Relevant bibliographies by topics / Composite materials – Moisture

Academic literature on the topic 'Composite materials – Moisture'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Composite materials – Moisture"

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Tsotsis, T. K. "Effects of Sub-Freezing Temperatures on Graphite/Epoxy Composite Materials." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 111, no. 4 (October 1, 1989): 438–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3226492.

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Moisture in composite materials has been the subject of considerable interest in the past decade. Many studies have shown that moisture directly causes damage in graphite/epoxy composite materials. With the increasing use of such composites in various environments, an assessment of the effects of sub-freezing and/or cryogenic temperatures on composites containing moisture is needed. This article presents a summary of these effects and demonstrates that reductions in strength at low temperatures are not due to the formation of ice crystals, but instead are due to changes in the residual stresses caused by absorbed moisture.
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Fan, Yansheng, Min Li, Yizhuo Gu, Shaokai Wang, and Yanjie Wang. "Effects of Z-pin on moisture absorption property and damage mode under flexural load for carbon fiber composite." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2022-0020.

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Abstract The effect of carbon fiber Z-pin on carbon fiber composite under moisture condition with and without flexural load was investigated in this work. Moisture absorption property and crack propagation of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy matrix composite and Z-pinned composite were evaluated under moisture only and moisture-coupled load conditions. The moisture property was evaluated by moisture content and microscopic morphology obtained using X-ray micro-computed tomography (X-ray μCT). The microstructures inside composites and Z-pinned composites after moisture conditions and three-point flexural test were detected using X-ray μCT and optical microscope. It illustrates that the moisture content of Z-pinned composites is higher due to the rich-resin pocket brought by the implantation of Z-pin. The cracks are obvious inside Z-pinned composites after moisture-coupled load conditions. It is attributed to the implantation of each pin which is the weak point for stress concentration and crack formation. Failure morphologies on the surface of composites and Z-pinned composites are different under different moisture conditions. Less macro-interlayer cracks are detected on the surface of Z-pinned composites, and plenty of microcracks initiating from pins are observed.
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Sateesh, N., P. Sampath Rao, D. V. Ravishanker, and K. Satyanarayana. "Effect of Moisture on GFRP Composite Materials." Materials Today: Proceedings 2, no. 4-5 (2015): 2902–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.252.

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Barakhov, V. I., V. V. Chernyaev, and V. I. Goncharov. "Random migration of moisture in composite materials." Journal of Engineering Physics 59, no. 5 (November 1990): 1427–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00872962.

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Youssef, G., S. Fréour, and F. Jacquemin. "Stress-dependent Moisture Diffusion in Composite Materials." Journal of Composite Materials 43, no. 15 (June 8, 2009): 1621–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998309339222.

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Perisic, Srdjan, Marija Vuksanovic, Milos Petrovic, Andjela Radisavljevic, Aleksandar Grujic, Radmila Jancic-Heinemann, and Vesna Radojevic. "Impact of alumina particles on the morphology and mechanics of hybrid wood plastic composite materials." Science of Sintering 51, no. 1 (2019): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1901115p.

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Hybrid composite panels of Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) consisting of wood and poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were reinforced with alumina particles and made by ?hot pressing? method. Alumina-based particles were made by sol-gel technique. The particles were characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The resulting alumina particles were modified with (3mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS), in order to obtain better mechanical properties of the composite relative to the composite with unmodified alumina particles. The aim of this work was to study the influence of composite structure and the moisture absorption on bending and the impact properties of the hybrid composite. The bending and impact tests revealed that modulus of elasticity and absorbed energy of deformation increased with modification of alumina and slightly decrease after moisture absorption.
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Sorrentino, Romualdo, Luigi Di Palma, Michele Inverno, and Paolo Vernillo. "An Impedance Measurement Technique for Composite Materials Moisture Level Detection Devoted to Health Monitoring in Aeronautics." Journal of Composites Science 3, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs3030076.

