the ocean water depth to cyclically freeze and melt a specific kind of PCM. The volume expansion, which happens in the melting process, is used to do useful work (e.g., drive a turbine generator), thereby converting a fraction of the absorbed thermal energy into mechanical energy or electrical energy. Compared to other ocean energy technologies (e.g., wave energy converters, tidal current turbines, and ocean thermal energy conversion), the proposed PCM-based approach can be easily implemented at a small scale with a relatively simple structural system, which makes it a promising method to extend the range and service life of battery-powered devices, e.g, autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). This dissertation presents a combined theoretical and experimental study of the PCM-based ocean thermal energy harvesting approach, which aims at demonstrating the feasibility of the proposed approach and investigating possible methods to improve the overall performance of prototypical systems. First, a solid/liquid phase change thermodynamic model is developed, based on which a specific upperbound of the thermal efficiency is derived for the PCM-based approach. Next, a prototypical PCM-based ocean thermal energy harvesting system is designed, fabricated, and tested. To predict the performance of specific systems, a thermo-mechanical model, which couples the thermodynamic behaviors of the fluid materials and the elastic behavior of the structural system, is developed and validated based on the comparison with the experimental measurement. For the purpose of design optimization, the validated thermo-mechanical model is employed to conduct a parametric study. Based on the results of the parametric study, a new scalable and portable PCM-based ocean thermal energy harvesting system is developed and tested. In addition, the thermo-mechanical model is modified to account for the design changes. However, a combined analysis of the results from both the prototypical system and the model reveals that achieving a good performance requires maintaining a high internal pressure, which will complicate the structural design. To mitigate this issue, the idea of using a hydraulic accumulator to regulate the internal pressure is proposed, and experimentally and theoretically examined. Finally, a spatial-varying Robin transmission condition for fluid-structure coupled problems with strong added-mass effect is proposed and investigated using fluid structure interaction (FSI) model problems. This can be a potential method for the future research on the fluid-structure coupled numerical analysis of AUVs, which are integrated with and powered by the PCM-based thermal energy harvesting devices.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Estep, Gregory Dale. "The influence of extrusion processing and formulation on form-stable phase change material." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2010/g_estep_062110.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in civil engineering)--Washington State University, August 2010.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July 28, 2010). "Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering." Includes bibliographical references (p. 24-26).

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Chiu, Justin NingWei. "Heat Transfer Aspects of Using Phase Change Material in Thermal Energy Storage Applications." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-34263.

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Innovative methods for providing sustainable heating and cooling through thermal energy storage (TES) have gained increasing attention as heating and cooling demands in the built environment continue to climb. As energy prices continue to soar and systems reach their maximal capacity, there is an urgent need for alternatives to alleviate peak energy use. TES systems allow decoupling of energy production from energy utilization, both in location and in time. It is shown in this thesis that successful implementation of TES in the built environment alleviates peak energy load and reduces network expansion as well as the marginal energy production cost. This thesis analyzes phase change material (PCM) based TES systems in terms of material property characterization, numerical modeling and validation of thermal storage, as well as case specific techno-economic feasibility studies of system integration. The difficulties identified in latent heat TES design, such as heat transfer aspects, subcooling and identification of phase separation, have been analyzed through Temperature-History mapping and TES numerical modeling with experimental validation. This work focuses on the interdependency between resource availability, thermal charge/discharge power and storage capacity. In a situation where resource availability is limited, e.g. when using free cooling, waste heat or off-peak storage, the thermal power and storage capacity are strongly interrelated and should always be considered in unison to reach an acceptable techno-economic solution. Furthermore, when considering TES integration into an existing thermal energy distribution network, three adverse aspects are revealed in the Swedish case study: the single tariff system, the low-return temperature penalty, and the low storage utilization rate. These issues can be overcome through better adapted policies and optimized storage control strategies. Finally, despite the currently unfavorable conditions in the Swedish energy system, it is shown that TES has the potential to mitigate climate change through greenhouse gas emission reduction by displacing fossil-fuel based marginal thermal energy production.
QC 20110629
Cold Thermal Energy Storage

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Lee, Jun Su. "Bulk micromachined electrothermal microactuator using the hydraulic force of a phase change material." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430446.