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The current design practice of composite material aeronautical structures imposes the use of knock-down structural material allowables to take into account the high sensitivity to environmental exposure (i.e., moisture, temperature, damages). The “moisture derating factor” comes from specific mechanical test campaign and drastically reduces the advantage of using such materials; but the continuous monitoring of the moisture content of the structure could enable the use of higher design allowables. In the framework of FUSIMCO (Work developed within the frame of the Project FUSIMCO-FUSoliera Ibrida Metallo COmposito-co-financed by MIUR-Italian Ministry of Research with DAC-Campania Aerospace District as beneficiary and Leonardo Company-Aerostructure Division as “prime” partner) project, the aim of this study is to verify the effectiveness of the impedance measurement method as a health-monitoring tool to evaluate the moisture quantity absorbed by an aeronautical composite structure. The method is based on the idea that a composite laminate can be associated with an equivalent electric circuit (EEC). Some electrical characteristics of this EEC can be associated to the moisture content of the laminate. A simple EEC model, mainly capacitive, was used. A frequency sweep was the electric stimulus signal of some electrodes, glued onto the specimens to investigate the EEC parameters variation with respect to the induced moisture content variation (gravimetrically determined). The study confirmed the possibility of effectively using the impedance measurement method as a health-monitoring tool for moisture content evaluation of a composite laminate.
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Shen, Bing, HongJun Liu, Shengli Lv, Zheng Li, and Wen Cheng. "Acid Aging of CFRP Composite Materials for Solar UAV Structure." International Journal of Aerospace Engineering 2021 (October 15, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1664847.

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The purpose of this investigation is to study the performance degradation mechanism of CRRP composite materials used in the structure of a solar UAV under acid rain environment and to provide references for the structural design of the solar UAV. An aging test was designed according to the actual working conditions of the solar unmanned aerial vehicle and was carried out by continuously immersing the composite material in both deionized water and an acidic solution with a pH of 2.0 at 60°C. The mechanical behavior of the composites was studied through a three-point bending test. The results showed that after 120 days of aging test, the composite material exhibits different characteristics in the two conditions. The composite material under the hygrothermal conditions finally reached the equilibrium moisture absorption content of 1.07%, and the flexural strength decreased by 8.77%. The composite material under acidic conditions deviated from the Fick behavior in the final stage of the test, and the final moisture content was 2.88%, and the bending strength decreased by 26.43%. Several typical empirical models were analyzed, and a hyperbolic tangent function empirical model with moisture content as the main variable was used to predict the CFRP flexural strength degradation process, and good results were obtained. The effect of aging conditions on the microstructure of composite materials was observed by SEM, and the aging mechanism of composite materials was analyzed. The corrosion of the polymer matrix and the debonding of the fiber/matrix interface are the root causes of the performance degradation of composite materials.
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Mensitieri, G., M. A. Del Nobile, A. Apicella, and L. Nicolais. "Moisture-Matrix Interactions in Polymer Based Composite Materials." Revue de l'Institut Français du Pétrole 50, no. 4 (July 1995): 551–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst:1995034.

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Wang, John Z., David A. Dillard, Michael P. Wolcott, Frederick A. Kamke, and Garth L. Wilkes. "Transient Moisture Effects in Fibers and Composite Materials." Journal of Composite Materials 24, no. 9 (September 1990): 994–1009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002199839002400906.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Composite materials – Moisture"

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Davison, Sneha Patel. "Enviro-Mechanical Durability of Graphite/Epoxy Composite Materials." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/11087.

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Carbon/epoxy laminates are receiving greater attention by the infrastructure, marine, and offshore oil industries due to the need for superior performance capabilities. Such applications generally involve subjecting materials to harsh temperature and moisture conditions. The objective of this study was to provide a greater understanding of how temperature and moisture affect the strength and fatigue behavior of carbon/epoxy composites and the issues involved in modeling these effects. Results from thermal analysis and quasi-static testing on neat resin and unidirectional laminates as a function of temperature and moisture are presented which provide insight into how material properties vary with temperature and moisture and form the inputs necessary to evaluate composite strength and damage models. Fatigue life and damage accumulation testing results provide further insight into the effects of temperature and moisture and also provide a means for model validation. Generally, composite strength was found to be compromised by temperature but enhanced with moisture, while fatigue life was reduced by both temperature and moisture. Crack density with fatigue cycles was found to decrease with temperature but increase for immersed fatigue. Testing also revealed discrepancies between the edge replication and radiography methods for determining crack density. The analytical phase of the work considered a composite strength model and a damage evolution model to predict crack density. The composite strength model was found to provide an accurate dry, room temperature prediction which could be extended to an accurate prediction of wet specimen strength, but the results at elevated temperature fell conservative. The validation of the damage model proved inconclusive as it was found that the results are very sensitive to quantities such as thermal residual stresses and first ply failure. Currently, no reliable methods are available in the literature to determine these values accurately. However, the model was able to predict the decrease in crack density at elevated temperatures. The increase in crack density for immersed fatigue was not predicted. Overall, the study revealed that a more basic understanding of "in-situ" ply properties are needed before one can consider the use of predictive models in practical applications, especially in varying environments.
Ph. D.
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Ryan, Joanne Maureen. "Relating moisture ingress to component strength and stiffness for carbon-fibre composites." Thesis, Swansea University, 2011. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42389.

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Moisture diffusion studies were performed using unidirectional (UD) tape and quasiisotropic (QI) woven 5-harness satin fabric, carbon fibre reinforced (CFR) epoxy composite materials. Firstly the moisture constants, (i.e. diffusion coefficient, D[x], and equilibrium moisture content, M[max]) were experimentally derived at 70°C and 85% relative humidity (%RH), for the two CFR materials. To investigate moisture absorption as a function of %RH test coupons were conditioned to differing equilibrium moisture levels viz., 70°C/60%RH, 70°C/75%RH, 70°C/85%RH, and 70°C/95%RH. Also oven dry (OD) and as-received (AR) tests were performed for baseline comparison. The effect of moisture absorption on the mechanical behaviour was investigated; lamina properties were studied by measuring tension, compression, shear (inter/intralaminar) strength and stiffness of the UD material. This comprehensive set of testing provided quantitative relationships between moisture content and mechanical properties. The quasi-isotropic lay-up was then utilised to investigate multi-directional laminate lay-ups using open hole tension and compression testing. The experimental data showed that the uptake of moisture in both the materials studied was described well by Fick's Second Law and the properties most affected by moisture ingress were matrix-dominated properties. More specifically, the transverse tensile strength, F[t][2] was most affected by the ingress of moisture, with a near 50% reduction in strength when conditioned to equilibrium moisture content at 70°C/95%RH. Such information is a necessary prerequisite if improved design procedures are going to be developed in the future. The initial phase of testing produced mechanical property/moisture relationships that were employed to predict the strength and stiffness of the material containing specific moisture gradients through-the-thickness (TTT). To be able to predict mechanical properties with different moisture distribution, firstly moisture distribution TTT of the material was modelled using an analytical solution to Fick's Second Law. Then moisture content was considered on a ply-by-ply basis TTT of the laminate; reductions were applied to each individual ply property dependent on the moisture content using the experimentally derived relationships, essentially applying environmental knock-down factors (KEKDF'S) to each individual ply. Classical Laminate Analysis (CLA) was then performed using the Max Stress failure criteria in order to predict the overall laminate failure. A second phase of mechanical testing was then performed to validate these predictions. The mechanical property predictions compared well to the experimental data showing similar reductions in strength for a given profile of moisture in the laminate. The predicted strengths also fell within the measured standard deviation of the experimental data in a significant proportion of the results.
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Wang, Zhiqiang. "Transient moisture effects on the viscoelasticity of synthetic fibers and composites." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/39695.

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Earl, Jacqueline Sonia. "The influence of hygrothermal ageing on polymeric composite sandwich materials and structures." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342836.