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Matthews, Robert. "Use of phase change material for microbiological incubators : designing for low resource settings." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.616870.

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A novel incubator, which utilises latent heat energy storage, has been researched, designed and developed. Without the need to rely on an electricity supply, the new incubator will enable reliable microbiological testing to be conducted in low resource settings, as found in many developing countries. Microbiological contamination of drinking water is a significant cause of death and disease in developing countries. Water quality monitoring is an important aspect of water safety. There is a need for more widespread usage of microbiological testing, and the lack of a reliable method for incubating tests is a barrier where infrastructure and resources are limited. This thesis documents research to develop an incubator that is appropriate for use in low resource settings. This utilises a phase change material (PCM), which enables latent heat energy storage in order to maintain incubation temperature. It has been demonstrated experimentally that such an incubator can be used to perform microbial water quality monitoring using an enzyme substrate test, without compromising performance of the test. It delivers reliable operation across a range of environmental conditions that are likely to be encountered in developing countries, including protecting the test against overheating in hot climates. It does not require an electricity supply for operation. Research in several fields has been undertaken to inform and evaluate the development of the PCM incubator. Key original contributions of this research include: 1) Evaluation of incubation temperature standards for E. coli testing using enzyme substrate tests; 2) Investigation into the effect of temperature on growth characteristics of individual E. coli organisms in a water test; 3) Development of a model to predict test result at variable incubation temperature; 4) Examination of PCMs suitable for incubation of microbiological tests; 5) Analysis of ambient temperature incubation as a means of conducting microbiological analysis; 6) Design, development and evaluation of a PCM incubator suitable for use in low resource settings. The PCM incubator described herein has the potential to enable water quality monitoring to be performed in low resource areas where water is largely untested and which also suffer from the greatest impact on health due to contaminated water. This technology also has the potential to be applied in other fields, such as clinical microbiology or environmental monitoring. Ultimately, by enabling microbiological testing, latent heat incubation by means of a PCM incubator has the potential to improve human health in low resource areas of developing countries. Keywords: Incubator; phase change material (PCM); latent heat energy storage; water testing; drinking water quality; developing countries; low resource settings; Escherichia coli; growth rate; lag phase; relative lag time; Colilert®, Aquatest

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Gates, Jonathan Roger. "Solar thermal storage using phase change material for space heating in residential buildings." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507199.

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In 2007 the domestic sector was responsible for 27% of all energy consumed by final users in the UK, yet only 1.5% of this energy was met by renewables. The utilisation of renewable energy systems such as active solar water heating with Phase Change Material (PCM) thermal storage, offers vast potential for reducing energy use and CO2 emissions in the domestic energy sector in the UK. Previous research indicated that the incorporation of PCMs in underfloor heating had the potential to make energy savings, but their use in combination with renewable energy had not been explored in the UK. Consequently this was identified as a gap in the current knowledge that the current research would fill. A shortage was also identified in real life performance data on PCM space heating system performance in the UK. The current work successfully addresses this shortfall in data and in doing so provides a significant contribution to knowledge in the area of using solar thermal storage for space heating of residential buildings. An in depth literature review was undertaken as part of the research programme, which identified the key shortcomings in existing PCM based thermal storage systems for space heating. An underfloor space heating system for residential buildings was therefore developed that addresses the weaknesses of the existing systems highlighted in the literature review. The system stores solar thermal energy during the day and then uses this to provide space heating in the evening, thus addressing the problem of matching solar availability to demand. An experimental approach was adopted for the study as numerous researchers (Kauranen et al., 1991, Hasnian, 1998, Kenisarin and Mahkamov, 2007), have demonstrated the unreliability of manufacturer's published thermophysical properties of PCM. Therefore, this research chose to adopt an experimental model approach instead of a mathematical modelling approach. A model consisting of a full size solar collector 4m2 in area and a PCM filled underfloor heating panel was constructed in the laboratory. A methodology was developed to measure the performance of the key modules which allowed the performance of the system to be evaluated. The experimental data indicated that it was possible to use a low flow rate of 2.52 litres per minute, without a detrimental effect on the performance of the PCM panel. The use of a low flow rate minimises parasitic losses and produces significant energy savings in comparison to the use of higher flow rates. The experimental results indicated that the system was able to provide adequate thermal comfort with a maximum floor heat emission of 158 W/m using a flow rate temperature of 50°C. Comparisons of the annual space heating energy of the developed integrated system versus a wet central heating system in the UK revealed a significant reduction of energy use and associated CO2 emissions by as much as 52%.

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Rakkimuthu, Sathyaprabha. "Improved Thermoregulation Of Brain Temperature Using Phase Change Material-Mediated Head Cooling System." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1613750048541054.

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Irwin, Matthew A. "Testing of Carbon Foam with a Phase Change Material for Thermal Energy Storage." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1399489817.

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Mahdi, Jasim M. "ENHANCEMENT OF PHASE CHANGE MATERIAL (PCM) THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE IN TRIPLEX-TUBE SYSTEMS." OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/1533.

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The major challenge associated with renewable-energy systems especially solar, is the supply intermittency. One effective solution is to incorporate thermal energy storage components utilizing phase change materials (PCMs). These materials have the potential to store large amounts of energy in relatively small volumes and within nearly an isothermal storage process. The primary drawback of today’s PCMs is that their low thermal conductivity values critically limit their energy storage applications. Also, this grossly reduces the melting/ solidification rates, thus making the system response time to be too long. So, the application of heat transfer enhancement is very important. To improve the PCM storage performance, an efficient performing containment vessel (triplex-tube) along with applications of various heat transfer enhancement techniques was investigated. The techniques were; (i) dispersion of solid nanoparticles, (ii) incorporation of metal foam with nanoparticle dispersion, and (iii) insertion of longitudinal fins with nanoparticle dispersion. Validated simulation models were developed to examine the effects of implementing these techniques on the PCM phase-change rate during the energy storage and recovery modes. The results are presented with detailed model description, analysis, and conclusions. Results show that the use of nanoparticles with metal foam or fins is more efficient than using nanoparticles alone within the same volume usage. Also, employing metal foam or fins alone results in much better improvement for the same system volume.

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Wei, Xiupeng. "Multiscale modeling and simulation of material phase change problems: ice melting and copper crystallization." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/904.

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The primary objective of this work is to propose a state-of-the-art physics based multiscale modeling framework for simulating material phase change problems. Both ice melting and copper crystallization problems are selected to demonstrate this multiscale modeling and simulation. The computational methods employed in this thesis include: classical molecular dynamics, finite element method, phase-field method, and multiscale (nano/micro coupling) methods. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) is a well-known method to study material behaviors at atomic level. Due to the limit of MD, it is not realistic to provide a complete molecular model for simulations at large length and time scales. Continuum methods, including finite element methods, should be employed in this case. In this thesis, MD is employed to study phase change problems at the nanoscale. In order to study material phase change problems at the microscale, a thermal wave method one-way coupling with the MD and a phase-field method one-way coupling with MD are proposed. The thermal wave method is more accurate than classical thermal diffusion for the study of heat transfer problems especially in crystal based structures. The second model is based on the well-known phase-field method. It is modified to respond to the thermal propagation in the crystal matrix by the thermal wave method, as well as modified to respond to temperature gradients and heat fluxes by employing the Dual-Phase-Lag method. Both methods are coupled with MD to obtain realistic results. It should be noted that MD simulations can be conducted to obtain material/thermal properties for microscopic and/or macroscopic simulations for the purpose of hierarchical/sequential multiscale modeling. These material parameters include thermal conductivity, specific heat, latent heat, and relaxation time. Other type of interfacial parameters that occur during the phase change process, such as nucleus shape, interfacial energy, interfacial thickness, etc., are also obtained by MD simulation since these have so far been too difficult to measure experimentally. I consider two common phase change phenomena, ice melting and copper crystallization, in this thesis. For the case of ice melting, MD is first employed to study its phase change process and obtain thermal properties of ice and water. Several potential models are used. I conduct simulations of both bulk ice and ice/water contacting cases. It is found that various potential models result in similar melting phenomena, especially melting speed. Size effects are also studied and it is found that the melting time is longer for larger bulk ice segments but that the average melting speed is size dependent. There is no size effect for the melting speed at ice/water interface at the nanoscale if the same temperature gradient is applied. The melting speed of ice should depend on the temperature gradient. To study ice melting at the microscale, the thermal wave model is employed with parameters obtained from MD simulations. It is found that ice melting speed is scale, for both length scale and time scale, dependent. For the case of copper crystallization, an EAM potential is first employed to conduct MD simulations for studying the copper crystallization process at the nanoscale. I obtain thermal properties and interfacial parameters, including thermal diffusion coefficient, latent heat, relaxation time, interfacial thickness, interfacial energy and the anisotropy coefficients, and nucleus shape etc. A central symmetry parameter is used to identify an atom in solid state or liquid state. And then an initial nucleus shape is obtained and used as the input for microscale simulation, in which the phase-field method is used to study copper crystallization at the microscale.