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Tai, David Seechung. "A new model of moisture evaporation in composite materials in rapid temperature rise environments." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49920.

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Cheng, Qingzheng. "Microstuctural Changes in Wood-Plastic Composites (WPC) Due to Extended Moisture Cycling and its Relationship to Mechanical Performance Changes." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2005. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ChengQ2005.pdf.

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Eyre, Kyle J. "Moisture absorption and stiffness degradation of carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite specimens exposed to accelerated environmental aging conditions." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1313919681&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Томас, А. А., and Л. И. Гутенко. "Причины и способы устранения проблемы влагопоглощения в композиционных материалах на основе ПТФЭ и УВ." Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8267.

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Roy, Samit. "A finite element analysis of adhesively bonded composite joints including geometric nonlinearity, nonlinear viscoelasticity, moisture diffusion and delayed failure." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/88624.

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A two-dimensional finite-element computational procedure is developed for the accurate analysis of the strains and stresses in adhesively bonded joints. The large displacements and rotations experienced by the adherends and the adhesive are taken into account by invoking the updated Lagrangian description of motion. The adhesive layer is modeled using Schapery's nonlinear single integral constitutive law for uniaxial and multiaxial states of stress. Effect of temperature and stress level on the viscoelastic response is taken into account by a nonlinear shift factor definition. Penetrant sorption is accounted for by a nonlinear Fickean diffusion model in which the diffusion coefficient is dependent on the penetrant concentration and the dilatational strain. A delayed failure criterion based on the Reiner-Weisenberg failure theory has also been implemented in the finite element code. The applicability of the proposed models is demonstrated by several numerical examples.
Doctor of Philosophy
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Musaramthota, Vishal. "Prediction of Fracture Toughness and Durability of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints with Undesirable Bonding Conditions." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2513.

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Advanced composite materials have enabled the conventional aircraft structures to reduce weight, improve fuel efficiency and offer superior mechanical properties. In the past, materials such as aluminum, steel or titanium have been used to manufacture aircraft structures for support of heavy loads. Within the last decade or so, demand for advanced composite materials have been emerging that offer significant advantages over the traditional metallic materials. Of particular interest in the recent years, there has been an upsurge in scientific significance in the usage of adhesively bonded composite joints (ABCJ’s). ABCJ’s negate the introduction of stress risers that are associated with riveting or other classical techniques. In today’s aircraft transportation market, there is a push to increase structural efficiency by promoting adhesive bonding to primary joining of aircraft structures. This research is focused on the issues associated with the durability and related failures in bonded composite joints that continue to be a critical hindrance to the universal acceptance of ABCJ’s. Of particular interest are the short term strength, contamination and long term durability of ABCJ’s. One of the factors that influence bond performance is contamination and in this study the influence of contamination on composite-adhesive bond quality was investigated through the development of a repeatable and scalable surface contamination procedure. Results showed an increase in the contaminant coverage area decreases the overall bond strength significantly. A direct correlation between the contaminant coverage area and the fracture toughness of the bonded joint was established. Another factor that influences bond performance during an aircraft’s service life is its long term strength upon exposure to harsh environmental conditions or when subjected to severe mechanical loading. A test procedure was successfully developed in order to evaluate durability of ABCJ’s comprising severe environmental conditioning, fatiguing in ambient air and a combination of both. The bonds produced were durable enough to sustain the tests cases mentioned above when conditioned for 8 weeks and did not experience any loss in strength. Specimens that were aged for 80 weeks showed a degradation of 10% in their fracture toughness when compared to their baseline datasets. The effect of various exposure times needs to be further evaluated to establish the relationship of durability that is associated with the fracture toughness of ABCJ’s.
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Books on the topic "Composite materials – Moisture"

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Delgado, J. M. P. Q., A. G. Barbosa de Lima, and Laura H. Carvalho. Moisture Transport in Polymer Composite Materials. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77826-2.