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Boampong, James Kwadwo. "Solar thermal heating of a glasshouse using phase change material (PCM) thermal storage techniques." Thesis, Brunel University, 2015. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/12863.

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The Royal Botanic Gardens (RGB) is used as an umbrella name for the institution that runs Kew and Wakehurst Place gardens in Sussex The RBG has a large number of glasshouses at Kew and Wakehurst sites that consume lots of heating energy which is a major concern and the group is looking for an alternative heating system that will be more efficient and sustainable to save energy, cost and reduce CO2 emissions. Glasshouse due to greenhouse effect trap solar energy in the space with the slightest solar gains but the energy trapped in the space most often is vented through the roof wasted to keep the space temperature to the required level. An environmental measurement was carried out in twenty one zones of the glasshouse to establish the temperature and humidity profiles in the zones for at least three weeks. The investigation established that large amount of heat energy is vented to the atmosphere wasted and therefore need a heating system that could absorb and store the waste thermal energy. Phase change material (PCM) thermal energy storage technique was selected to be the best options compared to the others. It has been established that active and passive solar systems could provide enough thermal energy to meet the glasshouse heating requirements. PCM filled heating pipes will be installed to absorb the heat energy trapped in the glasshouse and use it when needed. The research analysis established that 204 MWh of the trapped energy wasted could be saved. The space temperature of the glasshouse could be maintained through melting and freezing of the PCM filled in the heating pipes. The site CHP waste heat could be useful. The research results have shown that nearly zero CO2 emission heating system could be achieved and the project is technically, economically and environmentally viable.

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Bhansali, Anil P. "Heat transfer resulting from a turbulent, submerged jet impinging on a phase change material." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19568.

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Gunasekara, Saman Nimali. "Phase Equilibrium-aided Design of Phase Change Materials from Blends : For Thermal Energy Storage." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212440.