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Holzwarth, Alexander. Moisture desorption of composite materials in the space environment. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1995.

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Pramanick, Amit K. Principles and impacts of moisture uptake in wood plastic composite materials. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2002.

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Morison, William Donald. The effects of moisture loss and elevated temperature upon the material damping of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites. Downsview, Ont: Institute for Aerospace Studies, 1988.

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Morison, William Donald. The effects of moisture loss and elevated temperature upon the material damping of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites. [Downsview, Ont.]: [Institute for Aerospace Studies], 1987.

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Carvalho, Laura H., J. M. P. Q. Delgado, and A. G. Barbosa de Lima. Moisture Transport in Polymer Composite Materials: Computational Modelling and Experiments. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Center, Langley Research, ed. Effects of moisture, elevated temperature, and fatigue loading on the behavior of graphite/epoxy buffer strip panels with center cracks. Hampton, Va: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1988.

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Khan, Anish, ed. Sustainable Natural Fiber Composites. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901854.

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The book covers such diverse topics as cellulose fibers in cement paste and concrete, biodegradable materials for dental applications, coconut and pineapple fiber composites, biodegradable plastic composites, durability against fatigue and moisture, physical and mechanical characterization of fiber composites, improving the hydrophobic nature of fiber composites, and hybrid natural fiber composites.
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Kuka, Edgars. Use of Industrially Produced Thermally Modified Wood Residues for Production of Wood Plastic Composites. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934228025.

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The Doctoral Thesis is devoted to the research of wood plastic composites (WPCs) made with thermally modified wood residues. Their suitability for the production of WPC has been analysed, as well as the main influencing factors. Physical, mechanical, and service properties of the obtained WPC have been studied, identifying the advantages, disadvantages, as well as the tendencies of the changes in the properties depending on various factors. Knowing that moisture resistance is one of the main shortcomings of WPC, special focus was attributed to investigation of these aspects. Different mechanisms responsible for the characteristics of these materials are also explained.
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Morison, William Donald. The effects of moisture loss and elevated temperature upon the material damping of fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites. 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "Composite materials – Moisture"

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Das, Partha Pratim, Aseem Acharya, and Vijay Chaudhary. "Influence of Moisture Uptake on the Mechanical Properties of Natural Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites." In Composite Materials, 213–22. First edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003080633-12.

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Pan, Yihui, and Zheng Zhong. "Micromechanical Modeling of Polymeric Composite Materials with Moisture Absorption." In Micromechanics and Nanomechanics of Composite Solids, 437–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52794-9_16.

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Yip, Ming Chuen, Tsai Chih Chien, and Kuo Shu Wang. "Mechanical and Electrical Properties of MWNT/Phenolic Composites under Moisture-Temperature Effects." In Advances in Composite Materials and Structures, 765–68. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-427-8.765.

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Yip, Ming Chuen, and Hung Yuan Wu. "Fatigue and Electrical Properties of CNT/Phenolic Composites under Moisture-Temperature Effects." In Advances in Composite Materials and Structures, 769–72. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-427-8.769.

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Harper, J. F., and M. Naeem. "A Comparative Study of the Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastics." In Controlled Interphases in Composite Materials, 801–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7816-7_77.

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Ziegmann, G. "Influence of Moisture on the Compression Behaviour of Composites." In Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials, 621–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1123-9_84.

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Jones, F., and P. Jacobs. "Moisture Diffusion into Two-Phase Matrix Resins for Fibre Composites." In Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials, 627–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1123-9_85.

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Gong, X. J., K. J. Wong, and M. N. Tamin. "Moisture Absorption Effects on the Resistance to Interlaminar Fracture of Woven Glass/Epoxy Composite Laminates." In Advanced Structured Materials, 107–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23659-4_8.

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Mondragon, I., J. Imaz, A. Rubio, and A. Valea. "Moisture Absorption Influence on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Epoxy Composites." In Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials, 643–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1123-9_87.