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Climate change is no longer imminent but eminent. To combat climate change, effective, efficient and smart energy use is imperative. Thermal energy storage (TES) with phase change materials (PCMs) is one attractive choice to realize this. Besides suitable phase change temperatures and enthalpies, the PCMs should also be robust, non-toxic, environmental-friendly and cost-effective. Cost-effective PCMs can be realized in bulk blends. Blends however do not have robust phase change unless chosen articulately. This thesis links bulk blends and robust, cost-effective PCMs via the systematic design of blends as PCMs involving phase equilibrium evaluations. The key fundamental phase equilibrium knowledge vital to accurately select robust PCMs within blends is established here. A congruent melting composition is the most PCM-ideal among blends. Eutectics are nearly ideal if supercooling is absent. Any incongruent melting composition, including peritectics, are unsuitable as PCMs. A comprehensive state-of-the-art evaluation of the phase equilibrium-based PCM design exposed the underinvestigated categories: congruent melting compositions, metal alloys, polyols and fats. Here the methods and conditions essential for a comprehensive and transparent phase equilibrium assessment for designing PCMs in blends are specified. The phase diagrams of the systems erythritol-xylitol and dodecane-tridecane with PCM potential are comprehensively evaluated. The erythritol-xylitol system contains a eutectic in a partially isomorphous system unlike in a non-isomorphous system as previous literature proposed. The dodecane-tridecane system forms a probable congruent minimum-melting solid solution, but not a maximum-melting liquidus or a eutectic as was previously proposed. The sustainability aspects of a PCM-based TES system are also investigated. Erythritol becomes cost-effective if produced using glycerol from bio-diesel production. Olive oil is cost-effective and has potential PCM compositions for cold storage. A critical need exists in the standardization of methods and transparent results reporting of the phase equilibrium investigations in the PCM-context. This can be achieved e.g. through international TES collaboration platforms.
Energi är en integrerad del av samhället men energiprocesser leder till miljöbelastning, och klimatförändringar. Därför är effektiv energianvändning, ökad energieffektivitet och smart energihantering nödvändigt. Värmeenergilagring (TES) är ett attraktivt val för att bemöta detta behov, där ett lagringsalternativ med hög densitet är s.k. fasomvandlingsmaterial (PCM). Ett exempel på ett billigt, vanligt förekommande PCM är systemet vatten-is, vilket har använts av människor i tusentals år. För att tillgodose de många värme- och kylbehov som idag uppstår inom ett brett temperaturintervall, är det viktigt med innovativ design av PCM. Förutom lämplig fasförändringstemperaturer, entalpi och andra termofysikaliska egenskaper, bör PCM också ha robust fasändring, vara miljövänlig och kostnadseffektiv. För att förverkliga storskaliga TES system med PCM, är måste kostnadseffektivitet och robust funktion under många cykler bland de viktigaste utmaningarna. Kostnadseffektiva PCM kan bäst erhållas från naturliga eller industriella material i bulkskala, vilket i huvudsak leder till materialblandningar, snarare än rena ämnen. Blandningar uppvisar dock komplexa fasförändringsförlopp, underkylning och/eller inkongruent smältprocess som leder till fasseparation. Denna doktorsavhandling ger ny kunskap som möjliggör att bulkblandningar kan bli kostnadseffektiva och robusta PCM-material, med hjälp av den systematiskutvärdering av fasjämvikt och fasdiagram. Arbetet visar att detta kräver förståelse av relevanta grundläggande fasjämviktsteorier, omfattande termiska och fysikalisk-kemiska karakteriseringar, och allmänt tillämpliga teoretiska utvärderingar. Denna avhandling specificerar befintlig fasjämviktsteori för PCM-sammanhang, men sikte på att kunna välja robusta PCM blandningar med specifika egenskaper, beroende på tillämpning. Analysen visar att blandningar med en sammansättning som leder till kongruent smältande, där faser i jämvikt har samma sammansättning, är ideala bland PCM-blandningar. Kongruent smältande fasta faser som utgör föreningar eller fasta lösningar av ingående komponenter är därför ideala. Eutektiska blandningar är nästan lika bra som PCM, så länge underkylning inte förekommer. Därmed finns en stor potential för att finna och karakterisera PCM-ideala blandningar som bildar kongruent smältande föreningar eller fasta lösningar. Därigenom kan blandningar med en skarp, reversibel fasändring och utan fasseparation erhållas – egenskaper som liknar rena materialens fasändringsprocess. Vidare kan man, via fasdiagram, påvisa de blandningar som är inkongruent smältande, inklusive peritektiska blandningar, som är direkt olämpliga som PCM. Denna avhandling ger grundläggande kunskap som är en förutsättning för att designa PCM i blandningar. Genom en omfattande state-of-the-art utvärdering av fas-jämviktsbaserad PCM-design lyfter arbetet de PCM-idealiska blandningarna som hittills inte fått någon uppmärksamhet, såsom kongruenta smältande blandningar, och materialkategorierna metallegeringar, polyoler och fetter. Resultatet av arbetet visar dessutom att vissa PCM-material som ibland föreslås är direkt olämpliga då fasdiagram undersöks, bl a pga underkylning och även peritektiska system med fasseparation och degradering av kapaciteten (t ex Glauber-salt och natriumacetat-trihydrat). Denna avhandling specificerar och upprättar grundläggande teori samt tekniker, tillvägagångssätt och förhållanden som är nödvändiga för en omfattande och genomsynlig fasjämviktsbedömning, för utformning av PCM från blandningar för energilagering. Med detta som bas har följande fasdiagramtagits fram fullständigt: för erytritol-xylitol och för dodekan-tridekan, med PCM-potential för låg temperaturuppvärmning (60-120 °C) respektive frysning (-10 °C till -20 °C) utvärderas fullständigt. Erytritol-xylitol systemet har funnits vara eutektiskt i ett delvis isomorft system, snarare än ett icke-isomorft system vilket har föreslagits tidigare litteratur. Dodekan-tridekan systemet bildar ett system med kongruent smältande fast lösning (idealisk som en PCM) vid en minimumtemperatur, till skillnad från tidigare litteratur som föreslagt en maximumtemperatur, eller ett eutektiskt system. Teoretisk modellering av fasjämvikt har också genomförts för att komplettera det experimentella fasdiagrammet för systemet erytritol-xylitol. Efter granskning av de metoder som använts tidigare i PCM-litteraturen har här valts ett generiskt tillvägagångssätt (CALPHAD-metoden). Denna generiska metod kan bedöma vilken typ av material och fasändring som helst, till skillnad från en tidigare använda metoder som är specifika för materialtyper eller kemiska egenskaper. Denna teoretiska studie bekräftar termodynamiskt solvus, solidus, eutektisk punkt och erytritol-xylitol fasdiagrammet i sin helhet. Vad gäller hållbarhetsaspekter med PCM-baserad TES, lyfter denna avhandling fokus på förnybara och kostnadseffektiva material (t.ex. polyoler och fetter) som PCM. Som exempel har här undersökts erytritol och olivolja, med förnybart ursprung. Erytritol skulle kunna bli ett kostnadseffektivt PCM (163 USD/kWh), om det produceras av glycerol vilket är en biprodukt från biodiesel/bioetanolframställning. Olivolja är ännu ett kostnadseffektivt material (144 USD/kWh), och som här har påvisats innehålla potentiella PCM sammansättningar med lämpliga fasändringsegenskaper för kylatillämpningar. En övergripande slutsats från denna avhandling är att det finns ett behov av att standardisera tekniker, metoder och transparent resultatrapportering när det gäller undersökningar av fasjämvikt och fasdiagram i PCM-sammanhang. Internationella samarbetsplattformar för TES är en väg att koordinera arbetet.