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Cardon, A., M. Verheyden, Q. Yang, and R. Willems. "Influence of Moisture Absorption on the Mechanical Characteristics of Polymer Matrix Composites." In Developments in the Science and Technology of Composite Materials, 955–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0787-4_137.

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Conference papers on the topic "Composite materials – Moisture"

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Ottolini, Leonardo M., and José R. M. d'Almeida. "EVALUATION OF MOISTURE ABSORPTION EFFECTS ON MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF HYBRID GLASS/CARBON FIBERS EPOXY MATRIX COMPOSITES." In Brazilian Conference on Composite Materials. Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21452/bccm4.2018.13.03.

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Airale, A. G., M. Carello, A. Ferraris, and L. Sisca. "Moisture effect on mechanical properties of polymeric composite materials." In VIII INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “TIMES OF POLYMERS AND COMPOSITES”: From Aerospace to Nanotechnology. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949595.

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Dutta, Piyush K. "Role of Frozen Water on the Fracture Growth of Composite Materials." In ASME 2000 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2000-2164.

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Abstract Delamination of composites is a fairly common failure mechanism. Its sensitivity to the interference of environmental parameters e.g. temperature and moisture is generally well known. Accelerated delamination induced by moisture at high temperature, which lowers the Tg (the glass transition temperature of the matrix), has been studied for decades. Also, predictive tests for durability of composite materials suggest boiling of composites as a technique to develop the predictive index for lifecycle prediction (Dewimille and Burnsell, 1983). However, these approaches ignore the dramatic degradation process of composites at subzero temperatures, and are based probably on the misleading but general concept that low temperature improves performance of materials. Of course, at subzero temperatures, there is a drastic increase in strengths (shear and tension), and hygroelasticity, (Ip, Dutta and Hui, 1996), but a sequence of processes conducive to fracture growth are also set in, especially when there are frequent incursions between the sub-zero and above-zero temperatures in moist environment. First, the thermal expansivity mismatch of the constituents induce mechanical stresses as high as 50% of the matrix strength (Lord and Dutta 1988), leading eventually, or under accelerative action of thermal cycling, to thermal cracking (Figure 1) (Dutta and Hui, 1996), which, in turn facilitates moisture penetration into the structure. Second, the liquid phase transport of moisture by capillary flow or microcracks (and to a lesser degree by diffusion) involves both flow and storage of water in microvoids, which lead to further degradation by chemical (e.g. hydrolysis), and physical (e.g. swelling strains) processes in an auto-accelerated manner. And the third, which has been least studied in literature, is the dramatic effect of expanded frozen water on interlaminar or interfacial crack extension at the sub-zero temperature.
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Prakash, Raghu V., and Vishnu Viswanath. "Effect of Moisture Absorption on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials." In ASME 2021 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2021-69865.

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Abstract The use of Glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) in underwater applications has been increasing in recent times, due to its superior durability and chemical stability in corrosive environments compared to metals. However, penetration of moisture in to the polymer matrix can adversely affect the mechanical properties of composite materials. In this study, the effect of exposure to plain water and simulated sea water (3.5% by weight NaCl salt) water on the mechanical properties of GFRP specimens has been analyzed. Tensile and three point bend tests were conducted on composite specimens with different moisture contents to characterize the mechanical degradation due to moisture absorption. Gravimetric tests were conducted on specimens to calculate the moisture absorption parameters. The results indicate that plain water is absorbed at a faster rate compared to salt water. Using these parameters, a transient moisture diffusion model was developed using commercial finite element software ABAQUS®. The results of tensile and three point bend testing indicate that both tensile and flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites degrade with exposure to plain water and salt water. Further, a coupled hygro-mechanical model was developed in ABAQUS® and the simulation results were compared with actual test results. Scanning electron Microscopy was used to examine the fracture surface of failed specimens. The cause for mechanical degradation seems to be the deterioration of fiber-matrix interface due to the penetration of water molecules.
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Miller, David A., John F. Mandell, and Daniel D. Samborsky. "Evaluating Performance of Composite Materials for MHK Applications." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62768.