QC 20170830

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Lamoureux, Alexandre. "Investigations of a closed-loop thermosyphon operating with slurries of a microencapsulated phase-change material." Thesis, McGill University, 2012. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=110407.

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Complementary computational and experimental investigations of steady, laminar, fluid flow and heat transfer in a vertical closed-loop thermosyphon operating with slurries of a microencapsulated phase-change material (MCPCM) suspended in distilled water are presented.The MCPCM particles consisted of a solid-liquid phase-change material (PCM) encapsulated in a polymer resin shell. Their effective diameter was in the range 0.5 μm to 12.5 μm, and had a mean value of 2.5 μm. Tests conducted with a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) yielded the following data: starting with the PCM in its solid state, during monotonic heating, its melting starts gradually at about 20.0 °C, occurs mainly between 25.8 °C to 28.6 °C, and is completed by about 32.5 °C; during cooling after complete melting, supercooling of the liquid PCM to a temperature of about 18.1 °C is required for the initiation of freezing, which is then completed by about 15.0 °C; if cooling is started after only partial melting, no supercooling is required to start the freezing process; and the latent heat of fusion of the encapsulated PCM is 129.5 kJ/kg. The DSC data were used to deduce the variation of the effective specific heat of the MCPCM with temperature during both heating (melting) and cooling (freezing) processes. The effective density of the MCPCM during these processes was also determined, and the rheological behavior of the slurries was characterized. In the range of parameters considered, the slurries exhibited non-Newtonian behavior. The related experimental equipment, procedures, findings, and correlations for the aforementioned effective properties (for temperatures between 5°C and 55°C) are presented and discussed. The effective thermal conductivity of the slurries was determined using a correlation available in the literature. A thermosyphon was designed, built, instrumented, and used in the experimental investigation. It consisted of two vertical straight pipes (ID = 10.21 mm, OD = 12.70 mm and height of 2.198 m) made of stainless steel (316), joined together by two vertical semi-circular 180° bends made of the same pipe (mean bend radius of 0.229 m). On a portion of one of the vertical pipes, a Teflon-insulated nichrome wire was tightly wound on the outer surface and electrically heated to provide a thermal boundary condition of essentially constant heat flux, ranging from 150 W/m^2 to 1850 W/m^2. A portion of the other vertical pipe was cooled using a concentric annular heat exchanger, and its wall temperature was maintained at 13 °C and 19.5 °C. The outer surfaces of these various components of the thermosyphon were very well insulated. Calibrated thermocouples were used to measure outer-wall-surface temperature at numerous points over the heated portion and the bulk temperature of the slurry at four different locations. A special procedure was formulated, benchmarked, and used to deduce the mass flow rate of the slurries in the thermosyphon. The experimental investigation was conducted with slurries of MCPCM mass concentration 0% (pure distilled water), 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15%, and 17.5%.In the computational investigation, a cost-effective homogeneous mathematical model was proposed and used for simulations of the laminar fluid flow and heat transfer. A control-volume finite element method was formulated (with several novel features) and employed to solve the two-dimensional, steady, axisymmetric fluid flow and thermal problems in the vertical heating and cooling sections of the thermosyphon, where local buoyancy effects were significant. In the remaining portions of the thermosyphon, a quasi-one-dimensional thermofluid model was used and solved using a segmented numerical method. This 1-D/2-D model and the numerical methods are described with special attention being given to the treatment of highly variable properties.Finally, the numerical and experimental results obtained in this investigation are presented, compared, and discussed.
Cette thèse présente des études numériques et expérimentales complémentaires d'écoulements laminaires et de transfert de chaleur en régime permanent au sein d'un thermosiphon à boucle fermée verticale opérant avec des suspensions de microcapsules d'un matériau à changement de phase (MCMCP) dispersées dans de l'eau distillée.Les MCMCP sont formées d'un matériau à changement de phase (MCP) encapsulé dans une enveloppe de résine polymérique. Leur diamètre équivalent est compris entre 0,5 μm et 12,5 μm et possède une valeur moyenne de 2,5 μm. Des études menées à l'aide d'un calorimètre différentiel à balayage (CDB) ont permis d'obtenir les données suivantes : lorsque soumis à un réchauffement continu à partir de l'état solide, la fusion du MCP s'amorce autour de 20,0 °C, se produit principalement entre 25,8 °C et 28,6 °C et se termine autour de 32,5 °C ; lorsqu'un refroidissement est entamé suite à une fusion complète, un abaissement de la température du MCP liquide à 18,1 °C est nécessaire afin d'amorcer la solidification qui se conclut alors à 15,0 °C ; si le refroidissement est entamé suite à une fusion partielle, le phénomène de surfusion décrit précédemment est absent ; finalement, la chaleur latente de fusion du MCP encapsulé est de 129,5 kJ/kg. Les données obtenues à l'aide du CDB ont permis d'évaluer la chaleur massique équivalente des MCMCP en fonction de la température lors d'un chauffage (fusion) et d'un refroidissement (solidification). La masse volumique équivalente des MCMCP fut aussi mesurée pour ces deux processus et le comportement rhéologique des MCMCP fut caractérisé comme étant non newtonien. Le matériel expérimental, les procédures, les résultats ainsi que les corrélations décrivant les propriétés équivalentes énumérées ci-haut (pour des températures allant de 5 °C à 55 °C) sont présentés. Un thermosiphon a été conçu, construit, instrumenté et utilisé afin de mener les expériences. Il est composé de deux tuyaux verticaux (diamètres interne et externe de 10,21 mm et 12,70 mm) faits d'acier inoxydable (316) et joints par deux coudes de 180° (rayon de courbure de 0.229 m) de sections transversales identiques. Un fil de nichrome recouvert d'une gaine isolante de Téflon embobiné autour d'une portion de la surface extérieure de l'un des tuyaux verticaux et ensuite chauffé à l'aide d'un courant électrique permit d'appliquer une condition aux limites s'apparentant à un flux thermique essentiellement constant (allant de 150 W/m^2 à 1850 W/m^2). Une portion de l'autre tuyau vertical a été refroidie à l'aide d'un échangeur de chaleur annulaire grâce auquel la température de sa paroi externe fut maintenue à 13 °C et 19.5 °C. Les surfaces externes des composants formant le thermosiphon ont été recouvertes d'un isolant. Des thermocouples étalonnés ont permis de mesurer la température de la surface externe de la section chauffante à de multiples endroits ainsi que la température de mélange à quatre emplacements de la boucle. Une procédure permettant de mesurer le débit massique des suspensions au sein du thermosiphon a été formulée et validée. Les études expérimentales ont été menées avec des suspensions ayant des concentrations massiques de 0% (eau distillée), 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, 15% et 17.5%.Un modèle homogène a été proposé et utilisé lors des simulations d'écoulements et de transfert de chaleur en régime laminaire. Une méthode des éléments finis à volumes de contrôle a été formulée ainsi qu'améliorée avant d'être ultimement utilisée afin de résoudre les problèmes stationnaires et axisymétriques au sein des sections de chauffage et de refroidissement, où les effets de convection mixte sont significatifs. Une approche quasi unidimensionnelle, résolue à l'aide d'une méthode numérique segmentée, a été utilisée dans les autres sections du thermosiphon afin d'y résoudre les problèmes d'écoulements et de transfert de chaleur.Finalement, les résultats des simulations et des expériences sont présentés, comparés puis discutés.