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Montana State University (MSU) has a compilation of material systems, environmental chambers, and mechanical testing equipment to determine composite materials performance and failure characteristics. Mechanical characterization of composite systems will provide direct quantification of the materials under consideration for Marine Hydro Kinetic (MHK) designs that were initially developed for the wind turbine industry. The work presented herein represents the testing protocol development and initial results to support investigations on the effect of sea water absorption on material strength. A testing protocol for environmental effects has been developed for the resin infused in-house fabricated laminates. Unidirectional ([0] and [90]) test samples of 2-mm and 6-mm thickness were be submerged for 1000 hours in synthetic sea water at 40°C with the weight recorded at time intervals over the entire period. After 1000 hours of conditioning, coupons were placed in the synthetic sea water at 20°C until testing. Static compressive and tensile strength properties at temperatures of 5°C, 20°C and 40°C were collected. These initial results show trends of reduced tensile and compressive strength with increasing moisture and temperature in the 0° (longitudinal) direction. In the 90° (transverse) direction, compression strength decreases but tensile strength is little affected as temperature and moisture increase. Elastic modulus (E) is little affected in the longitudinal direction but decreases in the transverse direction.
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Fortineau, J., E. Le Clezio, F. V. Meulen, G. Feuillard, and S. Barre. "3C-2 Moisture Content Characterization in Composite Materials Based on Transmission Measurements." In 2006 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ultsym.2006.71.

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Asmatulu, R., B. Venishetty, and E. Asmatulu. "Non-Destructive Testing of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials Using a Capacitance Bridge." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12335.

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Fiber reinforced polymeric composites are used in many applications due to their uniqueness, and the ability to tailor specific properties to satisfy necessary requirements. Like many other materials, composites are susceptible to defects, which may significantly degrade their physical properties. Hence, fiber-reinforced polymeric composites should be tested both prior and during the life of the part to ensure that defects are either not present, or are not severe enough to compromise the integrity and performance of the materials. Composites, however, present a unique challenge to non-destructive testing because of their non-homogenous structure, and the wide variety of materials that are used in the manufacturing process. This study deals with the non-destructive testing of glass fiber reinforced composite materials using a capacitance bridge. The major advantage of using this method is that we can simultaneously determine voids, cracks and moisture uptake, which may occur during manufacturing and the usage of the composites.
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Chowdhury, Shoab Ahmed, Suyi Li, and Oliver J. Myers. "Fatigue Analysis of Bistable Composite Laminate." In ASME 2022 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2022-90215.

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Abstract Bistable composite laminates have exhibited enormous potential in morphing and energy harvesting followed by a wide range of application in aerospace, power generation and automobile industries. This study presents the fatigue analysis of bistable laminates in terms of stiffness degradation and loss of bistability. Moisture saturation of the specimens are ensured by keeping them in a controlled laboratory environment for an extended period of time. Mass of the specimens have been measured to quantify the moisture saturation. Fatigue tests are performed at 1 Hz frequency, and R = −1 stress ratio which is the ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress. Specimens are tested for 3 million cycles in displacement control. Load-displacement plot from the test is divided into 5 stiffness regions. A piecewise study of each region has demonstrated good agreement with existing analytical model. Stiffness degradation in 4 regions corresponding to 2 stable configurations follows general trend for composites up to the second stage of damage in three stage damage progression model while the remaining region corresponding to unstable configuration is not considered in this analysis. Test results have been reproduced with minor discrepancy at the specified environmental and loading condition, ply configuration, and size of the laminate. Test protocols, results, and damage analysis presented in this study can be utilized to evaluate the fatigue performance of multistable CFRP structures subjected to higher amplitudes and frequencies.
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Hamidi, Youssef K., Abdelaziz Berrado, and M. Cengiz Altan. "Prediction of moisture saturation levels for vinylester composite laminates: A data-driven approach for predicting the behavior of composite materials." In MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION USING X-RAYS AND RELATED TECHNIQUES. Author(s), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5088285.