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Srinivas, V. S. S. "Topology Optimization Of Composite Heat-Sinks Involving Phase-Change Material." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/816.

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The principal goal of this thesis is to develop a systematic method for the design of composite heat sinks (CHSs) that serve as passive and transient cooling devices for microelectronics. This is accomplished by posing the CHS design problem as a topology optimization problem wherein a phase-change material and a high-conductivity material are to be optimally distributed. Two different types of formulations are proposed. The first one aims to maximize the time of operation before a tolerable temperature is reached at the interface between a heat source and the CHS. The second one aims to minimize the maximum temperature across the heating interface for a given time of operation. The two materials are interpolated in topology optimization using the usual mixture law with penalty. The phase-change is modeled using the apparent heat capacity method in which the specific heat is taken as a nonlinear function of the temperature so that the latent heat absorption is accounted for at the melting point. The ensuing new transient topology optimization problem involving an interpolated material property that depends on the state variable is solved using continuous optimization algorithm. The validity of the phase-change modeling is verified with a one dimensional model as well as experimentation. Analytical sensitivity analysis is derived and verified with the finite difference derivatives. Several examples are solved to illustrate the intricacies of the problem and the effectiveness and the limitations of the proposed design method. Prototypes of an intuitively conceived CHS and optimized one are made. An experimental setup is devised to test the two prototypes. Based on the insight gained from the experiments, an improved conduction model is studied to also incorporate convective heat transfer also into the model.

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WANG, CHIH-HUNG, and 王志宏. "A Study of Diatomite Composite Phase Change Materials." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qmhkau.

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碩士
朝陽科技大學
應用化學系
106
In this study reports on the functionalization of recycled diatomite for preparing green and shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM); the SSPCM can be employed in Nylon to form thermo-regulating textiles. To avoid PCM leakage, PCM is adsorbed on diatomite with a stable structure. The purified diatomite(HD)adsorbs polyethylene glycol(PEG) by the straight dipping process for producing SSPCM. HD shows a high surface area of 58 m2g-1 and low organic impurity (<1%); the PEG/P-DT SSPCM exhibited high latent heat of 45 Jg-1 and low leakage (<0.2%). The thermal cycling test also showed excellent stability after 50 cycles. By adding SSPCM into the Nylon, the composite improved the 5% decomposition temperature (Td5) from 426.3oC to 442.1oC. The composite NCPCM7 exhibited impact and tensile strengths of 54.89 J/m and 45.95 MPa, respectively. The water absorption test results show that the addition of diatomite can increase the water absorption of the composite material. Moreover, NCPCM7 can reduce the temperature from 34.9 oC to 32.7 oC. Antibacterial test analysis, the antibacterial potential of the composite material reached more than 96%, with good antibacterial effect.

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