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Thomas, P., K. Dwarakanath, P. Sampathkumaran, S. Seetharamu, and Kishore. "Influence of moisture absorption on electrical characteristics of glass-epoxy polymer composite system." In Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005. (ISEIM 2005). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseim.2005.193443.

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Reports on the topic "Composite materials – Moisture"

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Klusewitz, Melissa A., Christopher P. Hoppel, Steven H. McKnight, and James F. Newill. Moisture Absorption of Coated Composite Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada393260.

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Reyes, Karla Rosa, Karla Rosa Reyes, Adriana Pavia Sanders, Lee Taylor Massey, Corinne Hagan, Donald Ward, Elizabeth Ann Withey, Jeffery M. Chames, and Timothy Briggs. Investigations into Moisture Diffusion of Fiber Reinforced Composite Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1466893.

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Bryant, C. A., S. A. Wilks, and C. W. Keevil. Survival of SARS-CoV-2 on the surfaces of food and food packaging materials. Food Standards Agency, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.kww583.

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COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, was first reported in China in December 2019. The virus has spread rapidly around the world and is currently responsible for 500 million reported cases and over 6.4 million deaths. A risk assessment published by the Foods Standards Agency (FSA) in 2020 (Opens in a new window) concluded that it was very unlikely that you could catch coronavirus via food. This assessment included the worst-case assumption that, if food became contaminated during production, no significant inactivation of virus would occur before consumption. However, the rate of inactivation of virus on products sold at various temperatures was identified as a key uncertainty, because if inactivation does occur more rapidly in some situations, then a lower risk may be more appropriate. This project was commissioned to measure the rate of inactivation of virus on the surface of various types of food and food packaging, reducing that uncertainty. The results will be used to consider whether the assumption currently made in the risk assessment remains appropriate for food kept at a range of temperatures, or whether a lower risk is more appropriate for some. We conducted a laboratory-based study, artificially contaminating infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus onto the surfaces of foods and food packaging. We measured how the amount of infectious virus present on those surfaces declined over time, at a range of temperatures and relative humidity levels, reflecting typical storage conditions. We tested broccoli, peppers, apple, raspberry, cheddar cheese, sliced ham, olives, brine from the olives, white and brown bread crusts, croissants and pain au chocolat. The foods tested were selected as they are commonly sold loose on supermarket shelves or uncovered at deli counters or market stalls, they may be difficult to wash, and they are often consumed without any further processing i.e. cooking. The food packaging materials tested were polyethylene terephthalate (PET1) trays and bottles; aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons. These were selected as they are the most commonly used food packaging materials or consumption of the product may involve direct mouth contact with the packaging. Results showed that virus survival varied depending on the foods and food packaging examined. In several cases, infectious virus was detected for several hours and in some cases for several days, under some conditions tested. For a highly infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2, which is thought to be transmissible by touching contaminated surfaces and then the face, this confirmation is significant. For most foods tested there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours. However, for cheddar cheese and sliced ham, stored in refrigerated conditions and a range of relative humidity, the virus levels remained high up to a week later, when the testing period was stopped. Both cheddar cheese and sliced ham have high moisture, protein and saturated fat content, possibly offering protection to the virus. When apples and olives were tested, the virus was inactivated to the limit of detection very quickly, within an hour, when the first time point was measured. We suggest that chemicals, such as flavonoids, present in the skin of apples and olives inactivate the virus. The rate of viral decrease was rapid, within a few hours, for croissants and pain au chocolat. These pastries are both coated with a liquid egg wash, which may have an inhibitory effect on the virus. Food packaging materials tested had variable virus survival. For all food packaging, there was a significant drop in levels of virus contamination over the first 24 hours, in all relative humidity conditions and at both 6°C and 21°C; these included PET1 bottles and trays, aluminium cans and composite drinks cartons.
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